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Duché G, Sanderson JM. The Chemical Reactivity of Membrane Lipids. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3284-3330. [PMID: 38498932 PMCID: PMC10979411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that aqueous dispersions of phospholipids spontaneously assemble into bilayer structures. These structures have numerous applications across chemistry and materials science and form the fundamental structural unit of the biological membrane. The particular environment of the lipid bilayer, with a water-poor low dielectric core surrounded by a more polar and better hydrated interfacial region, gives the membrane particular biophysical and physicochemical properties and presents a unique environment for chemical reactions to occur. Many different types of molecule spanning a range of sizes, from dissolved gases through small organics to proteins, are able to interact with membranes and promote chemical changes to lipids that subsequently affect the physicochemical properties of the bilayer. This Review describes the chemical reactivity exhibited by lipids in their membrane form, with an emphasis on conditions where the lipids are well hydrated in the form of bilayers. Key topics include the following: lytic reactions of glyceryl esters, including hydrolysis, aminolysis, and transesterification; oxidation reactions of alkenes in unsaturated fatty acids and sterols, including autoxidation and oxidation by singlet oxygen; reactivity of headgroups, particularly with reactive carbonyl species; and E/Z isomerization of alkenes. The consequences of reactivity for biological activity and biophysical properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Duché
- Génie
Enzimatique et Cellulaire, Université
Technologique de Compiègne, Compiègne 60200, France
| | - John M Sanderson
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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2
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Song YH, Lei HX, Yu D, Zhu H, Hao MZ, Cui RH, Meng XS, Sheng XH, Zhang L. Endogenous chemicals guard health through inhibiting ferroptotic cell death. Biofactors 2024; 50:266-293. [PMID: 38059412 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death caused by iron-dependent accumulation of lethal polyunsaturated phospholipids peroxidation. It has received considerable attention owing to its putative involvement in a wide range of pathophysiological processes such as organ injury, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, degenerative disease and its prevalence in plants, invertebrates, yeasts, bacteria, and archaea. To counter ferroptosis, living organisms have evolved a myriad of intrinsic efficient defense systems, such as cyst(e)ine-glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4 system (cyst(e)ine-GPX4 system), guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1/tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) system (GCH1/BH4 system), ferroptosis suppressor protein 1/coenzyme Q10 system (FSP1/CoQ10 system), and so forth. Among these, GPX4 serves as the only enzymatic protection system through the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides, while other defense systems ultimately rely on small compounds to scavenge lipid radicals and prevent ferroptotic cell death. In this article, we systematically summarize the chemical biology of lipid radical trapping process by endogenous chemicals, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), BH4, hydropersulfides, vitamin K, vitamin E, 7-dehydrocholesterol, with the aim of guiding the discovery of novel ferroptosis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Xu Lei
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dou Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Hao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang-Shuai Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xie-Huang Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, China
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3
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Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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4
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Lee J, Shin D, Roh JL. Lipid metabolism alterations and ferroptosis in cancer: Paving the way for solving cancer resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 941:175497. [PMID: 36621602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer often perturbs lipid metabolism, which leads to the alteration of metabolism intermediates, contributing to their deregulated growth and metastasis. Alteration of lipid metabolism shifting to contain more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in membrane phospholipids (PLs) also leads to cancer therapy resistance. High amounts of PL-PUFAs render cancer cells more vulnerable to lipid peroxidation (LPO), predisposing them towards ferroptosis, a new form of iron-dependent oxidative regulated cell death. The commitment of cancer undergoing ferroptotic cell death depends on the adaptive lipidome remodeling, LPO patterns, and LPO scavenging ability in heterogeneous cancer cells. Ferroptosis is receiving attention in cancer research as treating cancers, altering membrane lipid homeostasis, and refractory from conventional therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular underpinning of lipid metabolism alterations may provide new opportunities for solving cancer resistance. This review intends to understand altered lipid metabolism in cancers and discuss lipid composition and metabolic processes associated with ferroptosis induction in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewang Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Daiha Shin
