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Aranega AE, Franco D. Posttranscriptional Regulation by Proteins and Noncoding RNAs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:313-339. [PMID: 38884719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation comprises those mechanisms occurring after the initial copy of the DNA sequence is transcribed into an intermediate RNA molecule (i.e., messenger RNA) until such a molecule is used as a template to generate a protein. A subset of these posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms essentially are destined to process the immature mRNA toward its mature form, conferring the adequate mRNA stability, providing the means for pertinent introns excision, and controlling mRNA turnover rate and quality control check. An additional layer of complexity is added in certain cases, since discrete nucleotide modifications in the mature RNA molecule are added by RNA editing, a process that provides large mature mRNA diversity. Moreover, a number of posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms occur in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, such as alternative splicing and noncoding RNA-mediated regulation. In this chapter, we will briefly summarize current state-of-the-art knowledge of general posttranscriptional mechanisms, while major emphases will be devoted to those tissue-specific posttranscriptional modifications that impact on cardiac development and congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia E Aranega
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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2
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Zhao P, Sun T, Lyu C, Liang K, Du Y. Cell mediated ECM-degradation as an emerging tool for anti-fibrotic strategy. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:29. [PMID: 37653282 PMCID: PMC10471565 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into the role of cells with respect to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is still in its infancy. Particularly, ECM degradation is an indispensable process during the recovery from fibrosis. Cells with ECM degradation ability due to the secretion of various matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have emerged as novel contributors to the treatment of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we focus on the ECM degradation ability of cells associated with the repertoire of MMPs that facilitate the attenuation of fibrosis through the inhibition of ECM deposition. Besides, innovative approaches to engineering and characterizing cells with degradation ability, as well as elucidating the mechanism of the ECM degradation, are also illustrated. Studies conducted to date on the use of cell-based degradation for therapeutic purposes to combat fibrosis are summarized. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of cells with high degradation ability, hoping to bridge the gap between benchside research and bedside applications in treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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3
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Muñoz M, Eren Cimenci C, Goel K, Comtois-Bona M, Hossain M, McTiernan C, Zuñiga-Bustos M, Ross A, Truong B, Davis DR, Liang W, Rotstein B, Ruel M, Poblete H, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. Nanoengineered Sprayable Therapy for Treating Myocardial Infarction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3522-3537. [PMID: 35157804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the development, as well as the in vitro and in vivo testing, of a sprayable nanotherapeutic that uses surface engineered custom-designed multiarmed peptide grafted nanogold for on-the-spot coating of an infarcted myocardial surface. When applied to mouse hearts, 1 week after infarction, the spray-on treatment resulted in an increase in cardiac function (2.4-fold), muscle contractility, and myocardial electrical conductivity. The applied nanogold remained at the treatment site 28 days postapplication with no off-target organ infiltration. Further, the infarct size in the mice that received treatment was found to be <10% of the total left ventricle area, while the number of blood vessels, prohealing macrophages, and cardiomyocytes increased to levels comparable to that of a healthy animal. Our cumulative data suggest that the therapeutic action of our spray-on nanotherapeutic is highly effective, and in practice, its application is simpler than other regenerative approaches for treating an infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Muñoz
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Cagla Eren Cimenci
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Keshav Goel
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Maxime Comtois-Bona
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Mahir Hossain
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Christopher McTiernan
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Matias Zuñiga-Bustos
- Departamento de Bioinformática, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, 2 Norte 685, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Alex Ross
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Brenda Truong
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Darryl R Davis
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Lab, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Wenbin Liang
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Lab, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin Rotstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Molecular Imaging Probes and Radiochemistry Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Marc Ruel
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Horacio Poblete
- Departamento de Bioinformática, Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, 2 Norte 685, 3460000, Talca, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, 3460000 Talca, Chile
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Molecular Imaging Probes and Radiochemistry Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
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Distributed synthesis of sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins in cardiac myocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:63. [PMID: 34713358 PMCID: PMC8553722 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is widely assumed that synthesis of membrane proteins, particularly in the heart, follows the classical secretory pathway with mRNA translation occurring in perinuclear regions followed by protein trafficking to sites of deployment. However, this view is based on studies conducted in less-specialized cells, and has not been experimentally addressed in cardiac myocytes. Therefore, we undertook direct experimental investigation of protein synthesis in cardiac tissue and isolated myocytes using single-molecule visualization techniques and a novel proximity-ligated in situ hybridization approach for visualizing ribosome-associated mRNA molecules for a specific protein species, indicative of translation sites. We identify here, for the first time, that the molecular machinery for membrane protein synthesis occurs throughout the cardiac myocyte, and enables distributed synthesis of membrane proteins within sub-cellular niches where the synthesized protein functions using local mRNA pools trafficked, in part, by microtubules. We also observed cell-wide distribution of membrane protein mRNA in myocardial tissue from both non-failing and hypertrophied (failing) human hearts, demonstrating an evolutionarily conserved distributed mechanism from mouse to human. Our results identify previously unanticipated aspects of local control of cardiac myocyte biology and highlight local protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes as an important potential determinant of the heart’s biology in health and disease.
