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Pesonen M, Vähäkangas K. Involvement of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in tumor development. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1241-1252. [PMID: 38478087 PMCID: PMC10965717 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large group of synthetic persistent chemicals, which are used in many industrial and commercial applications. Hundreds of different PFAS have been identified in the environment and they are commonly found also in human blood. Due to the chemical stability and extensive use, PFAS pose a risk for human health and wildlife. Mounting evidence indicates that PFAS-exposure adversely affects many organs including liver, kidney, and reproductive tissues and induces tumors in laboratory rodents. Epidemiological studies show association between PFAS-exposure and some tumors also in humans. Effects of PFAS-exposure are complex and obviously do not depend only on the concentration and the structure of PFAS, but also on age and sex of the exposed individuals. It has been difficult to show a causal link between PFAS-exposure and tumors. Moreover, molecular mechanisms of the PFAS effects in different tissues are poorly understood. PFAS are not directly mutagenic and they do not induce formation of DNA binding metabolites, and thus are assumed to act more through non-genotoxic mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the involvement of PFAS-compounds in tumor development in tissues where PFAS exposure has been associated with cancer in epidemiological and animal studies (liver, kidney, testicle and breast). We will focus on molecular pathways and mechanisms related to tumor formation following PFAS-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Pesonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Totland MZ, Knudsen LM, Rasmussen NL, Omori Y, Sørensen V, Elster VCW, Stenersen JM, Larsen M, Jensen CL, Zickfeldt Lade AA, Bruusgaard E, Basing S, Kryeziu K, Brech A, Aasen T, Lothe RA, Leithe E. The E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH negatively regulates intercellular communication via gap junctions by targeting connexin43 for lysosomal degradation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:171. [PMID: 38597989 PMCID: PMC11006747 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Intercellular communication via gap junctions has a fundamental role in regulating cell growth and tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation may be involved in cancer development and radio- and chemotherapy resistance. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most ubiquitously expressed gap junction channel protein in human tissues. Emerging evidence indicates that dysregulation of the sorting of Cx43 to lysosomes is important in mediating the loss of Cx43-based gap junctions in cancer cells. However, the molecular basis underlying this process is currently poorly understood. Here, we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH as a novel regulator of intercellular communication via gap junctions. We demonstrate that ITCH promotes loss of gap junctions in cervical cancer cells, which is associated with increased degradation of Cx43 in lysosomes. The data further indicate that ITCH interacts with and regulates Cx43 ubiquitination and that the ITCH-induced loss of Cx43-based gap junctions requires its catalytic HECT (homologous to E6-AP C-terminus) domain. The data also suggest that the ability of ITCH to efficiently promote loss of Cx43-based gap junctions and degradation of Cx43 depends on a functional PY (PPXY) motif in the C-terminal tail of Cx43. Together, these data provide new insights into the molecular basis underlying the degradation of Cx43 and have implications for the understanding of how intercellular communication via gap junctions is lost during cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Zachrisson Totland
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Lars Mørland Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Nikoline Lander Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yasufumi Omori
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Vigdis Sørensen
- Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0379, Norway
| | - Vilde C Wivestad Elster
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Jakob Mørkved Stenersen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Mathias Larsen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Caroline Lunder Jensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Anna A Zickfeldt Lade
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Emilie Bruusgaard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Sebastian Basing
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Core Facilities, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0379, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Trond Aasen
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Oslo, 0316, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway
| | - Edward Leithe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NO-0424, Norway
