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Wishahi M. Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer and de novo neuroendocrine prostate cancer: Identification, prognosis and survival, genetic and epigenetic factors. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:2143-2146. [PMID: 38808339 PMCID: PMC11129135 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i13.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) shows an aggressive behavior compared to prostate cancer (PCa), also known as prostate adenocarcinoma. Scanty foci in PCa can harbor genetic alternation that can arise in a heterogeneity of prostate cancer. NEPC may arise de novo or develop following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). NEPC that arise following ADT has the nomenclature "treatment-emerging/induced NEPC (t-NEPC)". t-NEPC would be anticipated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and metastatic PCa. t-NEPC is characterized by low or absent androgen receptor (AR) expression, independence of AR signaling, and gain of neuroendocrine phenotype. t-NEPC is an aggressive metastatic tumor, develops from PCa in response to drug induced ADT, and shows very short response to conventional therapy. t-NEPC occurs in 10%-17% of patients with CRPC. De novo NEPC is rare and is accounting for less than 2% of all PCa. The molecular mechanisms underlying the trans-differentiation from CRPC to t-NEPC are not fully elucidated. Sphingosine kinase 1 plays a significant role in t-NEPC development. Although neuroendocrine markers: Synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and insulinoma associated protein 1 (INSM1) are expressed in t-NEPC, they are non-specific for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of therapy. t-NEPC shows enriched genomic alteration in tumor protein P53 (TP53) and retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). There are evidences suggest that t-NEPC might develop through epigenetic evolution. There are genomic, epigenetic, and transcriptional alterations that are reported to be involved in development of t-NEPC. Knock-outs of TP53 and RB1 were found to contribute in development of t-NEPC. PCa is resistant to immunotherapy, and at present there are running trials to approach immunotherapy for PCa, CRPC, and t-NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Wishahi
- Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo 12411, Egypt
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Fakhralddin SS, Ali RM, Abdullah AM, Faraj FM, Hussein DM, Mohammed SH, Abdalla BA, Kakamad FH, Rahim HM. Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the prostate: A case report and mini‑review of the literature. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2023; 3:60. [PMID: 38222251 PMCID: PMC10784873 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma (PGCC) is an exceptionally uncommon form of prostate adenocarcinoma. It consists of unusually large and irregular cells with varied nuclei. The present study describes a rare case of prostatic PGCC. A 65-year-old male patient presented to the urology clinic with severe dysuria, nocturia, and frequent, urgent, and difficult urination for a period of 3 months. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large pelvic mass. A prostate biopsy was performed, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed positivity for the pan-epithelial markers, AE1/AE3, alpha-methyl acyl-CoA racemase, and focally for sphingolipid activator protein-2. While waiting for his pathology report, the patient's condition deteriorated, and he was diagnosed with intestinal obstruction. The patient underwent laparotomy and end colostomy. Later, he developed severe sepsis and wound dehiscence. After 2 weeks, the patient succumbed due to multiorgan failure. Prostatic PGCC cases are frequently associated with previous chemo-, hormone, or radiation therapy. Prior to the diagnosis of PGCC, it is critical to rule out urothelial carcinoma. Early recognition of this rare condition can lead to more effective therapy. Prostatic PGCC is extremely rare. Immunohistochemistry for prostatic markers, such as prostate-specific membrane antigen, prostate-specific antigen, NK3 homeobox 1 and androgen receptor, can be used to confirm its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Salih Fakhralddin
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Sulaimaniyah Surgical Teaching Hospital, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Rawa M. Ali
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Ari M. Abdullah
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Sulaimaniyah Surgical Teaching Hospital, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Farman Mohammed Faraj
- Sulaimaniyah Surgical Teaching Hospital, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Dlsoz M. Hussein
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Shvan H. Mohammed
- Kscien Organization, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Berun A. Abdalla
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Kscien Organization, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Fahmi H. Kakamad
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Kscien Organization, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
| | - Hawbash M. Rahim
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Smart Health Tower, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Kscien Organization, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Human Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan 46001, Iraq
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3
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Oseni SO, Naar C, Pavlović M, Asghar W, Hartmann JX, Fields GB, Esiobu N, Kumi-Diaka J. The Molecular Basis and Clinical Consequences of Chronic Inflammation in Prostatic Diseases: Prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, and Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3110. [PMID: 37370720 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is now recognized as one of the major risk factors and molecular hallmarks of chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which chronic inflammation signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of these prostate diseases are poorly understood. Previous efforts to therapeutically target the upstream (e.g., TLRs and IL1-Rs) and downstream (e.g., NF-κB subunits and cytokines) inflammatory signaling molecules in people with these conditions have been clinically ambiguous and unsatisfactory, hence fostering the recent paradigm shift towards unraveling and understanding the functional roles and clinical significance of the novel and relatively underexplored inflammatory molecules and pathways that could become potential therapeutic targets in managing prostatic diseases. In this review article, we exclusively discuss the causal and molecular drivers of prostatitis, BPH, and prostate tumorigenesis, as well as the potential impacts of microbiome dysbiosis and chronic inflammation in promoting prostate pathologies. We specifically focus on the importance of some of the underexplored druggable inflammatory molecules, by discussing how their aberrant signaling could promote prostate cancer (PCa) stemness, neuroendocrine differentiation, castration resistance, metabolic reprogramming, and immunosuppression. The potential contribution of the IL1R-TLR-IRAK-NF-κBs signaling molecules and NLR/inflammasomes in prostate pathologies, as well as the prospective benefits of selectively targeting the midstream molecules in the various inflammatory cascades, are also discussed. Though this review concentrates more on PCa, we envision that the information could be applied to other prostate diseases. In conclusion, we have underlined the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that may need to be targeted and/or further investigated to better understand the association between chronic inflammation and prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheed Oluwasina Oseni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Corey Naar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Mirjana Pavlović
