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Teufelsbauer M, Stickler S, Eggerstorfer MT, Hammond DC, Hamilton G. BET-directed PROTACs in triple negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 208:89-101. [PMID: 38896334 PMCID: PMC11452555 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07403-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to find whether the proliferation and migration of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines can be reduced by treatment with bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitor JQ1 and BET protein targeting chimeras (PROTACs) ARV-771 and MZ1. METHODS Cytotoxicity tests, scratch migration assays and western blot proteome profiler arrays for protein expression of cancer-related proteins were used to evaluate the impact of a BET-inhibitor and two BET-directed PROTACs on cell viability, migration and on protein expression. RESULTS JQ1 and the PROTACs MZ1 and ARV-771 significantly inhibited the growth and migration of the KRAS G13D-mutated MDA-MB-231 cells. In this cell line, the PROTACs suppressed the residual expression of ERBB2/HER2, 3 and 4 that are essential for the proliferation of breast cancer cells and this cell line proved sensitive to HER2 inhibitors. In contrast, the effects of the PROTACs on the protein expression of MDA-MB-436 cells mostly affected cytokines and their cognate receptors. CONCLUSION The degradation of BET-protein by PROTACs demonstrated significant anti-proliferative effects. The KRAS-mutated MDA-MB-231 cells belong to the low-HER2 expressing tumors that have a poorer prognosis compared to HER2-null patients. Since first oral PROTACs against tumor hormone receptors are in clinical trials, this mode of tumor therapy is expected to become an important therapeutic strategy in the future treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Teufelsbauer
- Clinics of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Stickler
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gerhard Hamilton
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Alhudiri I, Nolan C, Ellis I, Elzagheid A, Green A, Chapman C. Expression of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer and its prognostic and predictive value. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 206:143-153. [PMID: 38578521 PMCID: PMC11182851 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cathepsin D is a proteolytic enzyme that is normally localized in the lysosomes and is involved in the malignant progression of breast cancer. There are conflicting results regarding Cathepsin D significance as prognostic and predictor marker in breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of Cathepsin D in early-stage breast cancer. METHODS Expression of Cathepsin D was assessed by immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays, in a large well-characterized series of early-stage operable breast cancer (n = 954) from Nottingham Primary Breast Carcinoma Series between the period of 1988 and 1998 who underwent primary surgery. Correlation of Cathepsin D expression with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS Cathepsin D expression was positive in 71.2% (679/954) of breast cancer tumours. Positive expression of Cathepsin D was significantly associated with high histological grade (p = 0.007), pleomorphism (p = 0.002), poor Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) score (p < 0.002), recurrence (p = 0.005) and distant metastasis (p < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that Cathepsin D expression was significantly associated with shorter breast cancer-specific survival (p = 0.001), higher risk of recurrence (p = 0.001) and distant metastasis (p < 0.0001). ER-positive tumours expressing Cathepsin D and treated with tamoxifen demonstrated a significantly higher risk of distant metastasis. CONCLUSION Cathepsin D expression significantly predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer and is associated with variables of poor prognosis and shorter outcome. The strong association of Cathepsin D with aggressive tumour characteristics and poor outcomes warrants further research of its potential as a therapeutic target The results also suggest a possible interaction between Cathepsin D and tamoxifen therapy in ER-positive breast cancer which needs further investigation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Alhudiri
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Christopher Nolan
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Ellis
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Andrew Green
- Breast Pathology Research Group, Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Eastern Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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3
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David T, Mallavialle A, Faget J, Alcaraz LB, Lapierre M, du Roure PD, Laurent-Matha V, Mansouri H, Jarlier M, Martineau P, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Liaudet-Coopman E. Anti-cathepsin D immunotherapy triggers both innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity in breast cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 38030588 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has poorer outcomes than other breast cancers (BC), including HER2+ BC. Cathepsin D (CathD) is a poor prognosis marker overproduced by BC cells, hypersecreted in the tumour microenvironment with tumour-promoting activity. Here, we characterized the immunomodulatory activity of the anti-CathD antibody F1 and its improved Fab-aglycosylated version (F1M1) in immunocompetent mouse models of TNBC (C57BL/6 mice harbouring E0771 cell grafts) and HER2-amplified BC (BALB/c mice harbouring TUBO cell grafts). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CathD expression was evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence, and antibody binding to CathD by ELISA. Antibody anti-tumour efficacy was investigated in mouse models. Immune cell recruitment and activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping, and RT-qPCR. KEY RESULTS F1 and F1M1 antibodies remodelled the tumour immune landscape. Both antibodies promoted innate antitumour immunity by preventing the recruitment of immunosuppressive M2-polarized tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and by activating natural killer cells in the tumour microenvironment of both models. This translated into a reduction of T-cell exhaustion markers in the tumour microenvironment that could be locally supported by enhanced activation of anti-tumour antigen-presenting cell (M1-polarized TAMs and cDC1 cells) functions. Both antibodies inhibited tumour growth in the highly-immunogenic E0771 model, but only marginally in the immune-excluded TUBO model, indicating that anti-CathD immunotherapy is more relevant for BC with a high immune cell infiltrate, as often observed in TNBC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION Anti-CathD antibody-based therapy triggers the anti-tumour innate and adaptive immunity in preclinical models of BC and is a promising immunotherapy for immunogenic TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Julien Faget
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marion Lapierre
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Paris, France
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4
