1
|
Mahmoudi-Nesheli M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Vahedi L, Amjadi O, Taghvaei T, Maleki I, Shekarriz R, Kazemi A, Omrani-Nava V, Alizadeh-Foroutan M. Evaluation of Circulating Leptin and Its Receptor (Ob-R) Tissue Expression in Colorectal Cancer, a Report From North of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:299-305. [PMID: 37942199 PMCID: PMC10628377 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2023.1983482.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Background & Objective Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone with a critical role in energy balance. As demonstrated by previous investigations, leptin acts as a proliferative and angiogenic factor in cancer cells. However, results regarding its role in colorectal cancer are still inconclusive. We aimed to evaluate serum leptin and tissue expression of leptin receptor (Ob-R) in normal and malignant samples of colorectal. Methods Serum and tissue samples from pathology-confirmed colorectal cancer patients and normal controls referring to a university hospital of Mazandaran were obtained during 2019-21. ELISA and immunohistochemistry were applied to determine leptin and Ob-R expression respectively. Results A total of 90 samples belonging to 46 normal and 44 CRC patients were enrolled. Normal and CRC groups included 32 (69.56%) and 21 (47.72%) female subjects respectively. The average leptin concentration in the normal group was 115.80 and, in the patient, group was 124.47 ng/mL (P=0.897). CRC cases showed an insignificantly higher Ob-R detection rate (P=0.086). Conclusion There was no significant difference in leptin and Ob-R expression between CRC patients and normal subjects. Thus, leptin and its receptor may not be useful as a biomarker of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoume Mahmoudi-Nesheli
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Laleh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Omolbanin Amjadi
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tarang Taghvaei
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Imam Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Iradj Maleki
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Imam Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ramin Shekarriz
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Arash Kazemi
- Gut and Liver Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Imam Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Versa Omrani-Nava
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Alizadeh-Foroutan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pereira S, Cline DL, Chan M, Chai K, Yoon JS, O'Dwyer SM, Ellis CE, Glavas MM, Webber TD, Baker RK, Erener S, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Role of myeloid cell leptin signaling in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18394. [PMID: 34526546 PMCID: PMC8443652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although innate immunity is linked to metabolic health, the effect of leptin signaling in cells from the innate immune system on glucose homeostasis has not been thoroughly investigated. We generated two mouse models using Cre-lox methodology to determine the effect of myeloid cell-specific leptin receptor (Lepr) reconstitution and Lepr knockdown on in vivo glucose metabolism. Male mice with myeloid cell-specific Lepr reconstitution (Lyz2Cre+LeprloxTB/loxTB) had better glycemic control as they aged compared to male mice with whole-body transcriptional blockade of Lepr (Lyz2Cre−LeprloxTB/loxTB). In contrast, Lyz2Cre+LeprloxTB/loxTB females only had a trend for diminished hyperglycemia after a prolonged fast. During glucose tolerance tests, Lyz2Cre+LeprloxTB/loxTB males had a mildly improved plasma glucose profile compared to Cre− controls while Lyz2Cre+LeprloxTB/loxTB females had a similar glucose excursion to their Cre− controls. Myeloid cell-specific Lepr knockdown (Lyz2Cre+Leprflox/flox) did not significantly alter body weight, blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, or glucose tolerance in males or females. Expression of the cytokine interleukin 10 (anti-inflammatory) tended to be higher in adipose tissue of male Lyz2Cre+LeprloxTB/loxTB mice (p = 0.0774) while interleukin 6 (pro-inflammatory) was lower in male Lyz2Cre+Leprflox/flox mice (p < 0.05) vs. their respective controls. In conclusion, reconstitution of Lepr in cells of myeloid lineage has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in male mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pereira
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daemon L Cline
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Melissa Chan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kalin Chai
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ji Soo Yoon
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shannon M O'Dwyer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cara E Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Travis D Webber
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert K Baker
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Suheda Erener
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Scott D Covey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirt PA, Castillo DE, Yosipovitch G, Keri JE. Skin changes in the obese patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 81:1037-1057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
4
|
Robinson J, Swift-Scanlan T, Salyer J. Obesity and 1-Year Mortality in Adults After Sepsis: A Systematic Review. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 22:103-113. [PMID: 31533460 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419876070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, researchers have noted an "obesity paradox," where individuals with obesity survive sepsis at higher rates than their nonobese counterparts. This systematic review summarizes the literature on studies examining the association between obesity and 1-year mortality among patients admitted with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a comprehensive search strategy, a systematic review was conducted to identify studies examining the association of obesity and sepsis mortality. PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Elton B. Stephens Company host databases were searched for the terms sepsis, obesity, mortality, and adult. RESULTS The initial search identified 189 studies, 9 of which met inclusion criteria. Of these, four provided evidence that obese or very obese patients with sepsis have lower mortality than nonobese patients. Methodologic differences in the remaining five studies, which reported conflicting results, limit generalizability. CONCLUSION This systematic review on the association of obesity and sepsis mortality found three studies that demonstrated lower sepsis mortality among obese patients in the first 30 days and one showing that this protective effect extends up to 1 year. Given the increased number of patients surviving sepsis, it is important to consider long-term mortality and further describe the variables associated with increased survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Robinson
