1
|
Colclough N, Alluri RV, Tucker JW, Gozalpour E, Li D, Du H, Li W, Harlfinger S, O'Neill DJ, Sproat GG, Chen K, Yan Y, McGinnity DF. Utilizing a Dual Human Transporter MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP Cell Line to Assess Efflux at the Blood Brain Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:95-105. [PMID: 38071533 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the design of drugs readily able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), a Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line was established that over expresses both P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), the main human efflux transporters of the BBB. Proteomics analyses indicate BCRP is expressed at a higher level than Pgp in this cell line. This cell line shows good activity for both transporters [BCRP substrate dantrolene efflux ratio (ER) 16.3 ± 0.9, Pgp substrate quinidine ER 27.5 ± 1.2], and use of selective transporter inhibitors enables an assessment of the relative contributions to overall ERs. The MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP ER negatively correlates with rat unbound brain/unbound plasma ratio, Kpuu Highly brain penetrant compounds with rat Kpuu ≥ 0.3 show ERs ≤ 2 in the MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP assay while compounds predominantly excluded from the brain, Kpuu ≤ 0.05, demonstrate ERs ≥ 20. A subset of compounds with MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP ER < 2 and rat Kpuu < 0.3 were shown to be substrates of rat Pgp using a rat transfected cell line, MDCKII-rMdr1a. These compounds also showed ERs > 2 in the human National Institutes of Health (NIH) MDCKI-MDR1 (high Pgp expression) cell line, which suggests that they are weak human Pgp substrates. Characterization of 37 drugs targeting the central nervous system in the MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP efflux assay show 36 have ERs < 2. In drug discovery, use of the MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP in parallel with the NIH MDCKI-MDR1 cell line is useful for identification of compounds with high brain penetration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A single cell line that includes both the major human efflux transporters of the blood brain barrier (MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP) has been established facilitating the rapid identification of efflux substrates and enabling the design of brain penetrant molecules. Efflux ratios using this cell line demonstrate a clear relationship with brain penetration as defined by rat brain Kpuu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Colclough
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Ravindra V Alluri
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - James W Tucker
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Elnaz Gozalpour
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Danxi Li
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Hongwen Du
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Wei Li
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Stephanie Harlfinger
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Daniel J O'Neill
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Graham G Sproat
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Kan Chen
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Yumei Yan
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| | - Dermot F McGinnity
- DMPK, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.C., J.W.T., E.G., S.H., D.F.M.); Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (R.V.A.); DMPK, Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L., H.D., W.L.); Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.O., G.G.S.); and DMPK Asia, Oncology R & D, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China (K.C., Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vos DY, Wijers M, Smit M, Huijkman N, Kloosterhuis NJ, Wolters JC, Tissink JJ, Pronk ACM, Kooijman S, Rensen PCN, Kuivenhoven JA, van de Sluis B. Cargo-Specific Role for Retriever Subunit VPS26C in Hepatocyte Lipoprotein Receptor Recycling to Control Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e29-e45. [PMID: 36353989 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The copper metabolism MURR1 domains/coiled-coil domain containing 22/coiled-coil domain containing 93 (CCC) complex is required for the transport of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and LRP1 (LDLR-related protein 1) from endosomes to the cell surface of hepatocytes. Impaired functioning of hepatocytic CCC causes hypercholesterolemia in mice, dogs, and humans. Retriever, a protein complex consisting of subunits VPS26C, VPS35L, and VPS29, is associated with CCC, but its role in endosomal lipoprotein receptor transport is unclear. We here investigated the contribution of retriever to hepatocytic lipoprotein receptor recycling and plasma lipids regulation. METHODS Using somatic CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we generated liver-specific VPS35L or VPS26C-deficient mice. We determined total and surface levels of LDLR and LRP1 and plasma lipids. In addition, we studied the protein levels and composition of CCC and retriever. RESULTS Hepatocyte VPS35L deficiency reduced VPS26C levels but had minimal impact on CCC composition. VPS35L deletion decreased hepatocytic surface expression of LDLR and LRP1, accompanied by a 21% increase in plasma cholesterol levels. Hepatic VPS26C ablation affected neither levels of VPS35L and CCC subunits, nor plasma lipid concentrations. However, VPS26C deficiency increased hepatic LDLR protein levels by 2-fold, probably compensating for reduced LRP1 functioning, as we showed in VPS26C-deficient hepatoma cells. Upon PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)-mediated LDLR elimination, VPS26C ablation delayed postprandial triglyceride clearance and increased plasma triglyceride levels by 26%. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that VPS35L is shared between retriever and CCC to facilitate LDLR and LRP1 transport from endosomes to the cell surface. Conversely, retriever subunit VPS26C selectively transports LRP1, but not LDLR, and thereby may control hepatic uptake of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dyonne Y Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Melinde Wijers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Joël J Tissink
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany. Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (J.J.T.).,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany (J.J.T.)
