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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has served as a genetic and biological paradigm for the evolution of solid tumors, and these insights have illuminated early detection, risk stratification, prevention, and treatment principles. Employing the hallmarks of cancer framework, we provide a conceptual framework to understand how genetic alterations in colorectal cancer drive cancer cell biology properties and shape the heterotypic interactions across cells in the tumor microenvironment. This review details research advances pertaining to the genetics and biology of colorectal cancer, emerging concepts gleaned from immune and single-cell profiling, and critical advances and remaining knowledge gaps influencing the development of effective therapies for this cancer that remains a major public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexi Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xingdi Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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2
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Evaluation of AXIN1 and AXIN2 as targets of tankyrase inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7470. [PMID: 33811251 PMCID: PMC8018973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AXIN1 mutations are observed in 8-10% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and originally were considered to support tumor growth by aberrantly enhancing β-catenin signaling. This view has however been challenged by reports showing neither a clear nuclear β-catenin accumulation nor clearly enhanced expression of β-catenin target genes. Here, using nine HCC lines, we show that AXIN1 mutation or siRNA mediated knockdown contributes to enhanced β-catenin signaling in all AXIN1-mutant and non-mutant lines, also confirmed by reduced signaling in AXIN1-repaired SNU449 cells. Both AXIN1 and AXIN2 work synergistically to control β-catenin signaling. While in the AXIN1-mutant lines, AXIN2 is solely responsible for keeping signaling in check, in the non-mutant lines both AXIN proteins contribute to β-catenin regulation to varying levels. The AXIN proteins have gained substantial interest in cancer research for a second reason. Their activity in the β-catenin destruction complex can be increased by tankyrase inhibitors, which thus may serve as a therapeutic option to reduce the growth of β-catenin-dependent cancers. At concentrations that inhibit tankyrase activity, some lines (e.g. HepG2, SNU398) were clearly affected in colony formation, but in most cases apparently independent from effects on β-catenin signaling. Overall, our analyses show that AXIN1 inactivation leads to enhanced β-catenin signaling in HCC cell lines, questioning the strong statements that have been made in this regard. Enhancing AXIN activity by tankyrase monotherapy provides however no effective treatment to affect their growth exclusively through reducing β-catenin signaling.
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Adam RS, van Neerven SM, Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, Simmini S, Léveillé N, de Groot NE, Holding AN, Markowetz F, Vermeulen L. Intestinal region-specific Wnt signalling profiles reveal interrelation between cell identity and oncogenic pathway activity in cancer development. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:578. [PMID: 33292279 PMCID: PMC7713000 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer results from the accumulation of mutations leading to the acquisition of cancer promoting characteristics such as increased proliferation and resistance to cell death. In colorectal cancer, an early mutation leading to such features usually occurs in the APC or CTNNB1 genes, thereby activating Wnt signalling. However, substantial phenotypic differences between cancers originating within the same organ, such as molecular subtypes, are not fully reflected by differences in mutations. Indeed, the phenotype seems to result from a complex interplay between the cell-intrinsic features and the acquired mutations, which is difficult to disentangle when established tumours are studied. METHODS We use a 3D in vitro organoid model to study the early phase of colorectal cancer development. From three different murine intestinal locations we grow organoids. These are transformed to resemble adenomas after Wnt activation through lentiviral transduction with a stable form of β-Catenin. The gene expression before and after Wnt activation is compared within each intestinal origin and across the three locations using RNA sequencing. To validate and generalize our findings, we use gene expression data from patients. RESULTS In reaction to Wnt activation we observe downregulation of location specific genes and differentiation markers. A similar effect is seen in patient data, where genes with significant differential expression between the normal left and right colon are downregulated in the cancer samples. Furthermore, the signature of Wnt target genes differs between the three intestinal locations in the organoids. The location specific Wnt signatures are dominated by genes which have been lowly expressed in the tissue of origin, and are the targets of transcription factors that are activated following enhanced Wnt signalling. CONCLUSION We observed that the region-specific cell identity has a substantial effect on the reaction to Wnt activation in a simple intestinal adenoma model. These findings provide a way forward in resolving the distinct biology between left- and right-sided human colon cancers with potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja S Adam
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne M van Neerven
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cayetano Pleguezuelos-Manzano
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Simmini
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research & Development Department at STEMCELL Technologies UK, 7100 Cambridge Research Park, Beach Drive Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Nicolas Léveillé
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E de Groot
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew N Holding
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, 96 Euston Road, Kings Cross, London, NW1 2DB, UK