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Cui H, Liu C, Esworthy T, Huang Y, Yu ZX, Zhou X, San H, Lee SJ, Hann SY, Boehm M, Mohiuddin M, Fisher JP, Zhang LG. 4D physiologically adaptable cardiac patch: A 4-month in vivo study for the treatment of myocardial infarction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb5067. [PMID: 32637623 PMCID: PMC7314523 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable progress in engineering cardiac scaffolds for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). However, it is still challenging to replicate the structural specificity and variability of cardiac tissues using traditional bioengineering approaches. In this study, a four-dimensional (4D) cardiac patch with physiological adaptability has been printed by beam-scanning stereolithography. By combining a unique 4D self-morphing capacity with expandable microstructure, the specific design has been shown to improve both the biomechanical properties of the patches themselves and the dynamic integration of the patch with the beating heart. Our results demonstrate improved vascularization and cardiomyocyte maturation in vitro under physiologically relevant mechanical stimulation, as well as increased cell engraftment and vascular supply in a murine chronic MI model. This work not only potentially provides an effective treatment method for MI but also contributes a cutting-edge methodology to enhance the structural design of complex tissues for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yimin Huang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-xi Yu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Hong San
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Se-jun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sung Yun Hann
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Muhammad Mohiuddin
- Cardiac Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - John P. Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Over-expression of microRNA-1 causes arrhythmia by disturbing intracellular trafficking system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46259. [PMID: 28397788 PMCID: PMC5387686 DOI: 10.1038/srep46259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of intracellular trafficking system plays a fundamental role in the progression of cardiovascular disease. Up-regulation of miR-1 contributes to arrhythmia, we sought to elucidate whether intracellular trafficking contributes to miR-1-driven arrhythmia. By performing microarray analyses of the transcriptome in the cardiomyocytes-specific over-expression of microRNA-1 (miR-1 Tg) mice and the WT mice, we found that these differentially expressed genes in miR-1 Tg mice were significantly enrichment with the trafficking-related biological processes, such as regulation of calcium ion transport. Also, the qRT-PCR and western blot results validated that Stx6, Braf, Ube3a, Mapk8ip3, Ap1s1, Ccz1 and Gja1, which are the trafficking-related genes, were significantly down-regulated in the miR-1 Tg mice. Moreover, we found that Stx6 was decreased in the heart of mice after myocardial infarction and in the hypoxic cardiomyocytes, and further confirmed that Stx6 is a target of miR-1. Meanwhile, knockdown of Stx6 in cardiomyocytes resulted in the impairments of PLM and L-type calcium channel, which leads to the increased resting ([Ca2+]i). On the contrary, overexpression of Stx6 attenuated the impairments of miR-1 or hypoxia on PLM and L-type calcium channel. Thus, our studies reveals that trafficking-related gene Stx6 may regulate intracellular calcium and is involved in the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia, which provides new insights in that miR-1 participates in arrhythmia by regulating the trafficking-related genes and pathway.
