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Li H, Lu Z, Hao MS, Kvammen A, Inman AR, Srivastava V, Bulone V, McKee LS. Family 92 carbohydrate-binding modules specific for β-1,6-glucans increase the thermostability of a bacterial chitinase. Biochimie 2023; 212:153-160. [PMID: 37121306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In biomass-processing industries there is a need for enzymes that can withstand high temperatures. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to finding new thermostable enzymes as well as developing new means of stabilising existing enzymes. The attachment of a stable non-catalytic domain to an enzyme can, in some instances, protect a biocatalyst from thermal denaturation. Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains typically found appended to biomass-degrading or modifying enzymes, such as glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Most often, CBMs interact with the same polysaccharide as their enzyme partners, leading to an enhanced reaction rate via the promotion of enzyme-substrate interactions. Contradictory to this general concept, we show an example of a chitin-degrading enzyme from GH family 18 that is appended to two CBM domains from family 92, both of which bind preferentially to the non-substrate polysaccharide β-1,6-glucan. During chitin hydrolysis, the CBMs do not contribute to enzyme-substrate interactions but instead confer a 10-15 °C increase in enzyme thermal stability. We propose that CBM92 domains may have a natural enzyme stabilisation role in some cases, which may be relevant to enzyme design for high-temperature applications in biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zijia Lu
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng-Shu Hao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Kvammen
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annie R Inman
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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van der Ven JPG, van den Bosch E, Kamphuis VP, Terol C, Gnanam D, Bogers AJJC, Breur JMPJ, Berger RMF, Blom NA, Koopman L, ten Harkel ADJ, Helbing WA. Functional Echocardiographic and Serum Biomarker Changes Following Surgical and Percutaneous Atrial Septal Defect Closure in Children. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024072. [PMID: 35929457 PMCID: PMC9496284 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Ventricular performance is temporarily reduced following surgical atrial septal defect closure. Cardiopulmonary bypass and changes in loading conditions are considered important factors, but this phenomenon is incompletely understood. We aim to characterize biventricular performance following surgical and percutaneous atrial septal defect closure and to relate biomarkers to ventricular performance following intervention. Methods and Results In this multicenter prospective study, children scheduled for surgical or percutaneous atrial septal defect closure were included. Subjects were assessed preoperatively, in the second week postintervention (at 2‐weeks follow‐up), and 1‐year postintervention (1‐year follow‐up). At each time point, an echocardiographic study and a panel of biomarkers were obtained. Sixty‐three patients (median age, 4.1 [interquartile range, 3.1–6.1] years) were included. Forty‐three patients underwent surgery. At 2‐weeks follow‐up, right ventricular global longitudinal strain was decreased for the surgical, but not the percutaneous, group (−17.6±4.1 versus −27.1±3.4; P<0.001). A smaller decrease was noted for left ventricular global longitudinal strain at 2‐weeks follow‐up for the surgical group (surgical versus percutaneous, −18.6±3.2 versus −20.2±2.4; P=0.040). At 1‐year follow‐up, left ventricular performance returned to baseline, whereas right ventricular performance improved, but did not reach preintervention levels. Eight biomarkers relating to cardiovascular and immunological processes differed across study time points. Of these biomarkers, only NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) correlated with less favorable left ventricular global longitudinal strain at 2‐weeks follow‐up. Conclusions Right, and to a lesser degree left, ventricular performance was reduced early after surgical atrial septal defect closure. Right ventricular performance at 1‐year follow‐up remained below baseline levels. Several biomarkers showed a pattern over time similar to ventricular performance. These biomarkers may provide insight into the processes that affect ventricular function. Registration URL: https://www.trialregister.nl/; Unique identifier: NL5129
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle P. G. van der Ven
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyErasmus MC Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryErasmus MCRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eva van den Bosch
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyErasmus MC Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Vivian P. Kamphuis
- Netherlands Heart InstituteUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Covadonga Terol
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Devi Gnanam
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyErasmus MC Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes M. P. J. Breur
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rolf M. F. Berger
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Blom
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyAmsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laurens Koopman
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyErasmus MC Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Arend D. J. ten Harkel
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Helbing
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric CardiologyErasmus MC Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
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3
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Harmsen RAG, Aam BB, Madhuprakash J, Hamre AG, Goddard-Borger ED, Withers SG, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chito-oligosaccharides with Alternating N-d-Acetylglucosamine and d-Glucosamine. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4581-4590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A. G. Harmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Berit Bjugan Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- Walter & Eliza Hall, Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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4
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Glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases: The known and the unknown. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Kimura M, Watanabe T, Sekine K, Ishizuka H, Ikejiri A, Sakaguchi M, Kamaya M, Yamanaka D, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Comparative functional analysis between human and mouse chitotriosidase: Substitution at amino acid 218 modulates the chitinolytic and transglycosylation activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2895-2902. [PMID: 32853624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (Chit1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) have been attracting research interest due to their involvement in various pathological conditions such as Gaucher's disease and asthma, respectively. Both enzymes are highly expressed in mice, while the level of AMCase mRNA was low in human tissues. In addition, the chitinolytic activity of the recombinant human AMCase was significantly lower than that of the mouse counterpart. Here, we revealed a substantially higher chitinolytic and transglycosylation activity of human Chit1 against artificial and natural chitin substrates as compared to the mouse enzyme. We found that the substitution of leucine (L) by tryptophan (W) at position 218 markedly reduced both activities in human Chit1. Conversely, the L218W substitution in mouse Chit1 increased the activity of the enzyme. These results suggest that Chit1 may compensate for the low of AMCase activity in humans, while in mice, highly active AMCase may supplements low Chit1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sekine
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Aoi Ikejiri
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Minori Kamaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic; Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan.