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Nunes B, Pópulo H, Lopes JM, Reis M, Nascimento G, Nascimento AG, Fernandes J, Faria M, de Carvalho DP, Soares P, Miranda-Alves L. Connexin Expression in Pituitary Adenomas and the Effects of Overexpression of Connexin 43 in Pituitary Tumor Cell Lines. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040674. [PMID: 35456480 PMCID: PMC9032236 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is considered a key mechanism in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. GJIC structures are organized in two transmembrane channels, with each channel formed by connexins (Cxs). GJIC and Cxs expression alterations are related to the process of tumorigenesis in different cell types. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) represent 15–20% of intracranial neoplasms, and usually display benign behavior. Nevertheless, some may have aggressive behavior, invading adjacent tissues, and featuring a high proliferation rate. We aimed to assess the expression and relevance of GJIC and Cxs proteins in PitNETs. We evaluated the mRNA expression levels of Cx26, 32, and 43, and the protein expression of Cx43 in a series of PitNETs. In addition, we overexpressed Cx43 in pituitary tumor cell lines. At the mRNA level, we observed variable expression of all the connexins in the tumor samples. Cx43 protein expression was absent in most of the pituitary tumor samples that were studied. Moreover, in vitro studies revealed that the overexpression of Cx43 decreases cell growth and induces apoptosis in pituitary tumor cell lines. Our results indicate that the downregulation of Cx43 protein might be involved in the tumorigenesis of most pituitary adenomas and have a potential therapeutic value for pituitary tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology—LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (B.N.); (D.P.d.C.); (L.M.-A.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Doris Rosenthal, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Helena Pópulo
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.P.); (J.M.L.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)—Cancer Signalling & Metabolism, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.P.); (J.M.L.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)—Cancer Signalling & Metabolism, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Reis
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.P.); (J.M.L.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)—Cancer Signalling & Metabolism, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gilvan Nascimento
- Centre of Clinical Research (CEPEC), President Dutra Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65020-600, Brazil; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Endocrinology Service, President Dutra Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65060-600, Brazil
| | - Ana Giselia Nascimento
- Pathology Service, President Dutra Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65020-070, Brazil;
| | - Janaína Fernandes
- NUPEX, Polo Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil;
| | - Manuel Faria
- Centre of Clinical Research (CEPEC), President Dutra Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65020-600, Brazil; (G.N.); (M.F.)
- Endocrinology Service, President Dutra Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65060-600, Brazil
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology—LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (B.N.); (D.P.d.C.); (L.M.-A.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Doris Rosenthal, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Paula Soares
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.P.); (J.M.L.); (M.R.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)—Cancer Signalling & Metabolism, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology—LEEx, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (B.N.); (D.P.d.C.); (L.M.-A.)
- Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Doris Rosenthal, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Yawer A, Sychrová E, Raška J, Babica P, Sovadinová I. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals affect sertoli TM4 cell functionality through dysregulation of gap junctional intercellular communication in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113004. [PMID: 35413382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The frequencies of adverse outcomes associated with male reproductive health, including infertility and testicular cancer, are increasing. These adverse trends are partially attributed to increased exposure to environmental agents such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study addresses effects on EDCs on adjacent prepubertal Sertoli TM4 cells, specifically on 1) testicular gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), one of the hallmarks of non-genotoxic carcinogenicity, 2) GJIC building blocks connexins (Cx), and 3) mitogen-activated protein kinases MAPKs. We selected eight representatives of EDCs: bisphenol A and organochlorine chemicals such as pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, lindane, methoxychlor, and vinclozolin, industrial chemical 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, and components of personal care products, triclocarban and triclosan. EDCs rapidly dysregulated GJIC in Sertoli TM4 cells mainly via MAPK p38 and/or Erk1/2/pathways by the intermediate hyper- or de-phosphorylation of Cx43 (Ser368, Ser282) and translocalization of Cx43 from the plasma membrane, suggesting disturbed intracellular trafficking of Cx43 protein. Surprisingly, EDCs did not rapidly activate MAPK Erk1/2 or p38; on the contrary, TCC and TCS decreased their activity (phosphorylation). Our results indicate that EDCs might disrupt testicular homeostasis and development via testicular GJIC, junctional and non-junctional functions of Cx43 and MAPK-signalling pathways in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Affiefa Yawer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliška Sychrová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Raška