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Kozak A, Mikhaylov G, Khodakivskyi P, Goun E, Turk B, Vasiljeva O. A New Cathepsin D Targeting Drug Delivery System Based on Immunoliposomes Functionalized with Lipidated Pepstatin A. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2464. [PMID: 37896224 PMCID: PMC10609775 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D is an aspartic protease and one of the most abundant proteases. It is overexpressed in many cancers and plays an important role in tumor development, progression, and metastasis. While it is a physiologically intracellular protein, cathepsin D is secreted into the extracellular matrix under pathological conditions, making it an appealing target for drug delivery systems. Here, we present the development and evaluation of a new delivery system for tumor targeting based on immunoliposomes functionalized with pepstatin A-a natural peptide inhibitor of cathepsin D. A lipid tail was added to pepstatin A, enabling its incorporation into the liposomal lipid bilayer. The successful targeting of cathepsin D was confirmed using recombinant cathepsin D and in tumor cell lines, showing the feasibility of this targeting approach and its potential for in vivo use in theragnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Kozak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Georgy Mikhaylov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- SwissLumix SARL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavlo Khodakivskyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Elena Goun
- SwissLumix SARL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Mustafa A, Elkhamisy F, Arghiani N, Pranjol MZI. Potential crosstalk between pericytes and cathepsins in the tumour microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114932. [PMID: 37236029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, and as such, investigators are constantly exploring underlying mechanisms that drive its progression. One area of interest is the role of lysosomal enzymes, such as cathepsins, in regulating cancer growth and development in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Pericytes, a key component of vasculature, play a key role in regulating blood vessel formation in the TME, have been shown to be influenced by cathepsins and their activity. Although cathepsins such as cathepsins D and L have been shown to induce angiogenesis, currently no direct link is known between pericytes and cathepsins interaction. This review aims to shed light on the potential interplay between pericytes and cathepsins in the TME, highlighting the possible implications for cancer therapy and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mustafa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - F Elkhamisy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - N Arghiani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - M Z I Pranjol
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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6
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Yang J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Cheng S, Wu M, Gu S, Xu S, Wu Y, Wang Y. A novel autophagy-related gene signature associated with prognosis and immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:86. [PMID: 37120633 PMCID: PMC10148536 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OV), the most fatal gynecological malignance worldwide, has high recurrence rates and poor prognosis. Recently, emerging evidence supports that autophagy, a highly regulated multi-step self-digestive process, plays an essential role in OV progression. Accordingly, we filtered 52 potential autophagy-related genes (ATGs) among the 6197 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in TCGA-OV samples (n = 372) and normal controls (n = 180). Based on the LASSO-Cox analysis, we distinguished a 2-gene prognostic signature, namely FOXO1 and CASP8, with promising prognostic value (p-value < 0.001). Together with corresponding clinical features, we constructed a nomogram model for 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival, which was validated in both in training (TCGA-OV, p-value < 0.001) and validation (ICGC-OV, p-value = 0.030) cohorts. Interestingly, we evaluated the immune infiltration landscape through the CIBERSORT algorithm, which indicated the upregulation of 5 immune cells, including CD8 + T cells, Tregs, and Macrophages M2, and high expression of critical immune checkpoints (CTLA4, HAVCR2, PDCD1LG2, and TIGIT) in high-risk group. Stepwise, high-risk group exhibited better sensitivity towards chemotherapies of Bleomycin, Sorafenib, Veliparib, and Vinblastine, though less sensitive to immunotherapy. Especially, based on the IHC of tissue microarrays among 125 patients in our institution, we demonstrated that aberrant upregulation of FOXO1 in OV was related to metastasis and poor prognosis. Moreover, FOXO1 could significantly promote tumor invasiveness, migration, and proliferation in OV cell lines, which was assessed through the Transwell, wound-healing, and CCK-8 assay, respectively. Briefly, the autophagy-related signature was a reliable tool to evaluate immune responses and predict prognosis in the realm of OV precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meixuan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shilin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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7
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O’Connell C, VandenHeuvel S, Kamat A, Raghavan S, Godin B. The Proteolytic Landscape of Ovarian Cancer: Applications in Nanomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9981. [PMID: 36077371 PMCID: PMC9456334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is one of the leading causes of mortality globally with an overall 5-year survival of 47%. The predominant subtype of OvCa is epithelial carcinoma, which can be highly aggressive. This review launches with a summary of the clinical features of OvCa, including staging and current techniques for diagnosis and therapy. Further, the important role of proteases in OvCa progression and dissemination is described. Proteases contribute to tumor angiogenesis, remodeling of extracellular matrix, migration and invasion, major processes in OvCa pathology. Multiple proteases, such as metalloproteinases, trypsin, cathepsin and others, are overexpressed in the tumor tissue. Presence of these catabolic enzymes in OvCa tissue can be exploited for improving early diagnosis and therapeutic options in advanced cases. Nanomedicine, being on the interface of molecular and cellular scales, can be designed to be activated by proteases in the OvCa microenvironment. Various types of protease-enabled nanomedicines are described and the studies that focus on their diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic potential are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin O’Connell
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sabrina VandenHeuvel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aparna Kamat
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shreya Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences at McGovern Medical School-UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Sirikaew N, Pruksakorn D, Chaiyawat P, Chutipongtanate S. Mass Spectrometric-Based Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery in Osteosarcoma: Current Status and Future Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179741. [PMID: 36077137 PMCID: PMC9456544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of novel therapies and biomarkers, the clinical outcomes of osteosarcoma patients have not significantly improved for decades. The advancement of mass spectrometry (MS), peptide quantification, and downstream pathway analysis enables the investigation of protein profiles across a wide range of input materials, from cell culture to long-term archived clinical specimens. This can provide insight into osteosarcoma biology and identify candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and stratification of chemotherapy response. In this review, we provide an overview of proteomics studies of osteosarcoma, indicate potential biomarkers that might be promising therapeutic targets, and discuss the challenges and opportunities of mass spectrometric-based proteomics in future osteosarcoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutnicha Sirikaew
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Parunya Chaiyawat
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (S.C.)
