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Sarkar A, Paul A, Banerjee T, Maji A, Saha S, Bishayee A, Maity TK. Therapeutic advancements in targeting BCL-2 family proteins by epigenetic regulators, natural, and synthetic agents in cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 944:175588. [PMID: 36791843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is amongst the deadliest and most disruptive disorders, having a much higher death rate than other diseases worldwide. Human cancer rates continue to rise, thereby posing the most significant concerns for medical health professionals. In the last two decades, researchers have gone past several milestones in tackling cancer while gaining insight into the role of apoptosis in cancer or targeting various biomarker tools for prognosis and diagnosis. Apoptosis which is still a topic full of complexities, can be controlled considerably by B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and its family members. Therefore, targeting proteins of this family to prevent tumorigenesis, is essential to focus on the pharmacological features of the anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members, which will help to develop and manage this disorder. This review deals with the advancements of various epigenetic regulators to target BCL-2 family proteins, including the mechanism of several microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Similarly, a rise in natural and synthetic molecules' research over the last two decades has allowed us to acquire insights into understanding and managing the transcriptional alterations that have led to apoptosis and treating various neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, several inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic proteins and inducers or activators targeting pro-apoptotic proteins in preclinical and clinical stages have been summarized. Overall, agonistic and antagonistic mechanisms of BCL-2 family proteins conciliated by epigenetic regulators, natural and synthetic agents have proven to be an excellent choice in developing cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Abhik Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Tanmoy Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Avik Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sanjukta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
| | - Tapan Kumar Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Expression profile of genes related to pregnancy maintenance in Dromedary Camel during the first trimester. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 251:107211. [PMID: 36990016 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
So far, few signals involved in embryo-maternal dialogue have been identified in pregnant she-camel. Our objective was to investigate expression profiles of genes relevant to uterine extracellular matrix remodeling (ITGB4, SLCO2A1, FOS, and JUN), uterine tissue vascularization, and placental formation (VEGFA, PGF, and PDGFA), embryonic growth and development (IGF1 and PTEN), plus cell death of uterine tissue (BCL2) in early pregnant versus non-pregnant she-camels. Forty genital tracts (20 pregnant and 20 non-pregnant) and blood samples were collected from abattoirs. Total RNA was extracted from uterine tissues and qRT-PCR was conducted for candidate genes. Serum concentrations of progesterone (P4) and estradiol17-β (E2) were measured. Expression of ITGB4, FOS, and PGF genes increased (P < 0.001) in the right uterine horn of pregnant versus non-pregnant she-camels. Moreover, JUN, SLCO2A1, VEGFA, and PTEN mRNAs were up-regulated (P < 0.001) in various segments of uterine tissues in pregnant groups. The PDGFA transcript was over-expressed (P < 0.001) in both uterine horns of pregnant groups. Additionally, IGF1 was higher (P < 0.001) in the right horn and the uterine body of pregnant groups, and expression of BCL2 was increased (P < 0.001) in the pregnant uterine body. Moreover, serum concentrations of P4 were higher (P < 0.001) and E2 lower (P < 0.05) in pregnant she-camels. Taken together, the fine-tuning of genes related to implantation, matrix formation, vascularization, and placental formation is highly required for successful pregnancy in she-camels.
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Lyttle BD, Vaughn AE, Bardill JR, Apte A, Gallagher LT, Zgheib C, Liechty KW. Effects of microRNAs on angiogenesis in diabetic wounds. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1140979. [PMID: 37020673 PMCID: PMC10067680 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1140979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a morbid condition affecting a growing number of the world population, and approximately one third of diabetic patients are afflicted with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), which are chronic non-healing wounds that frequently progress to require amputation. The treatments currently used for DFU focus on reducing pressure on the wound, staving off infection, and maintaining a moist environment, but the impaired wound healing that occurs in diabetes is a constant obstacle that must be faced. Aberrant angiogenesis is a major contributor to poor wound healing in diabetes and surgical intervention is often necessary to establish peripheral blood flow necessary for healing wounds. Over recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the dysregulation of angiogenesis in multiple pathologies including diabetes. This review explores the pathways of angiogenesis that become dysregulated in diabetes, focusing on miRNAs that have been identified and the mechanisms by which they affect angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey D. Lyttle
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Bailey D. Lyttle,
| | - Alyssa E. Vaughn
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James R. Bardill
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anisha Apte
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lauren T. Gallagher
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carlos Zgheib
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Liechty
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences College of Medicine—Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Le TQ, Pluemhathaikij L, Chankow K, Radtanakatikanon A, Rungsipipat A, Rattanapinyopituk K. Case report: BCL-2 and CD31 immunoexpression related to clinical and histopathological evaluation of renal dysplasia in a Welsh Corgi Puppy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:995765. [PMID: 36268045 PMCID: PMC9577014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.995765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of renal dysplasia (RD) in the Welsh Corgi dog has been reported. Clinically, the affected 3-month-old, female, Welsh Corgi dog showed unclear symptoms of chronic kidney disease. Grossly, both left and right kidneys revealed cystic hypoplasia. Histologically, the primary lesions included immature or fetal glomeruli/tubules, proliferative arterioles, persistent metanephric ducts, persistent mesenchyme, and atypical tubular epithelium were presented. A group of degenerative and inflammatory lesions consisting of interstitial nephritis, interstitial fibrosis, and mineralization of tubules were found. Immunohistochemically, the epithelial cells of immature (fetal) tubules had BCL-2 labeling whereas CD31 (PECAM-1) was labeled in the endothelial cells of the proliferative arterioles. The immunohistochemical findings were confirmed and consolidated with the routine histopathological findings. This study was the first demonstration of the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of RD disease in a Welsh Corgi puppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Quang Le
- Center of Excellent for Companion Animal Cancer - (CECAC), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | | | - Katriya Chankow
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Araya Radtanakatikanon
- Center of Excellent for Companion Animal Cancer - (CECAC), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Center of Excellent for Companion Animal Cancer - (CECAC), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasem Rattanapinyopituk
- Center of Excellent for Companion Animal Cancer - (CECAC), Department of Veterinary Pathology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Kasem Rattanapinyopituk
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Wen Y, Rashid F, Fazal Z, Singh R, Spinella MJ, Irudayaraj J. Nephrotoxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-effect on transcription and epigenetic factors. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac010. [PMID: 35633893 PMCID: PMC9134076 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread persistent environmental pollutant implicated in nephrotoxicity with altered metabolism, carcinogenesis, and fibrosis potential. We studied the underlying epigenetic mechanism involving transcription factors of PFOS-induced kidney injury. A 14-day orally dosed mouse model was chosen to study acute influences in vivo. Messenger RNA expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to elucidate the relationship between epigenetic regulators, transcription factors, kidney disease, and metabolism homeostasis. PFOS was found to accumulate in mouse kidney in a dose-dependent manner. Kidney injury markers Acta2 and Bcl2l1 increased in expression significantly. Transcription factors, including Nef2l2, Hes1, Ppara, and Ppard, were upregulated, while Smarca2 and Pparg were downregulated. Furthermore, global DNA methylation levels decreased and the gene expression of histone demethylases Kdm1a and Kdm4c were upregulated. Our work implicates PFOS-induced gene expression alterations in epigenetics, transcription factors, and kidney biomarkers with potential implications for kidney fibrosis and kidney carcinogenesis. Future experiments can focus on epigenetic mechanisms to establish a panel of PFOS-induced biomarkers for nephrotoxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faizan Rashid
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, 509 W University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, 509 W University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, 509 W University Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Implications of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:354-385. [PMID: 34699027 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the foremost type of dementia that afflicts considerable morbidity and mortality in aged population. Several transcription molecules, pathways, and molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, and immune system interact in a multifaceted way that disrupt physiological processes (cell growth, differentiation, survival, lipid and energy metabolism, endocytosis) leading to apoptosis, tauopathy, β-amyloidopathy, neuron, and synapse loss, which play an important role in AD pathophysiology. Despite of stupendous advancements in pathogenic mechanisms, treatment of AD is still a nightmare in the field of medicine. There is compelling urgency to find not only symptomatic but effective disease-modifying therapies. Recently, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are identified as a pathway triggered by diverse stimuli, including insulin, growth factors, cytokines, and cellular stress, that link amyloid-β, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain atrophy. The present review aims to explore and analyze the role of PI3K-Akt pathway in AD and agents which may modulate Akt and have therapeutic prospects in AD. The literature was researched using keywords "PI3K-Akt" and "Alzheimer's disease" from PubMed, Web of Science, Bentham, Science Direct, Springer Nature, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases including books. Articles published from 1992 to 2021 were prioritized and analyzed for their strengths and limitations, and most appropriate ones were selected for the purpose of review. PI3K-Akt pathway regulates various biological processes such as cell proliferation, motility, growth, survival, and metabolic functions, and inhibits many neurotoxic mechanisms. Furthermore, experimental data indicate that PI3K-Akt signaling might be an important therapeutic target in treatment of AD.