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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5
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Sheehan SA, Retzbach EP, Shen Y, Krishnan H, Goldberg GS. Heterocellular N-cadherin junctions enable nontransformed cells to inhibit the growth of adjacent transformed cells. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:19. [PMID: 35177067 PMCID: PMC8851851 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Src tyrosine kinase phosphorylates effector proteins to induce expression of the podoplanin (PDPN) receptor in order to promote tumor progression. However, nontransformed cells can normalize the growth and morphology of neighboring transformed cells. Transformed cells must escape this process, called "contact normalization", to become invasive and malignant. Contact normalization requires junctional communication between transformed and nontransformed cells. However, specific junctions that mediate this process have not been defined. This study aimed to identify junctional proteins required for contact normalization. METHODS Src transformed cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were cultured with nontransformed cells. Formation of heterocellular adherens junctions between transformed and nontransformed cells was visualized by fluorescent microscopy. CRISPR technology was used to produce cadherin deficient and cadherin competent nontransformed cells to determine the requirement for adherens junctions during contact normalization. Contact normalization of transformed cells cultured with cadherin deficient or cadherin competent nontransformed cells was analyzed by growth assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and RNA-seq. In addition, Src transformed cells expressing PDPN under a constitutively active exogenous promoter were used to examine the ability of PDPN to override contact normalization. RESULTS We found that N-cadherin (N-Cdh) appeared to mediate contact normalization. Cadherin competent cells that expressed N-Cdh inhibited the growth of neighboring transformed cells in culture, while cadherin deficient cells failed to inhibit the growth of these cells. Results from RNA-seq analysis indicate that about 10% of the transcripts affected by contact normalization relied on cadherin mediated communication, and this set of genes includes PDPN. In contrast, cadherin deficient cells failed to inhibit PDPN expression or normalize the growth of adjacent transformed cells. These data indicate that nontransformed cells formed heterocellular cadherin junctions to inhibit PDPN expression in adjacent transformed cells. Moreover, we found that PDPN enabled transformed cells to override the effects of contact normalization in the face of continued N-Cdh expression. Cadherin competent cells failed to normalize the growth of transformed cells expressing PDPN under a constitutively active exogenous promoter. CONCLUSIONS Nontransformed cells form cadherin junctions with adjacent transformed cells to decrease PDPN expression in order to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Cancer begins when a single cell acquires changes that enables them to form tumors. During these beginning stages of cancer development, normal cells surround and directly contact the cancer cell to prevent tumor formation and inhibit cancer progression. This process is called contact normalization. Cancer cells must break free from contact normalization to progress into a malignant cancer. Contact normalization is a widespread and powerful process; however, not much is known about the mechanisms involved in this process. This work identifies proteins required to form contacts between normal cells and cancer cells, and explores pathways by which cancer cells override contact normalization to progress into malignant cancers. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Edward P. Retzbach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Yongquan Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Gary S. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
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Tabadkani M, Bani N, Gharib M, Ziaeemehr A, Samadi S, Rastgar-Moghadam A, Mehramiz M, Alavi N, Moetamani-Ahmadi M, Samadian MM, Vahaz F, Daghigh-Bazaz ZS, Rajabian M, Rahbarian R, Ramshini H, Khazaei M, Ferns GA, Shaidsales S, Avan A. Association between the Cx371019 C > T genetic variant and risk of breast cancer. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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7
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Fernandez-Flores A, Varela-Vazquez A, Mayan MD, Fonseca E. Expression of connexin 43 by atypical fibroxanthoma. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 48:247-254. [PMID: 32851695 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connexins are transmembrane channel proteins that interconnect adjacent cells and allow the exchange of signaling molecules between cells and the extracellular milieu. They have been investigated in many tumors to obtain information about tumor nature, behavior, and prognosis. METHODS Herein, we present a study on the immunohistochemical expression of connexin (Cx) 43 in 16 cases of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). For the immunohistochemical staining, a tissue array was obtained from the paraffin-embedded blocks. RESULTS The expression was membranous and cytoplasmic in all cases. Thirteen cases (81.25%) showed strong staining. In the other three cases (18.75%), the staining was medium. None of the cases showed nuclear staining. Fifteen out of 16 cases showed a diffuse pattern, and only one case showed a focal pattern. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Cx43 may play an important role in the natural behavior of AFX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, Spain.,Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Adrian Varela-Vazquez