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9
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Ileiwat ZE, Tabish TA, Zinovkin DA, Yuzugulen J, Arghiani N, Pranjol MZI. The mechanistic immunosuppressive role of the tumour vasculature and potential nanoparticle-mediated therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:976677. [PMID: 36045675 PMCID: PMC9423123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.976677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour vasculature is well-established to display irregular structure and hierarchy that is conducive to promoting tumour growth and metastasis while maintaining immunosuppression. As tumours grow, their metabolic rate increases while their distance from blood vessels furthers, generating a hypoxic and acidic tumour microenvironment. Consequently, cancer cells upregulate the expression of pro-angiogenic factors which propagate aberrant blood vessel formation. This generates atypical vascular features that reduce chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy efficacy. Therefore, the development of therapies aiming to restore the vasculature to a functional state remains a necessary research target. Many anti-angiogenic therapies aim to target this such as bevacizumab or sunitinib but have shown variable efficacy in solid tumours due to intrinsic or acquired resistance. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies such as combination therapies and nanotechnology-mediated therapies may provide alternatives to overcoming the barriers generated by the tumour vasculature. This review summarises the mechanisms that induce abnormal tumour angiogenesis and how the vasculature’s features elicit immunosuppression. Furthermore, the review explores examples of treatment regiments that target the tumour vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Elias Ileiwat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jale Yuzugulen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
| | - Nahid Arghiani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Nahid Arghiani, ; Md Zahidul I. Pranjol,
| | - Md Zahidul I. Pranjol
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nahid Arghiani, ; Md Zahidul I. Pranjol,
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10
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Sunitha P, Arya KR, Nair AS, Oommen OV, Sudhakaran PR. Metabolite Effect on Angiogenesis: Insights from Transcriptome Analysis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:519-536. [PMID: 35701692 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic status of the cells is important in the expression of the angiogenic phenotype in endothelial cells. Our earlier studies demonstrated the effects of metabolites such as lactate, citrate and lipoxygenase products, on VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Though this link between metabolite status and molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis is becoming evident, it is not clear how it affects genome-level expression in endothelial cells, critical to angiogenesis. In the present study, computational analysis was carried out on the transcriptome data of 4 different datasets where HUVECs were exposed to low and high glucose, both in vitro and in vivo, and the expression of a key enzyme involved in glucose metabolism is altered. The differentially expressed genes belonging to both VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway, as well as several VEGF signature genes as hub genes were also identified. These findings suggest the metabolite dependence, particularly glucose dependence, of angiogenesis, involving modulation of genome-level expression of angiogenesis- functional genome. This is important in tumor angiogenesis where reprogramming of metabolism is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sunitha
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Kesavan R Arya
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Achuthsankar S Nair
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Oommen V Oommen
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India.
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11
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Secomandi E, Salwa A, Vidoni C, Ferraresi A, Follo C, Isidoro C. High Expression of the Lysosomal Protease Cathepsin D Confers Better Prognosis in Neuroblastoma Patients by Contrasting EGF-Induced Neuroblastoma Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4782. [PMID: 35563171 PMCID: PMC9101173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a malignant extracranial solid tumor arising from the sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest and is often associated with N-MYC amplification. Cathepsin D has been associated with chemoresistance in N-MYC-overexpressing neuroblastomas. Increased EGFR expression also has been associated with the aggressive behavior of neuroblastomas. This work aimed to understand the mechanisms linking EGFR stimulation and cathepsin D expression with neuroblastoma progression and prognosis. Gene correlation analysis in pediatric neuroblastoma patients revealed that individuals bearing a high EGFR transcript level have a good prognosis only when CTSD (the gene coding for the lysosomal protease Cathepsin D, CD) is highly expressed. Low CTSD expression was associated with poor clinical outcome. CTSD expression was negatively correlated with CCNB2, CCNA2, CDK1 and CDK6 genes involved in cell cycle division. We investigated the biochemical pathways downstream to EGFR stimulation in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells engineered for overexpressing or silencing of CD expression. Cathepsin D overexpression decreased the proliferative potential of neuroblastoma cells through downregulation of the pro-oncogenic MAPK signaling pathway. EGFR stimulation downregulated cathepsin D expression, thus favoring cell cycle division. Our data suggest that chemotherapeutics that inhibit the EGFR pathway, along with stimulators of cathepsin D synthesis and activity, could benefit neuroblastoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (C.V.); (A.F.); (C.F.)
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12
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Complement Proteins C5/C5a, Cathepsin D and Prolactin in Chondrocytes: A Possible Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071134. [PMID: 35406699 PMCID: PMC8997946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Both increased activity of the complement system (CS) and the role of the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) are implicated in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Besides, Cathepsin D (CatD) activity is increased in the context of OA and can exert not only proteolytic but also non-proteolytic effects on cells. For the first time, possible crosstalk between two separate humoral systems: the CS and the PRL hormone systems in chondrocytes are examined together. Methods: Primary human articular chondrocytes (hAC) were stimulated with complement protein C5 (10 µg /mL), PRL (25 ng/mL), CatD (100 ng/mL), or anaphylatoxin C5a (25 ng/mL) for 24 h or 72 h, while unstimulated cells served as controls. In addition, co-stimulations of C5 or PRL with CatD were carried out under the same conditions. The influence of the stimulants on cell viability, cell proliferation, and metabolic activity of hAC, the chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27, and endothelial cells of the human umbilical cord vein (HUVEC) was investigated. Gene expression analysis of C5a receptor (C5aR1), C5, complement regulatory protein CD59, PRL, PRL receptor (PRLR), CatD, and matrix metal-loproteinases (MMP)-13 were performed using real-time PCR. Also, collagen type (Col) I, Col II, C5aR1, CD59, and PRL were detected on protein level using immunofluorescence labeling. Results: The stimulation of the hAC showed no significant impairment of the cell viability. C5, C5a, and PRL induced cell growth in OUMS-27 and HUVEC, but not in chondrocytes. CatD, as well as C5, significantly reduced the gene expression of CatD, C5aR1, C5, and CD59. PRLR gene expression was likewise impaired by C5, C5a, and PRL+CatD stimulation. On the protein level, CatD, as well as C5a, decreased Col II as well as C5aR1 synthesis. Conclusions: The significant suppression of the C5 gene expression under the influence of PRL+CatD and that of CD59 via PRL+/−CatD and conversely a suppression of the PRLR gene expression via C5 alone or C5a stimulation indicates an interrelation between the two mentioned systems. In addition, CatD and C5, in contrast to PRL, directly mediate possible negative feedback of their own gene expression.