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - James X Hartmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and I-HEALTH, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Nwadiuto Esiobu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - James Kumi-Diaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Shen Q, Liu Y, Deng X, Hu CD. PRMT5 promotes chemotherapy-induced neuroendocrine differentiation in NSCLC. Thorac Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37140020 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to therapeutic treatments, cancer cells can exhibit a variety of resistance phenotypes including neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). NED is a process by which cancer cells can transdifferentiate into neuroendocrine-like cells in response to treatments, and is now widely accepted as a key mechanism of acquired therapy resistance. Recent clinical evidence has suggested that non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can also transform into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in patients treated with EGFR inhibitors. However, whether chemotherapy induces NED to confer therapy resistance in NSCLC remains unknown. METHODS We evaluated whether NSCLC cells can undergo NED in response to chemotherapeutic agents etoposide and cisplatin. By Knock-down of PRMT5 or pharmacological inhibition of PRMT5 to identify its role in the NED process. RESULTS We observed that both etoposide and cisplatin can induce NED in multiple NSCLC cell lines. Mechanistically, we identified protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a critical mediator of chemotherapy-induced NED. Significantly, the knock-down of PRMT5 or pharmacological inhibition of PRMT5 suppressed the induction of NED and increased the sensitivity to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that targeting PRMT5 may be explored as a chemosensitization approach by inhibiting chemotherapy-induced NED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, China
| | - Xuehong Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chang-Deng Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Bilé-Silva A, Lopez-Beltran A, Rasteiro H, Vau N, Blanca A, Gomez E, Gaspar F, Cheng L. Pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the prostate: clinicopathologic analysis and oncological outcomes. Virchows Arch 2023; 482:493-505. [PMID: 36600115 PMCID: PMC10033474 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-022-03481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the clinicopathologic features of 27 pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma (PGCC) cases of the prostate identified in 20 patients with an age range of 51 to 84 years (68 ± 9; median 71 years). Charlson comorbidity index ranged from 3 to 12. Serum PSA ranged from 4.30 to 662 ng/mL (median 13 ng/mL). On histologic examination, bizarre giant cells with pleomorphic nuclei characterized pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma of the prostate. PGCC component was present in 5% to 100%, with half of the patients presenting with ≥ 20%. Half of the patients initially presented with T4 and 26% with T3 disease. All patients were considered Gleason scores of 9 to 10 (ISUP grade 5). A combination of hormone therapy with chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy was applied in 68% of patients. On follow-up, 14 patients (52%) were alive with disease (1-69 months) or dead of disease (1-38 months). Patients diagnosed earlier with lower TNM stage had longer survival than those diagnosed at a later T-stage or with metastatic disease (p = 0.02). The percentage of PGCC was not related to survival in the current study. Molecular alterations in 3 samples showed a microsatellite-stable disease with low tumor mutation burden and variable PTEN, PTCH1, KDM6A, ARv7, and PIK3CA loss/alteration, TP53 mutation, TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, and MYC, PIK3CB, RICTOR, or IRS2 amplification. Our findings suggest that PGCC is a rare and aggressive subtype of prostate carcinoma whose recognition may steer clinicians to adopt more aggressive treatments and investigate new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Bilé-Silva
- Urology Department, Egas Moniz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Pathology Department, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Henrique Rasteiro
- Pathology Department, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vau
- Medical Oncology, Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Blanca
- Department of Urology, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Enrique Gomez
- Department of Urology, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Frederico Gaspar
- Urology Department, Egas Moniz Hospital, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Zhao X, Zhou T, Wang Y, Bao M, Ni C, Ding L, Sun S, Dong H, Li J, Liang C. Trigred motif 36 regulates neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer via HK2 ubiquitination and GPx4 deficiency. Cancer Sci 2023. [PMID: 36799474 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), the most lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa), may evolve from the neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of PCa cells. However, the molecular mechanism that triggers NED is unknown. Trigred motif 36 (TRIM36), a member of the TRIM protein family, exhibits oncogenic or anti-oncogenic roles in various cancers. We have previously reported that TRIM36 is highly expressed to inhibit the invasion and proliferation of PCa. In the present study, we first found that TRIM36 was lowly expressed in NEPC and its overexpression suppressed the NED of PCa. Next, based on proteomic analysis, we found that TRIM36 inhibited the glycolysis pathway through suppressing hexokinase 2 (HK2), a crucial glycolytic enzyme catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. TRIM36 specifically bound to HK2 through lysine 48 (lys48)-mediated ubiquitination of HK2. Moreover, TRIM36-mediated ubiquitination degradation of HK2 downregulated the level of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), a process that contributed to ferroptosis. In conclusion, TRIM36 can inhibit glycolysis via lys48-mediated HK2 ubiquitination to reduce GPX4 expression and activate ferroptosis, thereby inhibiting the NED in PCa. Targeting TRIM36 might be a promising approach to retard NED and treat NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusong Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianren Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiling Bao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ni
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengjie Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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7
