1
|
Geraci J, Bhargava R, Qorri B, Leonchyk P, Cook D, Cook M, Sie F, Pani L. Machine learning hypothesis-generation for patient stratification and target discovery in rare disease: our experience with Open Science in ALS. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 17:1199736. [PMID: 38260713 PMCID: PMC10801647 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2023.1199736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Advances in machine learning (ML) methodologies, combined with multidisciplinary collaborations across biological and physical sciences, has the potential to propel drug discovery and development. Open Science fosters this collaboration by releasing datasets and methods into the public space; however, further education and widespread acceptance and adoption of Open Science approaches are necessary to tackle the plethora of known disease states. Motivation In addition to providing much needed insights into potential therapeutic protein targets, we also aim to demonstrate that small patient datasets have the potential to provide insights that usually require many samples (>5,000). There are many such datasets available and novel advancements in ML can provide valuable insights from these patient datasets. Problem statement Using a public dataset made available by patient advocacy group AnswerALS and a multidisciplinary Open Science approach with a systems biology augmented ML technology, we aim to validate previously reported drug targets in ALS and provide novel insights about ALS subpopulations and potential drug targets using a unique combination of ML methods and graph theory. Methodology We use NetraAI to generate hypotheses about specific patient subpopulations, which were then refined and validated through a combination of ML techniques, systems biology methods, and expert input. Results We extracted 8 target classes, each comprising of several genes that shed light into ALS pathophysiology and represent new avenues for treatment. These target classes are broadly categorized as inflammation, epigenetic, heat shock, neuromuscular junction, autophagy, apoptosis, axonal transport, and excitotoxicity. These findings are not mutually exclusive, and instead represent a systematic view of ALS pathophysiology. Based on these findings, we suggest that simultaneous targeting of ALS has the potential to mitigate ALS progression, with the plausibility of maintaining and sustaining an improved quality of life (QoL) for ALS patients. Even further, we identified subpopulations based on disease onset. Conclusion In the spirit of Open Science, this work aims to bridge the knowledge gap in ALS pathophysiology to aid in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies and pave the way for the development of personalized treatments tailored to the individual's needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Geraci
- NetraMark Corp, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Arthur C. Clarke Center for Human Imagination, School of Physical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ravi Bhargava
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Science and Research, Roche Integrated Informatics, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Douglas Cook
- NetraMark Corp, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Moses Cook
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fanny Sie
- Science and Research, Roche Integrated Informatics, F. Hoffmann La-Roche, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Pani
- NetraMark Corp, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen X, Xie X, Wu Q, Shi F, Chen Y, Yuan S, Xing K, Li X, Zhu Q, Li B, Wang Z. S-adenosylmethionine attenuates angiotensin II-induced aortic dissection formation by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch and autophagy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 219:115967. [PMID: 38065291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that aortic dissection (AD) is a very aggressive class of vascular diseases. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is an autophagy inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects; however, the role of SAM in AD is unknown. In this study, we constructed an animal model of AD using subcutaneous minipump continuous infusion of AngII-induced ApoE-/-mice and a cytopathic model using AngII-induced primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to investigate the possible role of SAM in AD. The results showed that mice in the AngII + SAM group had significantly lower AD incidence, significantly prolonged survival, and reduced vascular elastic fiber disruption compared with mice in the AngII group. In addition, SAM significantly inhibited autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, SAM also inhibited the cellular phenotypic switch, mainly by up regulating the expression levels of contractile marker proteins [α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and smooth muscle 22α (SM22α)] and down regulating the expression levels of synthetic marker proteins [osteoblast protein (OPN), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)]. Molecularly, SAM inhibited AD formation mainly by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Using a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) significantly reversed the protective effect of SAM in AngII-induced mice and VSMCs.Our study demonstrates the protective effect of SAM on mice under AngII-induced AD for the first time. SAM prevented AD formation mainly by inhibiting cellular phenotypic switch and autophagy, and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is a possible molecular mechanism. Thus, SAM may be a novel strategy for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyang Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Yuan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xing
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Cardiovascular Surgery Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 9 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arlt H, Raman B, Filali-Mouncef Y, Hu Y, Leytens A, Hardenberg R, Guimarães R, Kriegenburg F, Mari M, Smaczynska-de Rooij II, Ayscough KR, Dengjel J, Ungermann C, Reggiori F. The dynamin Vps1 mediates Atg9 transport to the sites of autophagosome formation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104712. [PMID: 37060997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a key process in eukaryotes to maintain cellular homeostasis by delivering cellular components to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation and reuse of the resulting metabolites. Membrane rearrangements and trafficking events are mediated by the core machinery of autophagy-related (Atg) proteins, which carry out a variety of functions. How Atg9, a lipid scramblase and the only conserved transmembrane protein within this core Atg machinery, is trafficked during autophagy remained largely unclear. Here, we addressed this question in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and found that retromer complex and dynamin Vps1 mutants alter Atg9 subcellular distribution and severely impair the autophagic flux by affecting two separate autophagy steps. We provide evidence that Vps1 interacts with Atg9 at Atg9 reservoirs. In the absence of Vps1, Atg9 fails to reach the sites of autophagosome formation, and this results in an autophagy defect. The function of Vps1 in autophagy requires its GTPase activity. Moreover, Vps1 point mutants associated with human diseases such as microcytic anemia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth are unable to sustain autophagy and affect Atg9 trafficking. Together, our data provide novel insights on the role of dynamins in Atg9 trafficking and suggest that a defect in this autophagy step could contribute to severe human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Arlt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Babu Raman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmina Filali-Mouncef
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Leytens
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Hardenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Guimarães
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franziska Kriegenburg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ungermann