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jia YL, Du F, Nong FT, Li J, Huang PW, Ma W, Gu Y, Sun XM. Function of the Polyketide Synthase Domains of Schizochytrium sp. on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2446-2454. [PMID: 36696156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Schizochytrium sp. are mainly synthesized via the polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. However, the specific mechanism of PKS in fatty acid synthesis is still unclear. In this work, the functions of ORFA, ORFB, ORFC, and their individual functional domain genes on fatty acid synthesis were investigated through heterologous expression in Yarrowia lipolytica. The results showed that the expression of ORFA, ORFB, ORFC, and their individual functional domains all led to the increase of the very long-chain PUFA content (mainly eicosapentaenoic acid). Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis showed that except for the 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) domain of ORFB, the expression of an individual functional domain, including malonyl-CoA: ACP acyltransferase, 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (DH), 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase, and KS domains of ORFA, acyltransferase domains of ORFB, and two DH domains of ORFC resulted in upregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, downregulation of the triacylglycerol biosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis pathway, and β-oxidation in Yarrowia lipolytica. These results provide a theoretical basis for revealing the function of PKS in fatty acid synthesis in Y. lipolytica and elucidate the possible mechanism for PUFA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Fang-Tong Nong
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Peng-Wei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Wang Ma
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210000, China
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6
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Ng SW, Furman R, Axelsen PH, Shchepinov MS. Free Radical Chain Reactions and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Lipids. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25337-25345. [PMID: 35910174 PMCID: PMC9330197 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains (PUFAs) concentrate in the brain and give rise to numerous oxidative chemical degradation products. It is widely assumed that these products are the result of free radical chain reactions, and reactions of this type have been demonstrated in preparations where a single PUFA substrate species predominates. However, it is unclear whether such reactions can occur in the biologically complex milieu of lipid membranes where PUFA substrates are a minority species, and where diverse free radical scavengers or other quenching mechanisms are present. It is of particular interest to know whether they occur in brain, where PUFAs are concentrated and where PUFA oxidation products have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. To ascertain whether free radical chain reactions can occur in a complex brain lipid mixture, mouse brain lipids were extracted, formed into vesicles, and treated with a fixed number of hydroxyl radicals under conditions wherein the concentrations and types of PUFA-containing phospholipids were varied. Specific phospholipid species in the mixture were assayed by tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the oxidative losses of endogenous PUFA-containing phospholipids. Results reveal crosstalk between the oxidative degradation of ω3 and ω6 PUFAs that can only be explained by the occurrence of free radical chain reactions. These results demonstrate that PUFAs in a complex brain lipid mixture can participate in free radical chain reactions wherein the extent of oxidative degradation is not limited by the number of reactive oxygen species available to initiate such reactions. These reactions may help explain otherwise puzzling in vivo interactions between ω3 and ω6 PUFAs in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon
C. W. Ng
- Department
of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
| | - Ran Furman
- Department
of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
| | - Paul H. Axelsen
- Department
of Pharmacology, 1009C Stellar Chance Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, United States
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Hancock SE, Friedrich MG, Mitchell TW, Truscott RJW, Else PL. Changes in Phospholipid Composition of the Human Cerebellum and Motor Cortex during Normal Ageing. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122495. [PMID: 35745225 PMCID: PMC9230801 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Changes in phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, i.e., PC, PE and PS) composition with age in the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes of the human cerebellum and motor cortex were examined and compared to previous analyses of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. (2) Methods: Nano-electrospray ionization on a hybrid triple quadrupole−linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used to analyse the brain regions of subjects aged 18−104 years. (3) Results: With age, the cerebellum showed many changes in the major phospholipids (>10% of the phospholipid class). In both membrane types, these included increases in PE 18:0_22:6 and PS 18:0_22:6, decreases in PE 18:0_20:4 and PS 18:0_18:1 and an increase in PC 16:0_16:0 (microsomal membrane only). In addition, twenty-one minor phospholipids also changed. In the motor cortex, only ten minor phospholipids changed with age. With age, the acyl composition of the membranes in the cerebellum increased in docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) and decreased in the arachidonic (20:4) and adrenic (22:4) acids. A comparison of phospholipid changes in the cerebellum, motor cortex and other brain areas is provided. (4) Conclusions: The cerebellum is exceptional in the large number of major phospholipids that undergo changes (with consequential changes in acyl composition) with age, whereas the motor cortex is highly resistant to change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Hancock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
| | - Michael G. Friedrich
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Roger J. W. Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
| | - Paul L. Else
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (M.G.F.); (T.W.M.); (R.J.W.T.)