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Pawar JS, Al-Amin MY, Hu CD. JNJ-64619178 radiosensitizes and suppresses fractionated ionizing radiation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1126482. [PMID: 36959798 PMCID: PMC10028149 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation therapy (RT) is a standard treatment regimen for locally advanced prostate cancer; however, its failure results in tumor recurrence, metastasis, and cancer-related death. The recurrence of cancer after radiotherapy is one of the major challenges in prostate cancer treatment. Despite overall cure rate of 93.3% initially, prostate cancer relapse in 20-30% patients after radiation therapy. Cancer cells acquire radioresistance upon fractionated ionizing radiation (FIR) treatment, eventually undergo neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and transform into neuroendocrine-like cells, a mechanism involved in acquiring resistance to radiation therapy. Radiosensitizers are agents that inhibit the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) gets upregulated upon ionizing radiation treatment and epigenetically activates DNA damage repair genes in prostate cancer cells. In this study, we targeted PRMT5 with JNJ-64619178 and assessed its effect on DNA damage repair gene activation, radiosensitization, and FIR-induced NED in prostate cancer. Methods γH2AX foci analysis was performed to evaluate the DNA damage repair after radiation therapy. RT-qPCR and western blot were carried out to analyze the expression of DNA damage repair genes. Clonogenic assay was conducted to find out the surviving fraction after radiation therapy. NED was targeted with JNJ-64619178 in androgen receptor (AR) positive and negative prostate cancer cells undergoing FIR treatment. Results JNJ-64619178 inhibits DNA damage repair in prostate cancer cells independent of their AR status. JNJ-64619178 impairs the repair of ionizing radiation-induced damaged DNA by transcriptionally inhibiting the DNA damage repair gene expression and radiosensitizes prostate, glioblastoma and lung cancer cell line. It targets NED induced by FIR in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion JNJ-64619178 can radiosensitize and suppress NED induced by FIR in prostate cancer cells and can be a potential radiosensitizer for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogendra Singh Pawar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jogendra Singh Pawar, ;
| | - Md. Yusuf Al-Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chang-Deng Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Kench JG, Amin MB, Berney DM, Compérat EM, Cree IA, Gill AJ, Hartmann A, Menon S, Moch H, Netto GJ, Raspollini MR, Rubin MA, Tan PH, Tsuzuki T, Turjalic S, van der Kwast TH, Zhou M, Srigley JR. WHO Classification of Tumours fifth edition: evolving issues in the classification, diagnosis, and prognostication of prostate cancer. Histopathology 2022; 81:447-458. [PMID: 35758185 PMCID: PMC9542779 DOI: 10.1111/his.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fifth edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary and Male Genital Systems encompasses several updates to the classification and diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma as well as incorporating advancements in the assessment of its prognosis, including recent grading modifications. Some of the salient aspects include: (1) recognition that prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like carcinoma is not synonymous with a pattern of ductal carcinoma, but better classified as a subtype of acinar adenocarcinoma; (2) a specific section on treatment-related neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma in view of the tight correlation between androgen deprivation therapy and the development of prostatic carcinoma with neuroendocrine morphology, and the emerging data on lineage plasticity; (3) a terminology change of basal cell carcinoma to "adenoid cystic (basal cell) cell carcinoma" given the presence of an underlying MYB::NFIB gene fusion in many cases; (4) discussion of the current issues in the grading of acinar adenocarcinoma and the prognostic significance of cribriform growth patterns; and (5) more detailed coverage of intraductal carcinoma of prostate (IDC-P) reflecting our increased knowledge of this entity, while recommending the descriptive term atypical intraductal proliferation (AIP) for lesions falling short of IDC-P but containing more atypia than typically seen in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Lesions previously regarded as cribriform patterns of HGPIN are now included in the AIP category. This review discusses these developments, summarising the existing literature, as well as the emerging morphological and molecular data that underpins the classification and prognostication of prostatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic OncologyRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW Health PathologyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mahul B Amin
- The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTNUSA
| | - Daniel M Berney
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Bartshealth NHS TrustRoyal London HospitalLondonUK
| | - Eva M Compérat
- Department of PathologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ian A Cree
- International Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Pacific HighwaySt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Santosh Menon
- Department of PathologyTata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National InstituteMumbaiIndia
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - George J Netto
- Heersink School of MedicineThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Maria R Raspollini
- Histopathology and Molecular DiagnosticsUniversity Hospital CareggiFlorenceItaly
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General HospitalSingaporeSingapore
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Surgical PathologyAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
| | - Samra Turjalic
- Skin and Renal UnitsRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Cancer Dynamics LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Theo H van der Kwast
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ming Zhou
- Pathology and Laboratory MedicineTufts Medical CenterBostonMAUSA
| | - John R Srigley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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9
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Developing New Treatment Options for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer and Recurrent Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081872. [PMID: 36009418 PMCID: PMC9405166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major diagnosed cancer among men globally, and about 20% of patients develop metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) in the initial diagnosis. PCa is a typical androgen-dependent disease; thus, hormonal therapy is commonly used as a standard care for mPCa by inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) activities, or androgen metabolism. Inevitably, almost all PCa will acquire resistance and become castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) that is associated with AR gene mutations or amplification, the presence of AR variants, loss of AR expression toward neuroendocrine phenotype, or other hormonal receptors. Treating CRPC poses a great challenge to clinicians. Research efforts in the last decade have come up with several new anti-androgen agents to prolong overall survival of CRPC patients. In addition, many potential targeting agents have been at the stage of being able to translate many preclinical discoveries into clinical practices. At this juncture, it is important to highlight the emerging strategies including small-molecule inhibitors to AR variants, DNA repair enzymes, cell survival pathway, neuroendocrine differentiation pathway, radiotherapy, CRPC-specific theranostics and immune therapy that are underway or have recently been completed.