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry section, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The role of lysosomes in metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:366-383. [PMID: 36894628 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are catabolic organelles that contribute to the degradation of intracellular constituents through autophagy and of extracellular components through endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. They also have roles in secretory mechanisms, the generation of extracellular vesicles and certain cell death pathways. These functions make lysosomes central organelles in cell homeostasis, metabolic regulation and responses to environment changes including nutrient stresses, endoplasmic reticulum stress and defects in proteostasis. Lysosomes also have important roles in inflammation, antigen presentation and the maintenance of long-lived immune cells. Their functions are tightly regulated by transcriptional modulation via TFEB and TFE3, as well as by major signalling pathways that lead to activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2, lysosome motility and fusion with other compartments. Lysosome dysfunction and alterations in autophagy processes have been identified in a wide variety of diseases, including autoimmune, metabolic and kidney diseases. Deregulation of autophagy can contribute to inflammation, and lysosomal defects in immune cells and/or kidney cells have been reported in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies with kidney involvement. Defects in lysosomal activity have also been identified in several pathologies with disturbances in proteostasis, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases such as Parkinson disease, diabetes mellitus and lysosomal storage diseases. Targeting lysosomes is therefore a potential therapeutic strategy to regulate inflammation and metabolism in a variety of pathologies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mauthe M, Kampinga HH, Hipp MS, Reggiori F. Digest it all: the lysosomal turnover of cytoplasmic aggregates. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:216-228. [PMID: 36280494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Aggrephagy describes the selective lysosomal transport and turnover of cytoplasmic protein aggregates by macro-autophagy. In this process, protein aggregates and conglomerates are polyubiquitinated and then sequestered by autophagosomes. Soluble selective autophagy receptors (SARs) are central to aggrephagy and physically bind to both ubiquitin and the autophagy machinery, thus linking the cargo to the forming autophagosomal membrane. Because the accumulation of protein aggregates is associated with cytotoxicity in several diseases, a better molecular understanding of aggrephagy might provide a conceptual framework to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at delaying the onset of these pathologies by preventing the buildup of potentially toxic aggregates. We review recent advances in our knowledge about the mechanism of aggrephagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang S, Tang H, Li MZ, Chu JJ, Yin ZS, Jia QY. Identification of the CCL2 PI3K/Akt axis involved in autophagy and apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1335-1349. [PMID: 36795287 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disease with no cure that usually results in irreversible loss of sensory and voluntary motor functions below the injury site. We conducted an in-depth bioinformatics analysis combining the gene expression omnibus spinal cord injury database and the autophagy database and found that the expression of the autophagy gene CCL2 was significantly upregulated and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was activated after SCI. The results of the bioinformatics analysis were verified by constructing animal and cellular models of SCI. We then used small interfering RNA to inhibit the expression of CCL2 and PI3K to inhibit and activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway; western blot, immunofluorescence, monodansylcadaverine, and cell flow techniques were used to detect the expression of key proteins involved in downstream autophagy and apoptosis. We found that when PI3K inhibitors were activated, apoptosis decreased, the levels of autophagy-positive proteins LC3-I/LC3-II and Bcl-1 increased, the levels of autophagy-negative protein P62 decreased, the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 decreased, the levels of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein Bcl-2 increased. In contrast, when a PI3K activator was used, autophagy was inhibited, and apoptosis was increased. This study revealed the effect of CCL2 on autophagy and apoptosis after SCI through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. By blocking the expression of the autophagy-related gene CCL2, the autophagic protective response can be activated, and apoptosis can be inhibited, which may be a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hefei hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guang De Road, 230011, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Linquan county people's Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, 109 Tongyang Road, 236400, Fuyang, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hefei hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guang De Road, 230011, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Sheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, #218 Jixi Road, 230022, Hefei, China.
| | - Qi-Yu Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Hefei hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Guang De Road, 230011, Hefei, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Wang Q, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W, He D. Microglial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1065183. [PMID: 36704504 PMCID: PMC9872664 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1065183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by gradual and selective loss of neurons in the central nervous system. They affect more than 50 million people worldwide, and their incidence increases with age. Although most cases of AD and PD are sporadic, some are caused by genetic mutations that are inherited. Both sporadic and familial cases display complex neuropathology and represent the most perplexing neurological disorders. Because of the undefined pathogenesis and complex clinical manifestations, there is still no effective treatment for both AD and PD. Understanding the pathogenesis of these important neurodegenerative diseases is important for developing successful therapies. Increasing evidence suggests that microglial autophagy is associated with the pathogenesis of AD and PD, and its dysfunction has been implicated in disease progression. In this review, we focus on the autophagy function in microglia and its dysfunction in AD and PD disease models in an attempt to help our understanding of the pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets of AD and PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dajian He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saleh D, Ramadan A, Mohammed RH, Alnaggar ARLR, Saleh EM. Autophagy-related genes in Egyptian patients with Behçet's disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, multi-systemic, recurrent condition that affects the vascular, ocular, mucocutaneous, and central nervous systems. The diagnosis of this disease depends on its clinical features, which are similar to those observed in several diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, pemphigus vulgaris, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn ҆s disease, and Sjӧgren’s syndrome. Lysosome-mediated autophagy is a catabolic, cytoprotective mechanism that maintains cell homeostasis by degrading undesired long-lived proteins and recycling nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between some autophagy-related genes (ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, LC3b, mTOR) and the pathogenesis and immunopathology of BD. The expression levels of the genes were evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 101 individuals that are classified into two groups. Group 1: (n = 71) BD patients, Group 2: (n = 30) healthy controls.
Results
Patients with BD had lower mRNA expression levels of ATG5 and mTOR and higher levels of LC3b mRNA than the controls. No significant differences in the levels of both ATG7 and ATG12 were observed between the two groups. According to the area under the curve analysis, LC3b was considered the best candidate biomarker among the selected markers for the diagnosis of BD. The mRNA expression of ATG5 was significantly correlated with patient age and the presence of oral ulcers. The mRNA expression of ATG7 was significantly associated with age and the presence of erythema nodosum and vascular lesions, whereas that of LC3b was significantly correlated with the presence of pustules.
Conclusion
These findings indicated that elevated levels of LC3b were strongly associated with BD. Likewise, the levels of ATG5 and ATG7 were associated with the complications and outcomes of this disease. Additional assessments of the mRNA expression levels of these autophagy-related genes might prove beneficial in diagnosing this autoimmune disorder.