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-242682615
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8
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Tang CH, Shi SH, Li HH, Lin CY, Wang WH. Lipid profiling of coral symbiosomes in response to copper-induced carbon limitation: A metabolic effect of algal symbionts on the host immune status. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133673. [PMID: 35063552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper micropollutants are known to constrain coral's assimilation of carbonate, affecting the carbon available to algal symbionts and thus inducing a light stress. However, little is known regarding the physiological relevance of lipid metabolism in coral symbiotic algae in a carbon-limited state. Membrane lipids exhibit multiple physicochemical properties that are collectively responsible for the dynamic structure of cells depending on the physiological demands of the circumstances. To gain insight into lipid metabolism's importance in this regard, glycerophosphocholine (GPC) profiling of symbiosomes in coral (Seriatopora caliendrum) exposed to environmentally relevant copper levels (2.2-7.5 μg/L) for 4 days was performed in this study. Notably, reducing the number of 22:6-processing GPCs and increasing that of lyso-GPCs likely addressed the demands of metabolizing excess light energy, such as affecting the membrane dynamics to promote mitochondrial uncoupling. The decrease in 22:6-processing GPCs additionally protected cellular membranes from elevated oxidative stress, reducing their susceptibility to peroxidation and offsetting oxidized lipid-induced effects on membrane dynamics. The change in plasmanylcholines specifically localized within the symbiosome membrane also met the membrane requirements for responding to oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, increasing the 20:4-possessing plasmanylcholines and lysoplasmanylcholines and reducing the 22:6-possessing plasmanylcholines likely resulted in an imbalance of the immune reaction, influencing the coral-algae symbiosis given the role of such plasmanylcholines in cell signaling. In summary, carbon limitations induced by copper enrichment lead to a shift in the membrane lipid profile of coral symbiosomes, accommodating themselves to light stress conditions while compromising the symbiosis's stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ho Tang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Han Shi
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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9
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Liang D, Minikes AM, Jiang X. Ferroptosis at the intersection of lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2215-2227. [PMID: 35390277 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a newly emerged form of regulated necrotic cell death, has been demonstrated to play an important role in multiple diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and ischemic organ injury. Mounting evidence also suggests its potential physiological function in tumor suppression and immunity. The execution of ferroptosis is driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation. As such, the metabolism of biological lipids regulates ferroptosis via controlling phospholipid peroxidation, as well as various other cellular processes relevant to phospholipid peroxidation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis by focusing on how lipid metabolism impacts the initiation, propagation, and termination of phospholipid peroxidation; how multiple signal transduction pathways communicate with ferroptosis via modulating lipid metabolism; and how such intimate cross talk of ferroptosis with lipid metabolism and related signaling pathways can be exploited for the development of rational therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguang Liang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander M Minikes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Martin N, Hulbert AJ, Mitchell TW, Else PL. Regulation of membrane phospholipids during the adult life of worker honey bee. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104310. [PMID: 34530044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two female castes that are genetically identical are found in honey bees: workers and queens. Adult female honey bees differ in their morphology and behaviors, but the most intriguing difference between the castes is the difference in their longevity. Queens live for years while workers live generally for weeks. The mechanisms that mediate this extraordinary difference in lifespan remain mostly unknown. Both castes share similar developmental stages and are fed liquid food (i.e. a jelly) during development. However, after emergence, workers begin to feed on pollen while queens are fed the same larval food for their entire life. Pollen has a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) while royal jelly has negligible amounts. The difference in food during adult life leads to drastic changes in membrane phospholipids of female honey bees, and those changes have been proposed as mechanisms that could explain the difference in lifespan. To provide further details on those mechanisms, we characterized the membrane phospholipids of adult workers at seven different ages covering all life-history stages. Our results suggest that the majority of changes in worker membranes occur in the first four days of adult life. Shortly after emergence, workers increase their level of total phospholipids by producing phospholipids that contained saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). From the second day, workers start replacing fatty acid chains from those pre-synthesized molecules with PUFA acquired from pollen. After four days, worker membranes are set and appear to be maintained for the rest of adult life, suggesting that damaged PUFA are replaced effectively. Plasmalogen phospholipids increase continuously throughout worker adult life, suggesting that plasmalogen might help to reduce lipid peroxidation in worker membranes. We postulate that the diet-induced increase in PUFA in worker membranes makes them far more prone to lipid-based oxidative damage compared to queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Martin
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - A J Hulbert
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - T W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - P L Else
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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11