- University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Florian Markowetz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lang M, Baumgartner M, Rożalska A, Frick A, Riva A, Jarek M, Berry D, Gasche C. Crypt residing bacteria and proximal colonic carcinogenesis in a mouse model of Lynch syndrome. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2316-2326. [PMID: 32350866 PMCID: PMC7496850 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease involving inherited DNA mutations, environmental factors, gut inflammation and intestinal microbiota. Certain germline mutations within the DNA mismatch repair system are associated with Lynch syndrome tumors including right-sided colorectal cancer with mucinous phenotype and presence of an inflammatory infiltrate. Such tumors are more often associated with bacterial biofilms, which may contribute to disease onset and progression. Inflammatory bowel diseases are also associated with colorectal cancer and intestinal dysbiosis. Herein we addressed the question, whether inflammation can aggravate colorectal cancer development under mismatch repair deficiency. MSH2loxP/loxP Vill-cre mice were crossed into the IL-10-/- background to study the importance of inflammation and mucosal bacteria as a driver of tumorigenesis in a Lynch syndrome mouse model. An increase in large bowel tumorigenesis was found in double knockout mice both under conventional housing and under specific pathogen-free conditions. This increase was mostly due to the development of proximal tumors, a hotspot for tumorigenesis in Lynch syndrome, and was associated with a higher degree of inflammation. Additionally, bacterial invasion into the mucus of tumor crypts was observed in the proximal tumors. Inflammation shifted fecal and mucosal microbiota composition and was associated with enrichment in Escherichia-Shigella as well as Akkermansia, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides genera in fecal samples. Tumor-bearing double knockout mice showed a similar enrichment for Escherichia-Shigella and Parabacteroides. Lactobacilli, Lachnospiraceae and Muribaculaceae family members were depleted upon inflammation. In summary, chronic inflammation aggravates colonic tumorigenesis under mismatch repair deficiency and is associated with a shift in microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Maximilian Baumgartner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Aleksandra Rożalska
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Adrian Frick
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alessandra Riva
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial EcologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- The Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Parker TW, Rudeen AJ, Neufeld KL. Oncogenic Serine 45-Deleted β-Catenin Remains Susceptible to Wnt Stimulation and APC Regulation in Human Colonocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082114. [PMID: 32751567 PMCID: PMC7464804 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is deregulated in nearly all colorectal cancers (CRCs), predominantly through mutation of the tumor suppressor Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC). APC mutation is thought to allow a “just-right” amount of Wnt pathway activation by fine-tuning β-catenin levels. While at a much lower frequency, mutations that result in a β-catenin that is compromised for degradation occur in a subset of human CRCs. Here, we investigate whether one such “stabilized” β-catenin responds to regulatory stimuli, thus allowing β-catenin levels conducive for tumor formation. We utilize cells harboring a single mutant allele encoding Ser45-deleted β-catenin (β-catΔS45) to test the effects of Wnt3a treatment or APC-depletion on β-catΔS45 regulation and activity. We find that APC and β-catΔS45 retain interaction with Wnt receptors. Unexpectedly, β-catΔS45 accumulates and activates TOPflash reporter upon Wnt treatment or APC-depletion, but only accumulates in the nucleus upon APC loss. Finally, we find that β-catenin phosphorylation at GSK-3β sites and proteasomal degradation continue to occur in the absence of Ser45. Our results expand the current understanding of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and provide an example of a β-catenin mutation that maintains some ability to respond to Wnt, a possible key to establishing β-catenin activity that is “just-right” for tumorigenesis.
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Nesteruk K, Smits R, Bruno M, Peppelenbosch MP, Fuhler GM. Upregulated β-catenin signaling does not affect survival of pancreatic cancer cells during dual inhibition of GSK3B and HDAC. Pancreatology 2020; 20:558-561. [PMID: 31882353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Nesteruk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Liu P, Liang B, Liu M, Lebbink JH, Li S, Qian M, Lavrijsen M, Peppelenbosch MP, Chen X, Smits R. Oncogenic Mutations in Armadillo Repeats 5 and 6 of β-Catenin Reduce Binding to APC, Increasing Signaling and Transcription of Target Genes. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1029-1043.e10. [PMID: 31857074 PMCID: PMC7179799 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the most commonly deregulated pathways in cancer cells. Amino acid substitutions within armadillo repeats 5 and 6 (K335, W383, and N387) of β-catenin are found in several tumor types, including liver tumors. We investigated the mechanisms by which these substitutions increase signaling and the effects on liver carcinogenesis in mice. METHODS Plasmids encoding tagged full-length β-catenin (CTNNB1) or β-catenin with the K335I or N387K substitutions, along with MET, were injected into tails of FVB/N mice. Tumor growth was monitored, and livers were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Tagged full-length and mutant forms of β-catenin were expressed in HEK293, HCT116, and SNU449 cells, which were analyzed by immunoblots and immunoprecipitation. A panel of β-catenin variants and cell lines with knock-in mutations were analyzed for differences in N-terminal phosphorylation, half-life, and association with other proteins in the signaling pathway. RESULTS Mice injected with plasmids encoding K335I or N387K β-catenin and MET developed larger, more advanced tumors than mice injected with plasmids encoding WT β-catenin and MET. K335I and N387K β-catenin bound APC with lower affinity than WT β-catenin but still interacted with scaffold protein AXIN1 and in the nucleus with TCF7L2. This interaction resulted in increased transcription of genes regulated by β-catenin. Studies of protein structures supported the observed changes in relative binding affinities. CONCLUSION Expression of β-catenin with mutations in armadillo repeats 5 and 6, along with MET, promotes formation of liver tumors in mice. In contrast to N-terminal mutations in β-catenin that directly impair its phosphorylation by GSK3 or binding to BTRC, the K335I or N387K substitutions increase signaling via reduced binding to APC. However, these mutant forms of β-catenin still interact with the TCF family of transcription factors in the nucleus. These findings show how these amino acid substitutions increase β-catenin signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Binyong Liang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Hepatic Surgery Center, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Menggang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiangzhilu Daping, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Joyce H.G. Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Manning Qian