Collapse
|
9
|
Transcriptomic changes in autophagy-related genes are inversely correlated with inflammation and are associated with multiple sclerosis lesion pathology. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 25:100510. [PMID: 36120103 PMCID: PMC9478930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is also implicated in multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Neuroinflammation, along with demyelination and axonal loss, is an important component of multiple sclerosis (MS). Induction of autophagy ameliorated disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS, underlying a possible link between autophagy and MS pathology. However, it is still unclear how autophagy is affected during different stages of MS. Here, we show a decreased expression of the autophagy-related (ATG) genes during the acute phase of EAE development in mice as well as in mixed active/inactive lesions of post-mortem human MS brain tissues. Using spatial transcriptomics, we observed that this decreased ATG gene expression is most prominent in the core of mixed active/inactive lesions. Furthermore, we observed a hyper-activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in lesions, which could inhibit both the initiation of autophagy and the transcription factors that regulate the expression of the ATG genes. Thus, based on our data, we propose a negative regulation of autophagy in MS, possibly through persistent mTORC1 activation, which depends on the lesion stage. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of autophagy in different stages of MS pathology and point to the mTORC1 pathway as a potential modulator that likely regulates central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and neuroinflammation in MS. Autophagy is differently regulated in various EAE and MS stages. Expression of ATG genes inversely correlates with inflammation in EAE mice. ATG gene expression is decreased in mixed active/inactive brain lesions. Targeting mTORC1 may be a promising therapeutic target in MS pathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Reggiori F, Boya P, da Costa D, Elazar Z, Eskelinen EL, Farrés J, Guettler S, Kraft C, Jungbluth H, Martinez A, Morel E, Pless O, Proikas-Cezanne T, Simonsen A. The mechanism of macroautophagy: The movie. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:414-417. [PMID: 38106995 PMCID: PMC7615380 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2096115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This animated movie presents the mechanism of macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, by showing the molecular features of the formation of autophagosomes, the hallmark organelle of this intracellular catabolic pathway. It is based on our current knowledge and it also illustrates how autophagosomes can recognize and eliminate selected cargoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9713, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Bimolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Judith Farrés
- Anaxomics Biotech S.L., c. Diputació, 237 1-1 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Guettler
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Evelina Children’s Hospital, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Morel
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, ScreeningPort, D-22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 1112 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gq Signaling in Autophagy Control: Between Chemical and Mechanical Cues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081599. [PMID: 36009317 PMCID: PMC9405508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
All processes in human physiology relies on homeostatic mechanisms which require the activation of specific control circuits to adapt the changes imposed by external stimuli. One of the critical modulators of homeostatic balance is autophagy, a catabolic process that is responsible of the destruction of long-lived proteins and organelles through a lysosome degradative pathway. Identification of the mechanism underlying autophagic flux is considered of great importance as both protective and detrimental functions are linked with deregulated autophagy. At the mechanistic and regulatory levels, autophagy is activated in response to diverse stress conditions (food deprivation, hyperthermia and hypoxia), even a novel perspective highlight the potential role of physical forces in autophagy modulation. To understand the crosstalk between all these controlling mechanisms could give us new clues about the specific contribution of autophagy in a wide range of diseases including vascular disorders, inflammation and cancer. Of note, any homeostatic control critically depends in at least two additional and poorly studied interdependent components: a receptor and its downstream effectors. Addressing the selective receptors involved in autophagy regulation is an open question and represents a new area of research in this field. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest and druggable targets membrane receptor protein superfamily. By exerting their action through G proteins, GPCRs play fundamental roles in the control of cellular homeostasis. Novel studies have shown Gαq, a subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, as a core modulator of mTORC1 and autophagy, suggesting a fundamental contribution of Gαq-coupled GPCRs mechanisms in the control of this homeostatic feedback loop. To address how GPCR-G proteins machinery integrates the response to different stresses including oxidative conditions and mechanical stimuli, could provide deeper insight into new signaling pathways and open potential and novel therapeutic strategies in the modulation of different pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Schuster R, Okamoto K. An overview of the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130203. [PMID: 35842014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent selective degradation of excess or damaged mitochondria, termed mitophagy, is a tightly regulated process necessary for mitochondrial quality and quantity control. Mitochondria are highly dynamic and major sites for vital cellular processes such as ATP and iron‑sulfur cluster biogenesis. Due to their pivotal roles for immunity, apoptosis, and aging, the maintenance of mitochondrial function is of utmost importance for cellular homeostasis. In yeast, mitophagy is mediated by the receptor protein Atg32 that is localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Upon mitophagy induction, Atg32 expression is transcriptionally upregulated, which leads to its accumulation on the mitochondrial surface and to recruitment of the autophagic machinery via its direct interaction with Atg11 and Atg8. Importantly, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation further fine-tune the mitophagic response. This review summarizes the current knowledge about mitophagy in yeast and its connection with mitochondrial dynamics and the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Schuster
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Goldsmith J, Ordureau A, Harper JW, Holzbaur ELF. Brain-derived autophagosome profiling reveals the engulfment of nucleoid-enriched mitochondrial fragments by basal autophagy in neurons. Neuron 2022; 110:967-976.e8. [PMID: 35051374 PMCID: PMC8930448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurons depend on autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis, and defects in autophagy are pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative disease. To probe the role of basal autophagy in the maintenance of neuronal health, we isolated autophagic vesicles from mouse brain tissue and used proteomics to identify the major cargos engulfed within autophagosomes, validating our findings in rodent primary and human iPSC-derived neurons. Mitochondrial proteins were identified as a major cargo in the absence of mitophagy adaptors such as OPTN. We found that nucleoid-associated proteins are enriched compared with other mitochondrial components. In the axon, autophagic engulfment of nucleoid-enriched mitochondrial fragments requires the mitochondrial fission machinery Drp1. We proposed that localized Drp1-dependent fission of nucleoid-enriched fragments in proximity to the sites of autophagosome biogenesis enhances their capture. The resulting efficient autophagic turnover of nucleoids may prevent accumulation of mitochondrial DNA in the neuron, thus mitigating activation of proinflammatory pathways that contribute to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Goldsmith
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reggiori F, Molinari M. ER-phagy: mechanisms, regulation and diseases connected to the lysosomal clearance of the endoplasmic reticulum. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1393-1448. [PMID: 35188422 PMCID: PMC9126229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ER-phagy (reticulo-phagy) defines the degradation of portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within lysosomes or vacuoles. It is part of the self-digestion (i.e., auto-phagic) programs recycling cytoplasmic material and organelles, which rapidly mobilize metabolites in cells confronted with nutrient shortage. Moreover, selective clearance of ER subdomains participates to the control of ER size and activity during ER stress, the re-establishment of ER homeostasis after ER stress resolution and the removal of ER parts, in which aberrant and potentially cytotoxic material has been segregated. ER-phagy relies on the individual and/or concerted activation of the ER-phagy receptors, ER peripheral or integral membrane proteins that share the presence of LC3/Atg8-binding motifs in their cytosolic domains. ER-phagy involves the physical separation of portions of the ER from the bulk ER network, and their delivery to the endolysosomal/vacuolar catabolic district. This last step is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms including macro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are sequestered by double-membrane autophagosomes that eventually fuse with lysosomes/vacuoles), micro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are directly engulfed by endosomes/lysosomes/vacuoles), or direct fusion of ER-derived vesicles with lysosomes/vacuoles. ER-phagy is dysfunctional in specific human diseases and its regulators are subverted by pathogens, highlighting its crucial role for cell and organism life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Protein Folding and Quality Control, grid.7722.0Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wen X, Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Moments in autophagy and disease: Past and present. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100966. [PMID: 33931245 PMCID: PMC8548407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, research on autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has been advanced by studies in different model organisms, especially in the field of its molecular mechanism and regulation. The malfunction of autophagy is linked to various diseases, among which cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are the major focus. In this review, we cover some other important diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders, as well as rare diseases, with a hope of providing a more complete understanding of the spectrum of autophagy's role in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Klionsky DJ, Petroni G, Amaravadi RK, Baehrecke EH, Ballabio A, Boya P, Bravo‐San Pedro JM, Cadwell K, Cecconi F, Choi AMK, Choi ME, Chu CT, Codogno P, Colombo M, Cuervo AM, Deretic V, Dikic I, Elazar Z, Eskelinen E, Fimia GM, Gewirtz DA, Green DR, Hansen M, Jäättelä M, Johansen T, Juhász G, Karantza V, Kraft C, Kroemer G, Ktistakis NT, Kumar S, Lopez‐Otin C, Macleod KF, Madeo F, Martinez J, Meléndez A, Mizushima N, Münz C, Penninger JM, Perera R, Piacentini M, Reggiori F, Rubinsztein DC, Ryan K, Sadoshima J, Santambrogio L, Scorrano L, Simon H, Simon AK, Simonsen A, Stolz A, Tavernarakis N, Tooze SA, Yoshimori T, Yuan J, Yue Z, Zhong Q, Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F. Autophagy in major human diseases. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108863. [PMID: 34459017 PMCID: PMC8488577 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a core molecular pathway for the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis. Pharmacological and genetic interventions impairing autophagy responses promote or aggravate disease in a plethora of experimental models. Consistently, mutations in autophagy-related processes cause severe human pathologies. Here, we review and discuss preclinical data linking autophagy dysfunction to the pathogenesis of major human disorders including cancer as well as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, pulmonary, renal, infectious, musculoskeletal, and ocular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicinePozzuoliItaly
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesSection of PediatricsFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research InstituteTexas Children HospitalHoustonTXUSA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological ResearchSpanish National Research CouncilMadridSpain
| | - José Manuel Bravo‐San Pedro
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment Section of PhysiologyComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)MadridSpain
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball InstituteNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineNew York University Langone HealthNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival UnitCenter for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD)Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pediatric Onco‐Hematology and Cell and Gene TherapyIRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalRomeItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’RomeItaly
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- New York‐Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Mary E Choi
- New York‐Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Nephrology and HypertensionJoan and Sanford I. Weill Department of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker‐Enfants MaladesINSERM U1151‐CNRS UMR 8253ParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Maria Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia‐Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)‐Universidad Nacional de CuyoCONICET‐ Facultad de Ciencias MédicasMendozaArgentina
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
- Institute for Aging StudiesAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNYUSA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism (AIMCenter of Biomedical Research ExcellenceUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of EpidemiologyPreclinical Research, and Advanced DiagnosticsNational Institute for Infectious Diseases ‘L. Spallanzani’ IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologySchool of MedicineVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of ImmunologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteProgram of DevelopmentAging, and RegenerationLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and MetabolismCenter for Autophagy, Recycling & DiseaseDanish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Terje Johansen
- Department of Medical BiologyMolecular Cancer Research GroupUniversity of Tromsø—The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Institute of GeneticsBiological Research CenterSzegedHungary
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental BiologyEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyZBMZFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS ‐ Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des CordeliersEquipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le CancerUniversité de ParisSorbonne UniversitéInserm U1138Institut Universitaire de FranceParisFrance
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology PlatformsInstitut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
- Pôle de BiologieHôpital Européen Georges PompidouAP‐HPParisFrance
- Suzhou Institute for Systems MedicineChinese Academy of Medical SciencesSuzhouChina
- Karolinska InstituteDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer BiologyUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Carlos Lopez‐Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología MolecularFacultad de MedicinaInstituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA)Universidad de OviedoOviedoSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC)MadridSpain
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer ResearchThe Gordon Center for Integrative SciencesW‐338The University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
- The University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed‐GrazGrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth – University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease LaboratoryNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNIHResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Alicia Meléndez
- Biology Department, Queens CollegeCity University of New YorkFlushingNYUSA
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs of the City University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral ImmunobiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA)Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Department of Medical GeneticsLife Sciences InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of AnatomyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Rome “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
- Laboratory of Molecular MedicineInstitute of Cytology Russian Academy of ScienceSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & SystemsMolecular Cell Biology SectionUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular MedicineCardiovascular Research InstituteRutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJUSA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Istituto Veneto di Medicina MolecolarePadovaItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of PharmacologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergologySechenov UniversityMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of Molecular ImmunologyInstitute of Fundamental Medicine and BiologyKazan Federal UniversityKazanRussia
| | | | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular MedicineInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Centre for Cancer Cell ReprogrammingInstitute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchOslo University Hospital MontebelloOsloNorway
| | - Alexandra Stolz
- Institute of Biochemistry IISchool of MedicineGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurt, Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklion, CreteGreece
- Department of Basic SciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of AutophagyThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of GeneticsGraduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Department of Intracellular Membrane DynamicsGraduate School of Frontier BiosciencesOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science DivisionInstitute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Junying Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of NeurologyFriedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationDepartment of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU‐SM)ShanghaiChina
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation OncologyWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkNYUSA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of DermatologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Daubeuf F, Schall N, Petit-Demoulière N, Frossard N, Muller S. An Autophagy Modulator Peptide Prevents Lung Function Decrease and Corrects Established Inflammation in Murine Models of Airway Allergy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092468. [PMID: 34572117 PMCID: PMC8472429 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of autophagy and its dysfunction in asthma is still poorly documented. By using a murine model of chronic house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation, we tested the expression of several autophagy markers in the lung and spleen of asthma-like animals. Compared to control mice, in HDM-sensitized and challenged mice, the expression of sequestosome-1/p62, a multifunctional adaptor protein that plays an important role in the autophagy machinery, was raised in the splenocytes. In contrast, its expression was decreased in the neutrophils recovered from the bronchoalveolar fluid, indicating that autophagy was independently regulated in these two compartments. In a strategy of drug repositioning, we treated allergen-sensitized mice with the therapeutic peptide P140 known to target chaperone-mediated autophagy. A single intravenous administration of P140 in these mice resulted in a significant reduction in airway resistance and elastance, and a reduction in the number of neutrophils and eosinophils present in the bronchoalveolar fluid. It corrected the autophagic alteration without showing any suppressive effect in the production of IgG1 and IgE. Collectively, these findings show that autophagy processes are altered in allergic airway inflammation. This cellular pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target for treating selected patients with asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Daubeuf
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France; (F.D.); (N.P.-D.); (N.F.)