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10
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Lee C, Chen Y, Hernandez E, Pong R, Ma S, Hofstad M, Kapur P, Zhau H, Chung LWK, Lai C, Lin H, Lee M, Raj GV, Hsieh J. The central role of Sphingosine kinase 1 in the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC): A new targeted therapy of NEPC. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e695. [PMID: 35184376 PMCID: PMC8858611 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is often diagnosed as a sub‐type from the castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) recurred from the second generation of anti‐androgen treatment and is a rapidly progressive fatal disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the trans‐differentiation from CRPC to NEPC are not fully characterized, which hampers the development of effective targeted therapy. Methods Bioinformatic analyses were conducted to determine the clinical correlation of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in CRPC progression. To investigate the transcriptional regulation SphK1 and neuroendocrine (NE) transcription factor genes, both chromosome immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter gene assays were performed. To demonstrate the role of SphK1 in NEPC development, neurosphere assay was carried out along with several biomarkers determined by quantitative PCR and western blot. Furthermore, in vivo NEPC xenograft models and patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model were employed to determine the effect of SphK1 inhibitors and target validation. Results Significant prevalence of SphK1 in NEPC development is observed from clinical datasets. SphK1 is transcriptionally repressed by androgen receptor‐RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST) complex. Furthermore, sphingosine 1‐phosphate produced by SphK1 can modulate REST protein turnover via MAPK signaling pathway. Also, decreased REST protein levels enhance the expression of NE markers in CRPC, enabling the transition to NEPC. Finally, specific SphK1 inhibitors can effectively inhibit the growth of NEPC tumors and block the REST protein degradation in PDX. Conclusions SphK1 plays a central role in NEPC development, which offers a new target for this lethal cancer using clinically approved SphK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Fan Lee
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐An Chen
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Rey‐Chen Pong
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Mia Hofstad
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Payal Kapur
- Urology and Pathology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Haiyen Zhau
- Uro‐Oncology Research Department of Medicine Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Leland WK Chung
- Uro‐Oncology Research Department of Medicine Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California USA
| | - Chih‐Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Shyue Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
- Department of Pharmacology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
| | - Jer‐Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA
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11
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Surintrspanont J, Zhou M. Prostate Pathology: What is New in the 2022 WHO Classification of Urinary and Male Genital Tumors? Pathologica 2022; 115:41-56. [PMID: 36645399 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, after a six-year interval, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has published the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Urinary and Male Genital Tumors, which provides a comprehensive update on tumor classification of the genitourinary system. This review article focuses on prostate carcinoma and underscores changes in the prostate chapter as well as those made across the entire series of the 5th edition of WHO Blue Books. Although no major alterations were made to this chapter, some of the most notable updates include restructure of contents and introduction of a new format; standardization of mitotic counts, genomic nomenclatures, and units of length; refined definition for the terms "variant", "subtype", and "histologic pattern"; reclassification of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)-like adenocarcinoma as a subtype of prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma; and recognition of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostatic carcinoma as a distinct tumor type. Evolving and unsettled issues related to grading of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and reporting of tertiary Gleason pattern, the definition and prognostic significance of cribriform growth pattern, and molecular pathology of prostate cancer will also be covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerasit Surintrspanont
- Department of Pathology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Imaging of Neuroendocrine Prostatic Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225765. [PMID: 34830919 PMCID: PMC8616225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer that typically has a high metastatic potential and poor prognosis in comparison to the adenocarcinoma subtype. Although it can arise de novo, NEPC much more commonly occurs as a mechanism of treatment resistance during therapy for conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma, the latter is also termed as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The incidence of NEPC increases after hormonal therapy and they represent a challenge, both in the radiological and pathological diagnosis, as well as in the clinical management. This article provides a comprehensive imaging review of prostatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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13
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Nagaya N, Lee GT, Lu Y, Ashizawa T, Nagata M, Kim IY, Horie S. Transcription factor 4 expression in circulating tumor cells from castration-resistant prostate cancer. IJU Case Rep 2021; 4:159-162. [PMID: 33977248 PMCID: PMC8088892 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroendocrine differentiation is partly caused by antiandrogen therapy and exhibits an androgen receptor-independent growth mechanism. We hypothesized that the expression of transcription factor 4, an inducer of neuroendocrine differentiation, in circulating tumor cells is related to drug resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. CASE PRESENTATION We evaluate the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of transcription factor 4 in circulating tumor cells from 17 patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and compared these levels between patients receiving antiandrogen therapies and those who were resistant to antiandrogen therapies and receiving chemotherapies. The expression of transcription factor 4 in circulating tumor cells was significantly higher among patients receiving chemotherapies. CONCLUSION This study shows that transcription factor 4 is higher in the group of patients who were judged by their physicians to need chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nagaya
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Section of Urologic OncologyRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic OncologyRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Ashizawa
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masayoshi Nagata
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Isaac Yi Kim
- Section of Urologic OncologyRutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shigeo Horie
- Department of UrologyJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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14
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Rosellini M, Santoni M, Mollica V, Rizzo A, Cimadamore A, Scarpelli M, Storti N, Battelli N, Montironi R, Massari F. Treating Prostate Cancer by Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041551. [PMID: 33557050 PMCID: PMC7913806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignancy in the worldwide male population; it is also one of the most common among all the leading cancer-related death causes. In the last two decades, the therapeutic scenario of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has been enriched by the use of chemotherapy and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) and, more recently, by immunotherapy and poly(ADP–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. At the same time, several trials have shown the survival benefits related to the administration of novel ARSIs among patients with non-castration-resistant metastatic disease along with nonmetastatic castration-resistant cancer too. Consequently, the therapeutic course of this malignancy has been radically expanded, ensuring survival benefits never seen before. Among the more recently emerging agents, the so-called “antibody–drug conjugates” (ADCs) are noteworthy because of their clinical practice changing outcomes obtained in the management of other malignancies (including breast cancer). The ADCs are novel compounds consisting of cytotoxic agents (also known as the payload) linked to specific antibodies able to recognize antigens expressed over cancer cells’ surfaces. As for prostate cancer, researchers are focusing on STEAP1, TROP2, PSMA, CD46 and B7-H3 as optimal antigens which may be targeted by ADCs. In this paper, we review the pivotal trials that have currently changed the therapeutic approach to prostate cancer, both in the nonmetastatic castration-resistant and metastatic settings. Therefore, we focus on recently published and ongoing trials designed to investigate the clinical activity of ADCs against prostate malignancy, characterizing these agents. Lastly, we briefly discuss some ADCs-related issues with corresponding strategies to overwhelm them, along with future perspectives for these promising novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rosellini
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Nadia Storti
- Direzione Sanitaria Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale, 60122 Ancona, Italy;
| | | | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (V.M.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.M.)