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,The Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Marla Lavrijsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Maikel P. Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Timbergen MJM, Smits R, Grünhagen DJ, Verhoef C, Sleijfer S, Wiemer EAC. Activated Signaling Pathways and Targeted Therapies in Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis: A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2019; 9:397. [PMID: 31165043 PMCID: PMC6534064 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DTF) is a rare, soft tissue tumor of mesenchymal origin which is characterized by local infiltrative growth behavior. Besides “wait and see,” surgery and radiotherapy, several systemic treatments are available for symptomatic patients. Recently, targeted therapies are being explored in DTF. Unfortunately, effective treatment is still hampered by the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that prompt DTF tumorigenesis. Many studies focus on Wnt/β-catenin signaling, since the vast majority of DTF tumors harbor a mutation in the CTNNB1 gene or the APC gene. The established role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in DTF forms an attractive therapeutic target, however, drugs targeting this pathway are still in an experimental stage and not yet available in the clinic. Only few studies address other signaling pathways which can drive uncontrolled growth in DTF such as: JAK/STAT, Notch, PI3 kinase/AKT, mTOR, Hedgehog, and the estrogen growth regulatory pathways. Evidence for involvement of these pathways in DTF tumorigenesis is limited and predominantly based on the expression levels of key pathway genes, or on observed clinical responses after targeted treatment. No clear driver role for these pathways in DTF has been identified, and a rationale for clinical studies is often lacking. In this review, we highlight common signaling pathways active in DTF and provide an up-to-date overview of their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milea J M Timbergen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Grünhagen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik A C Wiemer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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van Neerven SM, Vermeulen L. The interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic Wnt signaling in controlling intestinal transformation. Differentiation 2019; 108:17-23. [PMID: 30799131 PMCID: PMC6717105 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial layer is the fastest renewing tissue in the human body. Due to its incredible turnover rate, the intestine is especially prone to develop cancer, in particular in the colon. Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is characterized by the stepwise accumulation of mutations over time, of which mutations in the tumor suppressor APC are often very early to occur. Generally, mutations in this gene lead to truncated APC proteins that cannot bind to β-catenin to promote its degradation, resulting in a constant overstimulation of the Wnt pathway. The level of intrinsic Wnt activation is dependent on the number of functional β-catenin binding sites remaining within the APC proteins, and the right amount of Wnt signaling is rate-limiting in the formation of polyps. In addition, the intestinal niche provides an extensive spectrum of Wnt ligands, amplifiers and antagonists that locally regulate basal Wnt levels and consequently influence polyp formation propensity. Here we will discuss the crosstalk between transforming epithelial cells and their regional niche in the development of intestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M van Neerven
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, LEXOR, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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10
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Dubbink HJ, Hollink IHIM, Avenca Valente C, Wang W, Liu P, Doukas M, van Noesel MM, Dinjens WNM, Wagner A, Smits R. A novel tissue-based ß-catenin gene and immunohistochemical analysis to exclude familial adenomatous polyposis among children with hepatoblastoma tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e26991. [PMID: 29446530 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of most hepatoblastomas (HBs), that is, up to 60-80% carry activating CTNNB1 mutations. HBs can however also be the first manifestation of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). As this is a severe disease, it is important for the patient and related family members to firmly exclude FAP at an early stage. Current diagnosis largely depends on APC germline mutation detection on genomic DNA, which is associated with 10-20% false-negative results. Here, we establish and validate a tissue-based β-catenin gene and immunohistochemical analysis, which complements germline mutation screening to exclude the diagnosis of FAP among HB patients. METHODS Tumor tissues of 18 HB patients, including three FAP cases were subjected to CTNNB1 exon 3 mutational analysis and immunohistochemistry comparing staining patterns for total and exon 3 specific β-catenin antibodies. RESULTS Our novel tissue-based method reliably identified all three FAP patients. Their tumors were characterized by a wild-type exon 3 sequence and a comparable nuclear staining for both antibodies. In contrast, the non-FAP tumors carried missense CTNNB1 mutations combined with a clearly reduced staining for the exon 3 antibody, or complete loss of staining in case of lesions with exon 3 deletions. CONCLUSION We have successfully established and validated a novel ß-catenin gene and immunohistochemical diagnostic method, which, when combined with routine germline DNA testing, allows the exclusion of the diagnosis of FAP among HB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrikus J Dubbink
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris H I M Hollink
- Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Avenca Valente
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pengyu Liu
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max M van Noesel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Wagner
- Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Garcia MA, Nelson WJ, Chavez N. Cell-Cell Junctions Organize Structural and Signaling Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029181. [PMID: 28600395 PMCID: PMC5773398 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions link cells to each other in tissues, and regulate tissue homeostasis in critical cell processes that include tissue barrier function, cell proliferation, and migration. Defects in cell-cell junctions give rise to a wide range of tissue abnormalities that disrupt homeostasis and are common in genetic abnormalities and cancers. Here, we discuss the organization and function of cell-cell junctions primarily involved in adhesion (tight junction, adherens junction, and desmosomes) in two different epithelial tissues: a simple epithelium (intestine) and a stratified epithelium (epidermis). Studies in these tissues reveal similarities and differences in the organization and functions of different cell-cell junctions that meet the requirements for the specialized functions of each tissue. We discuss cell-cell junction responses to genetic and environmental perturbations that provide further insights into their roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Garcia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Natalie Chavez
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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12
