1
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Qu Y, Nie D, Song Y, Cai X, Gong Y, Chen S, Ye J, Li J. Bibliometric analysis of research on digestive system tumors and depression. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1414528. [PMID: 39156806 PMCID: PMC11327056 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1414528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant tumors of the digestive system pose a serious threat to human health due to their highly malignant nature. Depression, as the most common psychiatric symptom of digestive system tumors, has attracted much attention regarding its potential relationship with these tumors. A thorough investigation into the connection between digestive system tumors and depression is extremely important for strengthening patients' quality of life and treatment outcomes. Methods From 2014 to 2023, we conducted a literature search using specific keywords in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) and performed visual analysis of the selected literature using Microsoft Excel, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer software. In this study, we analyzed countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords. Results A total of 384 research articles on the relationship between digestive system tumors and depression were identified. The number of publications showed a gradual increase over time. In terms of disciplinary distribution, Oncology, Health Care Sciences Services, and Medicine General Internal ranked top in terms of publication volume. In terms of geographical distribution, China and the United States were the countries contributing the most publications. Additionally, Maastricht University contributed the most publications. Regarding authors, Beekman, Aartjan T.F. and Dekker, Joost had the highest number of publications, while Zigmond, A.S. had the most citations. It is worth mentioning that Supportive Care in Cancer was the journal with the most publications in this field. In terms of keyword analysis, research mainly focused on mechanisms and treatment strategies related to the relationship between digestive system tumors and depression. Conclusion The relationship between digestive system tumors and depression has become a new research hotspot in recent years, offering new directions for future research. This research reveals novel perspectives on comprehending the connection between the two, which can guide future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Duorui Nie
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yilin Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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2
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Wu Z, Li J, Zhong M, Xu Z, Yang M, Xu C. HTR3A Promotes Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Through the FOXH1/Wnt3A Signaling Pathway. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10872-9. [PMID: 39046651 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HTRs) are strongly correlated with tumor progression in various types of cancer. Despite this, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the role of 5-HTRs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A) and NSCLC development. Our findings indicated a higher distribution of HTR3A expression in NSCLC tissues when compared with normal tissues, where patients with high HTR3A levels demonstrated shorter overall survival times. In vitro analyses revealed that overexpression of HTR3A facilitated the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cell lines (A549 and NCI-H3255). Similarly, a notable acceleration of tumor growth and enhanced pulmonary tumorigenic potential were observed in HTR3A-overexpressing tumor-bearing mice. Mechanistically, upregulation of Forkhead Box H1 (FOXH1) by HTR3A led to the activation of Wnt3A/β-catenin signaling pathways, thereby promoting the development of NSCLC. Our report thus highlights the significance of the HTR3A/FOXH1 axis during tumor progression in NSCLC, proposing HTR3A as a possible diagnostic indicator and candidate target for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Wu
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 18 MeiGuan Ave, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jiufei Li
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 18 MeiGuan Ave, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Minglian Zhong
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 18 MeiGuan Ave, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 18 MeiGuan Ave, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mulan Yang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 18 MeiGuan Ave, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 18 MeiGuan Ave, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Wang Y. The dual roles of serotonin in antitumor immunity. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107255. [PMID: 38862071 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that a significant portion of cancer patients experience depressive symptoms, often accompanied by neuroendocrine hormone imbalances. Depression is frequently associated with decreased levels of serotonin with the alternate name 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), leading to the common use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as antidepressants. However, the role of serotonin in tumor regulation remains unclear, with its expression levels displaying varied effects across different types of tumors. Tumor initiation and progression are closely intertwined with the immune function of the human body. Neuroimmunity, as an interdisciplinary subject, has played a unique role in the study of the relationship between psychosocial factors and tumors and their mechanisms in recent years. This article offers a comprehensive review of serotonin's regulatory roles in tumor onset and progression, as well as its impacts on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim is to stimulate further interdisciplinary research and discover novel targets for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingru Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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4
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Yang Y, Sun L, Liu X, Liu W, Zhang Z, Zhou X, Zhao X, Zheng R, Zhang Y, Guo W, Wang X, Li X, Pang J, Li F, Tao Y, Shi D, Shen W, Wang L, Zang J, Li S. Neurotransmitters: Impressive regulators of tumor progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116844. [PMID: 38823279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In contemporary times, tumors have emerged as the primary cause of mortality in the global population. Ongoing research has shed light on the significance of neurotransmitters in the regulation of tumors. It has been established that neurotransmitters play a pivotal role in tumor cell angiogenesis by triggering the transformation of stromal cells into tumor cells, modulating receptors on tumor stem cells, and even inducing immunosuppression. These actions ultimately foster the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Several major neurotransmitters have been found to exert modulatory effects on tumor cells, including the ability to restrict emergency hematopoiesis and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, thereby inhibiting malignant progression. The abnormal secretion of neurotransmitters is closely associated with tumor progression, suggesting that focusing on neurotransmitters may yield unexpected breakthroughs in tumor therapy. This article presents an analysis and outlook on the potential of targeting neurotransmitters in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Harbin, No 151, Diduan Street, Daoli District, Harbin, China
| | - Xuerou Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xingqi Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xinli Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Ruijie Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Wanqing Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Jinlong Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China
| | - Dongmin Shi
- Department of Day Surgery Ward, The First Hospital of Harbin, No 151, Diduan Street, Daoli District, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyi Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Lianshui County People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Day Surgery Ward, The First Hospital of Harbin, No 151, Diduan Street, Daoli District, Harbin, China
| | - Jialan Zang
- Department of Day Surgery Ward, The First Hospital of Harbin, No 151, Diduan Street, Daoli District, Harbin, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu, China.