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7
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Tellez-Gabriel M, Charrier C, Brounais-Le Royer B, Mullard M, Brown HK, Verrecchia F, Heymann D. Analysis of gap junctional intercellular communications using a dielectrophoresis-based microchip. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:110-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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8
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Rescue of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)-mediated Sertoli cell injury by overexpression of gap junction protein connexin 43. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29667. [PMID: 27436542 PMCID: PMC4951654 DOI: 10.1038/srep29667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is an environmental toxicant used in developing countries, including China, as a stain repellent for clothing, carpets and draperies, but it has been banned in the U.S. and Canada since the late 2000s. PFOS perturbed the Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier, causing disruption of actin microfilaments in cell cytosol, perturbing the localization of cell junction proteins (e.g., occluden-ZO-1, N-cadherin-ß-catenin). These changes destabilized Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier (BTB) integrity. These findings suggest that human exposure to PFOS might induce BTB dysfunction and infertility. Interestingly, PFOS-induced Sertoli cell injury associated with a down-regulation of the gap junction (GJ) protein connexin43 (Cx43). We next investigated if overexpression of Cx43 in Sertoli cells could rescue the PFOS-induced cell injury. Indeed, overexpression of Cx43 in Sertoli cells with an established TJ-barrier blocked the disruption in PFOS-induced GJ-intercellular communication, resulting in the re-organization of actin microfilaments, which rendered them similar to those in control cells. Furthermore, cell adhesion proteins that utilized F-actin for attachment became properly distributed at the cell-cell interface, resealing the disrupted TJ-barrier. In summary, Cx43 is a good target that might be used to manage PFOS-induced reproductive dysfunction.
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9
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Myoscape controls cardiac calcium cycling and contractility via regulation of L-type calcium channel surface expression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11317. [PMID: 27122098 DOI: 10.1315/11317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signalling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Here we describe a cardiac protein named Myoscape/FAM40B/STRIP2, which directly interacts with the L-type calcium channel. Knockdown of Myoscape in cardiomyocytes decreases calcium transients associated with smaller Ca(2+) amplitudes and a lower diastolic Ca(2+) content. Likewise, L-type calcium channel currents are significantly diminished on Myoscape ablation, and downregulation of Myoscape significantly reduces contractility of cardiomyocytes. Conversely, overexpression of Myoscape increases global Ca(2+) transients and enhances L-type Ca(2+) channel currents, and is sufficient to restore decreased currents in failing cardiomyocytes. In vivo, both Myoscape-depleted morphant zebrafish and Myoscape knockout (KO) mice display impairment of cardiac function progressing to advanced heart failure. Mechanistically, Myoscape-deficient mice show reduced L-type Ca(2+)currents, cell capacity and calcium current densities as a result of diminished LTCC surface expression. Finally, Myoscape expression is reduced in hearts from patients suffering of terminal heart failure, implying a role in human disease.
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Myoscape controls cardiac calcium cycling and contractility via regulation of L-type calcium channel surface expression. Nat Commun 2016. [PMID: 27122098 PMCID: PMC5438100 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signalling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Here we describe a cardiac protein named Myoscape/FAM40B/STRIP2, which directly interacts with the L-type calcium channel. Knockdown of Myoscape in cardiomyocytes decreases calcium transients associated with smaller Ca2+ amplitudes and a lower diastolic Ca2+ content. Likewise, L-type calcium channel currents are significantly diminished on Myoscape ablation, and downregulation of Myoscape significantly reduces contractility of cardiomyocytes. Conversely, overexpression of Myoscape increases global Ca2+ transients and enhances L-type Ca2+ channel currents, and is sufficient to restore decreased currents in failing cardiomyocytes. In vivo, both Myoscape-depleted morphant zebrafish and Myoscape knockout (KO) mice display impairment of cardiac function progressing to advanced heart failure. Mechanistically, Myoscape-deficient mice show reduced L-type Ca2+currents, cell capacity and calcium current densities as a result of diminished LTCC surface expression. Finally, Myoscape expression is reduced in hearts from patients suffering of terminal heart failure, implying a role in human disease. Heart failure is a major public health issue but due to our poor disease understanding the current therapies are symptomatic. Here the authors identify Myoscape as a novel cardiac protein regulating membrane localization of the L-type calcium channel and heart's contractile force, thus promising new therapeutic avenues for heart failure.