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Albuquerque C, Pebre Pereira L. Wnt Signalling-Targeted Therapy in the CMS2 Tumour Subtype: A New Paradigm in CRC Treatment? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1110:75-100. [PMID: 30623367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02771-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRC) belonging to the consensus molecular subtype 2 (CMS2) have the highest incidence rate, affect mainly the distal colon and rectum, and are characterized by marked Wnt/β-catenin/Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 (TCF7L2) pathway activation and also by activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling. Despite having the highest overall survival, CMS2 tumours are often diagnosed at stage III when an adjuvant chemotherapy-based regimen is recommended. Nevertheless, colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) and circulating tumour cells may still evade the current therapeutic options and metastasize, stressing the need to develop more tailored therapeutic strategies. For example, activation of EGFR signalling is being used as a target for tailored therapy, however, therapy resistance is frequently observed. Therefore, targeting the Wnt signalling axis represents an additional therapeutic strategy, considering that CMS2 tumours are "Wnt-addicted". Several efforts have been made to identify Wnt antagonists, either of synthetic or natural origin. However, an inverse gradient of Wnt/β-catenin/TCF7L2 signalling activity during CRC progression has been suggested, with early stage and metastatic tumours displaying high and low Wnt signalling activities, respectively, which lead us to revisit the "just-right" signalling model. This may pinpoint the use of Wnt signalling agonists instead of antagonists for treatment of metastatic stages, in a context-dependent fashion. Moreover, the poor immunogenicity of these tumours challenges the use of recently emerged immunotherapies. This chapter makes a journey about CMS2 tumour characterization, their conventional treatment, and how modulation of Wnt signalling or immune response may be applied to CRC therapy. It describes the newest findings in this field and indicates where more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Albuquerque
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Pebre Pereira
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
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Gansmo LB, Vatten L, Romundstad P, Hveem K, Ryan BM, Harris CC, Knappskog S, Lønning PE. Associations between the MDM2 promoter P1 polymorphism del1518 (rs3730485) and incidence of cancer of the breast, lung, colon and prostate. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28637-46. [PMID: 27081698 PMCID: PMC5053751 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM2 promoter region contains several polymorphisms, some of which have been associated with MDM2 expression, cancer risk and age at cancer onset. del1518 (rs3730485) is an indel polymorphism residing in the MDM2 promoter P1 and is in almost complete linkage disequilibrium with the MDM2 promoter P2 polymorphism SNP309T>G (rs2279744). Cancer risk assessments of del1518 have previously been conducted in relatively small Chinese populations only. In this study we assessed the genotype distribution of del1518 among healthy Caucasians, African Americans and Chinese, and we estimated the Odds Ratios (OR) for incident cancer of the breast, colon, lung and prostate (n=7,081) as compared to controls (n=3,749) in a large Caucasian (Norwegian) cohort.We found the genotypes of the del1518 to vary significantly between healthy Caucasians, African-Americans and Chinese (p< 1×10-5). Further, we found a positive association of the del1518 del-allele with risk of colon cancer (dominant model: OR = 1.15; 95 % CI = 1.01 - 1.31). Stratifying according to SNP309 status, this association remained among carriers of the SNP309TG genotype (OR = 1.21; 95 % CI = 1.01 - 1.46), but with no clear association among carriers of the SNP309TT genotype. In conclusion, our findings suggest del1518 to be associated with increased risk of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv B Gansmo
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bríd M Ryan
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per E Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Abstract
Recently, several lines of evidence that indicate a strong link between the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and aspects of the gut microbiota have become apparent. However, it remains unclear how changes in the gut microbiota might influence carcinogenesis or how regional organization of the gut might influence the microbiota. In this review, we discuss several leading theories that connect gut microbial dysbiosis with CRC and set this against a backdrop of what is known about proximal-distal gut physiology and the pathways of CRC development and progression. Finally, we discuss the potential for gut microbial modulation therapies, for example, probiotics, antibiotics, and others, to target and improve gut microbial dysbiosis as a strategy for the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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15
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Wang W, Pan Q, Fuhler GM, Smits R, Peppelenbosch MP. Action and function of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the progression from chronic hepatitis C to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:419-431. [PMID: 28035485 PMCID: PMC5357489 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide but the mechanistic basis as to how chronic HCV infection furthers the HCC process remains only poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that HCV core and nonstructural proteins provoke activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and the evidence supporting a role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the onset and progression of HCC is compelling. Convincing molecular explanations as to how expression of viral effectors translates into increased activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling machinery are still largely lacking, hampering the design of rational strategies aimed at preventing HCC. Furthermore, how such increased signaling is especially associated with HCC oncogenesis in the context of HCV infection remains obscure as well. Here we review the body of contemporary biomedical knowledge on the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the progression from chronic hepatitis C to cirrhosis and HCC and explore potential hypotheses as to the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M. Fuhler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maikel P. Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, ’s Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Rebouissou S, Franconi A, Calderaro J, Letouzé E, Imbeaud S, Pilati C, Nault JC, Couchy G, Laurent A, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, Zucman-Rossi J. Genotype-phenotype correlation of CTNNB1 mutations reveals different ß-catenin activity associated with liver tumor progression. Hepatology 2016; 64:2047-2061. [PMID: 27177928 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CTNNB1 mutations activating ß-catenin are frequent somatic events in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adenoma (HCA), particularly associated with a risk of malignant transformation. We aimed to understand the relationship between CTNNB1 mutation types, tumor phenotype, and level of ß-catenin activation in malignant transformation. To this purpose, CTNNB1 mutation spectrum was analyzed in 220 HCAs, 373 HCCs, and 17 borderline HCA/HCC lesions. ß-catenin activation level was assessed in tumors by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC), in cellulo by TOP-Flash assay. Overall, ß-catenin activity was higher in malignant mutated tumors, compared to adenomas, and this was related to a different spectrum of CTNNB1 mutations in HCCs and HCAs. In benign tumors, we defined three levels of ß-catenin activation related to specific mutations: (1) S45, K335, and N387 mutations led to weak activation; (2) T41 mutations were related to moderate activity; and (3) highly active mutations included exon 3 deletions and amino acid substitutions within the ß-TRCP binding site (D32-S37). Accordingly, in vitro, K335I and N387K mutants showed a lower activity than S33C. Tumors with highly active mutations demonstrated strong/homogeneous glutamine synthase (GS) staining and were associated with malignancy. In contrast, weak mutants demonstrated heterogeneous pattern of GS staining and were more frequent in HCAs except for the S45 mutants identified similarly in 20% of mutated HCAs and HCCs; however, in most of the HCCs, the weak S45 mutant alleles were duplicated, resulting in a final high ß-catenin activity. CONCLUSION High ß-catenin activity driven by specific CTNNB1 mutations and S45 allele duplication is associated with malignant transformation. Consequently, HCAs with S45 and all high/moderate mutants should be identified with precise IHC criteria or mutation screening. (Hepatology 2016;64:2047-2061).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rebouissou
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Andrea Franconi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Public Hospitals of Paris, Department of Pathology, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Camilla Pilati
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Public Hospitals of Paris, University hospital of Paris-Seine Saint-Denis, Site Jean Verdier, Cancerology unit, Department of Hepatology, Bondy, France
| | - Gabrielle Couchy
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Public Hospitals of Paris, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955 Henri Mondor Hospital University of Paris-Est Créteil, France
| | - Charles Balabaud
- Inserm, UMR-1053, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Inserm, UMR-1053, Bordeaux, France.,University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Hospital of Bordeaux, Pellegrin Hospital, Department of Pathology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMR-1162, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Labex Immuno-oncology, Paris, France.,University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, University Institute of Hematology, Paris, France.,University of Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Saint-Denis, France.,Public Hospitals of Paris, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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17
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Wang W, Xu L, Liu P, Jairam K, Yin Y, Chen K, Sprengers D, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q, Smits R. Blocking Wnt Secretion Reduces Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Mostly Independent of β-Catenin Signaling. Neoplasia 2016; 18:711-723. [PMID: 27851986 PMCID: PMC5110474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a key role in the onset and development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), with about half of them acquiring mutations in either CTNNB1 or AXIN1. However, it remains unclear whether these mutations impose sufficient β-catenin signaling or require upstream Wnt ligand activation for sustaining optimal growth, as previously suggested for colorectal cancers. Using a panel of nine HCC cell lines, we show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of β-catenin impairs growth of all these lines. Blocking Wnt secretion, by either treatment with the IWP12 porcupine inhibitor or knockdown of WLS, reduces growth of most of the lines. Unexpectedly, interfering with Wnt secretion does not clearly affect the level of β-catenin signaling in the majority of lines, suggesting that other mechanisms underlie the growth-suppressive effect. However, IWP12 treatment did not induce autophagy or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which may have resulted from the accumulation of Wnt ligands within the ER. Similar results were observed for colorectal cancer cell lines used for comparison in various assays. These results suggest that most colorectal and liver cancers with mutations in components of the β-catenin degradation complex do not strongly rely on extracellular Wnt ligand exposure to support optimal growth. In addition, our results also suggest that blocking Wnt secretion may aid in tumor suppression through alternative routes currently unappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pengyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kiran Jairam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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MDM2 promoter SNP55 (rs2870820) affects risk of colon cancer but not breast-, lung-, or prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33153. [PMID: 27624283 PMCID: PMC5022009 DOI: 10.1038/srep33153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two functional SNPs (SNP285G > C; rs117039649 and SNP309T > G; rs2279744) have previously been reported to modulate Sp1 transcription factor binding to the promoter of the proto-oncogene MDM2, and to influence cancer risk. Recently, a third SNP (SNP55C > T; rs2870820) was also reported to affect Sp1 binding and MDM2 transcription. In this large population based case-control study, we genotyped MDM2 SNP55 in 10,779 Caucasian individuals, previously genotyped for SNP309 and SNP285, including cases of colon (n = 1,524), lung (n = 1,323), breast (n = 1,709) and prostate cancer (n = 2,488) and 3,735 non-cancer controls, as well as 299 healthy African-Americans. Applying the dominant model, we found an elevated risk of colon cancer among individuals harbouring SNP55TT/CT genotypes compared to the SNP55CC genotype (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01-1.30). The risk was found to be highest for left-sided colon cancer (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00-1.45) and among females (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.01-1.74). Assessing combined genotypes, we found the highest risk of colon cancer among individuals harbouring the SNP55TT or CT together with the SNP309TG genotype (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.00-1.46). Supporting the conclusions from the risk estimates, we found colon cancer cases carrying the SNP55TT/CT genotypes to be diagnosed at younger age as compared to SNP55CC (p = 0.053), in particular among patients carrying the SNP309TG/TT genotypes (p = 0.009).