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Theresa Swift-Scanlan
- Biobehavioral Laboratory Services, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Adult Health and Nursing Systems, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeanne Salyer
- Department of Adult Health and Nursing Systems, School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zabeau L, Wauman J, Dam J, Van Lint S, Burg E, De Geest J, Rogge E, Silva A, Jockers R, Tavernier J. A novel leptin receptor antagonist uncouples leptin's metabolic and immune functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1201-1214. [PMID: 30659329 PMCID: PMC11105424 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin links body energy stores to high energy demanding processes like reproduction and immunity. Based on leptin's role in autoimmune diseases and cancer, several leptin and leptin receptor (LR) antagonists have been developed, but these intrinsically lead to unwanted weight gain. Here, we report on the uncoupling of leptin's metabolic and immune functions based on the cross talk with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We show that both receptors spontaneously interact and, remarkably, that this complex can partially overrule the lack of LR activation by a leptin antagonistic mutein. Moreover, this leptin mutant induces EGFR phosphorylation comparable to wild-type leptin. Exploiting this non-canonical leptin signalling pathway, we identified a camelid single-domain antibody that selectively inhibits this LR-EGFR cross talk without interfering with homotypic LR signalling. Administration in vivo showed that this single-domain antibody did not interfere with leptin's metabolic functions, but could reverse the leptin-driven protection against starvation-induced thymic and splenic atrophy. These findings offer new opportunities for the design and clinical application of selective leptin and LR antagonists that avoid unwanted metabolic side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Zabeau
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Wauman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Dam
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Van Lint
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elianne Burg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jennifer De Geest
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Rogge
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anisia Silva
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maurya R, Bhattacharya P, Dey R, Nakhasi HL. Leptin Functions in Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2741. [PMID: 30534129 PMCID: PMC6275238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a pleiotropic protein has long been recognized to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and other physiological functions through its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and encoded by the obese (ob) gene. Leptin acts as a central mediator which regulates immunity as well as nutrition. Importantly, leptin can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Leptin deficiency/resistance is associated with dysregulation of cytokine production, increased susceptibility toward infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition and inflammatory responses. Malnutrition induces a state of immunodeficiency and an inclination to death from communicable diseases. Infectious diseases are the disease of poor who invariably suffer from malnutrition that could result from reduced serum leptin levels. Thus, leptin has been placed at the center of many interrelated functions in various pathogenic conditions, such as bacterial, viruses and parasitic infections. We review herein, the recent advances on the role of leptin in malnutrition in pathogenesis of infectious diseases with a particular emphasis on parasitic diseases such as Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Amoebiasis, and Malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dar L, Tiosano S, Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Zisman D, Comaneshter D, Cohen A, Amital H. Are obesity and rheumatoid arthritis interrelated? Int J Clin Pract 2018; 72. [PMID: 29231278 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, both the prevalence of obesity and the incidence of RA have been rising. Our aim was to assess the association between overweight or obesity and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DESIGN Patients who were diagnosed with RA were compared with population-based controls, matched for age and sex (by a ratio of 1:5). Body measurements and smoking status were collected from medical records. Body mass index was classified in WHO categories of underweight, normal, overweight and obese (<18.5, 18.5-<25, 25-<30, ≥30 kg/m2 ). χ2 and t-tests and logistic regression models were used to compare the study groups and to assess the association between obesity and RA. SETTING A cross-sectional analysis performed utilizing the database of Clalit Health Services, the largest healthcare provider organisation in Israel. Data were collected from the beginning of computerised database usage (around year 2000) until 2015. PARTICIPANTS CHS covers over 4.4 million enrollees, of which all RA patients and matched controls were selected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2 ) among RA patients and controls. RESULTS The study included 11 406 patients with RA and 54 701 controls. The proportion of obese subjects among RA patients was higher in comparison with controls, (33.4% vs 31.6%, respectively). In multivariate regression model, smoking and obesity were found to be associated with RA, whereas male gender was found as inversely related to RA. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that obesity is significantly associated with RA. This finding underlines the role that obesity plays in inflammation and autoimmune conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Dar