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11
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Patanè S. The Complex Network of the Brugada Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:1657-1658. [PMID: 27150696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Drum BML, Yuan C, Li L, Liu Q, Wordeman L, Santana LF. Oxidative stress decreases microtubule growth and stability in ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:32-43. [PMID: 26902968 PMCID: PMC4902331 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) have many roles in ventricular myocytes, including structural stability, morphological integrity, and protein trafficking. However, despite their functional importance, dynamic MTs had never been visualized in living adult myocytes. Using adeno-associated viral vectors expressing the MT-associated protein plus end binding protein 3 (EB3) tagged with EGFP, we were able to perform live imaging and thus capture and quantify MT dynamics in ventricular myocytes in real time under physiological conditions. Super-resolution nanoscopy revealed that EB1 associated in puncta along the length of MTs in ventricular myocytes. The vast (~80%) majority of MTs grew perpendicular to T-tubules at a rate of 0.06μm∗s(-1) and growth was preferentially (82%) confined to a single sarcomere. Microtubule catastrophe rate was lower near the Z-line than M-line. Hydrogen peroxide increased the rate of catastrophe of MTs ~7-fold, suggesting that oxidative stress destabilizes these structures in ventricular myocytes. We also quantified MT dynamics after myocardial infarction (MI), a pathological condition associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our data indicate that the catastrophe rate of MTs increases following MI. This contributed to decreased transient outward K(+) currents by decreasing the surface expression of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 channels after MI. On the basis of these data, we conclude that, under physiological conditions, MT growth is directionally biased and that increased ROS production during MI disrupts MT dynamics, decreasing K(+) channel trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M L Drum
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Can Yuan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Qinghang Liu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Deparment of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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13
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Brandenburg S, Arakel EC, Schwappach B, Lehnart SE. The molecular and functional identities of atrial cardiomyocytes in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1882-93. [PMID: 26620800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial cardiomyocytes are essential for fluid homeostasis, ventricular filling, and survival, yet their cell biology and physiology are incompletely understood. It has become clear that the cell fate of atrial cardiomyocytes depends significantly on transcription programs that might control thousands of differentially expressed genes. Atrial muscle membranes propagate action potentials and activate myofilament force generation, producing overall faster contractions than ventricular muscles. While atria-specific excitation and contractility depend critically on intracellular Ca(2+) signalling, voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels and ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channels are each expressed at high levels similar to ventricles. However, intracellular Ca(2+) transients in atrial cardiomyocytes are markedly heterogeneous and fundamentally different from ventricular cardiomyocytes. In addition, differential atria-specific K(+) channel expression and trafficking confer unique electrophysiological and metabolic properties. Because diseased atria have the propensity to perpetuate fast arrhythmias, we discuss our understanding about the cell-specific mechanisms that lead to metabolic and/or mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibrillation. Interestingly, recent work identified potential atria-specific mechanisms that lead to early contractile dysfunction and metabolic remodelling, suggesting highly interdependent metabolic, electrical, and contractile pathomechanisms. Hence, the objective of this review is to provide an integrated model of atrial cardiomyocytes, from tissue-specific cell properties, intracellular metabolism, and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling to early pathological changes, in particular metabolic dysfunction and tissue remodelling due to atrial fibrillation and aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Brandenburg
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Ion channels are critical for all aspects of cardiac function, including rhythmicity and contractility. Consequently, ion channels are key targets for therapeutics aimed at cardiac pathophysiologies such as atrial fibrillation or angina. At the same time, off-target interactions of drugs with cardiac ion channels can be the cause of unwanted side effects. This manuscript aims to review the physiology and pharmacology of key cardiac ion channels. The intent is to highlight recent developments for therapeutic development, as well as elucidate potential mechanisms for drug-induced cardiac side effects, rather than present an in-depth review of each channel subtype.
