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Vélez M. How Does the Spatial Confinement of FtsZ to a Membrane Surface Affect Its Polymerization Properties and Function? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:757711. [PMID: 35592002 PMCID: PMC9111741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.757711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is the cytoskeletal protein that organizes the formation of the septal ring and orchestrates bacterial cell division. Its association to the membrane is essential for its function. In this mini-review I will address the question of how this association can interfere with the structure and dynamic properties of the filaments and argue that its dynamics could also remodel the underlying lipid membrane through its activity. Thus, lipid rearrangement might need to be considered when trying to understand FtsZ’s function. This new element could help understand how FtsZ assembly coordinates positioning and recruitment of the proteins forming the septal ring inside the cell with the activity of the machinery involved in peptidoglycan synthesis located in the periplasmic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Fujita J, Sugiyama S, Terakado H, Miyazaki M, Ozawa M, Ueda N, Kuroda N, Tanaka SI, Yoshizawa T, Uchihashi T, Matsumura H. Dynamic Assembly/Disassembly of Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ Visualized by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041697. [PMID: 33567659 PMCID: PMC7914567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is a key protein in bacterial cell division and is assembled into filamentous architectures. FtsZ filaments are thought to regulate bacterial cell division and have been investigated using many types of imaging techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), but the time scale of the method was too long to trace the filament formation process. Development of high-speed AFM enables us to achieve sub-second time resolution and visualize the formation and dissociation process of FtsZ filaments. The analysis of the growth and dissociation rates of the C-terminal truncated FtsZ (FtsZt) filaments indicate the net growth and dissociation of FtsZt filaments in the growth and dissociation conditions, respectively. We also analyzed the curvatures of the full-length FtsZ (FtsZf) and FtsZt filaments, and the comparative analysis indicated the straight-shape preference of the FtsZt filaments than those of FtsZf. These findings provide insights into the fundamental dynamic behavior of FtsZ protofilaments and bacterial cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junso Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Shogo Sugiyama
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan;
| | - Haruna Terakado
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Maho Miyazaki
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Mayuki Ozawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Nanami Ueda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Natsuko Kuroda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Shun-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan;
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.U.); (H.M.); Tel.: +81-52-789-2885 (T.U.); +81-77-561-4809 (H.M.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (H.T.); (M.M.); (M.O.); (N.U.); (N.K.); (S.-i.T.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (T.U.); (H.M.); Tel.: +81-52-789-2885 (T.U.); +81-77-561-4809 (H.M.)
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3
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Schumacher MA, Ohashi T, Corbin L, Erickson HP. High-resolution crystal structures of Escherichia coli FtsZ bound to GDP and GTP. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:94-102. [PMID: 32039891 PMCID: PMC7010359 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cytokinesis is mediated by the Z-ring, which is formed by the prokaryotic tubulin homolog FtsZ. Recent data indicate that the Z-ring is composed of small patches of FtsZ protofilaments that travel around the bacterial cell by treadmilling. Treadmilling involves a switch from a relaxed (R) state, favored for monomers, to a tense (T) conformation, which is favored upon association into filaments. The R conformation has been observed in numerous monomeric FtsZ crystal structures and the T conformation in Staphylococcus aureus FtsZ crystallized as assembled filaments. However, while Escherichia coli has served as a main model system for the study of the Z-ring and the associated divisome, a structure has not yet been reported for E. coli FtsZ. To address this gap, structures were determined of the E. coli FtsZ mutant FtsZ(L178E) with GDP and GTP bound to 1.35 and 1.40 Å resolution, respectively. The E. coli FtsZ(L178E) structures both crystallized as straight filaments with subunits in the R conformation. These high-resolution structures can be employed to facilitate experimental cell-division studies and their interpretation in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tomoo Ohashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren Corbin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Harold P. Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3711, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Sobrinos-Sanguino M, Vélez M, Richter RP, Rivas G. Reversible Membrane Tethering by ZipA Determines FtsZ Polymerization in Two and Three Dimensions. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4003-4015. [PMID: 31390865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In most bacteria, the early step of septum formation implies the association of soluble FtsZ polymers with the cytoplasmic membrane. ZipA, together with FtsA, provides membrane tethering to FtsZ in Escherichia coli, forming a dynamic proto-ring that serves as an assembly scaffold for the remaining elements of the divisome. Despite their importance for bacterial cell division, multivalent interactions between proto-ring elements at membrane surfaces remain poorly characterized in quantitative terms. We measured the binding of FtsZ to ZipA incorporated in supported lipid bilayers at controlled densities by using a combination of biophysical surface-sensitive techniques (quartz crystal microbalance and spectroscopic ellipsometry) and analyzed how ZipA density and FtsZ concentration control the state of assembly of FtsZ. We found that ZipA attachment enables FtsZ-GMPCPP (where GMPCPP is a GTP analogue with a reduced level of hydrolysis) to assemble in several distinct ways: (i) two-dimensional polymerization at the membrane and (ii) three-dimensional polymerization from the membrane into the solution phase where this may be associated with the formation of higher-order complexes. In these processes, ZipA is required to enrich FtsZ at the surface but the FtsZ bulk concentration defines which morphology is being formed. Moreover, we report a strong effect of the nucleotide (GDP vs GMPCPP/GTP) on the kinetics of ZipA association/dissociation of FtsZ. These results provide insights into the mode of interaction of proto-ring elements in minimal membrane systems and contribute to the completion of our understanding of the initial events of bacterial division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sobrinos-Sanguino
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica , CSIC , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ralf P Richter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom.,Biosurfaces Lab , CIC biomaGUNE , 20014 San Sebastian , Spain
| | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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Surface Orientation and Binding Strength Modulate Shape of FtsZ on Lipid Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102545. [PMID: 31137602 PMCID: PMC6566678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used a simple model system to test the prediction that surface attachment strength of filaments presenting a torsion would affect their shape and properties. FtsZ from E. coli containing one cysteine in position 2 was covalently attached to a lipid bilayer containing maleimide lipids either in their head group (to simulate tight attachment) or at the end of a polyethylene glycol molecule attached to the head group (to simulate loose binding). We found that filaments tightly attached grew straight, growing from both ends, until they formed a two-dimensional lattice. Further monomer additions to their sides generated a dense layer of oriented filaments that fully covered the lipid membrane. After this point the surface became unstable and the bilayer detached from the surface. Filaments with a loose binding were initially curved and later evolved into straight thicker bundles that destabilized the membrane after reaching a certain surface density. Previously described theoretical models of FtsZ filament assembly on surfaces that include lateral interactions, spontaneous curvature, torsion, anchoring to the membrane, relative geometry of the surface and the filament ‘living-polymer’ condition in the presence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) can offer some clues about the driving forces inducing these filament rearrangements.
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6
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Mateos-Gil P, Tarazona P, Vélez M. Bacterial cell division: modeling FtsZ assembly and force generation from single filament experimental data. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:73-87. [PMID: 30376053 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ binds and hydrolyzes GTP, self-aggregates into dynamic filaments and guides the assembly of the septal ring on the inner side of the membrane at midcell. This ring constricts the cell during division and is present in most bacteria. Despite exhaustive studies undertaken in the last 25 years after its discovery, we do not yet know the mechanism by which this GTP-dependent self-aggregating protein exerts force on the underlying membrane. This paper reviews recent experiments and theoretical models proposed to explain FtsZ filament dynamic assembly and force generation. It highlights how recent observations of single filaments on reconstituted model systems and computational modeling are contributing to develop new multiscale models that stress the importance of previously overlooked elements as monomer internal flexibility, filament twist and flexible anchoring to the cell membrane. These elements contribute to understand the rich behavior of these GTP consuming dynamic filaments on surfaces. The aim of this review is 2-fold: (1) to summarize recent multiscale models and their implications to understand the molecular mechanism of FtsZ assembly and force generation and (2) to update theoreticians with recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mateos-Gil
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Pedro Tarazona