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peruchetti DB, Florentino LS, Peres RAS, Gomes CP, Paz-Marzolo M, Rocco PMR, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein inhibits megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166496. [PMID: 35863591 PMCID: PMC9290338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 have high prevalence of albuminuria which is used as a marker of progression of renal disease and is associated with severe COVID-19. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) could modulate albumin handling in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs) and, consequently contribute to the albuminuria observed in patients with COVID-19. In this context, the possible effect of S protein on albumin endocytosis in PTECs was investigated. Two PTEC lines were used: HEK-293A and LLC-PK1. Incubation of both cell types with S protein for 16 h inhibited albumin uptake at the same magnitude. This effect was associated with canonical megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis because: (1) DQ-albumin uptake, a marker of the lysosomal degradation pathway, was reduced at a similar level compared with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin uptake; (2) dextran-FITC uptake, a marker of fluid-phase endocytosis, was not changed; (3) cell viability and proliferation were not changed. The inhibitory effect of S protein on albumin uptake was only observed when it was added at the luminal membrane, and it did not involve the ACE2/Ang II/AT1R axis. Although both cells uptake S protein, it does not seem to be required for modulation of albumin endocytosis. The mechanism underlying the inhibition of albumin uptake by S protein encompasses a decrease in megalin expression without changes in megalin trafficking and stability. These results reveal a possible mechanism to explain the albuminuria observed in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Florentino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A S Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Gomes
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Paz-Marzolo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia M R Rocco
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stangl C, Post JB, van Roosmalen MJ, Hami N, Verlaan-Klink I, Vos HR, van Es RM, Koudijs MJ, Voest EE, Snippert HJG, Kloosterman WP. Diverse BRAF Gene Fusions Confer Resistance to EGFR-Targeted Therapy via Differential Modulation of BRAF Activity. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:537-548. [PMID: 31911540 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusion genes can be oncogenic drivers in a variety of cancer types and represent potential targets for targeted therapy. The BRAF gene is frequently involved in oncogenic gene fusions, with fusion frequencies of 0.2%-3% throughout different cancers. However, BRAF fusions rarely occur in the same gene configuration, potentially challenging personalized therapy design. In particular, the impact of the wide variety of fusion partners on the oncogenic role of BRAF during tumor growth and drug response is unknown. Here, we used patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids to functionally characterize and cross-compare BRAF fusions containing various partner genes (AGAP3, DLG1, and TRIM24) with respect to cellular behavior, downstream signaling activation, and response to targeted therapies. We demonstrate that 5' fusion partners mainly promote canonical oncogenic BRAF activity by replacing the auto-inhibitory N-terminal region. In addition, the 5' partner of BRAF fusions influences their subcellular localization and intracellular signaling capacity, revealing distinct subsets of affected signaling pathways and altered gene expression. Presence of the different BRAF fusions resulted in varying sensitivities to combinatorial inhibition of MEK and the EGF receptor family. However, all BRAF fusions conveyed resistance to targeted monotherapy against the EGF receptor family, suggesting that BRAF fusions should be screened alongside other MAPK pathway alterations to identify patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to exclude from anti-EGFR-targeted treatment. IMPLICATIONS: Although intracellular signaling and sensitivity to targeted therapies of BRAF fusion genes are influenced by their 5' fusion partner, we show that all investigated BRAF fusions confer resistance to clinically relevant EGFR inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stangl
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasmin B Post
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus J van Roosmalen
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nizar Hami
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Verlaan-Klink
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harmjan R Vos
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert M van Es
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Koudijs
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Center for Personalized Cancer Treatment, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, and Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - W P Kloosterman
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. .,Cyclomics, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Frame Cancer Therapeutics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alsady M, Baumgarten R, Deen PMT, de Groot T. Lithium in the Kidney: Friend and Foe? J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1587-95. [PMID: 26577775 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amounts of lithium are essential for our physical and mental health, and administration of lithium has improved the quality of life of millions of patients with bipolar disorder for >60 years. However, in a substantial number of patients with bipolar disorder, long-term lithium therapy comes at the cost of severe renal side effects, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and rarely, ESRD. Although the mechanisms underlying the lithium-induced renal pathologies are becoming clearer, several recent animal studies revealed that short-term administration of lower amounts of lithium prevents different forms of experimental AKI. In this review, we discuss the knowledge of the pathologic and therapeutic effects of lithium in the kidney. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms of these seemingly paradoxical effects of lithium, in which fine-tuned regulation of glycogen synthase kinase type 3, a prime target for lithium, seems to be key. The new discoveries regarding the protective effect of lithium against AKI in rodents call for follow-up studies in humans and suggest that long-term therapy with low lithium concentrations could be beneficial in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alsady