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Flow Cytometry Detection of Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Apoptotic Markers in the Semen of Infertile Males. Int J Reprod Med 2021; 2021:9531775. [PMID: 34336991 PMCID: PMC8313342 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9531775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of sperm molecular defects on fertilization and pregnancy outcome after assisted reproductive therapy (ART) is widely documented by both research and clinical societies. Sperm DNA fragmentation and abnormal chromatin condensation represent critical causes of male infertility. Advanced androgenic techniques for accurately identifying molecular defects help in selecting an appropriate treatment strategy. Additionally, specific markers of apoptosis are increasingly important in predicting male infertility. The ability of flow cytometry to estimate the quantity of sperm with DNA fragmentation or damage and multifactor measurements in immotile sperm have made this developed technique essential in fertility centers. The study is aimed at assessing the level of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis by measuring flow cytometry using new techniques. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a varying degree of DNA damage. It was able to quantify the degree of impairment even in samples with minimal DNA fragmentation. DNA damage was observed even in samples that were considered normal with a routine semen analysis. Flow cytometry was sensitive to changes in sperm apoptosis. Elevated p53 activity levels were associated with high DNA fragmentation. Meanwhile, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) activities showed a different pattern. In conclusion, flow cytometry for sperm DNA fragmentation and markers of apoptosis can be a valuable tool in assisted reproductive centers.
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Veena VK, Choudhury AR, Harikrishnan A. In vitro and in silico anti-leukemic activity of 2-amino-6-nitro-4-(4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-5-yl)-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile (ANC) through inhibition of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7018-7026. [PMID: 33682616 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1893223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An array of 4H-chromene derivatives have been reported for anticancer properties but their selectivity and mode of anticancer activity are unexplored. In this context, we have investigated a biologically active synthetically designed 4H-Chromene carbonitrile derivative, 2-amino-6-nitro-4-(4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-5-yl)-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile (ANC) that is strongly and selectively inhibited Bcl-2 over expressing human leukemic (HL-60 and K562) cells for its interaction and elucidated the mode of action. The interaction of ANC was investigated against the antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w that were overexpressed in leukemic cells using in silico and fluorescent spectroscopic studies. Fluorescent spectroscopic based interaction studies showed that the derivative had strong interaction with Bcl-xL followed by Bcl-2/Bax and least interaction with Bcl-w. Based on the results, the ANC had strong interactions with antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bax proteins than the Bcl-xL and Bcl-w proteins. The in vitro biological validation of ANC treated leukemic cells showed downregulation of Bcl-xL than Bcl-2 but least effect on Bcl-w proteins. Furthermore, the ANC had possible four isomers as RR, RS, SR and SS isomers. Among them, RS isomer of ANC had shown more active that correlated with biological interactions and gene expression studies of ACN with oncoproteins. These results confirmed the induction of apoptosis by RS-ACN isomer through inhibition of antiapoptotic machineries of leukemic cells confirming the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 inhibitory activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Veena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ahana Roy Choudhury
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Science, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Adhikesavan Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation-Aarupadai Veedu (VMRF-AV) campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Okabe S, Tanaka Y, Gotoh A. Targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinases and histone deacetylases in multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:19. [PMID: 33663586 PMCID: PMC7934550 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a type of hematological malignancy affecting the functions of plasma cells. The treatment of MM patients has changed dramatically with the use of new agents. However, unfortunately, it is still incurable. Therefore, a new approach for treating MM is still needed to improve patient outcomes. Methods Because the histone deacetylase (HDAC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a key signal in cancer cell biology, we investigated whether dual HDAC and PI3K inhibitors could suppress the myeloma cells. Results Gene expression of HDACs is high in myeloma cells. CUDC-907, a dual inhibitor of PI3K and HDAC, inhibits HDAC activity. Akt activity and expression of BCL-XL, MCL-1, and NF-κB p65 were reduced by CUDC-907 in a dose-dependent manner. The number of apoptotic and caspase 3/7-positive cells also increased in the myeloma cells. Combined treatment of myeloma cells with carfilzomib and CUDC-907 increased cytotoxicity compared to that observed with each drug alone. Conclusions Data from this study suggested that the administration of CUDC-907 might be a powerful strategy against myeloma cells, to enhance the cytotoxic effects of proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Okabe
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Yuko Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Akihiko Gotoh
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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Anhydramnios, but prenatally normal kidneys: renal tubular dysgenesis – patient with mutations in the renin-angiotensin system gene AGTR1. CASE REPORTS IN PERINATAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/crpm-2019-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Prenatally detected oligo- or even anhydramnios may – beside other reasons – be indicative for a diminished or absent urine production. The resulting clinical picture is a “Potter sequence” with arthrogrypotic joint contractions, a flat face and most importantly pulmonary hypoplasia. In severe cases this pulmonary hypoplasia can be life-limiting irrespective of the underlying lesion.
Case presentation
Our patient initially presented with anhydramnios and normal kidneys at external ultrasonography after 31 weeks of pregnancy. Following spontaneous birth after 37 weeks of gestation, the baby boy was born with all the clinical signs of a “Potter-sequence” along with a severe pulmonary hypoplasia leading to insufficient oxygenation and ventilation. Despite all measures taken, the child died after 8 h of life. Beside life-limiting pulmonary hypoplasia postmortem examination again confirmed macroscopically normal kidneys, but microscopy showed compact and variable sized glomeruli, numerically reduced and immature tubules, a structurally altered renal vascular bed and an expanded medullar interstitium. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the absence of proximal convoluted tubules, shortened proximal straight tubules beside an immaturity and dysmorphogenesis of the other segments of the nephron, and thus proved renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) as the underlying disease. A homozygous mutation c.377G>C (p.Arg126Pro) in exon 2 of the AGTR1 gene was found, leading to the exchange of a highly conserved arginine to proline. This mutation has not been reported in public databases so far. As expected, both consanguineous parents were heterozygous for this mutation.
Conclusion
RTD has to be considered in an anuric fetus with apparently normal renal sonography in order to allow adequate prenatal counseling and – if indicated – palliative postnatal care.