- CNRS UMS3286, Plate-Forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Schall
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Nathalie Petit-Demoulière
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France; (F.D.); (N.P.-D.); (N.F.)
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Nelly Frossard
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Faculté de Pharmacie, 67400 Illkirch, France; (F.D.); (N.P.-D.); (N.F.)
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-Strasbourg University Unit Biotechnology and Cell Signaling/Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France;
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang W, Hu JW, He XR, Jin WL, He XY. Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:241. [PMID: 34303383 PMCID: PMC8306262 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ran He
- Department of Finance, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Licheva M, Raman B, Kraft C, Reggiori F. Phosphoregulation of the autophagy machinery by kinases and phosphatases. Autophagy 2021; 18:104-123. [PMID: 33970777 PMCID: PMC8865292 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use post-translational modifications to diversify and dynamically coordinate the function and properties of protein networks within various cellular processes. For example, the process of autophagy strongly depends on the balanced action of kinases and phosphatases. Highly conserved from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, autophagy is a tightly regulated self-degradation process that is crucial for survival, stress adaptation, maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis, and cell differentiation and development. Many studies have emphasized the importance of kinases and phosphatases in the regulation of autophagy and identified many of the core autophagy proteins as their direct targets. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on kinases and phosphatases acting on the core autophagy machinery and discuss the relevance of phosphoregulation for the overall process of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Licheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Babu Raman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wan T, Li X, Li Y. The role of TRIM family proteins in autophagy, pyroptosis, and diabetes mellitus. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:913-926. [PMID: 33438267 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is one of the systems for cell protein homeostasis and degradation, happens through the ordered and coordinated action of three types of enzymes, E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-carrier enzyme, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family proteins are the richest subfamily of really interesting new gene E3 ubiquitin ligases, which play a critical role not only in many biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, pyroptosis, innate immunity, and autophagy, but also many diseases like cancer, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disease. Increasing evidence suggests that TRIM family proteins play a vital role in modulating autophagy, pyroptosis, and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of TRIM proteins in the regulation of autophagy, pyroptosis, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiudan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tan ML, Parkinson EK, Yap LF, Paterson IC. Autophagy is deregulated in cancer-associated fibroblasts from oral cancer and is stimulated during the induction of fibroblast senescence by TGF-β1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:584. [PMID: 33436723 PMCID: PMC7804411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the characteristics ascribed to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are shared by activated, autophagic and senescent fibroblasts. Whilst most oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are genetically unstable (GU-OSCC), genetically stable variants (GS-OSCC) have been described and, notably, CAF activation (myofibroblast differentiation) and senescence are characteristics particularly associated with GU-OSCCs. However, it is not known whether autophagy is disrupted in these cells or whether autophagy regulates the development of the myofibroblast and senescent phenotypes. In this study, we show that senescent CAFs from GU-OSCCs contained more autophagosomes than normal human oral fibroblasts (NHOFs) and CAFs from GS-OSCCs possibly due to autophagic impairment. Further, we show that deregulation of autophagy in normal fibroblasts, either by inhibition with autophagy inhibitor, SAR405, or activation with TGF-β1, induced fibroblast activation and senescence: In response to TGF-β1, autophagy was induced prior to the development of the activated and senescent phenotypes. Lastly, we show that both SAR405- and TGF-β1-treated NHOFs enhance OSCC cell migration but only TGF-β1-treated cells increase OSCC invasion through Matrigel, indicating that TGF-β1 has additional effects that are independent of fibroblast activation/senescence. These results suggest a functional role for autophagy in the development of myofibroblast and CAF phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Leng Tan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Level 9, Postgraduate and Research Tower, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - E Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lee Fah Yap
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Level 9, Postgraduate and Research Tower, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Level 9, Postgraduate and Research Tower, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Misrielal C, Mauthe M, Reggiori F, Eggen BJL. Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:603710. [PMID: 33328897 PMCID: PMC7714924 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.603710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves a range of CNS and immune cells. MS is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss, but the molecular causes of this disease remain poorly understood. One cellular process that could provide insight into MS pathophysiology and also be a possible therapeutic avenue, is autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly in neurons as defects in autophagy lead to neurodegeneration. One of the functions of autophagy is to maintain cellular homeostasis by eliminating defective or superfluous proteins, complexes, and organelles, preventing the accumulation of potentially cytotoxic damage. Importantly, there is also an intimate and intricate interplay between autophagy and multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, autophagy is implicated in two of the main hallmarks of MS, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, making it especially important to understand how this pathway contributes to MS manifestation and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy in MS, in particular how it contributes to our understanding of MS pathology and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chairi Misrielal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Modulation of mTORC1 Signaling Pathway by HIV-1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051090. [PMID: 32354054 PMCID: PMC7291251 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cellular proliferation and survival which controls cellular response to different stresses, including viral infection. HIV-1 interferes with the mTORC1 pathway at every stage of infection. At the same time, the host cells rely on the mTORC1 pathway and autophagy to fight against virus replication and transmission. In this review, we will provide the most up-to-date picture of the role of the mTORC1 pathway in the HIV-1 life cycle, latency and HIV-related diseases. We will also provide an overview of recent trends in the targeting of the mTORC1 pathway as a promising strategy for HIV-1 eradication.