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Peter M T Deen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Theun de Groot
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rice WL, Li W, Mamuya F, McKee M, Păunescu TG, Lu HAJ. Polarized Trafficking of AQP2 Revealed in Three Dimensional Epithelial Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131719. [PMID: 26147297 PMCID: PMC4493001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In renal collecting duct (CD) principal cells (PCs), vasopressin (VP) acts through its receptor, V2R, to increase intracellular cAMP leading to phosphorylation and apical membrane accumulation of the water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2). The trafficking and function of basolaterally located AQP2 is, however, poorly understood. Here we report the successful application of a 3-dimensional Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial model to study polarized AQP2 trafficking. This model recapitulates the luminal architecture of the CD and bi-polarized distribution of AQP2 as seen in kidney. Without stimulation, AQP2 is located in the subapical and basolateral regions. Treatment with VP, forskolin (FK), or 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-2′-O-methyladenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate monosodium hydrate (CPT-cAMP) leads to translocation of cytosolic AQP2 to the apical membrane, but not to the basolateral membrane. Treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβCD) to acutely block endocytosis causes accumulation of AQP2 on the basolateral membrane, but not on the apical membrane. Our data suggest that AQP2 may traffic differently at the apical and basolateral domains in this 3D epithelial model. In addition, application of a panel of phosphorylation specific AQP2 antibodies reveals the polarized, subcellular localization of differentially phosphorylated AQP2 at S256, S261, S264 and S269 in the 3D culture model, which is consistent with observations made in the CDs of VP treated animals, suggesting the preservation of phosphorylation dependent regulatory mechanism of AQP2 trafficking in this model. Therefore we have established a 3D culture model for the study of trafficking and regulation of both the apical and basolaterally targeted AQP2. The new model will enable further characterization of the complex mechanism regulating bi-polarized trafficking of AQP2 in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L. Rice
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Fahmy Mamuya
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Mary McKee
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Teodor G. Păunescu
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Hua A. Jenny Lu
- Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnson AA, Lee YS, Chadburn AJ, Tammaro P, Manson FD, Marmorstein LY, Marmorstein AD. Disease-causing mutations associated with four bestrophinopathies exhibit disparate effects on the localization, but not the oligomerization, of Bestrophin-1. Exp Eye Res 2014; 121:74-85. [PMID: 24560797 PMCID: PMC4123461 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BEST1 encodes Bestrophin-1 (Best1), a homo-oligomeric, integral membrane protein localized to the basolateral plasma membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium. Mutations in BEST1 cause five distinct retinal degenerative diseases, including adult vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD), autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB), autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy (ADVIRC), and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The mechanisms underlying these diseases and why mutations cause one disease over another are, for the most part, unknown. To gain insights into these four diseases, we expressed 28 Best1 mutants fused to YFP in polarized MDCK monolayers and, via confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence, live-cell FRET, and reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation experiments, screened these mutants for defects in localization and oligomerization. All 28 mutants exhibited comparable FRET efficiencies to and co-immunoprecipitated with WT Best1, indicating unimpaired oligomerization. RP- and ADVIRC-associated mutants were properly localized to the basolateral plasma membrane of cells, while two AVMD and most ARB mutants were mislocalized. When co-expressed, all mislocalized mutants caused mislocalization of WT Best1 to intracellular compartments. Our current and past results indicate that mislocalization of Best1 is not an absolute feature of any individual bestrophinopathy, occurring in AVMD, BVMD, and ARB. Furthermore, some ARB mutants that do not also cause dominant disease cause mislocalization of Best1, indicating that mislocalization is not a cause of disease, and that absence of Best1 activity from the plasma membrane is tolerated. Lastly, we find that the ARB truncation mutants L174Qfs*57 and R200X can form oligomers with WT Best1, indicating that the first ∼174 amino acids of Best1 are sufficient for oligomerization to occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adiv A Johnson
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Andrew J Chadburn
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Paolo Tammaro