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19
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Silva P, Albuquerque C, Lage P, Fontes V, Fonseca R, Vitoriano I, Filipe B, Rodrigues P, Moita S, Ferreira S, Sousa R, Claro I, Nobre Leitão C, Chaves P, Dias Pereira A. Serrated polyposis associated with a family history of colorectal cancer and/or polyps: The preferential location of polyps in the colon and rectum defines two molecular entities. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:687-702. [PMID: 27430658 PMCID: PMC4990292 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serrated polyposis (SPP) is characterized by the development of multiple serrated polyps and an increased predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, we aimed to characterize, at a clinical and molecular level, a cohort of SPP patients with or without a family history of SPP and/or polyps/CRC (SPP-FHP/CRC). Sixty-two lesions from 12 patients with SPP-FHP/CRC and 6 patients with sporadic SPP were included. The patients with SPP-FHP/CRC presented with an older mean age at diagnosis (p=0.027) and a more heterogeneous histological pattern of lesions (p=0.032) than the patients with sporadic SPP. We identified two molecular forms of SPP-FHP/CRC, according to the preferential location of the lesions: proximal/whole-colon or distal colon. Mismatch repair (MMR) gene methylation [mutS homolog 6 (MSH6)/mutS homolog 3 (MSH3)] or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of D2S123 (flanking MSH6) were detected exclusively in the former (p=3.0×10−7), in most early lesions. Proximal/whole-colon SPP-FHP/CRC presented a higher frequency of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation/LOH, microsatel-lite instability (MSI) and Wnt mutations (19/29 vs. 7/17; 16/23 vs. 1/14, p=2.2×10−4; 15/26 vs. 2/15, p=0.006; 14/26 vs. 4/20, p=0.02) but a lower frequency of B-raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) mutations (7/30 vs. 12/20, p=0.0089) than the distal form. CRC was more frequent in cases of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-associated proximal/whole-colon SPP-FHP/CRC than in the remaining cases (4/4 vs. 1/8, p=0.01). Thus, SPP-FHP/CRC appears to be a specific entity, presenting two forms, proximal/whole-colon and distal, which differ in the underlying tumor initiation pathways. Early MGMT and MMR gene deficiency in the former may underlie an inherited susceptibility to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Silva
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Albuquerque
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Lage
- Gastroenterology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Fontes
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fonseca
- Pathology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Vitoriano
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Filipe
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Familial Cancer Risk Clinic, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Moita
- Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Ferreira
- Gastroenterology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Sousa
- Gastroenterology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Claro
- Gastroenterology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Nobre Leitão
- Gastroenterology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Chaves
- Pathology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Dias Pereira
- Gastroenterology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Lisbon Francisco Gentil, E.P.E. (IPOLFG, EPE), Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Construction and Experimental Validation of a Petri Net Model of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155743. [PMID: 27218469 PMCID: PMC4878796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is important for multiple developmental processes and tissue maintenance in adults. Consequently, deregulated signaling is involved in a range of human diseases including cancer and developmental defects. A better understanding of the intricate regulatory mechanism and effect of physiological (active) and pathophysiological (hyperactive) WNT signaling is important for predicting treatment response and developing novel therapies. The constitutively expressed CTNNB1 (commonly and hereafter referred to as β-catenin) is degraded by a destruction complex, composed of amongst others AXIN1 and GSK3. The destruction complex is inhibited during active WNT signaling, leading to β-catenin stabilization and induction of β-catenin/TCF target genes. In this study we investigated the mechanism and effect of β-catenin stabilization during active and hyperactive WNT signaling in a combined in silico and in vitro approach. We constructed a Petri net model of Wnt/β-catenin signaling including main players from the plasma membrane (WNT ligands and receptors), cytoplasmic effectors and the downstream negative feedback target gene AXIN2. We validated that our model can be used to simulate both active (WNT stimulation) and hyperactive (GSK3 inhibition) signaling by comparing our simulation and experimental data. We used this experimentally validated model to get further insights into the effect of the negative feedback regulator AXIN2 upon WNT stimulation and observed an attenuated β-catenin stabilization. We furthermore simulated the effect of APC inactivating mutations, yielding a stabilization of β-catenin levels comparable to the Wnt-pathway activities observed in colorectal and breast cancer. Our model can be used for further investigation and viable predictions of the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in oncogenesis and development.