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13
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Seo SU, Woo SM, Im SS, Jang Y, Han E, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee HS, Nam JO, Gabrielson E, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Cathepsin D as a potential therapeutic target to enhance anticancer drug-induced apoptosis via RNF183-mediated destabilization of Bcl-xL in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35121737 PMCID: PMC8816936 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cat D) is well known for its roles in metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and carcinogenesis in cancer. Despite Cat D being a promising target in cancer cells, effects and underlying mechanism of its inhibition remain unclear. Here, we investigated the plausibility of using Cat D inhibition as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of Cat D markedly enhanced anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in human carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models. The inhibition destabilized Bcl-xL through upregulation of the expression of RNF183, an E3 ligase of Bcl-xL, via NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Cat D inhibition increased the proteasome activity, which is another important factor in the degradation of proteins. Cat D inhibition resulted in p62-dependent activation of Nrf2, which increased the expression of proteasome subunits (PSMA5 and PSMB5), and thereby, the proteasome activity. Overall, Cat D inhibition sensitized cancer cells to anticancer drugs through the destabilization of Bcl-xL. Furthermore, human renal clear carcinoma (RCC) tissues revealed a positive correlation between Cat D and Bcl-xL expression, whereas RNF183 and Bcl-xL expression indicated inverse correlation. Our results suggest that inhibition of Cat D is promising as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
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14
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Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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15
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Broadway R, Patel NM, Hillier LE, El-Briri A, Korneva YS, Zinovkin DA, Pranjol MZI. Potential Role of Diabetes Mellitus-Associated T Cell Senescence in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Omental Metastasis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:788. [PMID: 34440532 PMCID: PMC8401827 DOI: 10.3390/life11080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths among women and is associated with age and age-related diseases. With increasing evidence of risks associated with metabolic inflammatory conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it is important to understand the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cancer progression and metastasis. Age-related conditions can lead to both genotypic and phenotypic immune function alterations, such as induction of senescence, which can contribute to disease progression. Immune senescence is a common phenomenon in the ageing population, which is now known to play a role in multiple diseases, often detrimentally. EOC progression and metastasis, with the highest rates in the 75-79 age group in women, have been shown to be influenced by immune cells within the "milky spots" or immune clusters of the omentum. As T2DM has been reported to cause T cell senescence in both prediabetic and diabetic patients, there is a possibility that poor prognosis in EOC patients with T2DM is partly due to the accumulation of senescent T cells in the omentum. In this review, we explore this hypothesis with recent findings, potential therapeutic approaches, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianne Broadway
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (R.B.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Nikita M. Patel
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (N.M.P.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Lucy E. Hillier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (R.B.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Amal El-Briri
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (N.M.P.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Yulia S. Korneva
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Smolensk State Medical University, Krupskoy St., 28, 214019 Smolensk, Russia;
- Smolensk Regional Institute of Pathology, Gagarina av, 214020 Smolensk, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Zinovkin
- Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, 246000 Gomel Region, Belarus;
| | - Md Zahidul I. Pranjol
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; (R.B.); (L.E.H.)
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16
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Di YQ, Han XL, Kang XL, Wang D, Chen CH, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Autophagy triggers CTSD (cathepsin D) maturation and localization inside cells to promote apoptosis. Autophagy 2021; 17:1170-1192. [PMID: 32324083 PMCID: PMC8143247 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1752497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CTSD/CathD/CATD (cathepsin D) is a lysosomal aspartic protease. A distinguishing characteristic of CTSD is its dual functions of promoting cell proliferation via secreting a pro-enzyme outside the cells as a ligand, and promoting apoptosis via the mature form of this enzyme inside cells; however, the regulation of its secretion, expression, and maturation is undetermined. Using the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera, a serious agricultural pest, as a model, we revealed the dual functions and regulatory mechanisms of CTSD secretion, expression, and maturation. Glycosylation of asparagine 233 (N233) determined pro-CTSD secretion. The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) promoted CTSD expression. Macroautophagy/autophagy triggered CTSD maturation and localization inside midgut cells to activate CASP3 (caspase 3) and promote apoptosis. Pro-CTSD was expressed in the pupal epidermis and was secreted into the hemolymph to promote adult fat body endoreplication/endoreduplication, cell proliferation, and association. Our study revealed that the differential expression and autophagy-mediated maturation of CTSD in tissues determine its roles in apoptosis and cell proliferation, thereby determining the cell fates of tissues during lepidopteran metamorphosis.Abbreviations: 20E: 20-hydroxyecdysone; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; AKT: protein kinase B; ATG1: autophagy-related 1; ATG4: autophagy-related 4; ATG5: autophagy-related 5; ATG7: autophagy-related 7; ATG14: autophagy-related 14; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CQ: choroquine; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DPBS: dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline; DsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EcR: ecdysone receptor; EcRE: ecdysone response element; EdU: 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine; G-m-CTSD: glycosylated-mautre-CTSD; G-pro-CTSD: glycosylated-pro-CTSD; HaEpi: Helicoverpa armigera epidermal cell line; HE staining: hematoxylin and eosin staining; IgG: immunoglobin G; IM: imaginal midgut; JH: juvenile hormone; Kr-h1: krueppel homologous protein 1; LM: larval midgut; M6P: mannose-6-phosphate; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCD: programmed cell death; PNGase: peptide-N-glycosidase F; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SYX17: syntaxin 17; USP1: ultraspiracle isoform 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Di
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Le Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cai-Hua Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Yu Y, Singh H, Kwon K, Tsitrin T, Petrini J, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Protein signatures from blood plasma and urine suggest changes in vascular function and IL-12 signaling in elderly with a history of chronic diseases compared with an age-matched healthy cohort. GeroScience 2021. [PMID: 32974878 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00269-y/figures/10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Key processes characterizing human aging are immunosenescence and inflammaging. The capacity of the immune system to adequately respond to external perturbations (e.g., pathogens, injuries, and biochemical irritants) and to repair somatic mutations that may cause cancers or cellular senescence declines. An important goal remains to identify genetic or biochemical, predictive biomarkers for healthy aging. We recruited two cohorts in the age range 70 to 82, one afflicted by chronic illnesses (non-healthy aging, NHA) and the other in good health (healthy aging, HA). NHA criteria included major cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Quantitative analysis of forty proinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma and more than 500 proteins in urine was performed to identify candidate biomarkers for and biological pathway implications of healthy aging. Nine cytokines revealed lower quantities in blood plasma for the NHA compared with the HA groups (fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.025) including IL-12p40 and IL-12p70. We note that, sampling at two timepoints, intra-individual cytokine abundance patterns clustered in 86% of all 60 cases, indicative of person-specific, highly controlled multi-cytokine signatures in blood plasma. Twenty-three urinary proteins were differentially abundant (HA versus NHA; fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.01). Among the proteins increased in abundance in the HA cohort were glycoprotein MUC18, ephrin type-B receptor 4, matrix remodeling-associated protein 8, angiopoietin-related protein 2, K-cadherin, and plasma protease C1 inhibitor. These proteins have been linked to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and vascular remodeling and repair processes. In silico network analysis identified the regulation of coagulation, antimicrobial humoral immune responses, and the IL-12 signaling pathway as enriched GO terms. To validate links of these preliminary biomarkers and IL-12 signaling with healthy aging, clinical studies using larger cohorts and functional characterization of the genes/proteins in cellular models of aging need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tamara Tsitrin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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18