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5
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Ma Y, Chen H, Li H, Zhao Z, An Q, Shi C. Targeting monoamine oxidase A: a strategy for inhibiting tumor growth with both immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune modulators. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:48. [PMID: 38349393 PMCID: PMC10864517 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is a membrane-bound mitochondrial enzyme present in almost all vertebrate tissues that catalyzes the degradation of biogenic and dietary-derived monoamines. MAOA is known for regulating neurotransmitter metabolism and has been implicated in antitumor immune responses. In this review, we retrospect that MAOA inhibits the activities of various types of tumor-associated immune cells (such as CD8+ T cells and tumor-associated macrophages) by regulating their intracellular monoamines and metabolites. Developing novel MAOA inhibitor drugs and exploring multidrug combination strategies may enhance the efficacy of immune governance. Thus, MAOA may act as a novel immune checkpoint or immunomodulator by influencing the efficacy and effectiveness of immunotherapy. In conclusion, MAOA is a promising immune target that merits further in-depth exploration in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmu Chen
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Yan'an University, 580 Bao-Ta Street, Yanan, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhite Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling An
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang K, Han Y, Zhang P, Zheng Y, Cheng A. Comparison of fluorescence biosensors and whole-cell patch clamp recording in detecting ACh, NE, and 5-HT. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1166480. [PMID: 37333890 PMCID: PMC10272411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1166480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The communication between neurons and, in some cases, between neurons and non-neuronal cells, through neurotransmission plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. Despite its importance, the neuromodulatory transmission in most tissues and organs remains poorly understood due to the limitations of current tools for direct measurement of neuromodulatory transmitters. In order to study the functional roles of neuromodulatory transmitters in animal behaviors and brain disorders, new fluorescent sensors based on bacterial periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) and G-protein coupled receptors have been developed, but their results have not been compared to or multiplexed with traditional methods such as electrophysiological recordings. In this study, a multiplexed method was developed to measure acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) in cultured rat hippocampal slices using simultaneous whole-cell patch clamp recordings and genetically encoded fluorescence sensor imaging. The strengths and weaknesses of each technique were compared, and the results showed that both techniques did not interfere with each other. In general, genetically encoded sensors GRABNE and GRAB5HT1.0 showed better stability compared to electrophysiological recordings in detecting NE and 5-HT, while electrophysiological recordings had faster temporal kinetics in reporting ACh. Moreover, genetically encoded sensors mainly report the presynaptic neurotransmitter release while electrophysiological recordings provide more information of the activation of downstream receptors. In sum, this study demonstrates the use of combined techniques to measure neurotransmitter dynamics and highlights the potential for future multianalyte monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aobing Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Fan M, Han S, Huang Q, Chen J, Feng S, Lu Y, You R. Ratiometric SERS-based assay with "sandwich" structure for detection of serotonin. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:100. [PMID: 36821003 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A ratiometric nanoensemble-functionalized Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) chip is proposed and an ultrasensitive "sandwich" structure introduced for the detection of 5-HT to achieve early diagnosis of colon cancer. The SERS-based chip contains core-shell SERS active substrates coded by different Raman tags with Raman-silent region peaks (Au@EBP@Au NR arrays and Au@MBN@Ag NPs) and then identify-function molecule modification to construct the "sandwich" structure (Au@EBP@Au NR arrays/5-HT/Au@MBN@Ag NPs). Au@EBP@Au NR arrays showed excellent SERS performance, including good uniformity with an RSD of 5.53% and an enhancement factor (EF) of 2.13 × 107. The intensity ratio of the peaks in the Raman silent region was proportional to the concentration of 5-HT in the range 5 × 10-7-1 × 10-3 M, with a detection limit (LOD) of 4.9 × 10-9 M. Excellent assay accuracy was also demonstrated, with recoveries in the range 96.80% to 104.96%. Finally, we found that 5-HT expression levels in normal human sera were much lower than those in colon cancer patients by using a SERS-based chip for determination of the concentration of 5-HT in clinical colon cancer serum. This result suggested that the proposed approach has potential for detecting 5-HT by ratiometric SERS-based chips for early diagnosis of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced, Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Sirui Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced, Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Qian Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced, Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Department of Oncology Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical , University Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| | - Shangyuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Yudong Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced, Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Ruiyun You