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21
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Huisman SA, Bijman-Lagcher W, IJzermans JNM, Smits R, de Bruin RWF. Fasting protects against the side effects of irinotecan but preserves its anti-tumor effect in Apc15lox mutant mice. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2333-9. [PMID: 25955194 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1044170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan is a widely used topoisomerase-I-inhibitor with a very narrow therapeutic window because of its severe toxicity. In the current study we have examined the effects of fasting prior to irinotecan treatment on toxicity and anti-tumor activity. FabplCre;Apc(15lox/+) mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal tumors, of 27 weeks of age were randomized into 3-day fasted and ad libitum fed groups, followed by treatment with a flat-fixed high dose of irinotecan or vehicle. Side-effects were recorded until 11 days after the start of the experiment. Tumor size, and markers for cell-cycle activity, proliferation, angiogenesis, and senescence were measured. Fasted mice were protected against the side-effects of irinotecan treatment. Ad libitum fed mice developed visible signs of discomfort including weight loss, lower activity, ruffled coat, hunched-back posture, diarrhea, and leukopenia. Irinotecan reduced tumor size in fasted and ad libitum fed groups similarly compared to untreated controls (2.4 ± 0.67 mm and 2.4 ± 0.82 mm versus 3.0 ± 1.05 mm and 2.8 ± 1.08 mm respectively, P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis showed reduced proliferation, a reduced number of vascular endothelial cells, and increased levels of senescence in tumors of both irinotecan treated groups. In conclusion, 3 days of fasting protects against the toxic side-effects of irinotecan in a clinically relevant mouse model of spontaneously developing colorectal cancer without affecting its anti-tumor activity. These results support fasting as a powerful way to improve treatment of colorectal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A Huisman
- a Department of Surgery ; Erasmus University Medical Center ; Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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22
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Gansmo LB, Knappskog S, Romundstad P, Hveem K, Vatten L, Lønning PE. Influence of
MDM2
SNP309 and SNP285 status on the risk of cancer in the breast, prostate, lung and colon. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:96-103. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liv B. Gansmo
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergen Norway
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University HospitalBergen Norway
| | - Stian Knappskog
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergen Norway
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University HospitalBergen Norway
| | - Pål Romundstad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim Norway
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim Norway
| | - Lars Vatten
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of MedicineNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim Norway
| | - Per E. Lønning
- Section of Oncology, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergen Norway
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University HospitalBergen Norway
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23
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Wnt secretion is required to maintain high levels of Wnt activity in colon cancer cells. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2610. [PMID: 24162018 PMCID: PMC3826636 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has an important role during the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, with over 90% of cases of sporadic colon cancer featuring mutations in APC or β-catenin. However, it has remained a point of controversy whether these mutations are sufficient to activate the pathway or require additional upstream signals. Here we show that colorectal tumours express elevated levels of Wnt3 and Evi/Wls/GPR177. We found that in colon cancer cells, even in the presence of mutations in APC or β-catenin, downstream signalling remains responsive to Wnt ligands and receptor proximal signalling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that truncated APC proteins bind β-catenin and key components of the destruction complex. These results indicate that cells with mutations in APC or β-catenin depend on Wnt ligands and their secretion for a sufficient level of β-catenin signalling, which potentially opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions by targeting Wnt secretion via Evi/Wls. Activating mutations in the Wnt signalling pathway are associated with colon cancer. Here the authors show that tumour cells carrying mutations in APC and β-catenin are still regulated by Wnt ligands, suggesting that Wnt secretion and receptor signalling remains important to control downstream signalling.
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Bruun J, Kolberg M, Nesland JM, Svindland A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, and SOX9 in Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large Population-Representative Series. Front Oncol 2014; 4:118. [PMID: 24904831 PMCID: PMC4033250 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers that can precisely stratify patients according to treatment needs are in great demand. The literature is inconclusive for most reported prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, adequately reported studies in large representative series are necessary to determine their clinical potential. We investigated the prognostic value of three Wnt signaling-associated proteins, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and SOX9, in a population-representative single-hospital series of 1290 Norwegian CRC patients by performing immunohistochemical analyses of each marker using the tissue microarray technology. Loss of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and loss of cytosolic E-cadherin protein expression were significantly associated with reduced 5-year survival in 903 patients who underwent major resection (722 evaluable tissue cores) independently of standard clinicopathological high-risk parameters. Pre-specified subgroup analyses demonstrated particular effect for stage IV patients for β-catenin membrane staining (P = 0.018; formal interaction test P = 0.025). Among those who underwent complete resection (714 patients, 568 evaluable), 5-year time-to-recurrence analyses were performed, and stage II patients with loss of cytosolic E-cadherin were identified as an independent high-risk subgroup (P = 0.020, formal interaction test was not significant). Nuclear β-catenin and SOX9 protein, regardless of intracellular location, were not associated with prognosis. In conclusion, the protein expression level of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin predicts CRC patient subgroups with inferior prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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25
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Bruun J, Kolberg M, Nesland JM, Svindland A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, and SOX9 in Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large Population-Representative Series. Front Oncol 2014; 222:1-15. [PMID: 24904831 DOI: 10.1002/path.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers that can precisely stratify patients according to treatment needs are in great demand. The literature is inconclusive for most reported prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, adequately reported studies in large representative series are necessary to determine their clinical potential. We investigated the prognostic value of three Wnt signaling-associated proteins, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and SOX9, in a population-representative single-hospital series of 1290 Norwegian CRC patients by performing immunohistochemical analyses of each marker using the tissue microarray technology. Loss of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and loss of cytosolic E-cadherin protein expression were significantly associated with reduced 5-year survival in 903 patients who underwent major resection (722 evaluable tissue cores) independently of standard clinicopathological high-risk parameters. Pre-specified subgroup analyses demonstrated particular effect for stage IV patients for β-catenin membrane staining (P = 0.018; formal interaction test P = 0.025). Among those who underwent complete resection (714 patients, 568 evaluable), 5-year time-to-recurrence analyses were performed, and stage II patients with loss of cytosolic E-cadherin were identified as an independent high-risk subgroup (P = 0.020, formal interaction test was not significant). Nuclear β-catenin and SOX9 protein, regardless of intracellular location, were not associated with prognosis. In conclusion, the protein expression level of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin predicts CRC patient subgroups with inferior prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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26