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15
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Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Abad E, Sánchez JA, Fernández-Sanz C, Inserte J, Ruiz-Meana M, Alburquerque-Béjar JJ, García-Dorado D. Microtubule stabilization with paclitaxel does not protect against infarction in isolated rat hearts. Exp Physiol 2014; 100:23-34. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Elena Abad
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jose A. Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Celia Fernández-Sanz
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Inserte
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan José Alburquerque-Béjar
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - David García-Dorado
- Laboratorio de Cardiología Experimental; Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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16
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Zhang SS, Shaw RM. Trafficking highways to the intercalated disc: new insights unlocking the specificity of connexin 43 localization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:43-54. [PMID: 24460200 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With each heartbeat, billions of cardiomyocytes work in concert to propagate the electrical excitation needed to effectively circulate blood. Regulated expression and timely delivery of connexin proteins to form gap junctions at the specialized cell-cell contact region, known as the intercalated disc, is essential to ventricular cardiomyocyte coupling. We focus this review on several regulatory mechanisms that have been recently found to govern the lifecycle of connexin 43 (Cx43), the short-lived and most abundantly expressed connexin in cardiac ventricular muscle. The Cx43 lifecycle begins with gene expression, followed by oligomerization into hexameric channels, and then cytoskeletal-based transport toward the disc region. Once delivered, hemichannels interact with resident disc proteins and are organized to effect intercellular coupling. We highlight recent studies exploring regulation of Cx43 localization to the intercalated disc, with emphasis on alternatively translated Cx43 isoforms and cytoskeletal transport machinery that together regulate Cx43 gap junction coupling between cardiomyocytes.
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17
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Dehne T, Adam X, Materne EM, Reimann MC, Krüger JP, Van Linthout S, Tschöpe C, Haag M, Sittinger M, Ringe J. A P19 and P19CL6 Cell-Based Complementary Approach to Determine Paracrine Effects in Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:24-36. [DOI: 10.1159/000362540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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18
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Shi D, Xie D, Zhang H, Zhao H, Huang J, Li C, Liu Y, Lv F, The E, Liu Y, Yuan T, Wang S, Chen J, Pan L, Yu Z, Liang D, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Li L, Peng L, Li J, Chen YH. Reduction in dynamin-2 is implicated in ischaemic cardiac arrhythmias. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1992-9. [PMID: 25092467 PMCID: PMC4244014 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic cardiac arrhythmias cause a large proportion of sudden cardiac deaths worldwide. The ischaemic arrhythmogenesis is primarily because of the dysfunction and adverse remodelling of sarcolemma ion channels. However, the potential regulators of sarcolemma ion channel turnover and function in ischaemic cardiac arrhythmias remains unknown. Our previous studies indicate that dynamin-2 (DNM2), a cardiac membrane-remodelling GTPase, modulates ion channels membrane trafficking in the cardiomyocytes. Here, we have found that DNM2 plays an important role in acute ischaemic arrhythmias. In rat ventricular tissues and primary cardiomyocytes subjected to acute ischaemic stress, the DNM2 protein and transcription levels were markedly down-regulated. This DNM2 reduction was coupled with severe ventricular arrhythmias. Moreover, we identified that the down-regulation of DNM2 within cardiomyocytes increases the action potential amplitude and prolongs the re-polarization duration by depressing the retrograde trafficking of Nav1.5 and Kir2.1 channels. These effects are likely to account for the DNM2 defect-induced arrhythmogenic potentials. These results suggest that DNM2, with its multi-ion channel targeting properties, could be a promising target for novel antiarrhythmic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Cardiology of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Uversky VN. Wrecked regulation of intrinsically disordered proteins in diseases: pathogenicity of deregulated regulators. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 25988147 PMCID: PMC4428494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active proteins without stable tertiary structure are common in all known proteomes. Functions of these intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are typically related to regulation, signaling, and control. Cellular levels of these important regulators are tightly regulated by a variety mechanisms ranging from firmly controlled expression to precisely targeted degradation. Functions of IDPs are controlled by binding to specific partners, alternative splicing, and posttranslational modifications among other means. In the norm, right amounts of precisely activated IDPs have to be present in right time at right places. Wrecked regulation brings havoc to the ordered world of disordered proteins, leading to protein misfolding, misidentification, and missignaling that give rise to numerous human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Among factors inducing pathogenic transformations of IDPs are various cellular mechanisms, such as chromosomal translocations, damaged splicing, altered expression, frustrated posttranslational modifications, aberrant proteolytic degradation, and defective trafficking. This review presents some of the aspects of deregulated regulation of IDPs leading to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA ; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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20