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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8
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Peleli M, Moustakas A, Papapetropoulos A. Endothelial-Tumor Cell Interaction in Brain and CNS Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7371. [PMID: 33036204 PMCID: PMC7582718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma and other brain or CNS malignancies (like neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma) are difficult to treat and are characterized by excessive vascularization that favors further tumor growth. Since the mean overall survival of these types of diseases is low, the finding of new therapeutic approaches is imperative. In this review, we discuss the importance of the interaction between the endothelium and the tumor cells in brain and CNS malignancies. The different mechanisms of formation of new vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients are discussed. We also describe how the tumor cells (TC) alter the endothelial cell (EC) physiology in a way that favors tumorigenesis. In particular, mechanisms of EC-TC interaction are described such as (a) communication using secreted growth factors (i.e., VEGF, TGF-β), (b) intercellular communication through gap junctions (i.e., Cx43), and (c) indirect interaction via intermediate cell types (pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and immune cells). At the signaling level, we outline the role of important mediators, like the gasotransmitter nitric oxide and different types of reactive oxygen species and the systems producing them. Finally, we briefly discuss the current antiangiogenic therapies used against brain and CNS tumors and the potential of new pharmacological interventions that target the EC-TC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Peleli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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9
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Tishchenko A, Azorín DD, Vidal-Brime L, Muñoz MJ, Arenas PJ, Pearce C, Girao H, Ramón y Cajal S, Aasen T. Cx43 and Associated Cell Signaling Pathways Regulate Tunneling Nanotubes in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2798. [PMID: 33003486 PMCID: PMC7601615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) forms gap junctions that mediate the direct intercellular diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. Cx43 displays both pro- and anti-tumorigenic properties, but the mechanisms underlying these characteristics are not fully understood. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are long and thin membrane projections that connect cells, facilitating the exchange of not only small molecules, but also larger proteins, organelles, bacteria, and viruses. Typically, TNTs exhibit increased formation under conditions of cellular stress and are more prominent in cancer cells, where they are generally thought to be pro-metastatic and to provide growth and survival advantages. Cx43 has been described in TNTs, where it is thought to regulate small molecule diffusion through gap junctions. Here, we developed a high-fidelity CRISPR/Cas9 system to knockout (KO) Cx43. We found that the loss of Cx43 expression was associated with significantly reduced TNT length and number in breast cancer cell lines. Notably, secreted factors present in conditioned medium stimulated TNTs more potently when derived from Cx43-expressing cells than from KO cells. Moreover, TNT formation was significantly induced by the inhibition of several key cancer signaling pathways that both regulate Cx43 and are regulated by Cx43, including RhoA kinase (ROCK), protein kinase A (PKA), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and p38. Intriguingly, the drug-induced stimulation of TNTs was more potent in Cx43 KO cells than in wild-type (WT) cells. In conclusion, this work describes a novel non-canonical role for Cx43 in regulating TNTs, identifies key cancer signaling pathways that regulate TNTs in this setting, and provides mechanistic insight into a pro-tumorigenic role of Cx43 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tishchenko
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
| | - Daniel D. Azorín
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
| | - Laia Vidal-Brime
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
| | - María José Muñoz
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
| | - Pol Jiménez Arenas
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
| | - Christopher Pearce
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
| | - Henrique Girao
- Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, CACC, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
- Anatomía Patológica, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida de Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Trond Aasen
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (D.D.A.); (L.V.-B.); (M.J.M.); (P.J.A.); (C.P.); (S.R.yC.)
- CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida de Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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10
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Giaume C, Naus CC, Sáez JC, Leybaert L. Glial Connexins and Pannexins in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:93-145. [PMID: 32326824 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades a large amount of data have established that glial cells, the main cell population in the brain, dynamically interact with neurons and thus impact their activity and survival. One typical feature of glia is their marked expression of several connexins, the membrane proteins forming intercellular gap junction channels and hemichannels. Pannexins, which have a tetraspan membrane topology as connexins, are also detected in glial cells. Here, we review the evidence that connexin and pannexin channels are actively involved in dynamic and metabolic neuroglial interactions in physiological as well as in pathological situations. These features of neuroglial interactions open the way to identify novel non-neuronal aspects that allow for a better understanding of behavior and information processing performed by neurons. This will also complement the "neurocentric" view by facilitating the development of glia-targeted therapeutic strategies in brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Giaume
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France; Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituo de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Physiology Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian C Naus
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France; Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituo de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Physiology Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France; Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituo de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Physiology Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Paris, France; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and Paris Science Lettre Research University, Paris, France; Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituo de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Physiology Group, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Epifantseva I, Xiao S, Baum RE, Kléber AG, Hong T, Shaw RM. An Alternatively Translated Connexin 43 Isoform, GJA1-11k, Localizes to the Nucleus and Can Inhibit Cell Cycle Progression. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030473. [PMID: 32244859 PMCID: PMC7175147 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) is a gap junction protein that assembles at the cell border to form intercellular gap junction (GJ) channels which allow for cell-cell communication by facilitating the rapid transmission of ions and other small molecules between adjacent cells. Non-canonical roles of Cx43, and specifically its C-terminal domain, have been identified in the regulation of Cx43 trafficking, mitochondrial preconditioning, cell proliferation, and tumor formation, yet the mechanisms are still being explored. It was recently identified that up to six truncated isoforms of Cx43 are endogenously produced via alternative translation from internal start codons in addition to full length Cx43, all from the same mRNA produced by the gene GJA1. GJA1-11k, the 11kDa alternatively translated isoform of Cx43, does not have a known role in the formation of gap junction channels, and little is known about its function. Here, we report that over expressed GJA1-11k, unlike the other five truncated isoforms, preferentially localizes to the nucleus in HEK293FT cells and suppresses cell growth by limiting cell cycle progression from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase. Furthermore, these functions are independent of the channel-forming full-length Cx43 isoform. Understanding the apparently unique role of GJA1-11k and its generation in cell cycle regulation may uncover a new target for affecting cell growth in multiple disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Epifantseva
- Smidt Heart Institute, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (I.E.); (S.X.); (R.E.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Shaohua Xiao
- Smidt Heart Institute, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (I.E.); (S.X.); (R.E.B.); (T.H.)
| | - Rachel E. Baum
- Smidt Heart Institute, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (I.E.); (S.X.); (R.E.B.); (T.H.)
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - André G. Kléber
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel & Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - TingTing Hong
- Smidt Heart Institute, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (I.E.); (S.X.); (R.E.B.); (T.H.)
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Robin M. Shaw
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(801)-587-5845
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12
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Fernandez-Flores A, Varela-Vazquez A, Suárez Peñaranda JM, Mayan MD, Fonseca E. Expression of Connexin 43 in 32 Cases of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 42:178-185. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Totland MZ, Rasmussen NL, Knudsen LM, Leithe E. Regulation of gap junction intercellular communication by connexin ubiquitination: physiological and pathophysiological implications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:573-591. [PMID: 31501970 PMCID: PMC7040059 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions consist of arrays of intercellular channels that enable adjacent cells to communicate both electrically and metabolically. Gap junctions have a wide diversity of physiological functions, playing critical roles in both excitable and non-excitable tissues. Gap junction channels are formed by integral membrane proteins called connexins. Inherited or acquired alterations in connexins are associated with numerous diseases, including heart failure, neuropathologies, deafness, skin disorders, cataracts and cancer. Gap junctions are highly dynamic structures and by modulating the turnover rate of connexins, cells can rapidly alter the number of gap junction channels at the plasma membrane in response to extracellular or intracellular cues. Increasing evidence suggests that ubiquitination has important roles in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of connexins as well as in the modulation of gap junction endocytosis and post-endocytic sorting of connexins to lysosomes. In recent years, researchers have also started to provide insights into the physiological roles of connexin ubiquitination in specific tissue types. This review provides an overview of the advances made in understanding the roles of connexin ubiquitination in the regulation of gap junction intercellular communication and discusses the emerging physiological and pathophysiological implications of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Zachrisson Totland