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Shi W, Dong J, Liang Y, Liu K, Peng Y. NR4A1 silencing protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway in old mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 111:104303. [PMID: 31465766 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), a major cause of acute kidney injury as well as a contributor to a rapid kidney dysfunction and high mortality rates, is a complex yet not fully understood process. Investigation on the underlying molecular mechanism including the inflammation initiation and progression can help to have a better understanding of the disease, and thereby lead to a potential therapeutic approach. We established renal IRI mouse model groups differing in their ages. These renal IRI mice were treated either only with si-nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 1 (NR4A1) or together with si-β-catenin by tail vein injection to analyze the role of NR4A1 and β-catenin in the development of renal IRI. Serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were examined for renal function analysis. Levels of the apoptosis markers B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated protein X (Bax), and cleaved caspase-3 were determined. NR4A1 gene was up-regulated in the renal tissues of all mice with IRI, which showed a much higher level in the old mice with IRI. si-NR4A1 treatment resulted in reduced SCr and BUN levels and a decrease of cell apoptosis, indicated by lower expression of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3, while in contrast increased levels of Bcl-2 were detected. Interestingly, also the β-catenin level was increased by knockdown of NR4A1. Furthermore, si-β-catenin reversed the effect of knockdown of NR4A1, leading to aggravated renal function damage, severe pathological injury and increased apoptosis. Thus, silencing NR4A1 ameliorates renal IRI via β-catenin signaling pathway activation. Down-regulated NR4A1 confirms renoprotective properties against renal IRI via the activation of β-catenin signaling pathway in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Renal Research Institute of Central South University, Key Lab of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Jing Dong
- Intensive Care Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410006, PR China
| | - Yumei Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410002, PR China
| | - Kanghan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410002, PR China
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Renal Research Institute of Central South University, Key Lab of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan, Changsha 410011, PR China.
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Abrahamse H, Houreld NN. Genetic Aberrations Associated with Photodynamic Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133254. [PMID: 31269724 PMCID: PMC6651415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality that utilizes three components: light (λ 650-750 nm), a photosensitizer (PS) and molecular oxygen, which upon activation renders the modality effective. Colorectal cancer has one of the highest incident rates as well as a high mortality rate worldwide. In this study, a zinc (Zn) metal-based phthalocyanine (ZnPcSmix) PS was used to determine its efficacy for the treatment of colon adenocarcinoma cells (DLD-1 and Caco-2). Photoactivation of the PS was achieved by laser irradiation at a wavelength of 680 nm. Dose responses were performed to establish optimal PS concentration and irradiation fluence. A working combination of 20 µM ZnPcSmix and 5 J/cm2 was used. Biochemical responses were determined after 1 or 24 h incubation post-treatment. Since ZnPcSmix is localized in lysosomes and mitochondria, mitochondrial destabilization analysis was performed monitoring mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Cytosolic acidification was determined measuring hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in the cytoplasm. Having established apoptotic cell death induction, an apoptosis PCR array was performed to establish the apoptotic mechanism. In DLD-1 cells, expression of genes included 3 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated genes while in Caco-2 cells, there were 16 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated genes. In both cell lines, in up-regulated genes, there was a combination of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes that were significantly expressed. Gene expression results showed that more tumorigenic cells (DLD-1) went through apoptosis; however, they exhibit increased risk of resistance and recurrence, while less tumorigenic Caco-2 cells responded better to PDT, thus being suggestive of a better prognosis post-PDT treatment. In addition, the possible apoptotic mechanisms of cell death were deduced based on the genetic expression profiling of regulatory apoptotic inducing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Nicolette Nadene Houreld
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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Cheng M, Gu X, Turbat-Herrera EA, Herrera GA. Tubular Injury and Dendritic Cell Activation Are Integral Components of Light Chain-Associated Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 143:1212-1224. [PMID: 31063013 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0032-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Light chain-associated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (LC-ATIN) is a variant of light chain proximal tubulopathy (LCPT). It is characterized by interstitial inflammation with tubulitis and deposition of monoclonal light chains in the tubulointerstitium. LC-ATIN is a rather poorly recognized pattern of LCPT and not much is known about this entity. OBJECTIVE.— To determine the clinicopathologic features of patients with LC-ATIN and investigate the proximal tubular injury and mechanism of interstitial inflammation in LC-ATIN. DESIGN.— A total of 38 cases of LC-ATIN were identified from the archives of 5043 renal biopsy specimens. In all cases, routine light microscopic examination, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination were performed. In selected cases, immunofluorescent staining of dendritic cells and immunohistochemical staining for 4 tubular injury markers-KIM-1, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67-were performed. RESULTS.— A characteristic finding in LC-ATIN cases was immunofluorescence staining of monoclonal light chains along tubular basement membranes in linear fashion and inside proximal tubular cells with a granular pattern. No monoclonal light chains were present in glomerular or vascular compartments confirmed with immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and ultrastructural gold labeling. Ten of 15 LC-ATIN cases (67%) were concurrently positive for the 4 tubular injury markers. Dendritic cells were identified within the tubulointerstitium in the renal biopsy specimens, interacting with surrounding tubules with light-chain deposits and inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS.— Significant proximal tubular injury occurs associated with LC-ATIN, and the monoclonal light chains accumulated in proximal tubular cells contribute to the injury. Dendritic cells are involved in the pathogenesis of interstitial inflammation in LC-ATIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Cheng
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (Dr Cheng); and the Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport (Drs Gu, Turbat-Herrera, and Herrera)
| | - Xin Gu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (Dr Cheng); and the Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport (Drs Gu, Turbat-Herrera, and Herrera)
| | - Elba A Turbat-Herrera
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (Dr Cheng); and the Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport (Drs Gu, Turbat-Herrera, and Herrera)
| | - Guillermo A Herrera
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (Dr Cheng); and the Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport (Drs Gu, Turbat-Herrera, and Herrera)
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Othman N, Nagoor NH. Overexpression of miR‑361‑5p plays an oncogenic role in human lung adenocarcinoma through the regulation of SMAD2. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:306-314. [PMID: 30365047 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The silencing of Bcl‑xL in the non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, A549, downregulates miR‑361‑5p expression. This study aimed to determine the biological effects of miR‑361‑5p on NSCLC, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which apoptosis is regulated. MicroRNA (miRNA or miR) functional analyses were performed via transfection of miR‑361‑5p mimics and inhibitors, demonstrating that the inhibition of miR‑361‑5p induced the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. To elucidate the function of miR‑361‑5p in vivo, cells transfected with miR‑361‑5p inhibitors were microinjected into zebrafish embryos, and immunostained using antibodies to detect the active form of caspase‑3. Co-transfection with siBcl‑xL and miR‑361‑5p mimics illustrated the association between Bcl‑xL, miR‑361‑5p and apoptosis; miR‑361‑5p mimics blocked the apoptosis initiated by siBcl‑xL. Luciferase reporter assays identified mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (SMAD2) as a novel target of miR‑361‑5p and the reduction of its protein level was validated by western blot analysis. To confirm the molecular mechanisms through which apoptosis is regulated, gene rescue experiments revealed that the ectopic expression of SMAD2 attenuated the inhibitory effects on apoptosis induced by miR‑361‑5p. In this study, to the best of our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that miR‑361‑5p functions as an oncomiR in A549 and SK‑LU‑1 cells through the regulation of SMAD2, suggesting that miR‑361‑5p may be employed as a potential therapeutic target for the miRNA-based therapy of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norahayu Othman
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hasima Nagoor