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shmuel Tiosano
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Abdulla Watad
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Devi Zisman
- Department of Rheumatology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappoport Faculty of Medicine, Carmel Medical Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Arnon Cohen
- Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B', Zabludowicz center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rossi F, Alberto B, Jessica C, Simona B. Diets containing dairy foods positively affects weight and fat loss and cytokines blood levels in premenopausal obese women. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Istituto di Scienze degli alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Battezzati Alberto
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Sezione di Nutrizione Umana, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi, Via Colombo 60, Milano, Italy
| | - Capraro Jessica
- Istituto di Scienze degli alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Bertoli Simona
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente, Sezione di Nutrizione Umana, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi, Via Colombo 60, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leptin: From structural insights to the design of antagonists. Life Sci 2015; 140:49-56. [PMID: 25998027 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
After its discovery in 1994, it soon became clear that leptin acts as an adipocyte-derived hormone with a central role in the control of body weight and energy homeostasis. However, a growing body of evidence has revealed that leptin is a pleiotropic cytokine with activities on many peripheral cell types. Inappropriate leptin signaling can promote autoimmunity, certain cardiovascular diseases, elevated blood pressure and cancer, which makes leptin and the leptin receptor interesting targets for antagonism. Profound insights in the leptin receptor (LR) activation mechanisms are a prerequisite for the rational design of these antagonists. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin receptor activation and signaling. We also discuss the current strategies to interfere with leptin signaling and their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
10
|
Insulin resistance and skin diseases. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:479354. [PMID: 25977937 PMCID: PMC4419263 DOI: 10.1155/2015/479354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In medical practice, almost every clinician may encounter patients with skin disease. However, it is not always easy for physicians of all specialties to face the daily task of determining the nature and clinical implication of dermatologic manifestations. Are they confined to the skin, representing a pure dermatologic event? Or are they also markers of internal conditions relating to the patient's overall health? In this review, we will discuss the principal cutaneous conditions which have been linked to metabolic alterations. Particularly, since insulin has an important role in homeostasis and physiology of the skin, we will focus on the relationships between insulin resistance (IR) and skin diseases, analyzing strongly IR-associated conditions such as acanthosis nigricans, acne, and psoriasis, without neglecting emerging and potential scenarios as the ones represented by hidradenitis suppurativa, androgenetic alopecia, and hirsutism.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kotnik P, Fischer Posovszky P, Wabitsch M. Endocrine and Metabolic Effects of Adipose Tissue in Children and Adolescents. Zdr Varst 2015; 54:131-8. [PMID: 27646920 PMCID: PMC4820166 DOI: 10.1515/sjph-2015-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is implicated in many endocrine and metabolic processes. Leptin was among the first identified adipose-secreted factors, which act in an auto-, para- and endocrine manner. Since leptin, many other adipose tissue factors were determined, some primarily secreted from the adipocytes, some from other cells of the adipose tissue. So-called adipokines are not only involved in obesity and its complications, as are insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and other components of the metabolic syndrome, but also in growth, reproduction, bone metabolism, immune response, cancer development and many other important biological processes. Research in the field of adipokines has revealed new insights into the physiological and pathophysiologal processes and opened new therapeutic possibilities. In the present article, a special emphasis is devoted to research in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Primož Kotnik
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Bohoriceva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee A, Jeon KJ, Kim MS, Kim HK, Han SN. Modest weight loss through a 12-week weight management program with behavioral modification seems to attenuate inflammatory responses in young obese Koreans. Nutr Res 2015; 35:301-8. [PMID: 25753918 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been reported to impair immune functions and lead to low-grade long-term inflammation; however, studies that have investigated the impact of weight loss on these among the young and slightly obese are limited. Thus, we investigated the effect of a 12-week weight management program with behavioral modifications on cell-mediated immune functions and inflammatory responses in young obese participants. Our hypothesis was that weight loss would result in improved immune functions and decreased inflammatory responses. Sixty-four participants (45 obese and 19 normal weight) finished the program. Obese (body mass index ≥25) participants took part in 5 group education and 6 individual counseling sessions. Normal-weight (body mass index 18.5-23) participants only attended 6 individual sessions. The goal for the obese was to lose 0.5 kg/wk by reducing their intake by 300 to 500 kcal/d and increasing their physical activity. Program participation resulted in a modest but significant decrease in weight (2.7 ± 0.4 kg, P < .001) and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-1β production (from 0.85 ± 0.07 to 0.67 ± 0.07 ng/mL, P < .05) in the obese. In the obese group, increase in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated interleukin-10 production, a TH2 and anti-inflammatory cytokine, approached significance after program participation (from 6181 ± 475 to 6970 ± 632 pg/mL, P = .06). No significant changes in proliferative responses to the optimal concentration of concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin were observed in the obese after program participation. Collectively, modest weight loss did not change the cell-mediated immune functions significantly but did attenuate the inflammatory response in young and otherwise healthy obese adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AeJin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Jeon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Estrogen signaling in metabolic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:615917. [PMID: 25400333 PMCID: PMC4226184 DOI: 10.1155/2014/615917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is extensive evidence supporting the interference of inflammatory activation with metabolism. Obesity, mainly visceral obesity, is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state, triggered by metabolic surplus where specialized metabolic cells such as adipocytes activate cellular stress initiating and sustaining the inflammatory program. The increasing prevalence of obesity, resulting in increased cardiometabolic risk and precipitating illness such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, cirrhosis, and certain types of cancer, constitutes a good example of this association. The metabolic actions of estrogens have been studied extensively and there is also accumulating evidence that estrogens influence immune processes. However, the connection between these two fields of estrogen actions has been underacknowledged since little attention has been drawn towards the possible action of estrogens on the modulation of metabolism through their anti-inflammatory properties. In the present paper, we summarize knowledge on the modification inflammatory processes by estrogens with impact on metabolism and highlight major research questions on the field. Understanding the regulation of metabolic inflammation by estrogens may provide the basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to the management of metabolic dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Saucillo DC, Gerriets VA, Sheng J, Rathmell JC, Maciver NJ. Leptin metabolically licenses T cells for activation to link nutrition and immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:136-44. [PMID: 24273001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses are highly energy-dependent processes. Activated T cells increase glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis to survive and function. Malnutrition and starvation limit nutrients and are associated with immune deficiency and increased susceptibility to infection. Although it is clear that immunity is suppressed in times of nutrient stress, mechanisms that link systemic nutrition to T cell function are poorly understood. We show in this study that fasting leads to persistent defects in T cell activation and metabolism, as T cells from fasted animals had low glucose uptake and decreased ability to produce inflammatory cytokines, even when stimulated in nutrient-rich media. To explore the mechanism of this long-lasting T cell metabolic defect, we examined leptin, an adipokine reduced in fasting that regulates systemic metabolism and promotes effector T cell function. We show that leptin is essential for activated T cells to upregulate glucose uptake and metabolism. This effect was cell intrinsic and specific to activated effector T cells, as naive T cells and regulatory T cells did not require leptin for metabolic regulation. Importantly, either leptin addition to cultured T cells from fasted animals or leptin injections to fasting animals was sufficient to rescue both T cell metabolic and functional defects. Leptin-mediated metabolic regulation was critical, as transgenic expression of the glucose transporter Glut1 rescued cytokine production of T cells from fasted mice. Together, these data demonstrate that induction of T cell metabolism upon activation is dependent on systemic nutritional status, and leptin links adipocytes to metabolically license activated T cells in states of nutritional sufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donte C Saucillo
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adipocytokine profile, cytokine levels and foxp3 expression in multiple sclerosis: a possible link to susceptibility and clinical course of disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76555. [PMID: 24098530 PMCID: PMC3789814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipocytokines may be involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) as well as other autoimmune and inflammatory-related diseases. This study aims to compare levels of resistin, visfatin and leptin in three subgroups of MS patients with healthy subjects and also to study their relationship with Foxp3 expression and levels of several pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukine-1 β(IL-1 β),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and human sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Methods A total of 391 subjects including 200 healthy controls and 191 MS patients were recruited for this case-control study. Circulating adipocytokines and inflammatory mediators were measured using immunoassay methods. Foxp3 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Fat tissue mass was evaluated by using dual energy X-ray absorptiometery (DEXA). Results A significant difference was observed in levels of inflammatory mediators, adipocytokines, Foxp3 gene expression and adipose tissue mass between MS patients and healthy controls. All adipocytokines were positively correlated with levels of inflammatory mediators and negatively correlated with Foxp3 expression in MS patients. In controls, there were positive correlations between circulating leptin and resistin with TNF-α and IL-1β in subgroup analysis, the highest levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, hs-CRP, resistin and leptin were observed in primary progressive-MS (PP-MS) patients. Also, expression of Foxp3 and levels of visfatin in relapsing remitting-MS(RR-MS) patients were higher compared with the other subgroups. Conclusions Our findings suggest the potential role of adipocytokines in pathogenesis and severity of MS. Notably, the relationship of adipocytokines levels with inflammatory cytokines