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Jia YL, Geng SS, Du F, Xu YS, Wang LR, Sun XM, Wang QZ, Li Q. Progress of metabolic engineering for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:838-855. [PMID: 34779326 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1971621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an essential ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for human health. Currently, high-quality EPA production is largely dependent on the extraction of fish oil, but this unsustainable approach cannot meet its rising market demand. Biotechnological approaches for EPA production from microorganisms have received increasing attention due to their suitability for large-scale production and independence of the seasonal or climate restrictions. This review summarizes recent research on different microorganisms capable of producing EPA, such as microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, and introduces the different EPA biosynthesis pathways. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of microorganisms to synthesize EPA, including the construction and optimization of the EPA biosynthesis pathway, an increase in the acetyl-CoA pool supply, the increase of NADPH and the inhibition of competing pathways. This review aims to provide an updated summary of EPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Geng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Mardones JI, Paredes J, Godoy M, Suarez R, Norambuena L, Vargas V, Fuenzalida G, Pinilla E, Artal O, Rojas X, Dorantes-Aranda JJ, Lee Chang KJ, Anderson DM, Hallegraeff GM. Disentangling the environmental processes responsible for the world's largest farmed fish-killing harmful algal bloom: Chile, 2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144383. [PMID: 33421787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dictyochophyte microalga Pseudochattonella verruculosa was responsible for the largest farmed fish mortality ever recorded in the world, with losses for the Chilean salmon industry amounting to US$ 800 M in austral summer 2016. Super-scale climatic anomalies resulted in strong vertical water column stratification that stimulated development of a dynamic P. verruculosa thin layer (up to 38 μg chl a L-1) for several weeks in Reloncaví Sound. Hydrodynamic modeling (MIKE 3D) indicated that the Sound had extremely low flushing rates (between 121 and 200 days) in summer 2016. Reported algal cell densities of 7000-20,000 cells mL-1 generated respiratory distress in fish that was unlikely due to low dissolved oxygen (permanently >4 mg L-1). Histological examination of salmon showed that gills were the most affected organ with significant tissue damage and circulatory disorders. It is possible that some of this damage was due to a diatom bloom that preceded the Pseudochattonella event, thereby rendering the fish more susceptible to Pseudochattonella. No correlation between magnitude of fish mortality and algal cell abundance nor fish age was evident. Algal cultures revealed rapid growth rates and high cell densities (up to 600,000 cells mL-1), as well as highly complex life cycle stages that can be easily overlooked in monitoring programs. In cell-based bioassays, Chilean P. verruculosa was only toxic to the RTgill-W1 cell line following exposures to high cell densities of lysed cells (>100,000 cells mL-1). Fatty acid profiles of a cultured strain showed elevated concentrations of potentially ichthyotoxic, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (69.7% ± 1.8%)- stearidonic (SDA, 18:4ω3-28.9%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3-22.3%), suggesting that lipid peroxidation may help to explain the mortalities, though superoxide production by Pseudochattonella was low (< 0.21 ± 0.19 pmol O2- cell-1 h-1). It therefore remains unknown what the mechanisms of salmon mortality were during the Pseudochattonella bloom. Multiple mitigation strategies were used by salmon farmers during the event, with only delayed seeding of juvenile fish into the cages and towing of cages to sanctuary sites being effective. Airlift pumping, used effectively against other fish-killing HABs in the US and Canada was not effective, perhaps because it brought subsurface layers of Pseudochattonella to the surface, or and it also may have lysed the fragile cells, rendering them more lethal. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and inefficiency of contingency plans by the fish farming industry to overcome future fish-killing algal blooms under future climate change scenarios. The use of new technologies based on molecular methods for species detection, good farm practices by fish farms, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Javier Paredes
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Doctorado en acuicultura, Programa cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rudy Suarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Magister en acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Valentina Vargas
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Elias Pinilla
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Artal
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Ximena Rojas
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmón (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Australia
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Putman AK, Contreras GA, Sordillo LM. Isoprostanes in Veterinary Medicine: Beyond a Biomarker. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020145. [PMID: 33498324 PMCID: PMC7909258 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with many pathologies, in both human and animal medicine. Damage to tissue components such as lipids is a defining feature of oxidative stress and can lead to the generation of many oxidized products, including isoprostanes (IsoP). First recognized in the early 1990s, IsoP are formed in numerous biological fluids and tissues, chemically stable, and easily measured by noninvasive means. Additionally, IsoP are highly specific indicators of lipid peroxidation and thereby are regarded as excellent biomarkers of oxidative stress. Although there have been many advancements in the detection and use of IsoP as a biomarker, there is still a paucity of knowledge regarding the biological activity of these molecules and their potential roles in pathology of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the use of IsoP has been limited in veterinary species thus far and represents an avenue of opportunity for clinical applications in veterinary practice. Examples of clinical applications of IsoP in veterinary medicine include use as a novel biomarker to guide treatment recommendations or as a target to mitigate inflammatory processes. This review will discuss the history, biosynthesis, measurement, use as a biomarker, and biological action of IsoP, particularly in the context of veterinary medicine.
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Mammals to membranes: A reductionist story. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 253:110552. [PMID: 33359769 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This is the story of a series of reductionist studies that started with an attempt to explain what underpins the high-level of aerobic metabolism in mammals (i.e. associated with the evolution of endothermy) and almost forty years later had led to investigations into the role of membrane lipids in determining metabolism. Initial studies showed that the increase in aerobic metabolism in mammals was driven by a combination of increases in mitochondrial volume and membrane densities, organ size and changes in the molecular activity of enzymes. The increase in the capacity to produce energy was matched by an increase in energy use, notably driven by increases in H+, Na+ and K+ fluxes. In the case of increased Na+ flux, it was found this was matched by increases in Na+-dependent metabolism at the tissue level and increases in enzyme activity at a cellular level but not by an increase in the number of sodium pumps. To maintain Na+ gradient across cell membranes, increased Na+ flux is not controlled by an increase in sodium pump number but rather by an increase in sodium pump molecular activity (i.e. an increase the substrate turnover rate of each sodium pump) in tissues of endotherms. This increase in molecular activity is coupled to an increase in the level of highly unsaturated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membranes, a mechanism similar to that used by ectotherms to ameliorate decreasing activities of metabolic processes in the cold. Determination of how changes in membrane fatty acid composition can change the activities of proteins in membranes will be the next step in this story.