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Zhang QT, Liu ZD, Wang Z, Wang T, Wang N, Wang N, Zhang B, Zhao YF. Recent Advances in Small Peptides of Marine Origin in Cancer Therapy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020115. [PMID: 33669851 PMCID: PMC7923226 DOI: 10.3390/md19020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and antineoplastic drug research continues to be a major field in medicine development. The marine milieu has thousands of biological species that are a valuable source of novel functional proteins and peptides, which have been used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. In contrast with proteins and polypeptides, small peptides (with a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da) have overwhelming advantages, such as preferential and fast absorption, which can decrease the burden on human gastrointestinal function. Besides, these peptides are only connected by a few peptide bonds, and their small molecular weight makes it easy to modify and synthesize them. Specifically, small peptides can deliver nutrients and drugs to cells and tissues in the body. These characteristics make them stand out in relation to targeted drug therapy. Nowadays, the anticancer mechanisms of the small marine peptides are still largely not well understood; however, several marine peptides have been applied in preclinical treatment. This paper highlights the anticancer linear and cyclic small peptides in marine resources and presents a review of peptides and the derivatives and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
| | - Ze-Dong Liu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ze Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
| | - Nan Wang
- Quality Assurance Department, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China;
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
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19
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Yu Y, Singh H, Kwon K, Tsitrin T, Petrini J, Nelson KE, Pieper R. Protein signatures from blood plasma and urine suggest changes in vascular function and IL-12 signaling in elderly with a history of chronic diseases compared with an age-matched healthy cohort. GeroScience 2020; 43:593-606. [PMID: 32974878 PMCID: PMC8110643 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Key processes characterizing human aging are immunosenescence and inflammaging. The capacity of the immune system to adequately respond to external perturbations (e.g., pathogens, injuries, and biochemical irritants) and to repair somatic mutations that may cause cancers or cellular senescence declines. An important goal remains to identify genetic or biochemical, predictive biomarkers for healthy aging. We recruited two cohorts in the age range 70 to 82, one afflicted by chronic illnesses (non-healthy aging, NHA) and the other in good health (healthy aging, HA). NHA criteria included major cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Quantitative analysis of forty proinflammatory cytokines in blood plasma and more than 500 proteins in urine was performed to identify candidate biomarkers for and biological pathway implications of healthy aging. Nine cytokines revealed lower quantities in blood plasma for the NHA compared with the HA groups (fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.025) including IL-12p40 and IL-12p70. We note that, sampling at two timepoints, intra-individual cytokine abundance patterns clustered in 86% of all 60 cases, indicative of person-specific, highly controlled multi-cytokine signatures in blood plasma. Twenty-three urinary proteins were differentially abundant (HA versus NHA; fold change > 1.5; p value < 0.01). Among the proteins increased in abundance in the HA cohort were glycoprotein MUC18, ephrin type-B receptor 4, matrix remodeling-associated protein 8, angiopoietin-related protein 2, K-cadherin, and plasma protease C1 inhibitor. These proteins have been linked to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, and vascular remodeling and repair processes. In silico network analysis identified the regulation of coagulation, antimicrobial humoral immune responses, and the IL-12 signaling pathway as enriched GO terms. To validate links of these preliminary biomarkers and IL-12 signaling with healthy aging, clinical studies using larger cohorts and functional characterization of the genes/proteins in cellular models of aging need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Yu
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Tamara Tsitrin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Joann Petrini
- Western Connecticut Health Network, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT, 06810, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rembert Pieper
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Pranjol MZI, Gutowski NJ, Hannemann M, Whatmore JL. Cathepsin L Induces Proangiogenic Changes in Human Omental Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Activation of the ERK1/2 Pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:231-242. [PMID: 30173647 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180831123951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis still remains the major cause of therapeutic failure, poor prognosis and high mortality in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Previously, we showed that EOC cells secrete a range of factors with potential pro-angiogenic activity, in disease-relevant human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs), including the lysosomal protease cathepsin L (CathL). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine potential pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effects of CathL in HOMECs and the activated signalling pathways, and whether these proangiogenic responses are dependent on CathL-catalytic activity. METHODS HOMECs proliferation was investigated using WST-1, BrdU and CyQUANT assays. Cell migration was examined using a Cultrex Cell 96 transwell migration assay. Enzyme activity was assayed at various pHs using the CathL-specific fluorogenic substrate FY-CHO. Activation of cell signalling pathways was tested using a commercially available phosphokinase array and intact cellbased ELISAs. RESULTS We showed for the first time that CathL has a potent pro-proliferative and pro-migratory effect on HOMECs. For instance, CathL significantly increases HOMEC proliferation (134.8±14.7% vs control 100%) and migration (146.6±17.3% vs control 100%). Our data strongly suggest that these proangiogenic effects of CathL are mediated via a non-proteolytic mechanism. Finally, we show that CathL-induced activation of the ERK1/2 pathway is involved in inducing these cellular effects in HOMECs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that CathL acts as an extracellular ligand and plays an important pro-angiogenic, and thus pro-metastatic, role during EOC metastasis to the omentum, by activating the omental microvasculature, and thus can potentially be targeted therapeutically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hannemann
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon EX2 7JU, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
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21
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Advances in Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy: Car-T Cell, Checkpoint Inhibitors, Dendritic Cell Vaccines, and Oncolytic Viruses, and Emerging Cellular and Molecular Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071826. [PMID: 32645977 PMCID: PMC7408985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy that are typically non-specific, cancer immunotherapy harnesses the high specificity of a patient’s own immune system to selectively kill cancer cells. The immune system is the body’s main cancer surveillance system, but cancers may evade destruction thanks to various immune-suppressing mechanisms. We therefore need to deploy various immunotherapy-based strategies to help bolster the anti-tumour immune responses. These include engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to specifically recognise tumour neoantigens, inactivating immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, which have all shown clinical benefit in certain cancers. However, treatment efficacy remains poor due to drug-induced adverse events and immunosuppressive tendencies of the tumour microenvironment. Recent preclinical studies have unveiled novel therapies such as anti-cathepsin antibodies, galectin-1 blockade and anti-OX40 agonistic antibodies, which may be utilised as adjuvant therapies to modulate the tumour microenvironment and permit more ferocious anti-tumour immune response.