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Tout I, Gomes M, Ainouze M, Marotel M, Pecoul T, Durantel D, Vaccarella S, Dubois B, Loustaud-Ratti V, Walzer T, Alain S, Chemin I, Hasan U. Hepatitis B Virus Blocks the CRE/CREB Complex and Prevents TLR9 Transcription and Function in Human B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:2331-2344. [PMID: 30185518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Effective B cell responses such as cytokine secretion, proliferation, and Ab-specific responses are essential to clear hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, HBV alters numerous immune pathways to persist in the host. B cell activity depends on activation of the innate sensor TLR9 by viral or bacterial DNA motifs. How HBV can deregulate B cell functions remains unknown. In this study, we show that HBV can enter and decrease TLR9 expression in human primary B cells. Using PBMCs from human blood donors, we show that TLR9 expression was reduced in all peripheral B cells subsets exposed to HBV. B cell function mediated by TLR9, but not TLR7, such as proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines secretion, were abrogated in the presence of HBV; however, global Ig secretion was not downregulated. Mechanistically, we show, using human myeloma B cell line RPMI 8226, that the surface Ag hepatitis B surface Ag was responsible for TLR9 dysfunction. hepatitis B surface Ag suppressed the phosphorylation and thus the activation of the transcription factor CREB, preventing TLR9 promoter activity. Finally, we corroborated our in vitro findings in a cohort of chronic HBV carriers and found that TLR9 expression and function were significantly suppressed. The effect of HBV on TLR9 activity in B cells gives insights into oncoviral immune escape strategies, providing knowledge to develop novel immunotherapeutic approaches in chronic HBV-carrier patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Tout
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Melissa Gomes
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Michelle Ainouze
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Timothee Pecoul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69373 Lyon, France; and
| | | | - Bertrand Dubois
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69373 Lyon, France; and
| | | | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Alain
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, 69373 Lyon, France; and
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69100 Lyon, France
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69495 Lyon, France
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Kim JH. Analysis of the in vitro effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on human uterine leiomyoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4972-4978. [PMID: 29805520 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor type of the female reproductive tract. Despite its high prevalence, the exact pathogenesis of the benign tumor remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the proliferation and apoptosis rates and expression of inflammatory proteins in human leiomyoma cells were evaluated. The effects of DEHP on cell viability were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The effects on apoptosis were evaluated by western blotting, TUNEL assay and Annexin V staining. Western blotting was also performed to evaluate the expression of inflammatory proteins. It was observed that DEHP-treated leiomyoma cells had higher viability, as well as proliferating cell nuclear antigen and B-cell lymphoma 2 protein expression, and lower apoptosis rates compared with the untreated controls. Additionally, hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression increased in human leiomyoma cells following DEHP treatment. In conclusion, DEHP promoted cell viability and anti-apoptotic protein expression and induced HIF-1α and COX-2 expression in human leiomyoma cells. These results suggested that DEHP may disrupt mechanisms underlying various processes in human leiomyoma cells. Furthermore, the current study revealed a basic mechanism of action of DEHP in human leiomyoma cells. Further research on the effects of various endocrine disruptors on the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyoma during early development may reveal strategies to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620, Republic of Korea
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17
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In vitro effects of phthalate esters in human myometrial and leiomyoma cells and increased urinary level of phthalate metabolite in women with uterine leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:1061-1069.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Popkov VA, Silachev DN, Jankauskas SS, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Babenko VA, Plotnikov EY, Zorov DB. Molecular and cellular interactions between mother and fetus. Pregnancy as a rejuvenating factor. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:1480-1487. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916120099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Skugor S, Jodaa Holm H, Bjelland AK, Pino J, Evensen Ø, Krasnov A, Wadsworth S. Nutrigenomic effects of glucosinolates on liver, muscle and distal kidney in parasite-free and salmon louse infected Atlantic salmon. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:639. [PMID: 27955686 PMCID: PMC5153675 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduction of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon achieved by glucosinolates (GLs) from Brassica plants was recently reported. However, wider application of functional feeds based on GLs requires better knowledge of their positive and adverse effects. Methods Liver, distal kidney and muscle transcriptomes of salmon exposed to the extreme dose of GLs were profiled by microarray, while qPCR analysis followed up selected hepatic and renal responses under the extreme and moderate GLs dose during the L. salmonis challenge. Transcriptional analysis were complemented with measurements of organ indices, liver steatosis and plasma profiling, including indicators of cytolysis and bilirubin. Finally, the third trial was performed to quantify the effect of lower GLs doses on growth. Results The extreme GLs dose caused a decrease in hepatic fat deposition and growth, in line with microarray findings, which suggested tissue remodeling and reduction of cellular proliferation in the skeletal muscle and liver. Lower GLs inclusion levels in a follow-up trial did not show negative effects on growth. Microarray analysis of the distal kidney pointed to activation of anti-fibrotic responses under the overexposure. However, analyses of ALT, CK and AST enzymes in plasma provided no evidence of increased cytolysis and organ damage. Prevalent activation of phase-2 detoxification genes that occurred in all three tissues could be considered part of beneficial effects caused by the extreme dose of GLs. In addition, transcriptomic evidence suggested GLs-mediated iron and heme withdrawal response, including increased heme degradation in muscle (upregulation of heme oxygenase-1), decrease of its synthesis in liver (downregulation of porphobilinogen deaminase) and increased iron sequestration from blood (hepatic induction of hepcidin-1 and renal induction of intracellular storage protein ferritin). This response could be advantageous for salmon upon encountering lice, which depend on the host for the provision of iron carrying heme. Most of the hepatic genes studied by qPCR showed similar expression levels in fish exposed to GLs, lice and their combination, while renal induction of leptin suggested heightened stress by the combination of extreme dose of GLs and lice. High expression of interferonγ (cytokine considered organ-protective in mammalian kidney) was detected at the moderate GLs level. This fish also showed highest plasma bilirubin levels (degradation product of heme), and had lowest number of attached lice, further supporting hypothesis that making heme unavailable to lice could be part of an effective anti-parasitic strategy. Conclusions Modulation of detoxification and iron metabolism in Atlantic salmon tissues could be beneficial prior and during lice infestations. Investigation of anti-lice functional feeds based on low and moderate GLs inclusion levels thus deserves further attention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1921-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Innovation Center, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helle Jodaa Holm
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jorge Pino
- Cargill Innovation Center, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Sea Lice Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Bourrie BCT, Willing BP, Cotter PD. The Microbiota and Health Promoting Characteristics of the Fermented Beverage Kefir. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:647. [PMID: 27199969 PMCID: PMC4854945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kefir is a complex fermented dairy product created through the symbiotic fermentation of milk by lactic acid bacteria and yeasts contained within an exopolysaccharide and protein complex called a kefir grain. As with other fermented dairy products, kefir has been associated with a range of health benefits such as cholesterol metabolism and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, antimicrobial activity, tumor suppression, increased speed of wound healing, and modulation of the immune system including the alleviation of allergy and asthma. These reports have led to increased interest in kefir as a focus of research and as a potential probiotic-containing product. Here, we review those studies with a particular emphasis on the microbial composition and the health benefits of the product, as well as discussing the further development of kefir as an important probiotic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C T Bourrie
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada; Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
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21