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced, Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Province Higher Education Institutes, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
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8
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Niu Q, Li L, Zhang C, Qi C, He Q, Zhu Y. Expression of 5-HT Relates to Stem Cell Marker LGR5 in Patients with Gastritis and Gastric Cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 68:1864-1872. [PMID: 36436157 PMCID: PMC10133054 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07772-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and stem cells marker G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) are associate with gastrointestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. But the relationship between 5-HT and LGR5 is unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore the expression and correlation of 5-HT and LGR5 in gastric mucosa of patients with gastritis and gastric cancer (GC). METHODS A total of 41 patients with GC and 98 patients with chronic gastritis were included in this study. The expression of TPH1 mRNA, LGR5 mRNA and β-catenin mRNA in gastric mucosa were explored by Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). 5-HT-positive cells and LGR5-positive cells in gastric mucosa were detected by immunohistochemistry stains. The co-localization of 5-HT and chromogranin A (CgA), 5-HT receptor4 (5-HTR4) and LGR5 were detected by multiplex immunofluorescence. RESULTS The expression of 5-HT and LGR5 in patients with GC was significantly higher than patients with chronic gastritis (p < 0.05). The positive rate of 5-HT and LGR5 increased sequentially in the patients with non-atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and GC, which were 18.52%, 35.56% and 75.61% for 5-HT, and 27.78%, 40.91% and 95.12% for LGR5, respectively. The expression of 5-HT and LGR5 was positively correlated in gastritis and GC patients (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression level of TPH1 mRNA and LGR5 mRNA was also positively correlated in gastritis patients (r = 0.7377, p < 0.001). Besides, 5-HT was partially co-localized with CgA, and 5-HTR4 was co-localized with LGR5 in gastric mucosa. CONCLUSION The increase of 5-HT synthesis in gastric mucosa may have an impact on LGR5-positive gastric epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Caili Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhai Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiufeng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanmin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, 15 Yuquan Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Kułaga D, Drabczyk AK, Satała G, Latacz G, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Plażuk D, Jaśkowska J. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1,3,5-Triazines: Effect of Aromatic Ring Decoration on Affinity to 5-HT 7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13308. [PMID: 36362096 PMCID: PMC9656787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the key functions of the 5-HT7 receptor, especially in psychiatry, and the fact that effective and selective 5-HT7 receptor ligands are yet to be available, in this work, we designed and synthesized novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives particularly based on the evaluation of the effect of substituents at aromatic rings on biological activity. The tested compounds showed high affinity to the 5-HT7 receptor, particularly ligands N2-(2-(5-fluoro-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N4-phenethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine 2 (Ki = 8 nM) and N2-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N4-(2-((4-fluorophenyl)amino)ethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine 12 (Ki = 18 nM) which showed moderate metabolic stability, and affinity to the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. As for the hepatotoxicity evaluation, the tested compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity only at concentrations above 50 µM. Compound 12 exhibited less cardiotoxic effect than 2 on Danio rerio in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kułaga
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Karolina Drabczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Damian Plażuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaśkowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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10