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Forbes D Manson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khan AA, Quigley JG. Heme and FLVCR-related transporter families SLC48 and SLC49. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:669-82. [PMID: 23506900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heme is critical for a variety of cellular processes, but excess intracellular heme may result in oxidative stress and membrane injury. Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor (FLVCR1), a member of the SLC49 family of four paralogous genes, is a cell surface heme exporter, essential for erythropoiesis and systemic iron homeostasis. Disruption of FLVCR1 function blocks development of erythroid progenitors, likely due to heme toxicity. Mutations of SLC49A1 encoding FLVCR1 are noted in patients with a rare neurodegenerative disorder: posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa. FLVCR2 is highly homologous to FLVCR1 and may function as a cellular heme importer. Mutations of SLC49A2 encoding FLVCR2 are observed in Fowler syndrome, a rare proliferative vascular disorder of the brain. The functions of the remaining members of the SLC49 family, MFSD7 and DIRC2 (encoded by the SLC49A3 and SLC49A4 genes), are unknown, although the latter is implicated in hereditary renal carcinomas. SLC48A1 (heme responsive gene-1, HRG-1), the sole member of the SLC48 family, is associated with the endosome and appears to transport heme from the endosome into the cytosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Itel F, Al-Samir S, Öberg F, Chami M, Kumar M, Supuran CT, Deen PMT, Meier W, Hedfalk K, Gros G, Endeward V. CO2 permeability of cell membranes is regulated by membrane cholesterol and protein gas channels. FASEB J 2012; 26:5182-91. [PMID: 22964306 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-209916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations that some membrane proteins act as gas channels seem surprising in view of the classical concept that membranes generally are highly permeable to gases. Here, we study the gas permeability of membranes for the case of CO(2), using a previously established mass spectrometric technique. We first show that biological membranes lacking protein gas channels but containing normal amounts of cholesterol (30-50 mol% of total lipid), e.g., MDCK and tsA201 cells, in fact possess an unexpectedly low CO(2) permeability (P(CO2)) of ∼0.01 cm/s, which is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the P(CO2) of pure planar phospholipid bilayers (∼1 cm/s). Phospholipid vesicles enriched with similar amounts of cholesterol also exhibit P(CO2) ≈ 0.01 cm/s, identifying cholesterol as the major determinant of membrane P(CO2). This is confirmed by the demonstration that MDCK cells depleted of or enriched with membrane cholesterol show dramatic increases or decreases in P(CO2), respectively. We demonstrate, furthermore, that reconstitution of human AQP-1 into cholesterol-containing vesicles, as well as expression of human AQP-1 in MDCK cells, leads to drastic increases in P(CO2), indicating that gas channels are of high functional significance for gas transfer across membranes of low intrinsic gas permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Itel
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tamma G, Procino G, Svelto M, Valenti G. Cell culture models and animal models for studying the patho-physiological role of renal aquaporins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1931-46. [PMID: 22189994 PMCID: PMC11114724 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are key players regulating urinary-concentrating ability. To date, eight aquaporins have been characterized and localized along the nephron, namely, AQP1 located in the proximal tubule, thin descending limb of Henle, and vasa recta; AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in collecting duct principal cells; AQP5 in intercalated cell type B; AQP6 in intercalated cells type A in the papilla; AQP7, AQP8 and AQP11 in the proximal tubule. AQP2, whose expression and cellular distribution is dependent on vasopressin stimulation, is involved in hereditary and acquired diseases affecting urine-concentrating mechanisms. Due to the lack of selective aquaporin inhibitors, the patho-physiological role of renal aquaporins has not yet been completely clarified, and despite extensive studies, several questions remain unanswered. Until the recent and large-scale development of genetic manipulation technology, which has led to the generation of transgenic mice models, our knowledge on renal aquaporin regulation was mainly based on in vitro studies with suitable renal cell models. Transgenic and knockout technology approaches are providing pivotal information on the role of aquaporins in health and disease. The main goal of this review is to update and summarize what we can learn from cell and animal models that will shed more light on our understanding of aquaporin-dependent renal water regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Tamma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan AA, Quigley JG. Control of intracellular heme levels: heme transporters and heme oxygenases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1813:668-82. [PMID: 21238504 PMCID: PMC3079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme serves as a co-factor in proteins involved in fundamental biological processes including oxidative metabolism, oxygen storage and transport, signal transduction and drug metabolism. In addition, heme is important for systemic iron homeostasis in mammals. Heme has important regulatory roles in cell biology, yet excessive levels of intracellular heme are toxic; thus, mechanisms have evolved to control the acquisition, synthesis, catabolism and expulsion of cellular heme. Recently, a number of transporters of heme and heme synthesis intermediates have been described. Here we review aspects of heme metabolism and discuss our current understanding of heme transporters, with emphasis on the function of the cell-surface heme exporter, FLVCR. Knockdown of Flvcr in mice leads to both defective erythropoiesis and disturbed systemic iron homeostasis, underscoring the critical role of heme transporters in mammalian physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - John G. Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang YH, Shaw CF, Jian SH, Hsieh KH, Chiou YH, Lu PJ. Compound mutations in human anion exchanger 1 are associated with complete distal renal tubular acidosis and hereditary spherocytosis. Kidney Int 2009; 76:774-83. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Localization of the succinate receptor in the distal nephron and its signaling in polarized MDCK cells. Kidney Int 2009; 76:1258-67. [PMID: 19776718 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When the succinate receptor (SUCNR1) is activated in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus it increases renin release and induces hypertension. To study its location in other nephron segments and its role in kidney function, we performed immunohistochemical analysis and found that SUCNR1 is located in the luminal membrane of macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in close proximity to renin-producing granular cells, the cortical thick ascending limb, and cortical and inner medullary collecting duct cells. In order to study its signaling, SUCNR1 was stably expressed in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, where it localized to the apical membrane. Activation of the cells by succinate caused Gq and Gi-mediated intracellular calcium mobilization, transient phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and the release of arachidonic acid along with prostaglandins E2 and I2. Signaling was desensitized without receptor internalization but rapidly resensitized upon succinate removal. Immunohistochemical evidence of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was found in cortical collecting duct cells of wild type but not SUCNR1 knockout streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, indicating in vivo relevance. Since urinary succinate concentrations in health and disease are in the activation range of the SUCNR1, this receptor can sense succinate in the luminal fluid. Our study suggests that changes in the luminal succinate concentration may regulate several aspects of renal function.
Collapse
|
14
|
Influence of the M3-M4 intracellular domain upon nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly, targeting and function. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:1474-84. [PMID: 18204482 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the intracellular domain of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits upon receptor assembly, targeting and functional properties. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Because most nAChR subunits form functional receptors only as heteromeric complexes, it can be difficult to examine the influence of individual subunits or subunit domains in isolation. A series of subunit chimaeras was constructed which contain the intracellular loop region (located between the M3 and M4 transmembrane domains) from nAChR subunits alpha1-alpha10 or beta1-beta4. All of these chimaeras contain common extracellular and transmembrane domains (from the nAChR alpha7 subunit and the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT(3A) subunit, respectively), thereby facilitating both homomeric receptor assembly and detection with radiolabelled or fluorescent alpha-bungarotoxin. KEY RESULTS The nAChR M3-M4 intracellular loop domain had no significant effect upon levels of total subunit protein detected in transfected cells but had a significant influence upon levels of both cell surface and intracellular assembled receptors. Comparisons of functional properties revealed a significant influence of the intracellular loop domain upon both single-channel conductance and receptor desensitization. In addition, studies conducted in polarized epithelial cells demonstrate that the nAChR loop can influence receptor targeting, resulting in either polarized (apical) or non-polarized distribution. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Evidence has been obtained which demonstrates that the large intracellular loop domain of nAChR subunits can exert a profound influence upon receptor assembly, targeting and ion channel properties.
Collapse
|
15
|
Missorting of the Aquaporin-2 mutant E258K to multivesicular bodies/lysosomes in dominant NDI is associated with its monoubiquitination and increased phosphorylation by PKC but is due to the loss of E258. Pflugers Arch 2007; 455:1041-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
16
|
Cordat E. Unraveling trafficking of the kidney anion exchanger 1 in polarized MDCK epithelial cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 84:949-59. [PMID: 17215882 DOI: 10.1139/o06-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) is a membrane glycoprotein expressed at the basolateral membrane of type A intercalated cells in the kidney collecting tubule. Mutations occurring in the gene encoding this protein can give rise to distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), a disease characterized by an impaired urine acidification, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure. Here we review how the study of dRTA mutants in polarized epithelial cells has shed light on the cellular mechanisms resulting in this renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Cordat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bredan AS, van Roy F. Writing readable prose: when planning a scientific manuscript, following a few simple rules has a large impact. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:846-9. [PMID: 16953194 PMCID: PMC1559667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amin S Bredan
- Amin S. Bredan & Frans van Roy are in the Department of Molecular Biomedical Research at VIB-Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Frans van Roy
- Amin S. Bredan & Frans van Roy are in the Department of Molecular Biomedical Research at VIB-Ghent University, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|