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Kim S, Kim YJ, Kim NR, Chin HS. Effects of Bevacizumab on Bcl-2 Expression and Apoptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells under Oxidative Stress. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 29:424-32. [PMID: 26635460 PMCID: PMC4668259 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.6.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects of bevacizumab on expression of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under oxidative stress conditions. Methods RPE cells were treated with H2O2 (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 µM) and bevacizumab at or above the doses normally used in clinical practice (0, 0.33, 0.67, 1.33, and 2.67 mg/mL). Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate. The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Under low oxidative stress conditions (H2O2 100 µM), cell apoptosis was not significantly different at any concentration of bevacizumab, but Bcl-2 mRNA expression decreased with increasing concentration of bevacizumab (0.33, 0.67, 1.33, and 2.67 mg/mL). Under moderate oxidative stress conditions (H2O2 200 µM), Bcl-2 mRNA expression decreased with increasing concentration of bevacizumab (0.33, 0.67, 1.33, and 2.67 mg/mL), but cell apoptosis increased only at 2.67 mg/mL of bevacizumab. Under high oxidative stress (300 µM) conditions, cell apoptosis increased at high concentrations of bevacizumab (1.33 and 2.67 mg/mL), but it did not correlate with Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions Withdrawal of vascular endothelial growth factor can lead to RPE cell apoptosis and influences the expression of anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-2 under oxidative stress conditions. Since oxidative stress levels of each patient are unknown, repeated injections of intravitreal bevacizumab, as in eyes with age-related macular degeneration, might influence RPE cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Na Rae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee Seung Chin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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22
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Fröhlich M, Jaeger A, Weiss DG, Kriehuber R. Inhibition of BCL‐2 leads to increased apoptosis and delayed neuronal differentiation in human ReNcell VM cells
in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 48:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fröhlich
- University of RostockInstitute of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology and Biosystems TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Straße 3D‐18051RostockGermany
| | - Alexandra Jaeger
- University of RostockInstitute of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology and Biosystems TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Straße 3D‐18051RostockGermany
| | - Dieter G. Weiss
- University of RostockInstitute of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology and Biosystems TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Straße 3D‐18051RostockGermany
| | - Ralf Kriehuber
- University of RostockInstitute of Biological Sciences, Cell Biology and Biosystems TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Straße 3D‐18051RostockGermany
- Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Radiation Biology UnitForschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
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Ehrig JC, Afroze SH, Reyes M, Allen SR, Drever NS, Pilkinton KA, Kuehl TJ, Uddin MN. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor attenuates cardiotonic steroids-induced apoptotic and stress signaling in a Sw-71 cytotrophoblast cell line. Placenta 2015; 36:1276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cheng CY, Lin JG, Tang NY, Kao ST, Hsieh CL. Electroacupuncture at different frequencies (5Hz and 25Hz) ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: possible involvement of p38 MAPK-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:241. [PMID: 26187498 PMCID: PMC4506591 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the effects of electroacupuncture stimulation at the Baihui (GV20) and Fengfu (GV16) acupoints, at frequencies of 5Hz (EA-5Hz) and 25Hz (EA-25Hz), 7 days after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to evaluate the possible signaling mechanisms involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Methods Rats were subjected to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 7 days of reperfusion. EA-5Hz or EA-25Hz was applied immediately after MCAo and then once daily for 7 consecutive days. Results Results indicated that EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz both markedly attenuated cerebral infarction and neurological deficits. EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz both markedly downregulated cytosolic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitochondrial Bax, mitochondrial and cytosolic second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein-binding protein with low isoelectric point (Smac/DIABLO), and cytosolic cleaved caspase-3 expression, and effectively restored cytosolic phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK), cytosolic cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), mitochondrial Bcl-xL, and cytosolic X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression, in the ischemic cortical penumbra 7 days after reperfusion. Both EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz also significantly increased the ratios of mitochondrial Bcl-xL/Bax and Bcl-2/Bax, respectively. Conclusions Both EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz effectively downregulate reactive astrocytosis to provide neuroprotection against cerebral infarction, most likely by activating the p38 MAPK/CREB signaling pathway. The modulating effects of EA-5Hz and EA-25Hz on Bax-mediated apoptosis are possibly due to the activation of p38 MAPK/CREB/Bcl-xL and p38 MAPK/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, respectively, and eventually contribute to the prevention of Smac/DIABLO translocation and subsequent restoration of XIAP-mediated suppression of caspase-3 in the cortical periinfarct area 7 days after reperfusion.
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Regulation of ceramide channel formation and disassembly: Insights on the initiation of apoptosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:760-72. [PMID: 26587005 PMCID: PMC4625378 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid research has surged in the past two decades and has produced a wide variety of evidence supporting the role of this class of molecules in mediating cellular growth, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. Ceramides are a subgroup of sphingolipids (SLs) that are directly involved in the process of initiation of apoptosis. We, and others, have recently shown that ceramides are capable of the formation of protein-permeable channels in mitochondrial outer membranes under physiological conditions. These pores are indeed good candidates for the pathway of release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) into the cytosol to initiate intrinsic apoptosis. Here, we review recent findings on the regulation of ceramide channel formation and disassembly, highlighting possible implications on the initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- Assembly and disassembly
- Bcl-2 family proteins
- Bcl-2, B cell CLL/lymphoma-2
- Cer, ceramide
- CerS, ceramide synthase
- Ceramide channels
- Chain length
- DES, dihydroceramide desaturase
- DHCer, dihydroceramide
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- IMS, intermembrane space
- KSR, 3-ketosphinganine reductase
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeability
- Mitochondria
- SLs, sphingolipids
- SM, sphingomyelin
- SPT, serine palmitoyl transferase
- So, sphingosine
- Sphingolipids
- de novo synthesis
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Zhu L, Shan LJ, Liu YJ, Chen D, Xiao XG, Li Y. Ursodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. J Dig Dis 2014; 15:684-93. [PMID: 25214410 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is widely used to treat chronic liver diseases, and its cytoprotective effect on normal hepatocytes has been shown. This study aimed to investigate the apoptotic effects of UDCA on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the underlying molecular events in vitro. METHODS HCC cells were treated by UDCA at different doses and periods of time to assess cell morphology, viability, apoptosis and gene expression using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) stain, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunocytochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS UDCA treatment reduced cell viability but induced HCC cell apoptosis in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. UDCA arrested HepG2 cells at phase S of the cell cycle. At the gene levels, UDCA downregulated Bcl-2 and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) protein expressions, but upregulated Bax and Livin proteins in HCC cells. At the highest concentration, UDCA inhibited Livin mRNA expression but increased Smac and caspase-3 mRNA expressions as well as the activity of caspase-3 in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS The induction of HCC cell apoptosis by UDCA was dose-dependent and time-dependent and was mediated by the regulation of Bax to Bcl-2 ratio, the expressions of Smac and Livin, and caspase-3 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Li Z, Qu L, Zhong H, Xu K, Qiu X. [Mechanism of thymosin beta 10 inhibiting the apoptosis
and prompting proliferation in A549 cells]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 17:783-8. [PMID: 25404268 PMCID: PMC6000358 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2014.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 胸腺素β10(thymisin β10, Tβ10)是胸腺素家族的成员之一,它的分子量在5 kDa左右,是哺乳动物体内含量最丰富的β胸腺素之一,作为一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白,它可能通过调控肌动蛋白的结构改变细胞的生长、死亡、粘附和迁移。Tβ10在肿瘤的增殖、凋亡、血管形成方面也发挥重要的作用。然而Tβ10在不同类型的肿瘤中所发挥的作用有很大差异且Tβ10对肺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响尚未见文献报道。本研究选择肺腺癌细胞系A549作为研究对象,通过加入Tβ10或用小干扰RNA干扰Tβ10的方法,检测肺癌细胞凋亡、增殖及细胞周期的变化,探讨Tβ10对肺癌细胞这几种生物学行为的影响及其可能的机制。 方法 流式双染检测加入Tβ10或干扰Tβ10后细胞凋亡的变化,PI染色后检测细胞周期的变化,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力的变化,Real-time PCR及蛋白免疫印迹检测增殖、凋亡相关基因的变化。 结果 加入Tβ10能抑制A549细胞的凋亡,促进细胞的增殖,增加S期和G2期/M期细胞的比率,减少Caspase-3、P53表达的同时增加Cyclin A、Cyclin E表达;干扰Tβ10能促进A549细胞的凋亡,抑制细胞的增殖,增加G0期/G1期细胞的比率,增加Caspase-3、P53表达的同时减少Cyclin A、Cyclin E表达。 结论 在肺癌细胞系中Tβ10能够通过抑制P53的表达抑制细胞凋亡,能够通过上调Cyclin A、Cyclin E的表达水平,促进细胞周期进程,促进细胞的增殖。Tβ10可能成为肺癌诊断的分子标记物及治疗靶标。
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Radiology and Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imagingand Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Lianyue Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hongshan Zhong
- Department of Radiology and Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imagingand Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Radiology and Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imagingand Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xueshan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Li W, Huang Y, Zhao X, Zhang W, Dong F, Du Q, Tong D. Swainsonine Induces Caprine Luteal Cells Apoptosis via Mitochondrial-Mediated Caspase-Dependent Pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:456-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