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Christie M, Jorissen RN, Mouradov D, Sakthianandeswaren A, Li S, Day F, Tsui C, Lipton L, Desai J, Jones IT, McLaughlin S, Ward RL, Hawkins NJ, Ruszkiewicz AR, Moore J, Burgess AW, Busam D, Zhao Q, Strausberg RL, Simpson AJ, Tomlinson IPM, Gibbs P, Sieber OM. Different APC genotypes in proximal and distal sporadic colorectal cancers suggest distinct WNT/β-catenin signalling thresholds for tumourigenesis. Oncogene 2013; 32:4675-82. [PMID: 23085758 PMCID: PMC3787794 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biallelic protein-truncating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are prevalent in sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). Mutations may not be fully inactivating, instead producing WNT/β-catenin signalling levels 'just-right' for tumourigenesis. However, the spectrum of optimal APC genotypes accounting for both hits, and the influence of clinicopathological features on genotype selection remain undefined. We analysed 630 sporadic CRCs for APC mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using sequencing and single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays, respectively. Truncating APC mutations and/or LOH were detected in 75% of CRCs. Most truncating mutations occurred within a mutation cluster region (MCR; codons 1282-1581) leaving 1-3 intact 20 amino-acid repeats (20AARs) and abolishing all Ser-Ala-Met-Pro (SAMP) repeats. Cancers commonly had one MCR mutation plus either LOH or another mutation 5' to the MCR. LOH was associated with mutations leaving 1 intact 20AAR. MCR mutations leaving 1 vs 2-3 intact 20AARs were associated with 5' mutations disrupting or leaving intact the armadillo-repeat domain, respectively. Cancers with three hits had an over-representation of mutations upstream of codon 184, in the alternatively spliced region of exon 9, and 3' to the MCR. Microsatellite unstable cancers showed hyper-mutation at MCR mono- and di-nucleotide repeats, leaving 2-3 intact 20AARs. Proximal and distal cancers exhibited different preferred APC genotypes, leaving a total of 2 or 3 and 0 to 2 intact 20AARs, respectively. In conclusion, APC genotypes in sporadic CRCs demonstrate 'fine-tuned' interdependence of hits by type and location, consistent with selection for particular residual levels of WNT/β-catenin signalling, with different 'optimal' thresholds for proximal and distal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christie
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - R N Jorissen
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Mouradov
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Sakthianandeswaren
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Li
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - F Day
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Tsui
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Lipton
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Desai
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - I T Jones
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - S McLaughlin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western Hospital, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - R L Ward
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N J Hawkins
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A R Ruszkiewicz
- Pathology Department, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Moore
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A W Burgess
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Busam
- J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Q Zhao
- J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - R L Strausberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory for Cancer Biology and Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, New York, NY, USA
| | - A J Simpson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory for Cancer Biology and Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, New York, NY, USA
| | - I P M Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX, UK
| | - P Gibbs
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - O M Sieber
- Ludwig Colon Cancer Initiative Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Yang T, Owen JL, Lightfoot YL, Kladde MP, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbiota impact on the epigenetic regulation of colorectal cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:714-25. [PMID: 24051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) development can be generally divided into three categories: genetic, epigenetic, and aberrant immunologic signaling pathways, all of which may be triggered by an imbalanced intestinal microbiota. Aberrant gut microbial composition, termed 'dysbiosis', has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease patients who are at increased risk for CRC development. Recent studies indicate that it is feasible to rescue experimental models of colonic cancer by oral treatment with genetically engineered beneficial bacteria and/or their immune-regulating gene products. Here, we review the mechanisms of epigenetic modulation implicated in the development and progression of CRC, which may be the result of dysbiosis, and therefore may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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Krzystek-Korpacka M, Diakowska D, Grabowski K, Gamian A. Tumor location determines midkine level and its association with the disease progression in colorectal cancer patients: a pilot study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:1319-24. [PMID: 22562257 PMCID: PMC3449055 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate midkine, multipotential cytokine, and growth factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) stratified by tumor location. METHODS Midkine was assessed immunoenzymatically in paired cancerous and noncancerous tissues from 53 CRCs and referred to CRC stage, tumor location, and size, and circulating cytokine levels. RESULTS Midkine was higher in cancerous versus noncancerous tissue in 98 % cases (424.2 vs. 31.1 pg/mg, p < 0.0001). Mean fold increase was 30.1; in 72.5 %, the relative increase was over fivefold. Midkine upregulation was more pronounced in colon than in rectum (fold increase: 36.6 vs. 12.7, p = 0.005) due to higher midkine level in noncancerous rectal than colonic tissue (45.5 vs. 26.2 pg/mg, p = 0.074). Tumor location affected midkine association with CRC stage. Midkine fold change was higher in advanced stages of rectal cancers (16.8 vs. 5.3, respectively in III/IV vs. I/II, p = 0.013), while it tended to be lower in colonic ones (25.3 vs. 47.8, p = 0.134). In addition, fold change in midkine level was higher in rectal N1 than N0 cancers (17.3 vs. 16.5, p = 0.032), while it tended to be lower in colonic cancers (23.6 vs. 50.1, p = 0.085). Midkine negatively correlated with tumor size (r = 0.40, p = 0.017), while it tended to positively correlate with its serum levels (r = 0.45, p = 0.081). CONCLUSIONS Midkine is differently expressed in tumors arising from colonic and rectal mucosa, where it may play diverse roles in carcinogenesis. High midkine expression in noncancerous rectal mucosa might contribute to, a characteristic for rectal cancers, higher incidence of local recurrence. Divergent expression of midkine and its association pattern ought to be taken into account while designing midkine-directed therapies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Diakowska
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grabowski
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland ,Wroclaw Research Center EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
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