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22
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Kang J, Yu Y, Jeong S, Lee H, Heo HJ, Park JJ, Na HS, Ko DS, Kim YH. Prognostic role of high cathepsin D expression in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920927838. [PMID: 32550865 PMCID: PMC7281710 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920927838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High cathepsin D has been associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer;
however, the results of many studies are controversial. Here, we assessed
the association between high cathepsin D levels and worse breast cancer
prognosis by conducting a meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was used to search relevant literature in
PUBMED and EMBASE by September 2018. The meta-analysis was performed in
Review Manager 5.3 using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals
(CIs). Results: A total of 15,355 breast cancer patients from 26 eligible studies were
included in this meta-analysis. Significant associations between elevated
high cathepsin D and poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.61, 95% CI:
1.35–1.92, p < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (DFS)
(HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.31–2.18, p < 0.001) were observed.
In the subgroup analysis for DFS, high cathepsin D was significantly
associated with poor prognosis in node-positive patients (HR = 1.38, 95% CI:
1.25–1.71, p < 0.00001), node-negative patients
(HR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.39–2.27, p < 0.0001), early stage
patients (HR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.34–2.23, p < 0.0001), and
treated with chemotherapy patients (HR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.21–2.12,
p < 0.001). Interestingly, patients treated with
tamoxifen had a low risk of relapse when their cathepsin D levels were high
(HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.98, p = 0.04) and a high risk of
relapse when their cathepsin D levels were low (HR = 1.50, 95% CI:
1.22–1.85, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that high expression levels of cathepsin D are
associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Based on our subgroup
analysis, we believe that cathepsin D can act as a marker for poor breast
cancer prognosis and also as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Kang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeuni Yu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Genomic Data Science, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Heo
- Departmment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jun Park
- Departemt of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Sik Ko
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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23
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Mansouri H, Alcaraz LB, Mollevi C, Mallavialle A, Jacot W, Boissière-Michot F, Simony-Lafontaine J, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Liaudet-Coopman E, Guiu S. Co-Expression of Androgen Receptor and Cathepsin D Defines a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Subgroup with Poorer Overall Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051244. [PMID: 32429078 PMCID: PMC7281089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) group, the luminal androgen receptor subtype is characterized by expression of androgen receptor (AR) and lack of estrogen receptor and cytokeratin 5/6 expression. Cathepsin D (Cath-D) is overproduced and hypersecreted by breast cancer (BC) cells and is a poor prognostic marker. We recently showed that in TNBC, Cath-D is a potential target for antibody-based therapy. This study evaluated the frequency of AR/Cath-D co-expression and its prognostic value in a large series of patients with non-metastatic TNBC. Methods: AR and Cath-D expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 147 non-metastatic TNBC. The threshold for AR positivity (AR+) was set at ≥1% of stained cells, and the threshold for Cath-D positivity (Cath-D+) was moderate/strong staining intensity. Lymphocyte density, macrophage infiltration, PD-L1 and programmed cell death (PD-1) expression were assessed. Results: Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade 1–2 and lymph node invasion were more frequent, while macrophage infiltration was less frequent in AR+/Cath-D+ tumors (62.7%). In multivariate analyses, higher tumor size, no adjuvant chemotherapy and AR/Cath-D co-expression were independent prognostic factors of worse overall survival. Conclusions: AR/Cath-D co-expression independently predicted overall survival. Patients with TNBC in which AR and Cath-D are co-expressed could be eligible for combinatory therapy with androgen antagonists and anti-Cath-D human antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Lindsay B. Alcaraz
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Caroline Mollevi
- Biometry Department, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Florence Boissière-Michot
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Joelle Simony-Lafontaine
- Translational Research Unit, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (F.B.-M.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pathology, CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) Nîmes, 30029 Nîmes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM (Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier), INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Univ Montpellier (University of Montpellier), ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France; (H.M.); (L.B.A.); (A.M.); (W.J.); (V.L.-M.); (P.R.); (S.G.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM (Institut du Cancer de Montpellier), 34298 Montpellier, France
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Antiproliferative and Antimetastatic Effects of Praeruptorin C on Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Through Inactivating ERK/CTSD Signalling Pathways. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071625. [PMID: 32244796 PMCID: PMC7180937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Praeruptorin C (PC) reportedly has beneficial effects in terms of antiinflammation, antihypertension, and antiplatelet aggregation, and it potentially has anticancer activity. However, the effect of PC on human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is largely unknown. Compared with the effects of praeruptorin A and praeruptorin B, we observed that PC significantly suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, wound closure, and migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. It induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, downregulated cyclin D1 protein, and upregulated p21 protein. PC also significantly reduced the expression of cathepsin D (CTSD). In addition, the phosphorylation/activation of the ERK1/2 signalling pathway was significantly suppressed in PC-treated NSCLC cells. Cotreatment with PC and U0126 synergistically inhibited CTSD expression, cell migration, and cell invasion, which suggests that the ERK1/2 signalling pathway is involved in the downregulation of CTSD expression and invasion activity of NSCLC cells by PC. These findings are the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of PC in NSCLC progression. Therefore, PC may represent a novel strategy for treating NSCLC.