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Othman N, Nagoor NH. The role of microRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis in lung cancer and its application in cancer treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:318030. [PMID: 24999473 PMCID: PMC4068038 DOI: 10.1155/2014/318030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains to be one of the most common and serious types of cancer worldwide. While treatment is available, the survival rate of this cancer is still critically low due to late stage diagnosis and high frequency of drug resistance, thus highlighting the pressing need for a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in lung carcinogenesis. Studies in the past years have evidenced that microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical players in the regulation of various biological functions, including apoptosis, which is a process frequently evaded in cancer progression. Recently, miRNAs were demonstrated to possess proapoptotic or antiapoptotic abilities through the targeting of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. This review examines the involvement of miRNAs in the apoptotic process of lung cancer and will also touch on the promising evidence supporting the role of miRNAs in regulating sensitivity to anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norahayu Othman
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Hasima Nagoor
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cao Y, He X, Lui F, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Chinese medicinal formula Guanxin Shutong capsule protects the heart against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by ischemic myocardial injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1033-1039. [PMID: 24669273 PMCID: PMC3965158 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanxin Shutong capsule (GXSTC) is a Chinese medicinal formula that has been used clinically for the treatment of chest pain, depression, palpitation and cardiovascular diseases in China for almost 10 years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and apoptosis that GXSTC exhibits in the hearts of rats with myocardial ischemia (MI). Infarct size and the levels of marker enzymes, including serum creatine kinase-isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), as well as the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) in the heart were measured by biochemical analysis assays. Levels of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CATA), and glutathione (GSH), and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), were also determined. Following a 6-week period of ischemia, myocardial apoptosis, as well as the protein and mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase, was evaluated. Myocardial NADPH oxidase activity was measured by protein expression of p47phox and gp91phox using western blot analysis and mRNA expression of p22phox, p47phox, p67phox and gp91phox using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that daily oral treatment of the rats with GXSTC reduced infarct size, myocardial apoptosis, the levels of serum MDA, LDH, CK-MB and GOT and heart GOT, and increased the activities of total SOD, CATA, NOS and the levels of NO and GSH compared with those in vehicle-treated MI model rats. Administration of GXSTC for 6 weeks also reduced the mRNA expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox and gp91phox protein, as well as the expression of Bax and caspase-3 proteins. By contrast, Bcl-2 protein expression increased. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that GXSTC attenuates myocardial injury via antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Cao
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xu He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lui
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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BAK activation is necessary and sufficient to drive ceramide synthase-dependent ceramide accumulation following inhibition of BCL2-like proteins. Biochem J 2013; 452:111-9. [PMID: 23480852 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining mechanistic details about how drugs kill cancer cells is critical for predicting which cancers will respond to given therapeutic regimens and for identifying effective combinations of drugs that more potently kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells. The BCL2 family of proteins and bioactive sphingolipids are intricately linked during apoptotic cell death. In fact, many chemotherapeutic drugs are known to cause accumulation of the pro-apoptotic sphingolipid ceramide; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is not completely understood. In the present study we demonstrate that direct inhibition of anti-apoptotic BCL2 proteins with ABT-263 is sufficient to induce C(16)-ceramide synthesis in multiple cell lines, including human leukaemia and myeloma cells. ABT-263 activates CerS (ceramide synthase) activity only in cells expressing BAK or in cells capable of activating BAK. Importantly, recombinant BAK is sufficient to increase in vitro CerS activity in microsomes purified from Bak-KO (knockout) cells and activated BAK more potently activates CerS than inactive BAK. Likewise, ABT-263 addition to wild-type, but not Bak-deficient, microsomes increases CerS in vitro activity. Furthermore, we present a feed-forward model by which BAK activation of CerS by chemotherapeutic drugs leads to elevated ceramide levels that result in synergistic channel formation by ceramide (or one of its metabolites) and BAX/BAK.
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Gesing A, Masternak MM, Lewinski A, Karbownik-Lewinska M, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A. Decreased levels of proapoptotic factors and increased key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis constitute new potential beneficial features of long-lived growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:639-51. [PMID: 23197187 PMCID: PMC3708518 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased somatotrophic signaling is among the most important mechanisms associated with extended longevity. Mice homozygous for the targeted disruption of the growth hormone (GH) receptor gene (GH receptor knockout; GHRKO) are obese and dwarf, are characterized by a reduced weight and body size, undetectable levels of GH receptor, high concentration of serum GH, and greatly reduced plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I, and are remarkably long lived. Recent results suggest new features of GHRKO mice that may positively affect longevity-decreased levels of proapoptotic factors and increased levels of key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. The alterations in levels of the proapoptotic factors and key regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis were not further improved by two other potential life-extending interventions-calorie restriction and visceral fat removal. This may attribute the primary role to GH resistance in the regulation of apoptosis and mitochondrial biogenesis in GHRKO mice in terms of increased life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gesing
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Gao J, Gu F, Ruan H, Chen Q, He J, He G. Induction of apoptosis of gastric cancer cells SGC7901 in vitro by a cell-free fraction of Tibetan kefir. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Hsieh TJ, Hsieh PC, Tsai YH, Wu CF, Liu CC, Lin MY, Wu MT. Melamine Induces Human Renal Proximal Tubular Cell Injury via Transforming Growth Factor-β and Oxidative Stress. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:17-32. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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35
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Beljanski V, Hiscott J. The use of oncolytic viruses to overcome lung cancer drug resistance. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:629-35. [PMID: 22910124 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance remains a fundamental obstacle to successful applications of anticancer therapies for lung cancer. Combining conventional therapies with immunotherapeutic approaches is a promising strategy to circumvent lung cancer drug resistance. Genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) kill tumor cells via completely unique mechanisms compared to small molecule chemotherapeutics typically used in lung cancer treatment and can also be used to deliver specific toxic, therapeutic or immunomodulatory genes to tumor cells. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies with oncolytic vaccine approaches have revealed promising combination strategies that enhance oncolysis of tumor cells and circumvent tumor resistance mechanisms. As clinical trials with oncolytic vaccines progress, and as the knowledge acquired from these studies builds a foundation demonstrating OVs safety and efficacy, novel combination approaches could soon have a major impact on the clinical management of patients diagnosed with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Beljanski
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, 9801 Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, United States
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36
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Viana RJS, Nunes AF, Rodrigues CMP. Endoplasmic reticulum enrollment in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:522-34. [PMID: 22815194 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a huge challenge for society and health care worldwide as molecular pathogenesis of the disease is poorly understood and curative treatment does not exist. The mechanisms leading to accelerated neuronal cell death in AD are still largely unknown, but accumulation of misfolded disease-specific proteins has been identified as potentially involved. In the present review, we describe the essential role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in AD. Despite the function that mitochondria may play as the central major player in the apoptotic process, accumulating evidence highlights ER as a critical organelle in AD. Stress that impairs ER physiology leads to accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, such as amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, the major component of amyloid plaques. In an attempt to ameliorate the accumulation of unfolded proteins, ER stress triggers a protective cellular mechanism, which includes the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, when activation of the UPR is severe or prolonged enough, the final cellular outcome is pathologic apoptotic cell death. Distinct pathways can be activated in this process, involving stress sensors such as the JNK pathway or ER chaperones such as Bip/GRP94, stress modulators such as Bcl-2 family proteins, or even stress effectors such as caspase-12. Here, we detail the involvement of the ER and associated stress pathways in AD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J S Viana
