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Díaz-Cornejo S, Otero MC, Banerjee A, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F. Biological properties of exopolysaccharides produced by Bacillus spp. Microbiol Res 2023; 268:127276. [PMID: 36525789 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a constant search for ecofriendly bioproducts, which could contribute to various biomedical applications. Among bioproducts, exopolysaccharides are prominent contemporary extracellular biopolymers that are produced by a great variety of bacterial species. These homo- or heteropolymers are composed of monomeric sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds, which are secreted to the external medium. Bacillus spp. are reported to be present in different ecosystems and produce exopolysaccharides with different biological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral anti-inflammatory, among others. Since a great diversity of bacterial strains are able to produce exopolysaccharides, a great variation in the molecular composition is observed, which is indeed present in some of the chemical structures predicted until date. These molecular characteristics and their relations with different biological functions are discussed in order to visualize future applications in biomedical section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Díaz-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel, 3605 Talca, Chile
| | - María Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aparna Banerjee
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel, 3605 Talca, Chile.
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Zhao Y, Chan W. Quantitation of γ-Glutamylcysteine-Formaldehyde Conjugate in Formaldehyde- and Oxidative Stress-Exposed Cells by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1782-1789. [PMID: 34196185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to formaldehyde (FA) of both exogenous and endogenous sources, and FA exposure is associated with the development of many human diseases, including cancers. Marker molecules that can provide information on exposure history and amounts will assist disease risk assessment and early interventions. To develop marker signatures of FA exposure, we explored in this study the conjugation reaction of FA with γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), one of the precursors to glutathione biosynthesis, under physiologically relevant conditions. The results showed that the reaction produced a stable metabolite of FA, (S)-1-((((R)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)thio)methyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (COCA). Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a stable isotope-dilution method, we then quantitated for the first time the formation of this novel metabolite in FA- and Fe2+-EDTA-exposed human cells. The results revealed the exposure time- and concentration-dependent formation of COCA in FA- or Fe2+-EDTA-exposed cells, suggesting that COCA may serve as a biomarker of FA and oxidative stress exposure. Furthermore, the study sheds light on a previously unknown protective role of GGC against FA and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Corti A, Belcastro E, Dominici S, Maellaro E, Pompella A. The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an 'antioxidant' enzyme. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:807-819. [PMID: 32916278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Having long been regarded as just a member in the cellular antioxidant systems, as well as a clinical biomarker of hepatobiliary diseases and alcohol abuse, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzyme activity has been highlighted by more recent research as a critical factor in modulation of redox equilibria within the cell and in its surroundings. Moreover, due to the prooxidant reactions which can originate during its metabolic function in selected conditions, experimental and clinical studies are increasingly involving GGT in the pathogenesis of several important disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, lung inflammation, neuroinflammation and bone disorders. The present article is an overview of the laboratory findings that have prompted an evolution in interpretation of the significance of GGT in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Silvia Dominici
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy.
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Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Ferritin Synergistically Associated with the Rate of Chronic Kidney Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:9765259. [PMID: 28659657 PMCID: PMC5474265 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9765259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of GGT and SF on the risk of CKD. 1024 participants (436 men and 588 women) were divided into three groups according to GGT and SF levels: group 1 (both GGT and SF not in the fourth quartile), group 2 (only GGT or SF in the fourth quartile), and group 3 (both GGT and SF in the fourth quartile). The risks of CKD in different levels of GGT and SF and in groups 2-3 compared with group 1 were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. GGT or SF in the highest quartile was associated with increased risk of CKD. Such associations attenuated after adjustment for confounding factors. The incidences of CKD, especially albuminuria, increased across the three groups. Correspondingly, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels gradually increased from group 1 to group 3. The risks of CKD were higher in groups 2 and 3 than that in group 1. In group 3, the increased rate was independent of age, BMI, alcohol drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and metabolic syndrome (odds ratios from 1.887 to 2.293, P < 0.05). In summary, this study suggested that GGT and SF synergistically influence the rate of CKD.
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Long Y, Jia D, Wei L, Yang Y, Tian H, Chen T. Liver-Specific Overexpression of Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity of Male C57BL/6 Mice. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2654520. [PMID: 28660214 PMCID: PMC5474247 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2654520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we developed a liver-specific GGT-overexpressing mice model by rapid injection pLIVE-GGT vector through tail vein and investigated the effects of GGT elevation on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The serum GGT activity was significantly increased after 7 days of pLIVE-GGT1 vector delivery and lasted for about 3 weeks. GGT overexpression reduced the levels of GSSG and GSH in the liver and serum and had no effects on total antioxidative capacity in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle except for the pancreas. Increased GGT activity had no effect on the glucose tolerance but could facilitate blood glucose lowering after intraperitoneal insulin administration. The results of Western blotting showed that increased GGT activity enhanced insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation at Ser473. Furthermore, GGT inhibitor could attenuate the changes of insulin-induced blood glucose uptake and AKT phosphorylation in the liver. In summary, the present study developed a liver-specific GGT-overexpressing mice model and found that GGT elevation in short term had no effects on glucose metabolism but could increase insulin sensitivity through enhancing the activity of insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Experimental Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Dan Jia
- Division of General Practice, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Libin Wei
- Department of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University Affiliated North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital, Renqiu 062552, China
| | - Yumei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Health Examination Management Center, Sichuan Province People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Haoming Tian: and
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Tao Chen:
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Wei D, Chen T, Li J, Gao Y, Ren Y, Zhang X, Yu H, Tian H. Association of Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Ferritin with the Metabolic Syndrome. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:741731. [PMID: 26185768 PMCID: PMC4491402 DOI: 10.1155/2015/741731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. To investigate the relationship among GGT, ferritin, and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Methods. A total of 1024 eligible individuals of the Chinese Yi ethnic group were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined using the revised NCEP-ATP III and CDS criteria. Odds ratios for the metabolic syndrome and its components for different groups based on the levels of GGT and ferritin were calculated using multiple logistic regressions. Results. Serum GGT and ferritin concentrations were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome in both genders (p < 0.05). Serum GGT was positively correlated with ferritin (p < 0.05). The risk of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in female subjects who had elevated GGT and ferritin levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the increased risk of having each of the metabolic syndrome components (overweight or obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance) was also observed in those subjects after adjustment for possible confounders (p < 0.05). Conclusions. These data indicate that GGT and ferritin synergistically correlate with the risk of the metabolic syndrome, suggesting that they could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers for the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiangxun Zhang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongling Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *Haoming Tian:
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Long Y, Zeng F, Shi J, Tian H, Chen T. Gamma-glutamyltransferase predicts increased risk of mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:716-28. [PMID: 24684379 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.902055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and mortality through a comprehensive analysis of existing evidence. PubMed, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature, and Science Citation Index databases were electronically searched. Studies were included if the study design was prospective and included reference and at-risk levels of GGT at baseline and mortality as a separate outcome. The quality of the studies included was assessed on the basis of Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Data from selected qualified studies were systematically reviewed, pooled, and analyzed according to the MOOSE guidelines and PRISMA statement. The results included the following: 1. 35 studies including 571,511 participants and 72,196 cases of mortality; 2. GGT, even at physiologic levels, was associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, and might also be associated with cancer-related mortality in the general population; and 3. GGT was very likely to be associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Many of the studies included did not specifically exclude subjects with hepatic diseases or alcohol abuse, which may have obscured the results. Moderate heterogeneity was observed in the meta-analysis of GGT and all-cause mortality. Different compositions of cause-specific mortality might be the reason. However, subgroup analysis could only be performed on cardiovascular death because of insufficient information. GGT, even at physiologic high levels, predicted mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality and cancer mortality. The underlining mechanism and potential effects of GGT-targeted intervention on health warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Long
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan , P. R. China
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Longo-Mbenza B, Muaka MM, Mokondjimobe E, Ndembe DK, Mona DT, Buassabu-Bu-Tsumbu B. Oxidative stress-elevated high gamma glutamyl transferase levels, and aging, intake of tropical food plants, migration and visual disability in Central Africans. Int J Ophthalmol 2012; 5:493-8. [PMID: 22937512 PMCID: PMC3428548 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2012.04.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the independent pathogenic role of high serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels, sociodemographic data, dietary and environmental risk factors for visual disability (VD). METHODS This was a case-control study, run in 200 black Congolese patients managed in Saint Joseph Hospital Ophthalmology Division from Kinshasa town. Logistic regression model was used to identify determinants of VD (n=58) among sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, rural-urban migration, education levels, aging ≥60 years, intake of red Beans, Safou fruit and Taro leaves, lipid profile, residence, socioeconomic status, and GGT. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, we identified migration (OR=3.7 95% CI: 1.2-11.3; P=0.023), low education level (OR=3.1 95% CI 1.1-8.5; P=0.026), no intake of Safou fruit (OR=34.2 95% CI 11.5-102; P<0.0001), age ≥ 60 years (OR=2.5 95% CI 1.01-6.5; P=0.049), and serum GGT ≥10 U/L (OR=3.6 95% CI 1.3-9.6; P=0.012) as the significant and independent determinants of VD. CONCLUSION VD appears as a major public health problem in Central Africa to be prevented or delayed by control of migration, lifestyle changes, antioxidant supplements, appropriate diet, nutrition education, and blocking of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Chen T, Ren Y, Liu Y, Long Y, Zhang X, Yu H, Xu J, Yu T, Tian H. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, ferritin and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women from a Chinese minority. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 90:352-7. [PMID: 20970869 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was to investigate the relationship of gamma-glutamyl transferase to ferritin, and their interaction on the risk of type 2 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 436 men and 588 women were recruited. According to levels of GGT and ferritin, they were divided into three groups in each gender of each geological location (Urban or Rural), that is, Group 1 (both GGT and ferritin<median values), Group 2 (only GGT or ferritin ≥ median values), and group 3 (both GGT and ferritin ≥ median values). Odds ratios for T2D in group 2-3 compared with group 1 were analyzed by multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS (1) The prevalence of glucose abnormalities increased across the three groups of female subjects. Correspondingly, MDA levels were also higher in group 3 than other groups. (2) GGT and ferritin were correlated with each other after controlling for BMI. (3) T2D risk was higher in group 3 than that in group 1 in female subjects, which was independent of age, BMI, and T2D family history. CONCLUSIONS GGT and ferritin were correlated with each other, and had synergetic effect on the risk of T2D in women. The mechanism might be involved in enhanced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Huber WW, Parzefall W. Thiols and the chemoprevention of cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:404-9. [PMID: 17644484 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiols such as glutathione interfere with the complex carcinogenic process. Under stress conditions, they scavenge harmful molecules: Glutathione conjugation of electrophilic carcinogens may prevent tumor initiation, and reduced thiols may defend against oxidative stress. Thus, associated chemopreventive strategies involve enhancement of antioxidant or conjugating capacity by increasing the levels of, particularly, glutathione through precursor application or synthesis stimulation and by inducing the corresponding enzymes. The antioxidant potential of thiols is, however, a part of a more general capacity to regulate redox status even in the absence of unequivocal stress conditions. Redox status controls the activities of various cellular signalling proteins through oxidation or reduction of particular sensor structures that are also mostly thiols. The development of feasible chemotherapeutic strategies on the basis of this complex system of redox-sensitive messenger proteins is a goal in ongoing and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Huber
- Research Unit of Toxicology and Prevention, Division Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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