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25
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Cathepsin D in the Tumor Microenvironment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:1-16. [PMID: 32578168 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major and leading health problem worldwide. Lack of early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and recurrence of cancer means vast research and development are required in this area. The complexity of the tumor microenvironment in the biological milieu poses greater challenges in having safer, selective, and targeted therapies. Existing strategies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and antiangiogenic therapies moderately improve progression-free survival; however, they come with side effects that reduce quality of life. Thus, targeting potential candidates in the microenvironment, such as extracellular cathepsin D (CathD) which has been known to play major pro-tumorigenic roles in breast and ovarian cancers, could be a breakthrough in cancer treatment, specially using novel treatment modalities such as immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based therapy. This chapter discusses CathD as a pro-cancerous, more specifically a proangiogenic factor, that acts bi-functionally in the tumor microenvironment, and possible ways of targeting the protein therapeutically.
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26
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Dheer D, Nicolas J, Shankar R. Cathepsin-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and other diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:130-151. [PMID: 30690054 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are an important category of enzymes that have attracted great attention for the delivery of drugs to improve the therapeutic outcome of a broad range of nanoscale drug delivery systems. These proteases can be utilized for instance through actuation of polymer-drug conjugates (e.g., triggering the drug release) to bypass limitations of many drug candidates. A substantial amount of work has been witnessed in the design and the evaluation of Cathepsin-sensitive drug delivery systems, especially based on the tetra-peptide sequence (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly, GFLG) which has been extensively used as a spacer that can be cleaved in the presence of Cathepsin B. This Review Article will give an in-depth overview of the design and the biological evaluation of Cathepsin-sensitive drug delivery systems and their application in different pathologies including cancer before discussing Cathepsin B-cleavable prodrugs under clinical trials.
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27
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Pranjol MZI, Zinovkin DA, Maskell ART, Stephens LJ, Achinovich SL, Los' DM, Nadyrov EA, Hannemann M, Gutowski NJ, Whatmore JL. Cathepsin L-induced galectin-1 may act as a proangiogenic factor in the metastasis of high-grade serous carcinoma. J Transl Med 2019; 17:216. [PMID: 31269957 PMCID: PMC6610868 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New treatment options for metastasised high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) are urgently needed. HGSC frequently metastasises to the omentum, inducing angiogenesis in the local omental microvasculature to facilitate tumour growth. We previously showed that HGSC-secreted cathepsin L (CathL) induces pro-angiogenic changes in disease relevant human omental microvascular endothelial cells (HOMECs), suggesting a role in tumour angiogenesis. Here we investigate whether CathL acts by inducing local production of the carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-1 (Gal1), which has been reported to be involved in tumourigenesis in other tumours. Methods HOMECs were used for all experiments. Gal1 mRNA and protein levels were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Gal1-induced cell proliferation was assessed using WST-1 assay, migration using a transwell assay and in vivo Gal1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results CathL transcriptionally regulated HOMEC production and secretion of Gal1 via activation of NFκB (significantly inhibited by sulfasalazine). Gal1 significantly enhanced HOMEC migration (p < 0.001) and proliferation (p < 0.001), suggesting an autocrine action. The latter was significantly reduced by the MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 suggesting downstream activation of this pathway. Immunohistochemical analysis of omenta from HGSC patients with or without metastatic disease demonstrated a positive correlation between Gal1 expression and number of microvessels (r = 0.8702, p < 0.001), and area of vessels (r = 0.7283, p < 0.001), supporting a proangiogenic role for Gal1 in omental metastases. Conclusion HOMEC Gal1 transcription and release in response to CathL secreted from metastasising HGSC acts in an autocrine manner on the local microvasculature to induce pro-angiogenic changes, highlighting a potential new therapeutic target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1963-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.,William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dmitry A Zinovkin
- Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, 246000, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Annelie R T Maskell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Laura J Stephens
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sergey L Achinovich
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Gomel Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary, 246012, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Dmitry M Los'
- Gomel Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary, 246012, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Eldar A Nadyrov
- Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, 246000, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Michael Hannemann
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.,Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jacqueline L Whatmore
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
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28
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Soond SM, Kozhevnikova MV, Zamyatnin AA. 'Patchiness' and basic cancer research: unravelling the proteases. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1687-1701. [PMID: 31213124 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent developments in Cathepsin protease research have unveiled a number of key observations which are fundamental to further our understanding of normal cellular homeostasis and disease. By far, the most interesting and promising area of Cathepsin biology stems from how these proteins are linked to the fate of living cells through the phenomenon of Lysosomal Leakage and Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilisation. While extracellular Cathepsins are generally believed to be of central importance in tumour progression, through their ability to modulate the architecture of the Extracellular Matrix, intracellular Cathepsins have been established as being of extreme significance in mediating cell death through Apoptosis. With these two juxtaposed key research areas in mind, the focus of this review highlights recent advancements in how this fast-paced area of Cathepsin research has recently evolved in the context of their mechanistic regulation in cancer research. Abbreviations : ECM, Extracellular Matrix; MMP, Matrix Metalloproteases; LL, Lysosomal Leakage; LMP, Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilisation; LMA, Lysosomorphic Agents; BC, Breast Cancer; ASM, Acid Sphingomyelinase; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; LAMP, Lysosomal Associated membrane Protein; PCD, Programmed Cell Death; PDAC, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; aa, amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation.,b Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
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29
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Graphene Oxide-Based Targeting of Extracellular Cathepsin D and Cathepsin L As A Novel Anti-Metastatic Enzyme Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030319. [PMID: 30845739 PMCID: PMC6468385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and secretion of the enzymes cathepsin D (CathD) and cathepsin L (CathL) is associated with metastasis in several human cancers. As a superfamily, extracellularly, these proteins may act within the tumor microenvironment to drive cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Therefore, it is important to discover novel therapeutic treatment strategies to target CathD and CathL and potentially impede metastasis. Graphene oxide (GO) could form the basis of such a strategy by acting as an adsorbent for pro-metastatic enzymes. Here, we have conducted research into the potential of targeted anti-metastatic therapy using GO to adsorb these pro-tumorigenic enzymes. Binding of CathD/L to GO revealed that CathD/L were adsorbed onto the surface of GO through its cationic and hydrophilic residues. This work could provide a roadmap for the rational integration of CathD/L-targeting agents into clinical settings.