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15
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Shchepinov MS. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deuteration against Neurodegeneration. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:236-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Else PL. The highly unnatural fatty acid profile of cells in culture. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 77:101017. [PMID: 31809755 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid profile of cells in culture are unlike those of natural cells with twice the monounsaturated (MUFA) and half the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) level (Mol%). This is not due to cell lines primarily being derived from cancers but is due to limited access to lipid and an inability to make PUFA de novo as vertebrate cells. Classic culture methods use media with 10% serum (the only exogenous source of lipid). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), the serum of choice has a low level of lipid and cholesterol compared to other sera and at 10% of media provides 2-3% of the fatty acid and cholesterol, 1% of the PUFA and 0.3% of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid (18:2n-6) available to cells in the body. Since vertebrate cell lines cannot make PUFA they synthesise MUFA, offsetting their PUFA deficit and reducing their fatty acid diversity. Stem and primary cells in culture appear to be similarly affected, with a rapid loss of their natural fatty acid compositions. The unnatural lipid composition of cells in culture has substantial implications for examining natural stems cell in culture, and for investigations of cellular mechanisms using cell lines based on the pervasive influence of fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Else
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Gao M, Deng J, Liu F, Fan A, Wang Y, Wu H, Ding D, Kong D, Wang Z, Peer D, Zhao Y. Triggered ferroptotic polymer micelles for reversing multidrug resistance to chemotherapy. Biomaterials 2019; 223:119486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Biernacki M, Ambrożewicz E, Gęgotek A, Toczek M, Skrzydlewska E. Long-term administration of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor (URB597) to rats with spontaneous hypertension disturbs liver redox balance and phospholipid metabolism. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:15-23. [PMID: 30243113 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of chronic administration of [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597), inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that hydrolyzes anandamide, on cross-talk between endocannabinoid system, oxidative status and pro-inflammatory factors in the liver of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) was investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS Experiments were conducted using SHRs and normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto rats treated by intraperitoneal injection with URB597 for 14 days. The biochemical parameters were assayed in the rat's livers. RESULTS In the liver of SHRs an increase in endocannabinoids level, the activity of enzymes degrading them and expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) receptor as well as a decrease in the expression of the CB1 and vanilloid 1 receptor (TRPV1) were shown. These changes were related to inflammatory conditions as well as oxidative stress resulting from increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to enhanced activity of enzymes generating ROS accompanied by decrease in the effectiveness of transcription activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2 and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as level of glutathione and vitamins. Chronic administration of URB597 to SHRs caused a decrease in FAAH activity and an increase in anandamide and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine level as well as a decrease in CB2 and an increase in TRPV1 receptor expression. The levels/activities of pro- and antioxidant and inflammatory factors tended to normalize, but phospholipid peroxidation and DNA modifications were increased. CONCLUSION In conclusion, long-term chronic administration of URB597 to SHRs by altering interactions between endocannabinoid and redox systems enhances some liver metabolic disturbances observed in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Ambrożewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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Martin N, Hulbert AJ, Brenner GC, Brown SHJ, Mitchell TW, Else PL. Honeybee caste lipidomics in relation to life-history stages and the long life of the queen. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.207043. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees have evolved a system in which fertilised eggs transit through the same developmental stages but can become either workers or queens. This difference is determined by their diet through development. Whereas workers live for weeks (normally 2-6 weeks), queens can live for years. Unfertilised eggs also develop through the same stages but result in a short living male caste (drones). Workers and drones are fed pollen throughout their late larval and adult life stages, while queens are fed exclusively on royal jelly and do not eat pollen. Pollen has high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) while royal jelly has a negligible amount of PUFA. To investigate the role of dietary PUFA lipids, and their oxidation in the longevity difference of honey bees, membrane fatty acid composition of the three castes was characterised at six different life-history stages (larvae, pupa, emergent, and different adult stages) through mass spectrometry. All castes were found to share a similar membrane phospholipid composition during early larval development. However, at pupation, drones and workers increased their level of PUFA, whilst queens increased their level of monounsaturated fatty acids. After emergence, worker bees further increased their level of PUFA by 5-fold across most phospholipid classes. In contrast, the membrane phospholipids of adult queens remained highly monounsaturated throughout their adult life. We postulate that this diet-induced increase in membrane PUFA results in more oxidative damage and is potentially responsible for the much shorter lifespans of worker bees compared to long-living queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Martin