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Zhang D, Liu J, Cheng H, Wang H, Tan Y, Feng W, Peng C. Interactions between polysaccharides and gut microbiota: A metabolomic and microbial review. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Cheng R, Zhu H, Sun Y, Hang T, Zhang M. The modified outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 of Akkermansia muciniphila improves chronic stress-induced anxiety and depression-like behavior in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:10748-10758. [PMID: 36178497 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a next-generation probiotic. The interaction between outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 of A. muciniphila and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in intestinal epithelial cells influences the level of intestinal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Amuc_1100Δ80 is a truncated form of Amuc_1100 lacking the first 80 N-terminal amino acids and has a higher affinity for TLR2 than the wild-type protein. Here, we report that Amuc_1100Δ80 could significantly reduce anxiety and depression-like behavior of mice when they were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The experimental results of the rat insulinoma cell line RIN-14B showed that Amuc_1100Δ80 also induced a significantly higher upregulation of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), a rate-limiting enzyme of intestinal 5-HT synthesis. The imbalance of the gut microflora could be diminished when CUMS mice were fed with Amuc_1100Δ80. These results reveal that Amuc_1100Δ80 could affect the 5-HT level and the downstream 5-HTR1A-CREB-BDNF signal pathway via interacting with TLR2 and by altering the gut microbial composition. In parallel, the downregulation exerted by Amuc_1100Δ80 on the inflammation and hyperactivated HPA axis was closely related to the improvement of depression-like symptoms in CUMS mice. This study not only provides new insights into the antidepressant effect of A. muciniphila and its outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 but also identifies new potential targets and pathways in the gut for future research and the development of antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Tianrong Hang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
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Li Z, Ding B, Ali MRK, Zhao L, Zang X, Lv Z. Dual Effect of Tryptamine on Prostate Cancer Cell Growth Regulation: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11087. [PMID: 36232383 PMCID: PMC9569450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tryptophan metabolism is linked to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and tryptophan metabolites have been reported as potential prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers. However, little is known about the bioactivities of tryptophan metabolites on PCa cell growth. In this study, MTT and transwell assays were used to study the cytotoxicities of 13 major tryptophan metabolites on PCa and normal prostate epithelial cell lines. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was used to analyze metabolic changes in cells treated with tryptamine. Flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and Western blot were used to test the apoptosis induced by tryptamine. It was shown that tryptamine had obvious inhibitory effects on PCa cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP, stronger than those on the normal prostate cell line RWPE-1. Tryptamine was further shown to induce apoptosis and inhibit PC-3 cell migration. Metabolic changes including amino acid metabolism related to cell proliferation and metastasis were found in PC-3 cells treated with tryptamine. Furthermore, a PC-3 xenograft mouse model was used to study the effect of tryptamine in vivo. The intratumoral injection of tryptamine was demonstrated to significantly reduce the tumor growth and tumor sizes in vivo; however, intraperitoneal treatment resulted in increased tumor growth. Such dual effects in vivo advanced our understanding of the bioactivity of tryptamine in regulating prostate tumor development, in addition to its major role as a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Li
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Baoyan Ding
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Mustafa R. K. Ali
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lizhen Zhao
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoling Zang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266235, China
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13
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Sertraline inhibits stress-induced tumor growth through regulating CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:935-942. [PMID: 36066403 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress has been reported to be associated with tumor initiation and progression. But the underlying mechanism and the specific role of tumor immunity in this process are still unknown. Herein, we applied the repeated restrain stress model in C57BL/6J mice and found that the tumor growth in stressed mice was accelerated compared with that in control mice. In addition, serotonin, also called 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in the serum of stressed mice was also elevated. Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used in the clinic, can restore the serum 5-HT level in stressed mice and restrain tumor growth. We further explored the distribution of major immune cells, including B lymphocytes cells, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and regulatory T cells (Treg). We found that the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) decreased significantly in stressed mice. And the extra 5-HT treatment could further decrease the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the TME. The expression of IFN-γ and Granular enzyme B (GzmB) in CD8+ T cells were also dropped in the stressed mice group, whereas the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on CD8+ T cells was increased. The T cell deficiency induced by stress can be reversed by sertraline, indicating its promising role in strengthening the efficacy of anti-PDL1/PD-1 immunotherapy. The present study provides new mechanistic insights into the impact of chronic stress on antitumor immunity and implicates a novel combined immunotherapy strategy for cancer patients with chronic stress.