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikoline Lander Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Mørland Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Edward Leithe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Dydowiczová A, Brózman O, Babica P, Sovadinová I. Improved multiparametric scrape loading-dye transfer assay for a simultaneous high-throughput analysis of gap junctional intercellular communication, cell density and viability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:730. [PMID: 31959888 PMCID: PMC6971000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is a vital cellular process required for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In vitro assessment of GJIC represents valuable phenotypic endpoint that could be effectively utilized as an integral component in modern toxicity testing, drug screening or biomedical in vitro research. However, currently available methods for quantifying GJIC with higher-throughputs typically require specialized equipment, proprietary software and/or genetically engineered cell models. To overcome these limitations, we present here an innovative adaptation of traditional, fluorescence microscopy-based scrape loading-dye transfer (SL-DT) assay, which has been optimized to simultaneously evaluate GJIC, cell density and viability. This multiparametric method was demonstrated to be suitable for various multiwell microplate formats, which facilitates an automatized image acquisition. The assay workflow is further assisted by an open source-based software tools for batch image processing, analysis and evaluation of GJIC, cell density and viability. Our results suggest that this approach provides a simple, fast, versatile and cost effective way for in vitro high-throughput assessment of GJIC and other related phenotypic cellular events, which could be included into in vitro screening and assessment of pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Dydowiczová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Brózman
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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15
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Shi Y, He R, Zhuang Z, Ren J, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wu J, Jiang S, Wang K. A risk signature-based on metastasis-associated genes to predict survival of patients with osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3479-3490. [PMID: 31898371 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary solid malignant bone tumor, and its metastasis is a prominent cause of high mortality in patients. In this study, a prognosis risk signature was constructed based on metastasis-associated genes. Four microarrays datasets with clinical information were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, and 256 metastasis-associated genes were identified by limma package. Further, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and survival analysis was performed using data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments data matrix, identifying 19 genes correlated with prognosis. Six genes were selected by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression for multivariate cox analysis. Finally, a three-gene (MYC, CPE, and LY86) risk signature was constructed, and datasets GSE21257 and GSE16091 were used to validate the prediction efficiency of the signature. The survival times of low- and high-risk groups were significantly different in the training set and validation set. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the genes in the signature may affect the cell cycle, gap junctions, and interleukin-6 production. Therefore, the three-gene survival risk signature could potentially predict the prognosis of patients with OS. Further, proteins encoded by CPE and LY86 may provide novel insights into the prediction of OS prognosis and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ronghan He
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze Zhuang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Ren
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuangao Liu
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihai Jiang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Joint and Trauma Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Wu DP, Bai LR, Lv YF, Zhou Y, Ding CH, Yang SM, Zhang F, Wang YY, Huang JL, Yin XX. A Novel Role of Connexin 40-Formed Channels in the Enhanced Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:595. [PMID: 31338328 PMCID: PMC6629863 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite responses to initial treatment of photodynamic therapy (PDT) being promising, a recurrence rate exists. Thus, finding novel therapeutic targets to enhance PDT efficacy is an urgent need. Reports indicate that connexin (Cx) 40 plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis and growth. However, it is unknown whether Cx40-composed channels have effects on PDT efficacy. The study uniquely demonstrated that Cx40-formed channels could enhance the phototoxicity of PDT to malignant cells in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, Cx40-formed channels at high cell density could increase PDT photocytotoxicity. This action was substantially restricted when Cx40 expression was not induced or Cx40 channels were restrained. Additionally, the presence of Cx40-composed channels enhanced the phototoxicity of PDT in the tumor xenografts. The above results indicate that enhancing the function of Cx40-formed channels increases PDT efficacy. The enhancement of PDT efficacy mediated by Cx40 channels was related with intracellular pathways mediated by ROS and calcium pathways, but not the lipid peroxide-mediated pathway. This work demonstrates the capacity of Cx40-mediated channels to increase PDT efficacy and suggests that therapeutic strategies designed to maintain or enhance Cx40 expression and/or channels composed by Cx40 may increase the therapeutic efficacy of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Pan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li-Ru Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan-Fang Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Si-Man Yang
- Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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17
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Aasen T, Leithe E, Graham SV, Kameritsch P, Mayán MD, Mesnil M, Pogoda K, Tabernero A. Connexins in cancer: bridging the gap to the clinic. Oncogene 2019; 38:4429-4451. [PMID: 30814684 PMCID: PMC6555763 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions comprise arrays of intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins and provide for the direct communication between adjacent cells. This type of intercellular communication permits the coordination of cellular activities and plays key roles in the control of cell growth and differentiation and in the maintenance of tissue homoeostasis. After more than 50 years, deciphering the links among connexins, gap junctions and cancer, researchers are now beginning to translate this knowledge to the clinic. The emergence of new strategies for connexin targeting, combined with an improved understanding of the molecular bases underlying the dysregulation of connexins during cancer development, offers novel opportunities for clinical applications. However, different connexin isoforms have diverse channel-dependent and -independent functions that are tissue and stage specific. This can elicit both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects that engender significant challenges in the path towards personalised medicine. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of connexins and gap junctions in cancer, with particular focus on the recent progress made in determining their prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Aasen
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Edward Leithe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital and K.G. Jebsen Colorectal Cancer Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Petra Kameritsch
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich University Hospital, München, Germany
| | - María D Mayán
- CellCOM Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marc Mesnil
- STIM Laboratory, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Kristin Pogoda
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Munich University Hospital, München, Germany
| | - Arantxa Tabernero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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18
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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Aasen T, Sansano I, Montero MÁ, Romagosa C, Temprana-Salvador J, Martínez-Marti A, Moliné T, Hernández-Losa J, Ramón y Cajal S. Insight into the Role and Regulation of Gap Junction Genes in Lung Cancer and Identification of Nuclear Cx43 as a Putative Biomarker of Poor Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030320. [PMID: 30845770 PMCID: PMC6468764 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct intercellular communication, mediated by gap junctions formed by the connexin transmembrane protein family, is frequently dysregulated in cancer. Connexins have been described as tumour suppressors, but emerging evidence suggests that they can also act as tumour promoters. This feature is connexin- and tissue-specific and may be mediated by complex signalling pathways through gap junctions or hemichannels or by completely junction-independent events. Lung cancer is the number one cancer in terms of mortality worldwide, and novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Our objective was to gain a better understanding of connexins in this setting. We used several in silico tools to analyse TCGA data in order to compare connexin mRNA expression between healthy lung tissue and lung tumours and correlated these results with gene methylation patterns. Using Kaplan-Meier plotter tools, we analysed a microarray dataset and an RNA-seq dataset of non-small cell lung tumours in order to correlate connexin expression with patient prognosis. We found that connexin mRNA expression is frequently either upregulated or downregulated in lung tumours. This correlated with both good and poor prognosis (overall survival) in a clear connexin isoform-dependent manner. These associations were strongly influenced by the histological subtype (adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma). We present an overview of all connexins but particularly focus on four isoforms implicated in lung cancer: Cx26, Cx30.3, Cx32 and Cx43. We further analysed the protein expression and localization of Cx43 in a series of 73 human lung tumours. We identified a subset of tumours that exhibited a unique strong nuclear Cx43 expression pattern that predicted worse overall survival (p = 0.014). Upon sub-stratification, the prognostic value remained highly significant in the adenocarcinoma subtype (p = 0.002) but not in the squamous carcinoma subtype (p = 0.578). This finding highlights the importance of analysis of connexin expression at the protein level, particularly the subcellular localization. Elucidation of the underlying pathways regulating Cx43 localization may provide for novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Aasen
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | - Irene Sansano
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | | | - Cleofé Romagosa
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | | | | | - Teresa Moliné
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | | | - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain.