- School of Medicine (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - A. J. Hulbert
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | | | | | - T. W. Mitchell
- School of Medicine (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Mountain View Apiary, Grenfell, NSW 2810, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Australia
| | - P. L. Else
- School of Medicine (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Mountain View Apiary, Grenfell, NSW 2810, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Australia
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Zeinsteger PA, Barberón JL, Leaden PJ, Palacios A. Antioxidant properties of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) on Fe2+-initiated peroxidation of rat brain mitochondria. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang S, He Y, Sen B, Chen X, Xie Y, Keasling JD, Wang G. Alleviation of reactive oxygen species enhances PUFA accumulation in Schizochytrium sp. through regulating genes involved in lipid metabolism. Metab Eng Commun 2018; 6:39-48. [PMID: 29896446 PMCID: PMC5994804 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unicellular heterotrophic thraustochytrids are attractive candidates for commercial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) production. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in their aerobic fermentation process often limits their PUFA titer. Yet, the specific mechanisms of ROS involvement in the crosstalk between oxidative stress and intracellular lipid synthesis remain poorly described. Metabolic engineering to improve the PUFA yield in thraustochytrids without compromising growth is an important aspect of economic feasibility. To fill this gap, we overexpressed the antioxidative gene superoxide dismutase (SOD1) by integrating it into the genome of thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 using a novel genetic transformation system. This study reports the ROS alleviation, enhanced PUFA production and transcriptome changes resulting from the SOD1 overexpression. SOD1 activity in the recombinant improved by 5.2-71.6% along with 7.8-38.5% decline in ROS during the fermentation process. Interestingly, the total antioxidant capacity in the recombinant remained higher than wild-type and above zero in the entire process. Although lipid profile was similar to that of wild-type, the concentrations of major fatty acids in the recombinant were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher. The PUFA titer increased up to 1232 ± 41 mg/L, which was 32.9% higher (p ≤ 0.001) than the wild type. Transcriptome analysis revealed strong downregulation of genes potentially involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids in peroxisome and upregulation of genes catalyzing lipid biosynthesis. Our results enrich the knowledge on stress-induced PUFA biosynthesis and the putative role of ROS in the regulation of lipid metabolism in oleaginous thraustochytrids. This study provides a new and alternate strategy for cost-effective industrial fermentation of PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Berkeley Center for Synthetic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3224, USA
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Boonnoy P, Karttunen M, Wong-Ekkabut J. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits pore formation in oxidized bilayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:5699-5704. [PMID: 28138670 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In biological membranes, alpha-tocopherols (α-toc; vitamin E) protect polyunsaturated lipids from free radicals. Although the interactions of α-toc with non-oxidized lipid bilayers have been studied, their effects on oxidized bilayers remain unknown. In this study, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of oxidized lipid bilayers were performed with varying concentrations of α-toc. Bilayers with 1-palmitoyl-2-lauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PLPC) lipids and their aldehyde derivatives at a 1 : 1 ratio were studied. Our simulations show that oxidized lipids self-assemble into aggregates with a water pore rapidly developing across the bilayer. The free energy of transporting an α-toc molecule in a bilayer suggests that α-tocs can passively adsorb into it. When α-toc molecules were present at low concentrations in bilayers containing oxidized lipids, water pore formation was slowed down. At high α-toc concentrations, no pores were observed. Based on the simulations, we propose that the mechanism of how α-toc inhibits pore formation in bilayers with oxidized lipids is the following: α-tocs trap the polar groups of the oxidized lipids at the membrane-water interface resulting in a decreased probability of the oxidized lipids making contact with the two leaflets and initiating pore formation. This demonstrates that α-toc molecules not only protect the bilayer from oxidation but also help to stabilize the bilayer after lipid peroxidation occurs. These results will help in designing more efficient molecules to protect membranes from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phansiri Boonnoy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. and Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, MetaForum, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands and Departments of Chemistry and Applied Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jirasak Wong-Ekkabut