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15
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Vellky JE, Ricke WA. Development and prevalence of castration-resistant prostate cancer subtypes. Neoplasia 2020; 22:566-575. [PMID: 32980775 PMCID: PMC7522286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs when prostate cancer (CaP) progresses under therapy-induced castrate conditions. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this acquired resistance, many of which are driven by androgen receptor (AR). Recent findings, however, sub-classified CRPC by downregulation/absence of AR in certain subtypes that consequently do not respond to anti-androgen therapies. To highlight the significance of CRPC sub-classification, we reviewed the development and treatment of CRPC, AR downregulation in CRPC, and summarized recent reports on the prevalence of CRPC subtypes. METHODS Using a medline-based literature search, we reviewed mechanisms of CRPC development, current treatment schemes, and assessed the prevalence of AR low/negative subtypes of CRPC. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical staining on human CRPC specimens to quantify AR expression across CRPC subtypes. RESULTS In the majority of cases, CRPC continues to rely on AR signaling, which can be augmented in castrate-conditions through a variety of mechanisms. However, recently low/negative AR expression patterns were identified in a significant proportion of patient samples from a multitude of independent studies. In these AR low/negative cases, we postulated that AR protein may be downregulated by (1) promoter methylation, (2) transcriptional regulation, (3) post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA or RNA-binding-proteins, or (4) post-translational ubiquitination-mediated degradation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we discussed mechanisms of CRPC development and summarized the overall prevalence of CRPC subtypes; interestingly, AR low/negative CRPC represented a considerable proportion of diagnoses. Because these subtypes cannot be effectively treated with AR-targeted therapeutics, a better understanding of AR low/negative subtypes could lead to better treatment strategies and increased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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16
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Santoni M, Cimadamore A, Massari F, Piva F, Aurilio G, Martignetti A, Scarpelli M, Di Nunno V, Gatto L, Battelli N, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Key Role of Obesity in Genitourinary Tumors with Emphasis on Urothelial and Prostate Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1225. [PMID: 31443386 PMCID: PMC6770077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In human populations, a certain amount of data correlate obesity/body mass index (BMI) with urothelial cancer (UC) and prostate cancer (PCa) occurrence, however this is not fully elucidated at all stages of disease. In an attempt to shed light on uncertain areas in such field, in the present review we illustrate the main molecular mechanisms linking obesity and cancer, focusing on the correlation between obesity and tumor risk, disease progression and response to chemo- and immunotherapy in patients with UC and the predictive/prognostic role of obesity in PCa patients treated with the currently available therapeutic approaches. Methods: We did a large-scale literature search on existing scientific websites focusing on keywords "obesity", "body mass index (BMI)", "urothelial cancer", "prostate cancer", "docetaxel", "cabazitaxel", "abiraterone acetate", "enzalutamide", and "radium223". Results: Many adipocytes-induced molecules support tumor proliferation through activation of various cellular pathways. The available evidence in the postoperative setting do the role of BMI in oncological outcomes prediction still not completely clear. Likewise, in metastatic UC patients controversial results link the role of obesity/BMI with clinical outcomes of tumor response to chemotherapy. Adipose stromal cells recruitment, induced by PCa cells, from white adipose tissue to the tumor sites inducing cell invasiveness was associated with poor survival. Conflicting data, although more oriented towards a better survival outcome, resulted in obese patients treated with docetaxel. In PCa cell-lines a certain cabazitaxel chemo resistance adipose stromal cells (ASC)-mediated was demonstrated. In metastatic castration-resistant PCa patients with high BMI (>25 kg/m2) receiving abiraterone acetate there were significant worse survival outcomes, while in enzalutamide patients BMI did not affect survival outcome. In radium 223 patients higher BMI significantly correlated with favorable overall survival. Conclusions: The main focus of this review was to understand the interplay between obesity/BMI and UC/PCa. Several pathogenic cellular pathways exploring the issue are discussed, opening the way to challenging tailored treatments on the basis of BMI. Improving the knowledge of molecular connections between obesity and UC and PCa could favor the development of new therapies likely reducing chemo- and immunotherapy drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gaetano Aurilio
- Medical Division of Urogenital and Head & Neck Cancer, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Martignetti
- Dipartimento Oncologico USL Sud-Est Toscana-Area Senese, 53036 Poggibonsi, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Nunno
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lidia Gatto
- Division of Oncology, S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University Medical School, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
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17
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) mostly occurs as a treatment-emergent adaptive response under the pressure of intensive androgen deprivation treatment (t-NEPC). Approximately 30-40% of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) also have neuroendocrine involvement. In contrast primary small cell prostate cancer is very rare (<1%). A t‑NEPC should be clinically suspected in patients who have particularly aggressive mCRPC but a disproportionately low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and elevated neuroendocrine tumor markers, such as chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase. The initial Gleason score was shown to be an independent factor correlated to the risk of development of t‑NEPC. Treatment is oriented to that of small cell lung cancer. In patients with negative PSA levels, chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide is the first line treatment, for which response rates in the range of 30-60% with a median survival time of usually less than 1 year can be achieved. In patients with much higher serum PSA levels, chemotherapy with carboplatin plus docetaxel should be considered.