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Bandi CK, Goncalves A, Pingali SV, Chundawat SPS. Carbohydrate‐binding domains facilitate efficient oligosaccharides synthesis by enhancing mutant catalytic domain transglycosylation activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2944-2956. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kanth Bandi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Antonio Goncalves
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Neutron Scattering Division, Center for Structural Molecular Biology Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Shishir P. S. Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey
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7
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Sørlie M, Horn SJ, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VG. Using chitosan to understand chitinases and the role of processivity in the degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Madland E, Crasson O, Vandevenne M, Sørlie M, Aachmann FL. NMR and Fluorescence Spectroscopies Reveal the Preorganized Binding Site in Family 14 Carbohydrate-Binding Module from Human Chitotriosidase. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21975-21984. [PMID: 31891077 PMCID: PMC6933781 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) play important roles in targeting and increasing the concentration of carbohydrate active enzymes on their substrates. Using NMR to get the solution structure of CBM14, we can gain insight into secondary structure elements and intramolecular interactions with our assigned nuclear overhauser effect peaks. This reveals that two conserved aromatic residues (Phe437 and Phe456) make up the hydrophobic core of the CBM. These residues are also responsible for connecting the two β-sheets together, by being part of β2 and β4, respectively, and together with disulfide bridges, they create CBM14's characteristic "hevein-like" fold. Most CBMs rely on aromatic residues for substrate binding; however, CBM14 contains just a single tryptophan (Trp465) that together with Asn466 enables substrate binding. Interestingly, an alanine mutation of a single residue (Leu454) located behind Trp465 renders the CBM incapable of binding. Fluorescence spectroscopy performed on this mutant reveals a significant blue shift, as well as a minor blue shift for its neighbor Val455. The reduction in steric hindrance causes the tryptophan to be buried into the hydrophobic core of the structure and therefore suggests a preorganized binding site for this CBM. Our results show that both Trp465 and Asn466 are affected when CBM14 interacts with both (GlcNAc)3 and β-chitin, that the binding interactions are weak, and that CBM14 displays a slightly higher affinity toward β-chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Madland
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), NTNU Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Oscar Crasson
- InBioS—Center
for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Maryléne Vandevenne
- InBioS—Center
for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory
(NOBIPOL), NTNU Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
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9
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Kimura M, Umeyama T, Wakita S, Okawa K, Sakaguchi M, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Direct comparison of chitinolytic properties and determination of combinatory effects of mouse chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:882-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Fuchs K, Cardona Gloria Y, Wolz OO, Herster F, Sharma L, Dillen CA, Täumer C, Dickhöfer S, Bittner Z, Dang TM, Singh A, Haischer D, Schlöffel MA, Koymans KJ, Sanmuganantham T, Krach M, Roger T, Le Roy D, Schilling NA, Frauhammer F, Miller LS, Nürnberger T, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Gust AA, Macek B, Frank M, Gouttefangeas C, Dela Cruz CS, Hartl D, Weber AN. The fungal ligand chitin directly binds TLR2 and triggers inflammation dependent on oligomer size. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e46065. [PMID: 30337494 PMCID: PMC6280652 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature and linked to fungal infection and asthma. However, bona fide immune receptors directly binding chitin and signaling immune activation and inflammation have not been clearly identified because polymeric crude chitin with unknown purity and molecular composition has been used. By using defined chitin (N-acetyl-glucosamine) oligomers, we here identify six-subunit-long chitin chains as the smallest immunologically active motif and the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR2) as a primary fungal chitin sensor on human and murine immune cells. Chitin oligomers directly bind TLR2 with nanomolar affinity, and this fungal TLR2 ligand shows overlapping and distinct signaling outcomes compared to known mycobacterial TLR2 ligands. Unexpectedly, chitin oligomers composed of five or less subunits are inactive, hinting to a size-dependent system of immuno-modulation that appears conserved in plants and humans. Since blocking of the chitin-TLR2 interaction effectively prevents chitin-mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo, our study highlights the chitin-TLR2 interaction as a potential target for developing novel therapies in chitin-related pathologies and fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Fuchs