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy and disease: unanswered questions. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:858-871. [PMID: 31900427 PMCID: PMC7206137 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process in which intracellular components and dysfunctional organelles are delivered to the lysosome for degradation and recycling. Autophagy has various connections to a large number of human diseases, as its functions are essential for cell survival, bioenergetic homeostasis, organism development, and cell death regulation. In the past two decades, substantial effort has been made to identify the roles of autophagy in tumor suppression and promotion, neurodegenerative disorders, and other pathophysiologies. This review summarizes the current advances and discusses the unanswered questions in understanding the involvement of autophagy in pathogenic mechanisms of disease, primarily focusing on cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yao RQ, Ren C, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Organelle-specific autophagy in inflammatory diseases: a potential therapeutic target underlying the quality control of multiple organelles. Autophagy 2020; 17:385-401. [PMID: 32048886 PMCID: PMC8007140 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity and functional stability of organelles are prerequisites for the viability and responsiveness of cells. Dysfunction of multiple organelles is critically involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, those organelles synchronously present with evident structural derangement and aberrant function under exposure to different stimuli, which might accelerate the corruption of cells. Therefore, the quality control of multiple organelles is of great importance in maintaining the survival and function of cells and could be a potential therapeutic target for human diseases. Organelle-specific autophagy is one of the major subtypes of autophagy, selectively targeting different organelles for quality control. This type of autophagy includes mitophagy, pexophagy, reticulophagy (endoplasmic reticulum), ribophagy, lysophagy, and nucleophagy. These kinds of organelle-specific autophagy are reported to be beneficial for inflammatory disorders by eliminating damaged organelles and maintaining homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the recent findings and mechanisms covering different kinds of organelle-specific autophagy, as well as their involvement in various diseases, aiming to arouse concern about the significance of the quality control of multiple organelles in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Abbreviations: ABCD3: ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3; AD: Alzheimer disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARIH1: ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; ATF: activating transcription factor; ATG: autophagy related; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BCL2L11/BIM: BCL2 like 11; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CANX: calnexin; CAT: catalase; CCPG1: cell cycle progression 1; CHDH: choline dehydrogenase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSE: cigarette smoke exposure; CTSD: cathepsin D; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; DISC1: DISC1 scaffold protein; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1 like; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EMD: emerin; EPAS1/HIF-2α: endothelial PAS domain protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FBXO27: F-box protein 27; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; G3BP1: G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1; GBA: glucocerebrosidase beta; HIF1A/HIF1: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; LCLAT1/ALCAT1: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1; LGALS3/Gal3: galectin 3; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LMNA: lamin A/C; LMNB1: lamin B1; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MAMs: mitochondria-associated membranes; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MOD: multiple organelles dysfunction; MTPAP: mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NUFIP1: nuclear FMR1 interacting protein 1; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; PD: Parkinson disease; PARL: presenilin associated rhomboid like; PEX3: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 3; PGAM5: PGAM family member 5; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RHOT1/MIRO1: ras homolog family member T1; RIPK3/RIP3: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTN3: reticulon 3; SEC62: SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor; SESN2: sestrin2; SIAH1: siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SNCA: synuclein alpha; SNCAIP: synuclein alpha interacting protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TICAM1/TRIF: toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TNKS: tankyrase; TOMM: translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane; TRIM: tripartite motif containing; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; USP10: ubiquitin specific peptidase 10; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; VDAC: voltage dependent anion channels; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; ZNHIT3: zinc finger HIT-type containing 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Fan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Strategies employed by viruses to manipulate autophagy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:203-237. [PMID: 32620243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, originally described as a conserved bulk degradation pathway important to maintain cellular homeostasis during starvation, has also been implicated in playing a central role in multiple physiological processes. For example, autophagy is part of our innate immunity by targeting intracellular pathogens to lysosomes for degradation in a process called xenophagy. Coevolution and adaptation between viruses and autophagy have armed viruses with a multitude of strategies to counteract the antiviral functions of the autophagy pathway. In addition, some viruses have acquired mechanisms to exploit specific functions of either autophagy or the key components of this process, the autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. In this chapter, we describe several examples where the strategy employed by a virus to subvert autophagy has been described with molecular detail. Their stratagems positively or negatively target practically all the steps of autophagy, including the signaling pathways regulating this process. This highlights the intricate relationship between autophagy and viruses and how by commandeering autophagy, viruses have devised ways to fine-tune their replication.