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1649-003, Portugal
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37
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The effect of pre-low-dose X-ray radiation on tumor inhibition of HepG2 cells in tumor-bearing nude mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10330-012-0976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Song XF, Ren H, Andreasen A, Thomsen JS, Zhai XY. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mouse renal tubules during kidney development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32771. [PMID: 22389723 PMCID: PMC3289675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 and Bax play an important role in apoptosis regulation, as well as in cell adhesion and migration during kidney morphogenesis, which is structurally and functionally related to mitochondria. In order to elucidate the role of Bcl-2 and Bax during kidney development, it is essential to establish the exact location of their expression in the kidney. The present study localized their expression during kidney development. Kidneys from embryonic (E) 16-, 17-, 18-day-old mouse fetuses, and postnatal (P) 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 14-, 21-day-old pups were embedded in Epon. Semi-thin serial sections from two E17 kidneys underwent computer assisted 3D tubule tracing. The tracing was combined with a newly developed immunohistochemical technique, which enables immunohistochemistry on glutaraldehyde fixated plastic embedded sections. Thereby, the microstructure could be described in detail, and the immunochemistry can be performed using exactly the same sections. The study showed that Bcl-2 and Bax were strongly expressed in mature proximal convoluted tubules at all time points, less strongly expressed in proximal straight tubules, and only weakly in immature proximal tubules and distal tubules. No expression was detected in ureteric bud and other earlier developing structures, such as comma bodies, S shaped bodies, glomeruli, etc. Tubules expressing Bcl-2 only were occasionally observed. The present study showed that, during kidney development, Bcl-2 and Bax are expressed differently in the proximal and distal tubules, although these two tubule segments are almost equally equipped with mitochondria. The functional significance of the different expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in proximal and distal tubules is unknown. However, the findings of the present study suggest that the mitochondrial function differs between mature proximal tubules and in the rest of the tubules. The function of Bcl-2 and Bax during tubulogenesis still needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shen Yang, Liao Ning, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liao Ning Medical College, Jin Zhou, Liao Ning, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shen Yang, Liao Ning, China
| | - Arne Andreasen
- Department of Anatomy, Deaprtment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shen Yang, Liao Ning, China
- Institute of Nephropathology, China Medical University, Shen Yang, Liao Ning, China
- * E-mail:
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Côté N, El Husseini D, Pépin A, Guauque-Olarte S, Ducharme V, Bouchard-Cannon P, Audet A, Fournier D, Gaudreault N, Derbali H, McKee MD, Simard C, Després JP, Pibarot P, Bossé Y, Mathieu P. ATP acts as a survival signal and prevents the mineralization of aortic valve. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:1191-202. [PMID: 22366713 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a disorder related to progressive mineralization of valvular tissue that is a leading cause of heart disease. Thus far, there is no medical treatment to prevent the mineralization of aortic valves. It is generally thought that pathologic mineralization is linked to apoptosis of vascular cells. However, the role of apoptosis during mineralization as well as the survival signals for valvular interstitial cells (VICs), the main cellular component of aortic valves, remains to be identified. Here, through several lines of evidence, we show that bioavailability of extracellular ATP is a signal which determines survival or apoptosis of VICs and, in doing so, plays a major role in the development of CAVD. Specifically, in CAVD and in VIC cultures undergoing mineralization, we found a high level of the ectonucleotidase ENPP1. In addition, a genetic polymorphism in the intron 9 of the ENPP1 gene was associated with CAVD in a case-control cohort as well as with mRNA expression levels of ENPP1 in aortic valves. A high level of ENPP1 in CAVD promoted apoptosis-mediated mineralization of VICs by depleting the extracellular pool of ATP. We then documented that release of ATP by VICs promoted cell survival via the P2Y(2) receptor and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Hence, our results show that level of ENPP1 modulates extracellular concentration of ATP, which is an important survival signal for VICs. These findings may help to develop novel pharmacological treatment for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Côté
- Laboratoire d'Études Moléculaires des Valvulopathies (LEMV), Groupe de Recherche en Valvulopathies (GRV), Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Chen XM, Liu J, Wang T, Shang J. Colchicine-induced apoptosis in human normal liver L-02 cells by mitochondrial mediated pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:649-55. [PMID: 22342440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine is an alkaloid that has been widely used to treat gout. It also has a curative effect on cancer. Although many studies have shown that its effect on cell apoptosis was mediated by the activation of caspase-3, the pathways involved in the process remained obscure. Here we show some evidence regarding the missing information using human normal liver cells L-02 in our study. The effect of colchicine on apoptosis in L-02 cells and the apoptosis-associated signaling pathways were determined using different tests including cell viability assay, Annexin V and propidium idodide binding, PI staining, Hoechst 33342 staining, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, caspase activity assay and Western blot analysis. We found that colchicine-induced a dose-dependent drop of cell viability in L-02 cells; early apoptosis happened when cells were treated with 0.1μM of colchicine. The colchicine-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-3 and 9, up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 showed an evidence for the colchicine activity on apoptosis, at least, by acting via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-mei Chen
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Wang NX, Bazdar DA, Sieg SF, von Recum HA. Microparticle delivery of Interleukin-7 to boost T-cell proliferation and survival. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1835-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rosas-Trigueros JL, Correa-Basurto J, Benítez-Cardoza CG, Zamorano-Carrillo A. Insights into the structural stability of Bax from molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures. Protein Sci 2011; 20:2035-46. [PMID: 21936009 DOI: 10.1002/pro.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bax is a member of the Bcl-2 protein family that participates in mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. In the early stages of the apoptotic pathway, this protein migrates from the cytosol to the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it is inserted and usually oligomerizes, making cytochrome c-compatible pores. Although several cellular and structural studies have been reported, a description of the stability of Bax at the molecular level remains elusive. This article reports molecular dynamics simulations of monomeric Bax at 300, 400, and 500 K, focusing on the most relevant structural changes and relating them to biological experimental results. Bax gradually loses its α-helices when it is submitted to high temperatures, yet it maintains its globular conformation. The resistance of Bax to adopt an extended conformation could be due to several interactions that were found to be responsible for maintaining the structural stability of this protein. Among these interactions, we found salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds. Remarkably, salt bridges were the most relevant to prevent the elongation of the structure. In addition, the analysis of our results suggests which conformational movements are implicated in the activation/oligomerization of Bax. This atomistic description might have important implications for understanding the functionality and stability of Bax in vitro as well as within the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Rosas-Trigueros
- SEPI de la ESCOM del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Juan de Dios Bátiz y Miguel Othón de Mendizábal s/n, México DF, México