as well as clinical features of MS could be considerable in translational medicine and biomarker studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ntikoudi E, Kiagia M, Boura P, Syrigos KN. Hormones of adipose tissue and their biologic role in lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 40:22-30. [PMID: 23870486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipose tissue secretes numerous bioactive peptides, collectively termed "adipocytokines" or "adipokines". Adipokines act in a paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine manner and regulate several physiological and pathological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that adipokines are implicated also in several malignancies, including lung cancer as well. AIM The aim of this study is to summarize data concerning adipokines in lung cancer pathogenesis, prognosis and survival; the role of adipokines in lung cancer cachexia is also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in the electronic database of Medline. Several studies and review articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Leptin and adiponectin are the best studied adipokines. The majority of the relevant studies has investigated the potential correlations mainly between leptin, adiponectin, and sometimes also resistin, and nutritional status, systemic inflammation of lung cancer or lung cancer cachexia and have also assessed their prognostic significance. Few other studies have studied genetic variations in leptin, leptin receptor and adiponectin genes and their association with lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis. The ongoing list of adipokines associated with lung cancer also includes resistin, chemerin, and visfatin. CONCLUSIONS Increasing evidence points to the involvement of certain adipocytokines in lung cancer development, progression and prognosis. No conclusive evidence exists so far with regards to the role of adipocytokines in lung cancer cachexia. Future, longitudinal studies are warranted in order to clarify the role of adipocytokines in lung cancer and also uncover adipocytokines as novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ntikoudi
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Medicine, Athens University School of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, Building Z, 152 Mesogion Avenue, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bucci L, Yani SL, Fabbri C, Bijlsma AY, Maier AB, Meskers CG, Narici MV, Jones DA, McPhee JS, Seppet E, Gapeyeva H, Pääsuke M, Sipilä S, Kovanen V, Stenroth L, Musarò A, Hogrel JY, Barnouin Y, Butler-Browne G, Capri M, Franceschi C, Salvioli S. Circulating levels of adipokines and IGF-1 are associated with skeletal muscle strength of young and old healthy subjects. Biogerontology 2013; 14:261-72. [PMID: 23666343 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It is known that adipose tissue mass increases with age, and that a number of hormones, collectively called adipokines, are produced by adipose tissue. For most of them it is not known whether their plasmatic levels change with age. Moreover, it is known that adipose tissue infiltration in skeletal muscle is related to sarcopenia and loss of muscle strength. In this study we investigated the age-related changes of representative adipokines and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and their effect on muscle strength. We studied the association between circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and IGF-1 and muscle strength. This cross-sectional study included 412 subjects of different age (152 subjects aged 18-30 years and 260 subjects aged 69-81 years) recruited within the framework of the European research network project "Myoage". The levels of adiponectin (both in male and female subjects) and leptin (only in males) were significantly higher in old subjects compared to young, while those of IGF-1 were lower in old subjects. In old subjects adiponectin, resistin and the resistin/IGF-1 ratio (but not IGF-1 alone) were inversely associated with quadriceps torque, while only adiponectin was inversely associated with handgrip strength independently from percentage of fat mass, height, age, gender and geographical origin. The ratio of leptin to adiponectin was directly associated with handgrip strength in both young and old subjects. These results suggest that in humans the age-associated loss of strength is associated with the levels of representative adipokines and IGF-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and CIG-Interdepartmental Centre L. Galvani, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
S Purohit J, Hu P, Burke SJ, Collier JJ, Chen J, Zhao L. The effects of NOD activation on adipocyte differentiation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:737-47. [PMID: 23712977 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR) are two families of pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in immune response and inflammation in adipocytes. It has been reported that TLR4 and TLR2 activation induce proinflammatory changes that impair adipocyte differentiation. However, the effects of activation of NOD1 and NOD2, the two prominent members of NLR, on adipocyte differentiation have not been studied. DESIGN AND METHODS 3T3-L1 and human adipose-derived stem cells were tested for adipocyte differentiation in the presence or absence of NOD ligand. Adipocyte differentiation was evaluated by the adipocyte markers gene expression and Oil Red O staining for lipid accumulation. RESULTS Activation of NOD1, but not NOD2, by a synthetic ligand dose-dependently suppressed 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation as revealed by Oil Red O stained cell morphology, lipid accumulation, and attenuated gene expression of adipocyte markers (PPARγ, C/EBPα, SCD, FABP4, Adiponectin). Activation of NOD1, but not NOD2, induced NF-κB activation, which correlated with their abilities to suppress ligand-induced PPARγ transaction. Moreover, the suppressive effect by NOD1 activation was reversed by IκB super-repressor which blocks NF-κB activation. The suppression by NOD1 ligand C12-iEDAP on adipocyte differentiation was reversed by small RNA interference targeting NOD1, demonstrating the specificity of NOD1 activation. In contrast, activation of NOD1 and NOD2 both significantly suppressed adipocyte differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells, demonstrating the species specific effects of NOD activation. In contrast to enhanced leptin mRNA by LPS and TNFα, NOD1 activation suppressed leptin mRNA in adipocytes, suggesting the differential effects of NOD1 activation in adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that NOD1 represents a novel target for adipose inflammation in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaanki S Purohit