Collapse
|
27
|
Teinert J, Behne R, Wimmer M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Novel insights into the clinical and molecular spectrum of congenital disorders of autophagy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:51-62. [PMID: 30854657 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental and conserved catabolic pathway that mediates the degradation of macromolecules and organelles in lysosomes. Autophagy is particularly important to postmitotic and metabolically active cells such as neurons. The complex architecture of neurons and their long axons pose additional challenges for efficient recycling of cargo. Not surprisingly autophagy is required for normal central nervous system development and function. Several single-gene disorders of the autophagy pathway have been discovered in recent years giving rise to a novel group of inborn errors of metabolism referred to as congenital disorders of autophagy. While these disorders are heterogeneous, they share several clinical and molecular characteristics including a prominent and progressive involvement of the central nervous system leading to brain malformations, developmental delay, intellectual disability, epilepsy, movement disorders, and cognitive decline. On brain magnetic resonance imaging a predominant involvement of the corpus callosum, the corticospinal tracts and the cerebellum are noted. A storage disease phenotype is present in some diseases, underscoring both clinical and molecular overlaps to lysosomal storage diseases. This review provides an update on the clinical, imaging, and genetic spectrum of congenital disorders of autophagy and highlights the importance of this pathway for neurometabolism and childhood-onset neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Teinert
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Behne
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Miriam Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen M, Zhao Z, Meng Q, Liang P, Su Z, Wu Y, Huang J, Cui J. TRIM14 Promotes Noncanonical NF-κB Activation by Modulating p100/p52 Stability via Selective Autophagy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901261. [PMID: 31921549 PMCID: PMC6947505 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in a variety of biological functions including chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. Activation of noncanonical NF-κB signaling largely relies on the abundance as well as the processing of the NF-κB family member p100/p52. Here, TRIM14 is identified as a novel positive regulator of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway. TRIM14 promotes noncanonical NF-κB activation by targeting p100/p52 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a mechanistic study shows that TRIM14 recruits deubiquitinase USP14 to cleave the K63-linked ubiquitin chains of p100/p52 at multiple sites, thereby preventing p100/p52 from cargo receptor p62-mediated autophagic degradation. TRIM14 deficiency in mice significantly impairs noncanonical NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses as well as acute colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer development. Taken together, these findings establish the TRIM14-USP14 axis as a crucial checkpoint that controls noncanonical NF-κB signaling and highlight the crosstalk between autophagy and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Zhiyao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
- Department of Internal MedicineGuangzhou Institute of PediatricsGuangzhou Women and Children's Medical CenterGuangzhouGuangdong510623China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Puping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Zexiong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Junjiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| | - Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and RegulationSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510006China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhao YG, Zhang H. Core autophagy genes and human diseases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:117-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
30
|
Sachdeva K, Do DC, Zhang Y, Hu X, Chen J, Gao P. Environmental Exposures and Asthma Development: Autophagy, Mitophagy, and Cellular Senescence. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2787. [PMID: 31849968 PMCID: PMC6896909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants and allergens induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to key features of allergic asthma. Dysregulations in autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence have been associated with environmental pollutant and allergen-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, secretion of multiple inflammatory proteins, and subsequently development of asthma. Particularly, particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has been reported to induce autophagy in the bronchial epithelial cells through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), drive mitophagy through activating PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)/Parkin pathway, and induce cell cycle arrest and senescence. Intriguingly, allergens, including ovalbumin (OVA), Alternaria alternata, and cockroach allergen, have also been shown to induce autophagy through activation of different signaling pathways. Additionally, mitochondrial dysfunction can induce cell senescence due to excessive ROS production, which affects airway diseases. Although autophagy and senescence share similar properties, recent studies suggest that autophagy can either accelerate the development of senescence or prevent senescence. Thus, in this review, we evaluated the literature regarding the basic cellular processes, including autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence, explored their molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the initiation and downstream signaling. Especially, we highlighted their involvement in environmental pollutant/allergen-induced major phenotypic changes of asthma such as airway inflammation and remodeling and reviewed novel and critical research areas for future studies. Ultimately, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy, mitophagy, and cellular senescence may allow for the development of new therapeutic targets for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karan Sachdeva
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Danh C. Do
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective. Cell 2019; 176:11-42. [PMID: 30633901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1619] [Impact Index Per Article: 323.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Definitive etiological links exist between mutations in genes that control autophagy and human disease, especially neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Autophagy selectively targets dysfunctional organelles, intracellular microbes, and pathogenic proteins, and deficiencies in these processes may lead to disease. Moreover, ATG genes have diverse physiologically important roles in other membrane-trafficking and signaling pathways. This Review discusses the biological functions of autophagy genes from the perspective of understanding-and potentially reversing-the pathophysiology of human disease and aging.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Modulatory effects of statins on the autophagy: A therapeutic perspective. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3157-3168. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Science Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences Neyshabur Iran
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang K, Niu L, Bai Y, Le W. Glioblastoma: Targeting the autophagy in tumorigenesis. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:334-340. [PMID: 31580908 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant and aggressive primary brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. The malignant nature of GBM prompts the need for further research on its tumorigenesis and novel treatments to improve its outcome. One of the promising research targets is autophagy, a fundamental metabolic process of degrading and recycling cellular components. Interventions to activate or inhibit autophagy have both been proposed as GBM therapies, suggesting a controversial, context-dependent role of autophagy in GBM tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight the molecular links between GBM and autophagy with the focus on the effects of autophagy on the stemness maintenance, metabolism and proteostasis in GBM tumorigenesis. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in autophagy target is critical for GBM therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Long Niu
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Yijing Bai
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The 1st Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Castelo-Baz P, Pérez-Sayáns M, Lim J, Leira Y. Autophagy in periodontal disease: Evidence from a literature review. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
35
|
Liu X, Zhu M, Ju Y, Li A, Sun X. Autophagy dysfunction in neuropathic pain. Neuropeptides 2019; 75:41-48. [PMID: 30910234 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains tissue homeostasis by recycling damaged and aged cellular components, which plays important roles in development of the nervous system, as well as in neuronal function and survival. In addition, autophagy dysfunction underlies neuropathic pain. Thus, the modulation of autophagy can alleviate neuropathic pain. Here, we describe the definition, mechanisms of autophagy and neuropathic pain. On this basis, we further discuss the role of autophagy dysfunction in neuropathic pain. This review updates our knowledge on autophagy mechanisms which propose potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 210005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ju