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Olaf-Oliver Wolz
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lokesh Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Infection (CPIRT), New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Täumer
- Department of Quantitative Proteomics and Proteome Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Dickhöfer
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zsofia Bittner
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Truong-Minh Dang
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anurag Singh
- University Children's Hospital and Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Haischer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria A Schlöffel
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kirsten J Koymans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Milena Krach
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Didier Le Roy
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nadine A Schilling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Frauhammer
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea A Gust
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Department of Quantitative Proteomics and Proteome Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Infection (CPIRT), New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dominik Hartl
- University Children's Hospital and Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Chen W, Qu M, Zhou Y, Yang Q. Structural analysis of group II chitinase (ChtII) catalysis completes the puzzle of chitin hydrolysis in insects. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2652-2660. [PMID: 29317504 PMCID: PMC5827449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a linear homopolymer of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamines and a major structural component of insect cuticles. Chitin hydrolysis involves glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) chitinases. In insects, chitin hydrolysis is essential for periodic shedding of the old cuticle ecdysis and proceeds via a pathway different from that in the well studied bacterial chitinolytic system. Group II chitinase (ChtII) is a widespread chitinolytic enzyme in insects and contains the greatest number of catalytic domains and chitin-binding domains among chitinases. In Lepidopterans, ChtII and two other chitinases, ChtI and Chi-h, are essential for chitin hydrolysis. Although ChtI and Chi-h have been well studied, the role of ChtII remains elusive. Here, we investigated the structure and enzymology of OfChtII, a ChtII derived from the insect pest Ostrinia furnacalis We present the crystal structures of two catalytically active domains of OfChtII, OfChtII-C1 and OfChtII-C2, both in unliganded form and complexed with chitooligosaccharide substrates. We found that OfChtII-C1 and OfChtII-C2 both possess long, deep substrate-binding clefts with endochitinase activities. OfChtII exhibited structural characteristics within the substrate-binding cleft similar to those in OfChi-h and OfChtI. However, OfChtII lacked structural elements favoring substrate binding beyond the active sites, including an extra wall structure present in OfChi-h. Nevertheless, the numerous domains in OfChtII may compensate for this difference; a truncation containing one catalytic domain and three chitin-binding modules (OfChtII-B4C1) displayed activity toward insoluble polymeric substrates that was higher than those of OfChi-h and OfChtI. Our observations provide the last piece of the puzzle of chitin hydrolysis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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12
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Transglycosylation by a chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae generates longer chitin oligosaccharides. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5113. [PMID: 28698589 PMCID: PMC5505975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have exploited natural resources for a variety of applications. Chitin and its derivative chitin oligosaccharides (CHOS) have potential biomedical and agricultural applications. Availability of CHOS with the desired length has been a major limitation in the optimum use of such natural resources. Here, we report a single domain hyper-transglycosylating chitinase, which generates longer CHOS, from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae 13047 (EcChi1). EcChi1 was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 40 °C with a Km of 15.2 mg ml−1, and kcat/Km of 0.011× 102 mg−1 ml min−1 on colloidal chitin. The profile of the hydrolytic products, major product being chitobiose, released from CHOS indicated that EcChi1 was an endo-acting enzyme. Transglycosylation (TG) by EcChi1 on trimeric to hexameric CHOS resulted in the formation of longer CHOS for a prolonged duration. EcChi1 showed both chitobiase and TG activities, in addition to hydrolytic activity. The TG by EcChi1 was dependent, to some extent, on the length of the CHOS substrate and concentration of the enzyme. Homology modeling and docking with CHOS suggested that EcChi1 has a deep substrate-binding groove lined with aromatic amino acids, which is a characteristic feature of a processive enzyme.