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
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Iikawa N, Yamamoto Y, Kawasaki Y, Nishijima-Matsunobu A, Suzuki M, Yamada T, Omori Y. Intrinsic Oncogenic Function of Intracellular Connexin26 Protein in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072134. [PMID: 30041406 PMCID: PMC6073371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that the gap junction is down-regulated in many tumours. One of the downregulation mechanisms is the translocation of connexin, a gap junction protein, from cell membrane into cytoplasm, nucleus, or Golgi apparatus. Interestingly, as tumours progress and reinforce their malignant phenotype, the amount of aberrantly-localised connexin increases in different malignant tumours including oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, thus suggesting that such an aberrantly-localised connexin should be oncogenic, although gap junctional connexins are often tumour-suppressive. To define the dual roles of connexin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we introduced the wild-type connexin26 (wtCx26) or the mutant Cx26 (icCx26) gene, the product of which carries the amino acid sequence AKKFF, an endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi retention signal, at the C-terminus and is not sorted to cell membrane, into the human FaDu hypopharyngeal cancer cell line that had severely impaired the expression of connexin during carcinogenesis. wtCx26 protein was trafficked to the cell membrane and formed gap junction, which successfully exerted cell-cell communication. On the other hand, the icCx26 protein was co-localised with a Golgi marker, as revealed by immunofluorescence, and thus was retained on the way to the cell membrane. While the forced expression of wtCx26 suppressed both cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in mice in vivo, icCx26 significantly enhanced both cell proliferation and tumorigenicity compared with the mock control clones, indicating that an excessive accumulation of connexin protein in intracellular domains should be involved in cancer progression and that restoration of proper subcellular sorting of connexin might be a therapeutic strategy to control HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Iikawa
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-and-Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yohei Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-and-Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Aki Nishijima-Matsunobu
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Maya Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-and-Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Yasufumi Omori
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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Connexins and Pannexins: Important Players in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis and Potential Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061645. [PMID: 29865195 PMCID: PMC6032133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their characterization more than five decades ago, gap junctions and their structural proteins-the connexins-have been associated with cancer cell growth. During that period, the accumulation of data and molecular knowledge about this association revealed an apparent contradictory relationship between them and cancer. It appeared that if gap junctions or connexins can down regulate cancer cell growth they can be also implied in the migration, invasion and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Interestingly, in all these situations, connexins seem to be involved through various mechanisms in which they can act either as gap-junctional intercellular communication mediators, modulators of signalling pathways through their interactome, or as hemichannels, which mediate autocrine/paracrine communication. This complex involvement of connexins in cancer progression is even more complicated by the fact that their hemichannel function may overlap with other gap junction-related proteins, the pannexins. Despite this complexity, the possible involvements of connexins and pannexins in cancer progression and the elucidation of the mechanisms they control may lead to use them as new targets to control cancer progression. In this review, the involvements of connexins and pannexins in these different topics (cancer cell growth, invasion/metastasis process, possible cancer therapeutic targets) are discussed.
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Boucher J, Monvoisin A, Vix J, Mesnil M, Thuringer D, Debiais F, Cronier L. Connexins, important players in the dissemination of prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:202-215. [PMID: 28693897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50years, increasing experimental evidences have established that connexins (Cxs) and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) ensure an important role in both the onset and development of cancerous processes. In the present review, we focus on the impact of Cxs and GJIC during the development of prostate cancer (PCa), from the primary growth mainly localized in acinar glands and ducts to the distant metastasis mainly concentrated in bone. As observed in several other types of solid tumours, Cxs and especially Cx43 exhibit an ambivalent role with a tumour suppressor effect in the early stages and, conversely, a rather pro-tumoural profile for most of invasion and dissemination steps to secondary sites. We report here the current knowledge on the function of Cxs during PCa cells migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, proteinases activities and the cross talk with the surrounding stromal cells in the microenvironment of the tumour and the bones. In addition, we discuss the role of Cxs in the bone tropism even if the prostate model is rarely used to study the complete sequence of cancer dissemination compared to breast cancer or melanoma. Even if not yet fully understood, these recent findings on Cxs provide new insights into their molecular mechanisms associated with progression and bone targeted behaviour of PCa. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Boucher
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Monvoisin
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Justine Vix
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Rheumatology, C.H.U. la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Mesnil
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Françoise Debiais
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Rheumatology, C.H.U. la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Cronier
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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