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Impairment of proliferation and NK activity of spleen leucocytes in young rats treated with a leptin antagonist during the physiological leptin surge through postnatal days 5–10. Proc Nutr Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Abstract
Obesity is a serious global health problem, perhaps the biggest public health issue of our times. Excess body weight may be a factor in carcinogenesis in general, as well as contributing to the pathogenesis of metabolic, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders. Obesity also has many cutaneous features, which form the basis for this review article. Many of these clinical entities are common to the majority of obese patients, e.g. striae distensae, plantar hyperkeratosis and an increased risk of skin infections. However, it may also be associated with poor wound healing, malignant melanoma and an increased risk of inflammatory dermatoses, such as psoriasis, as well as some rarer disorders. Therapeutic interventions for obesity, whether over-the-counter, prescription medicines or surgical interventions, are increasingly commonplace. All of these treatment modalities potentially have dermatological side-effects too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Shipman
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stevanovic D, Starcevic V, Vilimanovich U, Nesic D, Vucicevic L, Misirkic M, Janjetovic K, Savic E, Popadic D, Sudar E, Micic D, Sumarac-Dumanovic M, Trajkovic V. Immunomodulatory actions of central ghrelin in diet-induced energy imbalance. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:150-8. [PMID: 21925262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of centrally administered orexigenic hormone ghrelin on energy imbalance-induced inflammation. Rats were subjected for four weeks to three different dietary regimes: normal (standard food), high-fat (standard food with 30% lard) or food-restricted (70%, 50%, 40% and 40% of the expected food intake in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week, respectively). Compared to normal-weight controls, starved, but not obese rats had significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ) in the blood. When compared to normally fed animals, the hearts of starved and obese animals expressed higher levels of mRNAs encoding proinflammatory mediators (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-12, iNOS), while mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory TGF-β remained unchanged. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ghrelin (1 μg/day) for five consecutive days significantly reduced TNF, IL-1β and IFN-γ levels in the blood of starved rats, as well as TNF, IL-17 and IL-12p40 mRNA expression in the hearts of obese rats. Conversely, ICV ghrelin increased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 mRNA in the heart tissue of food-restricted animals. This was associated with an increase of immunosuppressive ACTH/corticosterone production in starved animals and a decrease of the immunostimulatory adipokine leptin both in food-restricted and high-fat groups. Ghrelin activated the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the hypothalamus and inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the hearts of obese, but not starved rats. Therefore, central ghrelin may play a complex role in energy imbalance-induced inflammation by modulating HPA axis, leptin and AMPK/ERK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stevanovic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han SN, Jeon KJ, Kim MS, Kim HK, Lee AJ. Obesity with a body mass index under 30 does not significantly impair the immune response in young adults. Nutr Res 2011; 31:362-9. [PMID: 21636014 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity accompanies various metabolic and immunologic changes. Evidence from epidemiological, animal, and human studies has linked obesity to impaired immunity. However, human studies that have investigated the immunocompetence of the obese are still limited. We studied the immune and inflammatory responses of obese (body mass index [BMI], 28.3 ± 0.5 kg/m²; n = 30) and normal-weight (BMI, 21.2 ± 0.3 kg/m²; n = 15) young adults to test the hypothesis that obesity is associated with an impaired immune function and dysregulated inflammatory response. Serum levels of adipokines and subpopulations of immune cells were examined. In vitro proliferative response of whole blood lymphocytes, the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL] 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α) and T helper 1/T helper 2 cytokines (IL-2, interferon γ, IL-4, and IL-10) were determined. Serum leptin levels were significantly higher (P < .001) and CD8+ T-cell subpopulation was significantly lower (P = .044) in the obese than normal-weight subjects. There was no difference in the proliferative response of whole-blood lymphocytes to T-cell mitogens between 2 groups. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the obese group produced significantly higher levels of IL-2 (P = .002) and tended to produce higher levels of IL-4 (P = .053) than those from the normal-weight group. No significant differences in the production of inflammatory cytokines by either whole-blood lymphocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide were observed between the obese and normal-weight subjects. These results suggest that obesity with a BMI less than 30 does not significantly impair immune function in young adults. However, further research is needed to investigate the clinical significance of a lower CD8+ T-cell population associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Poggi M, Engel D, Christ A, Beckers L, Wijnands E, Boon L, Driessen A, Cleutjens J, Weber C, Gerdes N, Lutgens E. CD40L deficiency ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic manifestations of obesity in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2251-60. [PMID: 21817098 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.231357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obese adipose tissue shows hallmarks of chronic inflammation, which promotes the development of metabolic disorders. The mechanisms by which immune cells interact with each other or with metabolism-associated cell types, and the players involved, are still unclear. The CD40-CD40L costimulatory dyad plays a pivotal role in immune responses and in diseases such as atherosclerosis and may therefore be a mediator of obesity. Here we investigated whether CD40L is involved in adipose tissue inflammation and its associated metabolic changes. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess a putative role of CD40L in obesity in vivo, we evaluated metabolic and inflammatory consequences of 18 weeks of high-fat feeding in CD40L(+/+) and CD40L(-/-) mice. In addition, C57Bl6 mice were injected with neutralizing anti-CD40L (αCD40L) antibody for 12 weeks while being fed a high-fat diet. Genetic deficiency of CD40L attenuated the development of diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and increased systemic insulin sensitivity. In adipose tissue, it impaired obesity-induced immune cell infiltration and the associated deterioration of glucose and lipid metabolism. Accordingly, αCD40L treatment improved systemic insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and CD4(+) T-cell infiltration in adipose tissue with limited effects on adipose tissue weight. CONCLUSIONS CD40L plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Poggi
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Peterson SJ, Sheean PM, Braunschweig CL. Orally fed patients are at high risk of calorie and protein deficit in the ICU. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:182-5. [PMID: 21178611 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283428e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Malnutrition can lead to serious complications in the ICU. Less than half of patients admitted to ICU require ventilation and for many, their optimal route of feeding is oral medical nutrition therapy, rather than enteral or parenteral nutrition. Inadequate oral intake is a prevalent and often difficult problem within this population, as increased calorie deficits are common in the ICU and associated with worse outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Consuming less than 75% of daily calorie requirements in the hospital setting is associated with worse outcomes. Unfortunately, oral intake is often inadequate. Little is known about the consequences of inadequate oral intake in the ICU; however, data have described worse outcomes with large calorie deficits from enteral and parenteral nutrition. Whether or not these data can be extrapolated to patients in the ICU with poor oral intake remains uncertain. SUMMARY Despite evidence-based guidelines directing the delivery of nutrition support in the ICU, there is limited research focused on oral intake during this time of hospitalization. Future research is needed to determine the long-term associations of inadequate versus adequate oral intake in the ICU.
Collapse
|
26
|
Denver RJ, Bonett RM, Boorse GC. Evolution of leptin structure and function. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 94:21-38. [PMID: 21677426 DOI: 10.1159/000328435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, the protein product of the obese(ob or Lep) gene, is a hormone synthesized by adipocytes that signals available energy reserves to the brain, and thereby influences development, growth, metabolism and reproduction. In mammals, leptin functions as an adiposity signal: circulating leptin fluctuates in proportion to fat mass, and it acts on the hypothalamus to suppress food intake. Orthologs of mammalian Lep genes were recently isolated from several fish and two amphibian species, and here we report the identification of two Lep genes in a reptile, the lizard Anolis carolinensis. While vertebrate leptins show large divergence in their primary amino acid sequence, they form similar tertiary structures, and may have similar potencies when tested in vitro on heterologous leptin receptors (LepRs). Leptin binds to LepRs on the plasma membrane, activating several intracellular signaling pathways. Vertebrate LepRs signal via the Janus kinase (Jak) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Three tyrosine residues located within the LepR cytoplasmic domain are phosphorylated by Jak2 and are required for activation of SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-2, STAT5 and STAT3 signaling. These tyrosines are conserved from fishes to mammals, demonstrating their critical role in signaling by the LepR. Leptin is anorexigenic in representatives of all vertebrate classes, suggesting that its role in energy balance is ancient and has been evolutionarily conserved. In addition to its integral role as a regulator of appetite and energy balance, leptin exerts pleiotropic actions in development, physiology and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. rdenver @ umich.edu
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gove ME, Sherry CL, Pini M, Fantuzzi G. Generation of leptin receptor bone marrow chimeras: recovery from irradiation, immune cellularity, cytokine expression, and metabolic parameters. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2274-81. [PMID: 20395950 PMCID: PMC3640286 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leptin regulates appetite and metabolism but also immunity and inflammation. Although functional leptin receptors (LepR) are expressed on hematopoietic cells, the role of these receptors in regulating immune function in vivo remains controversial. To clarify this issue, we performed bone marrow (BM) transplantation between obese db/db mice, lacking LepR, and wild-type (WT) mice. Results indicate that expression of LepR on BM-derived cells directly, though partially, regulates spleen and thymus cellularity, although the environment of db mice contributes to maintaining reduced cellularity of these organs. Selective expression of LepR on BM-derived cells also modulates leptin and adiponectin levels, with induction of a more favorable adipokine environment in the WT→db/db group. However, LepR signaling in BM-derived cells is not involved in regulation of body weight (BW) and composition, glycemia, hepatosteatosis or adipose tissue inflammation, although it modulates expression of interleukin (IL)-1β in the brain. Finally, data indicate that db mice have an increased susceptibility to irradiation compared to WT mice in terms of BW loss and recovery of leukocyte counts in peripheral blood. Therefore, interpretation of results obtained using BM chimeras between WT and db mice should take into account the difference in radiation sensitivity between the two types of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Gove