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13
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Cord-Landwehr S, Ihmor P, Niehues A, Luftmann H, Moerschbacher BM, Mormann M. Quantitative Mass-Spectrometric Sequencing of Chitosan Oligomers Revealing Cleavage Sites of Chitosan Hydrolases. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2893-2900. [PMID: 28192919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOS) have diverse bioactivities that turn them into promising compounds especially for medical and agricultural applications. These properties likely arise from different acetylation patterns, but determining the sequences of paCOS and producing paCOS with patterns of interest have proven difficult. We present a novel method for sequencing submicrogram amounts of paCOS using quantitative mass spectrometry, allowing one to rapidly analyze the substrate specificities of chitosan hydrolases that can be used to produce paCOS. The method involves four major steps: (i) acetylation of free amino groups in paCOS using a deuterated reagent; (ii) labeling the reducing end with an 18O-tag; (iii) quantifying paCOS using [13C2, 2H3]-labeled isotopologs as internal standards; (iv) sequencing paCOS by tandem MS. Eventually, this method will aid in developing enzymes with cleavage patterns optimized for producing paCOS with defined patterns of acetylation and specific bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Cord-Landwehr
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Phillip Ihmor
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Niehues
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich Luftmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Münster , Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster , Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kuusk S, Sørlie M, Väljamäe P. Human Chitotriosidase Is an Endo-Processive Enzyme. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171042. [PMID: 28129403 PMCID: PMC5271402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chitotriosidase (HCHT) is involved in immune response to chitin-containing pathogens in humans. The enzyme is able to degrade chitooligosaccharides as well as crystalline chitin. The catalytic domain of HCHT is connected to the carbohydrate binding module (CBM) through a flexible hinge region. In humans, two active isoforms of HCHT are found-the full length enzyme and its truncated version lacking CBM and the hinge region. The active site architecture of HCHT is reminiscent to that of the reducing-end exo-acting processive chitinase ChiA from bacterium Serratia marcescens (SmChiA). However, the presence of flexible hinge region and occurrence of two active isoforms are reminiscent to that of non-processive endo-chitinase from S. marcescens, SmChiC. Although the studies on soluble chitin derivatives suggest the endo-character of HCHT, the mode of action of the enzyme on crystalline chitin is not known. Here, we made a thorough characterization of HCHT in terms of the mode of action, processivity, binding, and rate constants for the catalysis and dissociation using α-chitin as substrate. HCHT efficiently released the end-label from reducing-end labelled chitin and had also high probability (95%) of endo-mode initiation of processive run. These results qualify HCHT as an endo-processive enzyme. Processivity and the rate constant of dissociation of HCHT were found to be in-between those, characteristic to processive exo-enzymes, like SmChiA and randomly acting non-processive endo-enzymes, like SmChiC. Apart from increasing the affinity for chitin, CBM had no major effect on kinetic properties of HCHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Kuusk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Fadel F, Zhao Y, Cousido-Siah A, Ruiz FX, Mitschler A, Podjarny A. X-Ray Crystal Structure of the Full Length Human Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) Reveals Features of Its Chitin Binding Domain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154190. [PMID: 27111557 PMCID: PMC4844120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of chitin. Human chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is one of the two active human chitinases, involved in the innate immune response and highly expressed in a variety of diseases. CHIT1 is composed of a catalytic domain linked by a hinge to its chitin binding domain (ChBD). This latter domain belongs to the carbohydrate-binding module family 14 (CBM14 family) and facilitates binding to chitin. So far, the available crystal structures of the human chitinase CHIT1 and the Acidic Mammalian Chitinase (AMCase) comprise only their catalytic domain. Here, we report a crystallization strategy combining cross-seeding and micro-seeding cycles which allowed us to obtain the first crystal structure of the full length CHIT1 (CHIT1-FL) at 1.95 Å resolution. The CHIT1 chitin binding domain (ChBDCHIT1) structure shows a distorted β-sandwich 3D fold, typical of CBM14 family members. Accordingly, ChBDCHIT1 presents six conserved cysteine residues forming three disulfide bridges and several exposed aromatic residues that probably are involved in chitin binding, including the highly conserved Trp465 in a surface- exposed conformation. Furthermore, ChBDCHIT1 presents a positively charged surface which may be involved in electrostatic interactions. Our data highlight the strong structural conservation of CBM14 family members and uncover the structural similarity between the human ChBDCHIT1, tachycitin and house mite dust allergens. Overall, our new CHIT1-FL structure, determined with an adapted crystallization approach, is one of the few complete bi-modular chitinase structures available and reveals the structural features of a human CBM14 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Fadel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (FF); (AP)
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Francesc X. Ruiz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - André Mitschler
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Alberto Podjarny
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail: (FF); (AP)
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16
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Eide KB, Stockinger LW, Lewin AS, Tøndervik A, Eijsink VG, Sørlie M. The role of active site aromatic residues in substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitotriosidase Enzyme. Enzyme Res 2016; 2016:2682680. [PMID: 26881065 PMCID: PMC4735922 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2682680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitotriosidase enzyme (EC: 3.2.1.14) is the major active chitinase in the human body. It is produced mainly by activated macrophages, in which its expression is regulated by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Chitotriosidase was confirmed as essential element in the innate immunity against chitin containing organisms such as fungi and protozoa; however, its immunomodulatory effects extend far beyond innate immunity. In the current review, we will try to explore the expanding spectrum of immunological roles played by chitotriosidase enzyme in human health and disease and will discuss its up-to-date clinical value.
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