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 2266001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Anwar T, Liu X, Suntio T, Marjamäki A, Biazik J, Chan EYW, Varjosalo M, Eskelinen EL. ER-Targeted Beclin 1 Supports Autophagosome Biogenesis in the Absence of ULK1 and ULK2 Kinases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050475. [PMID: 31108943 PMCID: PMC6562811 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy transports cytoplasmic material and organelles to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Beclin 1 forms a complex with several other autophagy proteins and functions in the initiation phase of autophagy, but the exact role of Beclin 1 subcellular localization in autophagy initiation is still unclear. In order to elucidate the role of Beclin 1 localization in autophagosome biogenesis, we generated constructs that target Beclin 1 to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria. Our results confirmed the proper organelle-specific targeting of the engineered Beclin 1 constructs, and the proper formation of autophagy-regulatory Beclin 1 complexes. The ULK kinases are required for autophagy initiation upstream of Beclin 1, and autophagosome biogenesis is severely impaired in ULK1/ULK2 double knockout cells. We tested whether Beclin 1 targeting facilitated its ability to rescue autophagosome formation in ULK1/ULK2 double knockout cells. ER-targeted Beclin 1 was most effective in the rescue experiments, while mitochondria-targeted and non-targeted Beclin 1 also showed an ability to rescue, but with lower activity. However, none of the constructs was able to increase autophagic flux in the knockout cells. We also showed that wild type Beclin 1 was enriched on the ER during autophagy induction, and that ULK1/ULK2 facilitated the ER-enrichment of Beclin 1 under basal conditions. The results suggest that one of the functions of ULK kinases may be to enhance Beclin 1 recruitment to the ER to drive autophagosome formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Anwar
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taina Suntio
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annika Marjamäki
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Edmond Y W Chan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology & HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Retnakumar SV, Muller S. Pharmacological Autophagy Regulators as Therapeutic Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:516-537. [PMID: 30952481 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arsenal of effective molecules to treat patients with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) remains limited. These remitting-relapsing diseases have become a global health issue and new therapeutic strategies are eagerly awaited to regulate the course of these disorders. Since the association between autophagy-related gene polymorphism and an increased risk of Crohn's disease (CD) has been discovered, a new domain of investigation has emerged, focused on the intracellular degradation system, with the objective of generating new medicines that are safer and more targeted. This review summarizes the drugs administered to IBD patients and describes recently emerged therapeutic agents. We compile evidence on the contribution of autophagy to IBD pathogenesis, give an overview of pharmacological autophagy regulators in animal models of colitis, and propose novel therapeutic avenues based on autophagy components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Vijaya Retnakumar
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell signaling, Institut de Science et d'ingénierie Supramoléculaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell signaling, Institut de Science et d'ingénierie Supramoléculaire, 67000 Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Eskelinen EL. Autophagy: Supporting cellular and organismal homeostasis by self-eating. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 111:1-10. [PMID: 30940605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic components and organelles to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. This pathway serves to degrade nonfunctional organelles and aggregate-prone proteins, as well as to produce substrates for energy production and biosynthesis. Autophagy is especially important for the maintenance of stem cells, and for the survival and homeostasis of post-mitotic cells like neurons. Functional autophagy promotes longevity in several model organisms. Autophagy regulates immunity and inflammation at several levels and has both anti- and pro-tumorigenic roles in cancer. This review provides a concise overview of autophagy and its importance in cellular and organismal homeostasis, with emphasis on aging, stem cells, neuronal cells, immunity, inflammation, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku, Finland; University of Helsinki, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tiessen I, Abildgaard MH, Lubas M, Gylling HM, Steinhauer C, Pietras EJ, Diederichs S, Frankel LB, Lund AH. A high-throughput screen identifies the long non-coding RNA DRAIC as a regulator of autophagy. Oncogene 2019; 38:5127-5141. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
40
|
Kraft C, Boya P, Codogno P, Elazar Z, Eskelinen EL, Farrés J, Kirkin V, Jungbluth H, Martinez A, Pless O, Primard C, Proikas-Cezanne T, Simonsen A, Reggiori F. Driving next-generation autophagy researchers towards translation (DRIVE), an international PhD training program on autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:347-351. [PMID: 30176150 PMCID: PMC6333454 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1515532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The European autophagy consortium Driving next-generation autophagy researchers towards translation (DRIVE) held its kick-off meeting in Groningen on the 14th and 15th of June 2018. This Marie Skłodowska-Curie Early Training Network was approved under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program and is funded for 4 years. Within DRIVE, 14 European research teams from academia and industry will train 15 PhD students through applied, cross-disciplinary and collaborative macroautophagy/autophagy research. The goal of DRIVE is to stimulate applied approaches in autophagy research and provide training towards translation, while advancing our knowledge on autophagy in specific physiological and pathological states. The strong focus on translation will prepare the PhD students to be at the forefront to exploit autophagy for the development of therapies directly benefitting patients. Thereby, DRIVE will contribute to filling the educational gap that currently exists between academia and industry, and will prepare its PhD students for alternative and highly flexible professional paths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Kraft
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Bimolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Evelina Children’s Hospital, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ole Pless
- Fraunhofer IME ScreeningPort, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wei YM, Han B. Beclin1 decreases the RIPA-insoluble fraction of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1 mutant via autophagy. Neurosci Lett 2019; 690:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
42
|
Limpert AS, Lambert LJ, Bakas NA, Bata N, Brun SN, Shaw RJ, Cosford NDP. Autophagy in Cancer: Regulation by Small Molecules. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:1021-1032. [PMID: 30454769 PMCID: PMC6349222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During times of stress, autophagy is a cellular process that enables cells to reclaim damaged components by a controlled recycling pathway. This mechanism for cellular catabolism is dysregulated in cancer, with evidence indicating that cancer cells rely on autophagy in the hypoxic and nutrient-poor microenvironment of solid tumors. Mounting evidence suggests that autophagy has a role in the resistance of tumors to standard-of-care (SOC) therapies. Therefore, there is significant interest in the discovery of small molecules that can safely modulate autophagy. In this review, we describe recent advances in the identification of new pharmacological compounds that modulate autophagy, with a focus on their mode of action, value as probe compounds, and validation as potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Limpert
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Lester J Lambert
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Nicole A Bakas
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Bata
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonja N Brun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Reuben J Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Trejo-Solís C, Serrano-Garcia N, Escamilla-Ramírez Á, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Jimenez-Farfan D, Palencia G, Calvillo M, Alvarez-Lemus MA, Flores-Nájera A, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J. Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways as Targets for Chemotherapy in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123773. [PMID: 30486451 PMCID: PMC6320836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant and aggressive type of brain tumor, with a mean life expectancy of less than 15 months. This is due in part to the high resistance to apoptosis and moderate resistant to autophagic cell death in glioblastoma cells, and to the poor therapeutic response to conventional therapies. Autophagic cell death represents an alternative mechanism to overcome the resistance of glioblastoma to pro-apoptosis-related therapies. Nevertheless, apoptosis induction plays a major conceptual role in several experimental studies to develop novel therapies against brain tumors. In this review, we outline the different components of the apoptotic and autophagic pathways and explore the mechanisms of resistance to these cell death pathways in glioblastoma cells. Finally, we discuss drugs with clinical and preclinical use that interfere with the mechanisms of survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and cell death of malignant cells, favoring the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, or the inhibition of the latter leading to cell death, as well as their therapeutic potential in glioma, and examine new perspectives in this promising research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Norma Serrano-Garcia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Secretaria de Salud, C.P. 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | | | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Minerva Calvillo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Mayra A Alvarez-Lemus
- División Académica de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, C.P. 86040 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Athenea Flores-Nájera
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Secretaria de Salud, 14000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas del Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", C.P. 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Complement, a complex system of serum proteins, contributes to host defense through multiple mechanisms. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Sorbara et al. (2018) discovered that cytosolic pathogens opsonized by complement are restricted by autophagy. This unexpected role for complement is important for cell-autonomous immunity in the intestinal mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Department of Virology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1 PG, UK.
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Immunology & Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|