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christina L. Sherry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Maria Pini
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Giamila Fantuzzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Adipokine update – neue Moleküle, neue Funktionen. Wien Med Wochenschr 2010; 160:377-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-010-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
29
|
Pini M, Sennello JA, Cabay RJ, Fantuzzi G. Effect of diet-induced obesity on acute pancreatitis induced by administration of interleukin-12 plus interleukin-18 in mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:476-81. [PMID: 19696761 PMCID: PMC3644183 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). We recently developed a model of AP induced by administration of interleukin (IL)-12+IL-18, two cytokines that are elevated in patients with AP. In this model, severe AP develops in obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice compared to lean littermates. In the present report, we evaluated the pancreatic response of diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice to IL-12+IL-18. Body weight loss and adipose tissue necrosis were more severe and prolonged in cytokine-injected DIO compared to lean mice. Edematous AP developed in lean mice, whereas DIO mice developed necrotizing AP. Obese DIO mice developed more severe hypocalcemia, increased liver damage and a heightened acute-phase response compared to lean mice, although leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were of comparable severity in lean and DIO mice. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-22 were significantly higher in DIO compared to lean mice, whereas interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, obesity induced by high-fat diet is associated with increased disease severity and duration in the model of AP induced by administration of IL-12+IL-18.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pini
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph A. Sennello
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert J. Cabay
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Giamila Fantuzzi
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pini M, Fantuzzi G. Enhanced production of IL-17A during zymosan-induced peritonitis in obese mice. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:51-8. [PMID: 19745158 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0309188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine critical for host defense and involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation but also with a heightened acute inflammatory response. We investigated the effect of obesity on IL-17A production using the model of ZY-induced peritonitis. Compared with lean controls, administration of ZY induced a significantly exacerbated inflammatory response in obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Levels of IL-17A in the peritoneal fluid in response to ZY were elevated significantly in ob/ob and DIO mice compared with lean animals. Reconstitution of ob/ob mice with exogenous leptin did not alter production of IL-17A significantly in response to ZY. Peritoneal cells and adipose tissue obtained from ZY-injected obese mice expressed significantly higher levels of IL-17A mRNA compared with lean mice. Approximately 2% of peritoneal Ly6G(+) neutrophils from ZY-injected obese mice expressed IL-17A protein, compared with 0.2% of cells obtained from lean mice. Neutralization of IL-17 in ob/ob mice inhibited neutrophil recruitment and production of neutrophil-attracting CXC chemokines and IL-6, without affecting macrophage infiltration or levels of IL-10 and the chemokine CCL2. In contrast, neutralization of IL-6 did not affect production of IL-17A or chemokines while reducing production of the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A significantly. These data demonstrate that neutrophil-derived IL-17A is increased in obese mice during acute inflammation and contributes to exacerbation of inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pini
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ponemone V, Fayad R, Gove ME, Pini M, Fantuzzi G. Effect of adiponectin deficiency on intestinal damage and hematopoietic responses of mice exposed to gamma radiation. Mutat Res 2009; 690:102-7. [PMID: 19583972 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is an adipose tissue-derived cytokine that regulates insulin sensitivity and inflammation. It is also involved in modulation of cell proliferation by binding to various growth factors. Based on its known effects in modulating cell proliferation and oxidative stress, APN may potentially be involved in regulating tissue damage and repair following irradiation. Adiponectin KO mice and their WT littermates were exposed to a single whole-body dose of 3 or 6Gy gamma radiation. Radiation-induced alterations were studied in jejunum, blood, bone marrow and thymus at days 1 and 5 post-irradiation and compared with sham-irradiated groups. In WT mice, irradiation did not significantly alter serum APN levels while inducing a significant decrease in serum leptin. Irradiation caused a significant reduction in thymocyte cellularity, with concomitant decrease in CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(+) T cell populations, with no significant differences between WT and APN KO mice. Irradiation resulted in a significantly higher increase in the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in the blood of APN KO compared with WT mice, whereas frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow at day 5 was significantly higher in WT compared with APN KO mice. Finally, irradiation induced similar alterations in villus height and crypt cell proliferation in the jejunum of WT and APN KO mice. Jejunum explants from sham-irradiated APN KO mice produced higher levels of IL-6 compared with tissue from WT animals, but the difference was no longer apparent following irradiation. Our data indicate that APN deficiency does not play a significant role in modulating radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury in mice, while it may participate in regulation of damage to the hematopoietic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Ponemone
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|