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18
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Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) mostly occurs as a treatment-emergent adaptive response under the pressure of intensive androgen deprivation treatment (t-NEPC). Approximately 30-40% of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) also have neuroendocrine involvement. In contrast primary small cell prostate cancer is very rare (<1%). A t‑NEPC should be clinically suspected in patients who have particularly aggressive mCRPC but a disproportionately low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and elevated neuroendocrine tumor markers, such as chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase. The initial Gleason score was shown to be an independent factor correlated to the risk of development of t‑NEPC. Treatment is oriented to that of small cell lung cancer. In patients with negative PSA levels, chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide is the first line treatment, for which response rates in the range of 30-60% with a median survival time of usually less than 1 year can be achieved. In patients with much higher serum PSA levels, chemotherapy with carboplatin plus docetaxel should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tritschler
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Großhadern, LMU München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
| | - R Erdelkamp
- Pathologisches Institut, LMU München, München, Deutschland
| | - C Stief
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Großhadern, LMU München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland
| | - M Hentrich
- Medizinische Klinik III, Rotkreuzklinikum München, München, Deutschland
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19
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Elimination of CD4 lowHLA-G + T cells overcomes castration-resistance in prostate cancer therapy. Cell Res 2018; 28:1103-1117. [PMID: 30297869 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a main treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) but the disease often recurs and becomes castration-resistant in nearly all patients. Recent data implicate the involvement of immune cells in the development of this castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In particular, T cells have been found to be expanded in both PCa patients and mouse models shortly after androgen deprivation. However, whether or which of the T cell subtypes play an important role during the development of CRPC is unknown. Here we identified a novel population of CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells that undergo significant expansion in PCa patients after ADT. In mouse PCa models, a similar CD4low T cell population expands during the early stages of CRPC onset. These cells are identified as IL-4-expressing TH17 cells, and are shown to be associated with CRPC onset in patients and essential for the development of CRPC in mouse models. Mechanistically, CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells drive androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells by modulating the activity and migration of CD11blowF4/80hi macrophages. Furthermore, following androgen deprivation, elevated PGE2-EP2 signaling inhibited the expression of CD4 in thymocytes, and subsequently induced the polarization of CD4low naïve T cells towards the IL-4-expressing TH17 phenotype via up-regulation of IL23R. Therapeutically, inactivating PGE2 signaling with celecoxib at a time when CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells appeared, but not immediately following androgen deprivation, dramatically suppressed the onset of CRPC. Collectively, our results indicate that an unusual population of CD4lowHLA-G+ T cells is essential for the development of CRPC and point to a new therapeutic avenue of combining ADT with PGE2 inhibition for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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20
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Soundararajan R, Paranjape AN, Maity S, Aparicio A, Mani SA. EMT, stemness and tumor plasticity in aggressive variant neuroendocrine prostate cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:229-238. [PMID: 29981816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers are lethal variants of the disease, with an aggressive clinical course and very short responses to conventional therapy. The age-adjusted incidence rate for this tumor sub-type has steadily increased over the past 20 years in the United States, with no reduction in the associated mortality rate. The molecular networks fueling its emergence and sustenance are still obscure; however, many factors have been associated with the onset and progression of neuroendocrine differentiation in clinically typical adenocarcinomas including loss of androgen-receptor expression and/or signaling, conventional therapy, and dysregulated cytokine function. "Tumor-plasticity" and the ability to dedifferentiate into alternate cell lineages are central to this process. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) signaling pathways are major promoters of stem-cell properties in prostate tumor cells. In this review, we examine the contributions of EMT-induced cellular-plasticity and stem-cell signaling pathways to the progression of Neuroendocrine/Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancers in the light of potential therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Anurag N Paranjape
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sankar Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ana Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Metastasis Research Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Gu P, Chen X, Xie R, Han J, Xie W, Wang B, Dong W, Chen C, Yang M, Jiang J, Chen Z, Huang J, Lin T. lncRNA HOXD-AS1 Regulates Proliferation and Chemo-Resistance of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer via Recruiting WDR5. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1959-1973. [PMID: 28487115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that occurs after the failure of androgen deprivation therapy is the leading cause of deaths in prostate cancer patients. Thus, there is an obvious and urgent need to fully understand the mechanism of CRPC and discover novel therapeutic targets. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators in many human cancers, yet their potential roles and molecular mechanisms in CRPC are poorly understood. In this study, we discovered that an lncRNA HOXD-AS1 is highly expressed in CRPC cells and correlated closely with Gleason score, T stage, lymph nodes metastasis, and progression-free survival. Knockdown of HOXD-AS1 inhibited the proliferation and chemo-resistance of CRPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we identified several cell cycle, chemo-resistance, and castration-resistance-related genes, including PLK1, AURKA, CDC25C, FOXM1, and UBE2C, that were activated transcriptionally by HOXD-AS1. Further investigation revealed that HOXD-AS1 recruited WDR5 to directly regulate the expression of target genes by mediating histone H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3). In conclusion, our findings indicate that HOXD-AS1 promotes proliferation, castration resistance, and chemo-resistance in prostate cancer by recruiting WDR5. This sheds a new insight into the regulation of CRPC by lncRNA and provides a potential approach for the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ruihui Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Weibin Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Changhao Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Junyi Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ziyue Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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22
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Lertsuwan K, Choe LH, Marwa IR, Lee K, Sikes RA. Identification of Fibulin-1 as a Human Bone Marrow Stromal (HS-5) Cell-Derived Factor That Induces Human Prostate Cancer Cell Death. Prostate 2017; 77:729-742. [PMID: 28168724 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that human bone marrow stromal HS-5 cells secreted unidentified factor(s) inducing PCa cell death. Herein, the HS-5-derived factor (HS-5 DF) was characterized and identified. METHODS Conditioned media from confluent HS-5 cells were collected and modified for biochemical characteristic testing of HS-5 DF. Cell survival was measured by apoptosis assay and live/dead assay. Fibulin-1 was identified from gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The validation of Fibulin-1 as a HS-5 DF was done by immunoprecipitation (IP) and genetic knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9 system. RESULTS HS-5 DF was trypsin and heat sensitive, but pH stable. The tentative size of the factor fell between 30 kDa and 100 kDa. TGF-β1 treatment led to a suppression of HS-5 DF activity, a property consistent with bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Examination of TGF-β1 down regulated proteins led to identification of fibulin-1 as a candidate for the DF. IP of Fibulin-1 from HS-5 CM and CRISPR knockdown of Fibulin-1 showed a significant reduction of HS-5 CM-derived PCa cell death. These results strongly support a role for fibulin-1 in HS-5 bone marrow stromal cell induction of PCa cell death. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Fibulin-1 functions as a HS-5 bone marrow stromal cell-derived factor inducing prostate cancer cell death. Prostate 77:729-742, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Leila H Choe