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Cınar V, Hamurcu Z, Guler A, Nurdinov N, Ozpolat B. Serotonin 5-HT7 receptor is a biomarker poor prognostic factor and induces proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells through FOXM1. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:1106-1120. [PMID: 36006564 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis and shorter survival due to significant genetic heterogeneity, drug resistance and lack of effective targeted therapeutics. Therefore, novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies are needed to improve patient survival. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been shown to induce growth stimulatory effects in breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which 5-HT exerts its oncogenic effects in TNBC still are not well understood. METHODS Normal breast epithelium (MCF10A) and two TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231, BT-546) and MCF-7 cells (ER +) were used to investigate effects of 5-HT7 receptor. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown and metergoline (5-HT7 antagonist) were used to inhibit the activity of 5-HT7. Cell proliferation and colony formation were evaluated using MTS cell viability and colony formation assays, respectively. Western blotting was used to investigate 5-HT7, FOXM1 and its downstream targets protein expressions. RESULTS We demonstrated that 5-HT induces cell proliferation of TNBC cells and expression of 5-HT7 receptor and FOXM1 oncogenic transcription factor. We found that expression of 5-HT7 receptor is up-regulated in TNBC cells and higher 5-HT7 receptor expression is associated with poor patient prognosis and shorter patient survival. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT7 receptor by siRNA and metergoline, respectively, suppressed TNBC cell proliferation and FOXM1 and its downstream mediators, including eEF2-Kinase (eEF2K) and cyclin-D1. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest for the first time that the 5-HT7 receptor promotes FOXM1, eEF2K and cyclin D1 signaling to support TNBC cell proliferation; thus, inhibition of 5-HT7 receptor/FOXM1 signaling may be used as a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting TNBC. 5-HT induces cell proliferation of TNBC cells through 5-HT7 receptor signaling. Also, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT7 by RNAi (siRNA) and metergoline HTR7 antagonist, respectively inhibits FOXM1 oncogenic transcription factor and suppresses TNBC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venhar Cınar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Hamurcu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ahsen Guler
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nursultan Nurdinov
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Houston Methodist Neal Cancer, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Liu SQ, Li B, Li JJ, Sun S, Sun SR, Wu Q. Neuroendocrine regulations in tissue-specific immunity: From mechanism to applications in tumor. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:896147. [PMID: 36072337 PMCID: PMC9442449 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.896147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses in nonlymphoid tissues play a vital role in the maintenance of homeostasis. Lots of evidence supports that tissue-specific immune cells provide defense against tumor through the localization in different tissue throughout the body, and can be regulated by diverse factors. Accordingly, the distribution of nervous tissue is also tissue-specific which is essential in the growth of corresponding organs, and the occurrence and development of tumor. Although there have been many mature perspectives on the neuroendocrine regulation in tumor microenvironment, the neuroendocrine regulation of tissue-specific immune cells has not yet been summarized. In this review, we focus on how tissue immune responses are influenced by autonomic nervous system, sensory nerves, and various neuroendocrine factors and reversely how tissue-specific immune cells communicate with neuroendocrine system through releasing different factors. Furthermore, we pay attention to the potential mechanisms of neuroendocrine-tissue specific immunity axis involved in tumors. This may provide new insights for the immunotherapy of tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qing Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-Rong Sun, ; Qi Wu,
| | - Qi Wu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng-Rong Sun, ; Qi Wu,
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Ha JH, Jayaraman M, Nadhan R, Kashyap S, Mukherjee P, Isidoro C, Song YS, Dhanasekaran DN. Unraveling Autocrine Signaling Pathways through Metabolic Fingerprinting in Serous Ovarian Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1927. [PMID: 34944743 PMCID: PMC8698993 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing on defining metabolite-based inter-tumoral heterogeneity in ovarian cancer, we investigated the metabolic diversity of a panel of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) cell-lines using a metabolomics platform that interrogate 731 compounds. Metabolic fingerprinting followed by 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional principal component analysis established the heterogeneity of the HGSOC cells by clustering them into five distinct metabolic groups compared to the fallopian tube epithelial cell line control. An overall increase in the metabolites associated with aerobic glycolysis and phospholipid metabolism were observed in the majority of the cancer cells. A preponderant increase in the levels of metabolites involved in trans-sulphuration and glutathione synthesis was also observed. More significantly, subsets of HGSOC cells showed an increase in the levels of 5-Hydroxytryptamine, γ-aminobutyrate, or glutamate. Additionally, 5-hydroxytryptamin synthesis inhibitor as well as antagonists of γ-aminobutyrate and glutamate receptors prohibited the proliferation of HGSOC cells, pointing to their potential roles as oncometabolites and ligands for receptor-mediated autocrine signaling in cancer cells. Consistent with this role, 5-Hydroxytryptamine synthesis inhibitor as well as receptor antagonists of γ-aminobutyrate and Glutamate-receptors inhibited the proliferation of HGSOC cells. These antagonists also inhibited the three-dimensional spheroid growth of TYKNU cells, a representative HGSOC cell-line. These results identify 5-HT, GABA, and Glutamate as putative oncometabolites in ovarian cancer metabolic sub-type and point to them as therapeutic targets in a metabolomic fingerprinting-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Ha
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.H.); (M.J.); (R.N.); (S.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Muralidharan Jayaraman
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.H.); (M.J.); (R.N.); (S.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Revathy Nadhan
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.H.); (M.J.); (R.N.); (S.K.); (P.M.)
| | - Srishti Kashyap
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.H.); (M.J.); (R.N.); (S.K.); (P.M.)
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.H.); (M.J.); (R.N.); (S.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanoBioImaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea;
| | - Danny N. Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.H.); (M.J.); (R.N.); (S.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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