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Functional interaction with filamin A and intracellular Ca2+ enhance the surface membrane expression of a small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK2) channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9989-94. [PMID: 24951510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323541111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For an excitable cell to function properly, a precise number of ion channel proteins need to be trafficked to distinct locations on the cell surface membrane, through a network and anchoring activity of cytoskeletal proteins. Not surprisingly, mutations in anchoring proteins have profound effects on membrane excitability. Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (KCa2 or SK) have been shown to play critical roles in shaping the cardiac atrial action potential profile. Here, we demonstrate that filamin A, a cytoskeletal protein, augments the trafficking of SK2 channels in cardiac myocytes. The trafficking of SK2 channel is Ca(2+)-dependent. Further, the Ca(2+) dependence relies on another channel-interacting protein, α-actinin2, revealing a tight, yet intriguing, assembly of cytoskeletal proteins that orchestrate membrane expression of SK2 channels in cardiac myocytes. We assert that changes in SK channel trafficking would significantly alter atrial action potential and consequently atrial excitability. Identification of therapeutic targets to manipulate the subcellular localization of SK channels is likely to be clinically efficacious. The findings here may transcend the area of SK2 channel studies and may have implications not only in cardiac myocytes but in other types of excitable cells.
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21
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Protection of cardiomyocytes from the hypoxia-mediated injury by a peptide targeting the activator of G-protein signaling 8. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91980. [PMID: 24632710 PMCID: PMC3954831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling via heterotrimeric G-protein is involved in the development of human diseases including ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart. We previously identified an ischemia-inducible G-protein activator, activator of G-protein signaling 8 (AGS8), which regulates Gβγ signaling and plays a key role in the hypoxia-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Here, we attempted to intervene in the AGS8-Gβγ signaling process and protect cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis with a peptide that disrupted the AGS8-Gβγ interaction. Synthesized AGS8-peptides, with amino acid sequences based on those of the Gβγ-binding domain of AGS8, successfully inhibited the association of AGS8 with Gβγ. The AGS8-peptide effectively blocked hypoxia-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, as determined by DNA end-labeling and an increase in cleaved caspase-3. AGS8-peptide also inhibited the change in localization/permeability of channel protein connexin 43, which was mediated by AGS8-Gβγ under hypoxia. Small compounds that inhibit a wide range of Gβγ signals caused deleterious effects in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, AGS8-peptide did not cause cell damage under normoxia, suggesting an advantage inherent in targeted disruption of the AGS8-Gβγ signaling pathway. These data indicate a pivotal role for the interaction of AGS8 with Gβγ in hypoxia-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and suggest that targeted disruption of the AGS8-Gβγ signal provides a novel approach for protecting the myocardium against ischemic injury.
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22
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Cui H, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Chen X, Wei Y. In Vitro Study of Electroactive Tetraaniline-Containing Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1115-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4018963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadong Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peibiao Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yen Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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23
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A micropatterning approach for imaging dynamic Cx43 trafficking to cell-cell borders. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1439-45. [PMID: 24444605 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The precise expression and timely delivery of connexin 43 (Cx43) proteins to form gap junctions are essential for electrical coupling of cardiomyocytes. Growing evidence supports a cytoskeletal-based trafficking paradigm for Cx43 delivery directly to adherens junctions at the intercalated disc. A limitation of Cx43 localization assays in cultured cells, in which cell-cell contacts are essential, is the inability to control for cell geometry or reproducibly generate contact points. Here we present a micropatterned cell pairing system well suited for live microscopy to examine how the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton confer specificity to Cx43 trafficking to precisely defined cell-cell junctions. This system can be adapted for other cell types and used to study dynamic intracellular movements of other proteins important for cell-cell communication.
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24
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Talbot J, Brion R, Picarda G, Amiaud J, Chesneau J, Bougras G, Stresing V, Tirode F, Heymann D, Redini F, Verrecchia F. Loss of connexin43 expression in Ewing's sarcoma cells favors the development of the primary tumor and the associated bone osteolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:553-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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