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware
| | - Irene R Marwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Kelvin Lee
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware
| | - Robert A Sikes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory for Cancer Ontogeny and Therapeutics, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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23
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Kim J, Jin H, Zhao JC, Yang YA, Li Y, Yang X, Dong X, Yu J. FOXA1 inhibits prostate cancer neuroendocrine differentiation. Oncogene 2017; 36:4072-4080. [PMID: 28319070 PMCID: PMC5509480 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) has increasingly become a clinical challenge. The mechanisms by which neuroendocrine (NE) cells arises from prostate adenocarcinoma cells are poorly understood. FOXA1 is a transcription factor of the forkhead family that is required for prostate epithelial differentiation. In this study, we demonstrated that FOXA1 loss drives NE differentiation, demarcated by phenotypical changes and NEPC marker expressions. Mechanistically, this is mediated by FOXA1 binding to the promoter of interleukin 8 (IL-8), a chemokine previously shown elevated in NEPC, to directly inhibit its expression. Further, IL-8 upregulation activates the MAPK/ERK pathway, leading to ERK phosphorylation and enolase 2 (ENO2) expression. IL-8 knockdown or ERK inhibition, on the other hand, abolished FOXA1 loss-induced NE differentiation. Analysis of xenograft mouse models confirmed FOXA1 loss in NEPC tumors relative to its adenocarcinoma counterparts. Importantly, FOXA1 is downregulated in human NEPC tumors compared to primary and castration-resistant prostate cancers, and its expression is negatively correlated with that of ENO2. These findings indicate that FOXA1 transcriptionally suppresses IL-8, the expression of which would otherwise stimulate the MAPK/ERK pathway to promote NE differentiation of prostate cancer cells. Our data strongly suggest that FOXA1 loss may play a significant role in enabling prostate cancer progression to NEPC, whereas IL-8 and MAPK/ERK pathways may be promising targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H Jin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J C Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y A Yang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - X Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - X Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Gupta K, Gupta S. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: key epigenetic players. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S104-S108. [PMID: 30613478 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.01.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Urology, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Division of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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25
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Wøyen AVT, Laczkó G, Høyer S, Hegyi L. The Missing Link in the Diagnostic Pathway of Prostate Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 23:447-450. [PMID: 28054315 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the Western world. It is among the leading causes of cancer related death. While its incidence and survival increased significantly during the last few decades in Denmark, the mortality rate did not change for patients younger than 80 year old. Development of new techniques, such as multiparametric MRI, helps to increase the accuracy of diagnosis. However, a missing link in the diagnostic pathway may result in mistreatment if an acinar adenocarcinoma of prostate is transformed into a neuroendocrine phenotype such as small cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gergely Laczkó
- Urologisk Afdeling, Regionshospitalet Viborg, Viborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Høyer
- Patologisk Institut, Aarhus Universitetshospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laszlo Hegyi
- Patologisk Institut, Regionshospitalet Viborg, Pakhusvej 1, 8800, Viborg, Denmark.
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26
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Maina PK, Shao P, Liu Q, Fazli L, Tyler S, Nasir M, Dong X, Qi HH. c-MYC drives histone demethylase PHF8 during neuroendocrine differentiation and in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:75585-75602. [PMID: 27689328 PMCID: PMC5342763 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic factors play critical roles in prostate cancer (PCa) development. However, how they contribute to neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is not fully understood. Using bioinformatics and biochemical approaches to analyze cell-based models of NED and CRPC, we found a cluster of epigenetic factors whose expression is downregulated during NED and upregulated in CRPC (i.e. follow a Down-Up pattern). Two histone demethylases within this cluster, PHF8 and KDM3A, are post-transcriptionally regulated by c-MYC through miR-22, which targets both PHF8 and KDM3A. We also found that the c-MYC/miR-22/PHF8 axis is downstream of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in CRPC cells. The co-expression of PHF8 with AR in clinical CRPC samples, normal mouse prostate, and adenocarcinomas of the prostate during PCa progression in a transgenic (TRAMP) mouse model supports the connection between PHF8 and AR. Knockdown of PHF8 impedes cell cycle progression in CRPC cells and has more profound effects on their growth than on the parental LNCaP cell line. Furthermore, PHF8 knockdown sensitizes LNCaP-Abl cells to the AR antagonist enzalutamide. Our data reveal novel mechanisms that underlie the regulation of PHF8 and KDM3A during NED and in CRPC, and support the candidacy of PHF8 as a therapeutic target in CRPC.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, myc
- Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/genetics
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/metabolism
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Peterson Kariuki Maina
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urology Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Scott Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Moman Nasir
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urology Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hank Heng Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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27
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Hussain SS, Kumar AP, Ghosh R. Food-based natural products for cancer management: Is the whole greater than the sum of the parts? Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 40-41:233-246. [PMID: 27397504 PMCID: PMC5067244 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The rise in cancer incidence and mortality in developing countries together with the human and financial cost of current cancer therapy mandates a closer look at alternative ways to overcome this burgeoning global healthcare problem. Epidemiological evidence for the association between cancer and diet and the long latency of most cancer progression have led to active exploration of whole and isolated natural chemicals from different naturally occurring substances in various preclinical and clinical settings. In general the lack of systemic toxicities of most 'whole' and 'isolated' natural compounds, their potential to reduce toxic doses and potential to delay the development of drug-resistance makes them promising candidates for cancer management. This review article examines the suggested molecular mechanisms affected by these substances focusing to a large extent on prostate cancer and deliberates on the disparate results obtained from cell culture, preclinical and clinical studies in an effort to highlight the use of whole extracts and isolated constituents for intervention. As such these studies underscore the importance of factors such as treatment duration, bioavailability, route of administration, selection criteria, standardized formulation and clinical end points in clinical trial design with both entities. Overall lack of parallel comparison studies between the whole natural products and their isolated compounds limits decisive conclusions regarding the superior utility of one over the other. We suggest the critical need for rigorous comparative research to identify which one of the two or both entities from nature would be best qualified to take on the mantle of cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman S Hussain
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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28