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica CSIC, c/ Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Escherichia coli ZipA Organizes FtsZ Polymers into Dynamic Ring-Like Protofilament Structures. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01008-18. [PMID: 29921670 PMCID: PMC6016244 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01008-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ZipA is an essential cell division protein in Escherichia coli. Together with FtsA, ZipA tethers dynamic polymers of FtsZ to the cytoplasmic membrane, and these polymers are required to guide synthesis of the cell division septum. This dynamic behavior of FtsZ has been reconstituted on planar lipid surfaces in vitro, visible as GTP-dependent chiral vortices several hundred nanometers in diameter, when anchored by FtsA or when fused to an artificial membrane binding domain. However, these dynamics largely vanish when ZipA is used to tether FtsZ polymers to lipids at high surface densities. This, along with some in vitro studies in solution, has led to the prevailing notion that ZipA reduces FtsZ dynamics by enhancing bundling of FtsZ filaments. Here, we show that this is not the case. When lower, more physiological levels of the soluble, cytoplasmic domain of ZipA (sZipA) were attached to lipids, FtsZ assembled into highly dynamic vortices similar to those assembled with FtsA or other membrane anchors. Notably, at either high or low surface densities, ZipA did not stimulate lateral interactions between FtsZ protofilaments. We also used E. coli mutants that are either deficient or proficient in FtsZ bundling to provide evidence that ZipA does not directly promote bundling of FtsZ filaments in vivo. Together, our results suggest that ZipA does not dampen FtsZ dynamics as previously thought, and instead may act as a passive membrane attachment for FtsZ filaments as they treadmill. Bacterial cells use a membrane-attached ring of proteins to mark and guide formation of a division septum at midcell that forms a wall separating the two daughter cells and allows cells to divide. The key protein in this ring is FtsZ, a homolog of tubulin that forms dynamic polymers. Here, we use electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence imaging to show that one of the proteins required to attach FtsZ polymers to the membrane during E. coli cell division, ZipA, can promote dynamic swirls of FtsZ on a lipid surface in vitro. Importantly, these swirls are observed only when ZipA is present at low, physiologically relevant surface densities. Although ZipA has been thought to enhance bundling of FtsZ polymers, we find little evidence for bundling in vitro. In addition, we present several lines of in vivo evidence indicating that ZipA does not act to directly bundle FtsZ polymers.
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8
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Guan F, Yu J, Yu J, Liu Y, Li Y, Feng XH, Huang KC, Chang Z, Ye S. Lateral interactions between protofilaments of the bacterial tubulin homolog FtsZ are essential for cell division. eLife 2018; 7:35578. [PMID: 29889022 PMCID: PMC6050046 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prokaryotic tubulin homolog FtsZ polymerizes into protofilaments, which further assemble into higher-order structures at future division sites to form the Z-ring, a dynamic structure essential for bacterial cell division. The precise nature of interactions between FtsZ protofilaments that organize the Z-ring and their physiological significance remain enigmatic. In this study, we solved two crystallographic structures of a pair of FtsZ protofilaments, and demonstrated that they assemble in an antiparallel manner through the formation of two different inter-protofilament lateral interfaces. Our in vivo photocrosslinking studies confirmed that such lateral interactions occur in living cells, and disruption of the lateral interactions rendered cells unable to divide. The inherently weak lateral interactions enable FtsZ protofilaments to self-organize into a dynamic Z-ring. These results have fundamental implications for our understanding of bacterial cell division and for developing antibiotics that target this key process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Guan
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zengyi Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Zheijiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Krupka M, Margolin W. Unite to divide: Oligomerization of tubulin and actin homologs regulates initiation of bacterial cell division. F1000Res 2018; 7:235. [PMID: 29560258 PMCID: PMC5832921 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13504.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To generate two cells from one, bacteria such as
Escherichia coli use a complex of membrane-embedded proteins called the divisome that synthesize the division septum. The initial stage of cytokinesis requires a tubulin homolog, FtsZ, which forms polymers that treadmill around the cell circumference. The attachment of these polymers to the cytoplasmic membrane requires an actin homolog, FtsA, which also forms dynamic polymers that directly bind to FtsZ. Recent evidence indicates that FtsA and FtsZ regulate each other’s oligomeric state in
E. coli to control the progression of cytokinesis, including the recruitment of septum synthesis proteins. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of protein-protein association between FtsZ and FtsA in the initial stages of divisome function, mainly in the well-characterized
E. coli system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Krupka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, USA
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, USA
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