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. and Computational Biomodelling Laboratory for Agricultural Science and Technology (CBLAST), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand and Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics (ThEP Center), Commission on Higher Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Killion EA, Reeves AR, El Azzouny MA, Yan QW, Surujon D, Griffin JD, Bowman TA, Wang C, Matthan NR, Klett EL, Kong D, Newman JW, Han X, Lee MJ, Coleman RA, Greenberg AS. A role for long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-4 (ACSL4) in diet-induced phospholipid remodeling and obesity-associated adipocyte dysfunction. Mol Metab 2018; 9:43-56. [PMID: 29398618 PMCID: PMC5870107 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Regulation of fatty acid (FA) metabolism is central to adipocyte dysfunction during diet-induced obesity (DIO). Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase-4 (ACSL4) has been hypothesized to modulate the metabolic fates of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), including arachidonic acid (AA), but the in vivo actions of ACSL4 are unknown. The purpose of our studies was to determine the in vivo role of adipocyte ACSL4 in regulating obesity-associated adipocyte dysfunction. Methods We developed a novel mouse model with adipocyte-specific ablation of ACSL4 (Ad-KO) using loxP Cre recombinase technology. Metabolic phenotyping of Ad-KO mice relative to their floxed littermates (ACSL4floxed) was performed, including body weight and body composition over time; insulin and glucose tolerance tests; and energy expenditure, activity, and food intake in metabolic cages. Adipocytes were isolated for ex vivo adipocyte oxygen consumption by Clark electrode and lipidomics analysis. In vitro adipocyte analysis including oxygen consumption by Seahorse and real-time PCR analysis were performed to confirm our in vivo findings. Results Ad-KO mice were protected against DIO, adipocyte death, and metabolic dysfunction. Adipocytes from Ad-KO mice fed high-fat diet (HFD) had reduced incorporation of AA into phospholipids (PL), free AA, and levels of the AA lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Additionally, adipocytes from Ad-KO mice fed HFD had reduced p53 activation and increased adipocyte oxygen consumption (OCR), which we demonstrated are direct effects of 4-HNE on adipocytes in vitro. Conclusion These studies are the first to elucidate ACSL4's in vivo actions to regulate the incorporation of AA into PL and downstream effects on DIO-associated adipocyte dysfunction. By reducing the incorporation of AA into PL and free fatty acid pools in adipocytes, Ad-KO mice were significantly protected against HFD-induced increases in adipose and liver fat accumulation, adipocyte death, gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR). Additionally, deficiency of adipocyte ACSL4 expression in mice fed a HFD resulted in increased gWAT adipocyte OCR and whole body energy expenditure (EE). ACSL4 expression is upregulated in murine white adipocytes during diet-induced obesity. Mice with adipocyte-specific ablation of ACSL4 (Ad-KO) are protected against diet-induced obesity, adipocyte death and metabolic dysfunction. Lipidomics profiling of isolated adipocytes from Ad-KO mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) had reduced arachidonic acid (AA) in phospholipids. Adipocytes from Ad-KO mice fed HFD had reduced free AA and levels of the AA lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Adipocytes from Ad-KO mice fed HFD had reduced p53 activation and increased adipocyte oxygen consumption (OCR). P53 activation and inhibited adipocyte OCR are direct effects of 4-HNE on adipocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Killion
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Andrew R Reeves
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Mahmoud A El Azzouny
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Qing-Wu Yan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Defne Surujon
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - John D Griffin
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Thomas A Bowman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Presbyterian Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Eric L Klett
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts Medical School, Programs of Neuroscience and of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - John W Newman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Presbyterian Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, United States
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States.
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Djuric Z, Aslam MN, Simon BR, Sen A, Jiang Y, Ren J, Chan R, Soni T, Rajendiran TM, Smith WL, Brenner DE. Effects of fish oil supplementation on prostaglandins in normal and tumor colon tissue: modulation by the lipogenic phenotype of colon tumors. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:90-99. [PMID: 28486173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fish oils have potential for prevention of colon cancer, and yet the mechanisms of action in normal and tumor colon tissues are not well defined. Here we evaluated the impact of the colonic fatty acid milieu on the formation of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Distal tumors in rats were chemically induced to model inflammatory colonic carcinogenesis. After 21 weeks of feeding with either a fish oil diet containing an eicosapentaenoic acid/ω-6 fatty acid ratio of 0.4 or a Western fat diet, the relationships between colon fatty acids and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were evaluated. PGE2 is a key proinflammatory mediator in the colon tightly linked with the initiation and progression of colon cancer. The fish oil vs. the Western fat diet resulted in reduced total fatty acid concentrations in serum but not in colon. In the colon, the effects of the fish oil on fatty acids differed in normal and tumor tissue. There were distinct lipodomic patterns consistent with a lipogenic phenotype in tumors. In tumor tissue, the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and the mole percent of saturated fatty acids were significant predictors of inter-animal variability in colon PGE2 after accounting for diet. In normal tissues from either control rats or carcinogen-treated rats, only diet was a significant predictor of colon PGE2. These results show that the fatty acid milieu can modulate the efficacy of dietary fish oils for colon cancer prevention, and this could extend to other preventive agents that function by reducing inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | | - Becky R Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rena Chan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tanu Soni
- Department of Michigan Metabolomics Resource Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T M Rajendiran