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Santoni M, Piva F, Scarpelli M, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Massari F, Iacovelli R, Berardi R, Santini D, Montironi R. The origin of prostate metastases: emerging insights. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:765-73. [PMID: 26363603 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is mainly dependent on the presence or absence of distant metastases. Although several advances have been made in understanding the biological basis of this tumor, the mechanisms underlying PCa metastatic spread are not fully clear. The lack of a clear origin for PCa metastasis may be partially due to the evidence of PCa heterogeneity between primary tumor and metastases and among different metastatic sites. Cross-metastatic seeding and the de novo monoclonal seeding of daughter metastases have been proposed as crucial events during metastasis. This process requires the contribution of tumor environment, which modulates cancer cell homing and growth, and involves several components including cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor secreted microvesicles, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and immune cells. In this review, we have focused on the recent findings on the origin of prostate metastasis, showing the contribution of tumor microenvironment to this evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37124, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Medical Oncology Unit of Urogenital and Head & Neck Tumors, European Institute of Oncology
- , Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I, GM Lancisi, G Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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29
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Monn MF, Cheng L. Emerging trends in the evaluation and management of small cell prostate cancer: a clinical and molecular perspective. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:1029-37. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1226137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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Olsen JR, Azeem W, Hellem MR, Marvyin K, Hua Y, Qu Y, Li L, Lin B, Ke XS, Øyan AM, Kalland KH. Context dependent regulatory patterns of the androgen receptor and androgen receptor target genes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:377. [PMID: 27378372 PMCID: PMC4932678 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the androgen receptor (AR) is associated with androgen-dependent proliferation arrest and terminal differentiation of normal prostate epithelial cells. Additionally, activation of the AR is required for survival of benign luminal epithelial cells and primary cancer cells, thus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) leads to apoptosis in both benign and cancerous tissue. Escape from ADT is known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the course of CRPC development the AR typically switches from being a cell-intrinsic inhibitor of normal prostate epithelial cell proliferation to becoming an oncogene that is critical for prostate cancer cell proliferation. A clearer understanding of the context dependent activation of the AR and its target genes is therefore desirable. METHODS Immortalized human prostate basal epithelial EP156T cells and progeny cells that underwent epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), primary prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) and prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, VCaP and 22Rv1 were used to examine context dependent restriction and activation of the AR and classical target genes, such as KLK3. Genome-wide gene expression analyses and single cell protein analyses were applied to study the effect of different contexts. RESULTS A variety of growth conditions were tested and found unable to activate AR expression and transcription of classical androgen-dependent AR target genes, such as KLK3, in prostate epithelial cells with basal cell features or in mesenchymal type prostate cells. The restriction of androgen- and AR-dependent transcription of classical target genes in prostate basal epithelial cells was at the level of AR expression. Exogenous AR expression was sufficient for androgen-dependent transcription of AR target genes in prostate basal epithelial cells, but did not exert a positive feedback on endogenous AR expression. Treatment of basal prostate epithelial cells with inhibitors of epigenetic gene silencing was not efficient in inducing androgen-dependent transcription of AR target genes, suggesting the importance of missing cofactor(s). CONCLUSIONS Regulatory mechanisms of AR and androgen-dependent AR target gene transcription are insufficiently understood and may be critical for prostate cancer initiation, progression and escape from standard therapy. The present model is useful for the study of context dependent activation of the AR and its transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Roger Olsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,, Laboratory Bld. 5. etg, Bergen Health, Bergen, NO-5021, Norway.
| | - Waqas Azeem
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kristo Marvyin
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yaping Hua
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisha Li
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xi- Song Ke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Karl- Henning Kalland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,, Laboratory Bld. 5. etg, Bergen Health, Bergen, NO-5021, Norway.
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31
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Priemer DS, Montironi R, Wang L, Williamson SR, Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Prostate: Emerging Insights from Molecular Data and Updates to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:123-35. [PMID: 26885643 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-016-9421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the prostate represent a multifarious group of tumors that exist both in pure forms and associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Morphologically, neuroendocrine cells in prostate neoplasms can range from being indistinguishable from surrounding prostate adenocarcinoma cells to having high-grade neuroendocrine appearances similar to neuroendocrine malignancies of other organs. On the molecular level, neuroendocrine malignancies arising in the setting of prostate adenocarcinoma have been the subject of a large amount of recent research, most of which has supported the conclusion that neuroendocrine malignancy within the prostate develops as a transdifferentiation from prostate adenocarcinoma. There has not, however, been substantial investigation into rare, pure neuroendocrine malignancies and the possibility that these tumors may have a different cell of origin and molecular genesis. Here, we discuss the morphologic spectrum of malignant neuroendocrine prostate neoplasms and review the most recent molecular data on the subject of malignant neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic adenocarcinoma. In reflection of the most recent data, we also discuss diagnostic classification of prostate neuroendocrine tumors with reference to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. We discuss the reporting of these tumors, placing emphasis on the differentiation between pure and mixed neuroendocrine malignancies so that, in the least, they can be easily identified for the purposes of future clinical and laboratory-based investigation. Finally, we suggest a designation for an unclassifiable (or not otherwise specified) high-grade neuroendocrine prostate malignancy whose features do not easily place it into one of the WHO diagnostic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Priemer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, IU Health Pathology Laboratory Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Josephine Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
- Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 350 West 11th Street, IU Health Pathology Laboratory Room 4010, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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32
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Inhibition of FOXC2 restores epithelial phenotype and drug sensitivity in prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties. Oncogene 2016; 35:5963-5976. [PMID: 26804168 PMCID: PMC5116559 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced prostate adenocarcinomas enriched in stem-cell features, as well as variant androgen receptor (AR)-negative neuroendocrine (NE)/small-cell prostate cancers are difficult to treat, and account for up to 30% of prostate cancer-related deaths every year. While existing therapies for prostate cancer such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), destroy the bulk of the AR-positive cells within the tumor, eradicating this population eventually leads to castration-resistance, owing to the continued survival of AR-/lo stem-like cells. In this study, we identified a critical nexus between p38MAPK signaling, and the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2) known to promote cancer stem-cells and metastasis. We demonstrate that prostate cancer cells that are insensitive to ADT, as well as high-grade/NE prostate tumors, are characterized by elevated FOXC2, and that targeting FOXC2 using a well-tolerated p38 inhibitor restores epithelial attributes and ADT-sensitivity, and reduces the shedding of circulating tumor cells in vivo with significant shrinkage in the tumor mass. This study thus specifies a tangible mechanism to target the AR-/lo population of prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties.
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