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30
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Li Z, Bao K, Xu H, Wu P, Li W, Liu J, Zhang W. Design, synthesis, and bioactivities of tasiamide B derivatives as cathepsin D inhibitors. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3154. [PMID: 30734395 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cath D) is overexpressed and hypersecreted by malignant tumors and involved in the progress of tumor invasion, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. Cath D has been considered as a potential target to treat cancer. Our previous studies revealed that tasiamide B derivatives TB-9 and TB-11 exhibited high potent inhibition against Cath D and other aspartic proteases, but their molecular weights are still high, and the role of each residue is unknown yet. Based on this, two series of tasiamide B derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Cath D/Cath E/BACE1. Enzymatic assays revealed that the target compound 1 with lower molecule weight showed good inhibitory activity against Cath D with IC50 of 3.29 nM and satisfactory selectivity over Cath E (72-fold) and BACE1 (295-fold), which could be a valuable template for the design of highly potent and selective Cath D inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Keting Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Ashraf Y, Mansouri H, Laurent-Matha V, Alcaraz LB, Roger P, Guiu S, Derocq D, Robin G, Michaud HA, Delpech H, Jarlier M, Pugnière M, Robert B, Puel A, Martin L, Landomiel F, Bourquard T, Achour O, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Pichard A, Deshayes E, Turtoi A, Poupon A, Simony-Lafontaine J, Boissière-Michot F, Pirot N, Bernex F, Jacot W, du Manoir S, Theillet C, Pouget JP, Navarro-Teulon I, Bonnefoy N, Pèlegrin A, Chardès T, Martineau P, Liaudet-Coopman E. Immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer with cathepsin D-targeting antibodies. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30717773 PMCID: PMC6360707 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment is currently restricted to chemotherapy. Hence, tumor-specific molecular targets and/or alternative therapeutic strategies for TNBC are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is emerging as an exciting treatment option for TNBC patients. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC), is overproduced and hypersecreted by human BC cells. This study explores whether cath-D is a tumor cell-associated extracellular biomarker and a potent target for antibody-based therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D prognostic value and localization was evaluated by transcriptomics, proteomics and immunohistochemistry in TNBC. First-in-class anti-cath-D human scFv fragments binding to both human and mouse cath-D were generated using phage display and cloned in the human IgG1 λ format (F1 and E2). Anti-cath-D antibody biodistribution, antitumor efficacy and in vivo underlying mechanisms were investigated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Antitumor effect was further assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). RESULTS High CTSD mRNA levels correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival in TNBC, and extracellular cath-D was detected in the tumor microenvironment, but not in matched normal breast stroma. Anti-cath-D F1 and E2 antibodies accumulated in TNBC MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, inhibited tumor growth and improved mice survival without apparent toxicity. The Fc function of F1, the best antibody candidate, was essential for maximal tumor inhibition in the MDA-MB-231 model. Mechanistically, F1 antitumor response was triggered through natural killer cell activation via IL-15 upregulation, associated with granzyme B and perforin production, and the release of antitumor IFNγ cytokine. The F1 antibody also prevented the tumor recruitment of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages M2 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, a specific effect associated with a less immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment highlighted by TGFβ decrease. Finally, the antibody F1 inhibited tumor growth of two TNBC PDXs, isolated from patients resistant or not to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Cath-D is a tumor-specific extracellular target in TNBC suitable for antibody-based therapy. Immunomodulatory antibody-based strategy against cath-D is a promising immunotherapy to treat patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Ashraf
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Valérie Laurent-Matha
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Danielle Derocq
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Gautier Robin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Henri-Alexandre Michaud
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Helène Delpech
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Puel
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Lucie Martin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Pichard
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | - Nelly Pirot
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- Réseau d'Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, UMS3426 CNRS-US009 INSERM-UM, Montpellier, France
| | - William Jacot
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Translational Research Unit, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stanislas du Manoir
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Isabelle Navarro-Teulon
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, INSERM, U1194 Univ Montpellier, ICM, 208, rue des Apothicaires, F-34298, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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Di Cara G, Marabeti MR, Musso R, Riili I, Cancemi P, Pucci Minafra I. New Insights into the Occurrence of Matrix Metalloproteases -2 and -9 in a Cohort of Breast Cancer Patients and Proteomic Correlations. Cells 2018; 7:cells7080089. [PMID: 30060564 PMCID: PMC6115737 DOI: 10.3390/cells7080089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of well-known enzymes which operate prevalently in the extracellular domain, where they fulfil the function of remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM). Within the 26 family members, encoded by 24 genes in humans, MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been regarded as primarily responsible for the basement membrane and peri-cellular ECM rearrangement. In cases of infiltrating carcinomas, which arise from the epithelial tissues of a gland or of an internal organ, a marked alteration of the expression and the activity levels of both MMPs is known to occur. The present investigation represents the continuation and upgrading of our previous studies, now focusing on the occurrence and intensity levels of MMP-2 and -9 and their proteomic correlations in a cohort of 80 breast cancer surgical tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Di Cara
- Centro di Oncobiologia Sperimentale, Università di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maria Rita Marabeti
- Centro di Oncobiologia Sperimentale, Università di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosa Musso
- Centro di Oncobiologia Sperimentale, Università di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ida Pucci Minafra
- Centro di Oncobiologia Sperimentale, Università di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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