- Department of Michigan Metabolomics Resource Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dean E Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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25
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Else PL. Membrane peroxidation in vertebrates: Potential role in metabolism and growth. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Else
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Lipid Research Centre (in IHMRI); Wollongong NSW Australia
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Inhibition of colon cancer growth by docosahexaenoic acid involves autocrine production of TNFα. Oncogene 2016; 35:4611-22. [PMID: 26853468 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Among pro-inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) plays a paradoxical role in cancer biology with induction of cancer cell death or survival depending on the cellular context. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of TNFα in DHA-mediated tumor growth inhibition and colon cancer cell death. The treatment of human colorectal cancer cells, HCT-116 and HCT-8 cells, with DHA triggered apoptosis in autocrine TNFα-dependent manner. We demonstrated that DHA-induced increased content of TNFα mRNA occurred through a post-transcriptional regulation via the down-regulation of microRNA-21 (miR-21) expression. Treatment with DHA led to nuclear accumulation of Foxo3a that bounds to the miR-21 promoter triggering its transcriptional repression. Moreover, inhibition of RIP1 kinase and AMP-activated protein kinase α reduced Foxo3a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling and subsequent increase of TNFα expression through a decrease of miR-21 expression in DHA-treated colon cancer cells. Finally, we were able to show in HCT-116 xenograft tumor-bearing nude mice that a DHA-enriched diet induced a decrease of human miR-21 expression and an increase of human TNFα mRNA expression limiting tumor growth in a cancer cell-derived TNFα dependent manner. Altogether, the present work highlights a novel mechanism for anti-cancer action of DHA involving colon cancer cell death mediated through autocrine action of TNFα.
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Sánchez Campos S, Rodríguez Diez G, Oresti GM, Salvador GA. Dopaminergic Neurons Respond to Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress by Modulating Lipid Acylation and Deacylation Cycles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130726. [PMID: 26076361 PMCID: PMC4468124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-imbalance has been reported as a contributor factor for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson Disease (PD). Specifically, iron (Fe)-overload and copper (Cu) mis-compartmentalization have been reported to be involved in the injury of dopaminergic neurons in this pathology. The aim of this work was to characterize the mechanisms of membrane repair by studying lipid acylation and deacylation reactions and their role in oxidative injury in N27 dopaminergic neurons exposed to Fe-overload and Cu-supplementation. N27 dopaminergic neurons incubated with Fe (1mM) for 24 hs displayed increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and elevated plasma membrane permeability. Cu-supplemented neurons (10, 50 μM) showed no evidence of oxidative stress markers. A different lipid acylation profile was observed in N27 neurons pre-labeled with [3H] arachidonic acid (AA) or [3H] oleic acid (OA). In Fe-exposed neurons, AA uptake was increased in triacylglycerols (TAG) whereas its incorporation into the phospholipid (PL) fraction was diminished. TAG content was 40% higher in Fe-exposed neurons than in controls. This increase was accompanied by the appearance of Nile red positive lipid bodies. Contrariwise, OA incorporation increased in the PL fractions and showed no changes in TAG. Lipid acylation profile in Cu-supplemented neurons showed AA accumulation into phosphatidylserine and no changes in TAG. The inhibition of deacylation/acylation reactions prompted an increase in oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial dysfunction in Fe-overloaded neurons. These findings provide evidence about the participation of lipid acylation mechanisms against Fe-induced oxidative injury and postulate that dopaminergic neurons cleverly preserve AA in TAG in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Sánchez Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Rodríguez Diez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Martín Oresti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Alejandra Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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28
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Cortie CH, Else PL. An antioxidant-like action for non-peroxidisable phospholipids using ferrous iron as a peroxidation initiator. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1848:1303-7. [PMID: 25769806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, termed peroxidation, poses a constant challenge to membranes lipid composition and function. Phospholipids with saturated (e.g. PC 16:0/16:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g. PC 16:0/18:1) are some of the most common phospholipids found in membranes and are generally not peroxidisable. The present experiments show that these non-peroxidisable phospholipids, when present in liposomes with peroxidisable phospholipids (i.e. those containing polyunsaturated fatty acids) such as PC 16:0/18:2 and Soy PC, produce an inhibitory effect on rates of peroxidation induced by ferrous-iron. This inhibitory effect acts to extend the duration of the lag phase by several-fold. If present in natural systems, this action could enhance the capacity of conventional antioxidant mechanisms in membranes. The results of this preliminary work suggest that non-peroxidisable phospholipids may exert an antioxidant-like action in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Cortie
- School of Medicine (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia.
| | - Paul L Else
- School of Medicine (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, 2522, Australia
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