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Medearis S, Han IC, Huang JK, Yang P, Jaffe GJ. The role of Bcl-xL in mouse RPE cell survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:6545-51. [PMID: 21724914 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell survival plays a critical role in normal physiology and in retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). We have previously demonstrated that Bcl-x(L) is an important cell survival protein in human RPE (hRPE) cells. Herein, we determined the role of Bcl-x(L) as a survival protein in mouse RPE (mRPE) cells. METHODS. Survival factor gene expression and Bcl-x(L) protein distribution were determined using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Cultured mRPE cells were transfected with two modified 2'-O-methoxyethoxy antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs): Bcl-x(L)-mismatched control and Bcl-x(L)-specific. Bcl-x(L) protein levels were analyzed using Western blot. To determine the effects of survival factor regulation in mRPE cells, cultured cells were treated for 24 hours with mouse TNF-α, human IL-1β, and human TNF-α. RESULTS. Bcl-x(L) was the most highly expressed survival factor in both mouse eyecup and cultured mRPE cells, whereas Bax was the most highly expressed antisurvival factor. Bcl-x(L) was expressed in the RPE layer, and the distribution among the retinal layers was similar to that observed in human eyecups. IL-1β and TNF-α had minimal effect on Bcl-x(L) and Bax expression and strongly upregulated Traf-1. Transfection with Bcl-x(L)-specific ASO resulted in markedly diminished Bcl-x(L) gene expression, Bcl-x(L) protein levels, and cell number. CONCLUSIONS. Bcl-x(L) is the most highly expressed survival gene in mRPE cells and is essential for mRPE cell survival. Our data suggest that mouse tissue is an appropriate model for investigations of RPE survival factor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Medearis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Suzuki YJ. Cell signaling pathways for the regulation of GATA4 transcription factor: Implications for cell growth and apoptosis. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1094-9. [PMID: 21376121 PMCID: PMC3078531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
GATA4 is a member of the GATA family of zinc finger transcription factor, which regulates gene transcription by binding to GATA elements. GATA4 was originally discovered as a regulator of cardiac development and subsequently identified as a major regulator of adult cardiac hypertrophy. GATA4 regulates gene expression of various genes, which are involved in cardiac development and cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In addition to the heart, GATA4 plays important roles in the reproductive system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system and cancer. Positive and negative regulations of GATA4 therefore are important components of biologic functions. The activation of GATA4 occurs via various cell signaling events. Earlier studies have identified protein-protein interactions of GATA4 with other factors. The discovery of interactions of GATA4 with nuclear factor for activated T cells (NFAT) revealed the importance of calcium signaling in the activation of GATA4. GATA4 can also be phosphorylated by mitogen activated protein kinases and protein kinase A. Lysine modifications also occur on the GATA4 molecule including acetylation and sumoylation. Both reactive oxygen-dependent and -independent antioxidant-sensitive pathways for GATA4 activation have also been demonstrated. The GATA4 activity is also regulated by modulating the level of GATA4 expression via transcriptional as well as translational mechanisms. This work summarizes the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms for modulating GATA4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro J Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Prusac IK, Zekic Tomas S, Roje D. Apoptosis, proliferation and Fas ligand expression in placental trophoblast from pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome or pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90:1157-63. [PMID: 21501125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate apoptosis, proliferation and Fas ligand expression of placental trophoblast in the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome and in pre-eclampsia (PE), and to compare this with normal pregnancies. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University hospital in Croatia. SAMPLE Placentae from women with HELLP syndrome (n=10), PE (n=10) and normal pregnancies (n=10). METHODS The HELLP syndrome was diagnosed with platelets <100×10(9) /L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) >70 U/L and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) > 600 U/L. Pre-eclampsia was diagnosed at blood pressure >140/90 mmHg, with proteinuria >300 mg/L/24 hours. For detection of apoptosis and proliferation in villous trophoblast, antibodies M30 and Ki-67 were used. Expression of Fas ligand was assessed using immunohistochemistry and the semiquantitative HSCORE method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Apoptosis, proliferation and Fas ligand expression in villous trophoblast. RESULTS Apoptosis, proliferation and Fas ligand expression were higher in villous trophoblast in HELLP syndrome than in the PE group (p=0.015, p=0.018 and p=0.002, respectively) and the control group (p=0.000, p=0.012 and p=0.049, respectively). Placentae from the PE group had higher levels of apoptosis (p=0.019), lower Fas ligand expression (p=0.029) and no difference in proliferation (p=0.887) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS There is an increase in apoptosis, proliferation and Fas ligand expression in placentae from women with HELLP syndrome compared with placentae from PE and normal pregnancies. Our findings indicate the possibility of differential mechanisms behind HELLP syndrome and PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kuzmic Prusac
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, Spinciceva 1, Split, Croatia.
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Gesing A, Bartke A, Wang F, Karbownik-Lewinska M, Masternak MM. Renal pro-apoptotic proteins are reduced by growth hormone resistance but not by visceral fat removal. Biol Chem 2011; 392:475-81. [PMID: 21391871 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice are highly insulin sensitive and long-lived. Surgical visceral fat removal (VFR) improves insulin signaling in normal mice and rats and extends longevity in rats. We have previously demonstrated decreased expression of certain pro-apoptotic genes in kidneys of GHRKO mice and suggested that this could contribute to the increased longevity of these animals. The aim of the present study was to examine the level of the following proteins: caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-8, bax, bad, phospho-bad, bcl-2, Smac/DIABLO, Apaf-1, phospho-p53 (pp53) and cytochrome c in male GHRKO and normal (N) mice subjected to VFR or sham surgery, at approximately six months of age. The kidneys were collected two months after VFR. Caspase-3, caspase-8, bax, bad, Smac/DIABLO, Apaf-1 and pp53 levels were decreased in GHRKO mice as compared to N animals. VFR did not change the level of any of the examined proteins. The decreased renal levels of pro-apoptotic proteins could contribute to the extended life-span caused by targeted disruption of the GH receptor gene but are apparently not involved in mediating the effects of VFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gesing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702-4910, USA. adges7wp.pl
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a potent antiapoptotic agent. Here, we tested whether it directly regulates renal cell survival and organ function in a model of transient renal ischemia using Hsp70 knockout, heterozygous, and wild-type mice. The kidney cortical Hsp70 content inversely correlated with tubular injury, apoptosis, and organ dysfunction after injury. In knockout mice, ischemia caused changes in the activity of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (kinases that regulate the proapoptotic protein Bax), increased active Bax, and activated the proapoptotic protease caspase 3. As these changes were significantly reduced in the wild-type mice, we tested whether Hsp70 influences ischemia-induced apoptosis. An Hsp70 inducer, geranylgeranylacetone, increased Hsp70 expression in heterozygous and wild-type mice, and reduced both ischemic tubular injury and organ dysfunction. When administered after ischemia, this inducer also decreased tubular injury and organ failure in wild-type mice but did not protect the knockout mice. ATP depletion in vitro caused greater mitochondrial Bax accumulation and death in primary proximal tubule cells harvested from knockout compared with wild-type mice and altered serine phosphorylation of a Bax peptide at the Akt-specific target site. In contrast, lentiviral-mediated Hsp70 repletion decreased mitochondrial Bax accumulation and rescued Hsp70 knockout cells from death. Thus, increasing Hsp70 either before or after ischemic injury preserves renal function by attenuating acute kidney injury.
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Zhang X, Tian Y, Xu Z, Wang L, Hou C, Ling X. Healing Process of the Guinea Pig Common Bile Duct after End-to-End Anastomosis: Pathological Evaluation after 6 Months. Eur Surg Res 2011; 46:194-206. [DOI: 10.1159/000325451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Tomas S, Prusac I, Roje D, Tadin I. Trophoblast Apoptosis in Placentas from Pregnancies Complicated by Preeclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2011; 71:250-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000320289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bim is responsible for the inherent sensitivity of the developing retinal vasculature to hyperoxia. Dev Biol 2010; 349:296-309. [PMID: 21047504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in development and remodeling of vasculature during organogenesis. Coordinated branching and remodeling of the retinal vascular tree is essential for normal retinal function. Bcl-2 family members, such as bim not only influence apoptosis, but also cell adhesive and migratory properties essential during vascular development. Here we examined the impact of bim deficiency on postnatal retinal vascularization, as well as retinal neovascularization during oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR) and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Loss of bim expression was associated with increased retinal vascular density in mature animals. This was mainly attributed to increased numbers of pericytes and endothelial cells. However, the initial spread of the superficial layer of retinal vasculature and, the appearance and density of the tip cells were similar in bim+/+ and bim-/- mice. In addition, hyaloid vessel regression was attenuated in the absence of bim. Furthermore, in the absence of bim retinal vessel obliteration and neovascularization did not occur during OIR. Instead, normal inner retinal vascularization proceeded independent of changes in oxygen levels. In contrast, choroidal neovascularization occurred equally well in bim+/+ and bim-/- mice. Together our data suggest bim expression may be responsible for the inherent sensitivity of the developing retinal vasculature to changes in oxygen levels, and promotes vessel obliteration in response to hyperoxia.
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