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Hong J, Li Y, Chen L, Han D, Li Y, Mi X, Liu K, Wang Q, Song Y, Liu T, Yang N, Liu Y, Li Z, Guo X. A53T α-synuclein mutation increases susceptibility to postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery via hippocampal Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116261. [PMID: 38705534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) is a common complication in geriatric surgical patients. The impact of anesthesia and surgery on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) or prion disease, has not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between a pre-existing A53T genetic background, which involves a PD-related point mutation, and the development of postoperative dNCR. We observed that partial hepatectomy induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits in 5-month-old A53T transgenic mice, a model of early-stage PD without cognitive deficits, unlike in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. We respectively examined molecular changes at 6 h, 1 day, and 2 days after partial hepatectomy and observed that cognitive changes were accompanied by weakened angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor [Ang-(1-7)/MasR] axis, increased alpha-synuclein (α-syn) expression and phosphorylation, decreased methylated protein phosphatase-2A (Me-PP2A), and prompted microglia M1 polarization and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus at 1 day after surgery. Nevertheless, no changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity or plasma α-syn levels in either A53T or WT mice. Furthermore, intranasal administration of selective MasR agonist AVE 0991, reversed the mentioned cognitive deficits in A53T mice, enhanced MasR expression, reduced α-syn accumulation and phosphorylation, and attenuated microglia activation and apoptotic response. Our findings suggest that individuals with the A53T genetic background may be more susceptible to developing postoperative dNCR. This susceptibility could be linked to central α-syn accumulation mediated by the weakened Ang-(1-7)/MasR/methyl-PP2A signaling pathway in the hippocampus following surgery, independent of plasma α-syn level and BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dengyang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yitong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinning Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kaixi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhengqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Center of Quality Control and Improvement on Clinical Anesthesia, No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine Branch of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), No. 49, North Garden Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Gouveia F, Fonseca C, Silva A, Camins A, Teresa Cruz M, Ettcheto M, Fortuna A. Intranasal irbesartan reverts cognitive decline and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation mice model. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111471. [PMID: 38199198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New strategies are urgently needed to manage and delay the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation is a significant contributor to cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) protect hypertensive patients against AD, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. In light of this, the protective effects of three ARBs and three ACEIs against neuroinflammation and cognitive decline were investigated through comprehensive pharmacologicalin vitro/in vivoscreening. METHODS BV-2 microglia cells were exposed tolipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with ARBs and ACEIs to provide initial insights into the anti-inflammatory properties of the drugs. Subsequently, irbesartan was selected, and its efficacy was evaluated inC57/BL6 male miceintranasally administered with irbesartan and injected with LPS. Long-term memory and depressive-like behavior were evaluated; dendritic spines were measured as well as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline biomarkers. RESULTS Irbesartan mitigated memory loss and depressive-like behavior in mice treated with LPS, probably because itincreased spine density, ameliorated synapsis dysfunction and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway. Irbesartan elevated the levels of hippocampalsuperoxide dismutase2 andglutathione peroxidaseandsuppressed LPS-induced astrogliosis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides compelling evidence that multiple intranasal administrations of irbesartan can effectively prevent LPS-induced cognitive decline by activating pathways involved in neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory events. These findings underscore the potential of irbesartan as a preventive strategy against the development of AD and other neurodegenerative conditions associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Gouveia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Fonseca
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - M Teresa Cruz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Del Rosario Hernández T, Gore SV, Kreiling JA, Creton R. Drug repurposing for neurodegenerative diseases using Zebrafish behavioral profiles. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116096. [PMID: 38185043 PMCID: PMC10922774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing can accelerate drug development while reducing the cost and risk of toxicity typically associated with de novo drug design. Several disorders lacking pharmacological solutions and exhibiting poor results in clinical trials - such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) - could benefit from a cost-effective approach to finding new therapeutics. We previously developed a neural network model, Z-LaP Tracker, capable of quantifying behaviors in zebrafish larvae relevant to cognitive function, including activity, reactivity, swimming patterns, and optomotor response in the presence of visual and acoustic stimuli. Using this model, we performed a high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs to identify compounds that affect zebrafish larval behavior in a manner consistent with the distinct behavior induced by calcineurin inhibitors. Cyclosporine (CsA) and other calcineurin inhibitors have garnered interest for their potential role in the prevention of AD. We generated behavioral profiles suitable for cluster analysis, through which we identified 64 candidate therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayali V Gore
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jill A Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robbert Creton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Fleisher-Berkovich S, Battaglia V, Baratta F, Brusa P, Ventura Y, Sharon N, Dahan A, Collino M, Ben-Shabat S. An Emerging Strategy for Neuroinflammation Treatment: Combined Cannabidiol and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Treatments Effectively Inhibit Glial Nitric Oxide Release. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16254. [PMID: 38003444 PMCID: PMC10671332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid found in cannabis, has anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Despite the increasing use of CBD, little is known about its effect in combination with other substances. Combination therapy has been gaining attention recently, aiming to produce more efficient effects. Angiotensin II activates the angiotensin 1 receptor and regulates neuroinflammation and cognition. Angiotensin receptor 1 blockers (ARBs) were shown to be neuroprotective and prevent cognitive decline. The present study aimed to elucidate the combined role of CBD and ARBs in the modulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced glial inflammation. While LPS significantly enhanced nitric oxide synthesis vs. the control, telmisartan and CBD, when administered alone, attenuated this effect by 60% and 36%, respectively. Exposure of LPS-stimulated cells to both compounds resulted in the 95% inhibition of glial nitric oxide release (additive effect). A synergistic inhibitory effect on nitric oxide release was observed when cells were co-treated with losartan (5 μM) and CBD (5 μM) (by 80%) compared to exposure to each compound alone (by 22% and 26%, respectively). Telmisartan and CBD given alone increased TNFα levels by 60% and 40%, respectively. CBD and telmisartan, when given together, attenuated the LPS-induced increase in TNFα levels without statistical significance. LPS-induced IL-17 release was attenuated by CBD with or without telmisartan (by 75%) or telmisartan alone (by 60%). LPS-induced Interferon-γ release was attenuated by 80% when telmisartan was administered in the absence or presence of CBD. Anti-inflammatory effects were recorded when CBD was combined with the known anti-inflammatory agent dimethyl fumarate (DMF)/monomethyl fumarate (MMF). A synergistic inhibitory effect of CBD and MMF on glial release of nitric oxide (by 77%) was observed compared to cells exposed to MMF (by 35%) or CBD (by 12%) alone. Overall, this study highlights the potential of new combinations of CBD (5 μM) with losartan (5 μM) or MMF (1 μM) to synergistically attenuate glial NO synthesis. Additive effects on NO production were observed when telmisartan (5 μM) and CBD (5 μM) were administered together to glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Veronica Battaglia
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Francesca Baratta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paola Brusa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy; (V.B.); (F.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Yvonne Ventura
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Nitzan Sharon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy;
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (Y.V.); (N.S.); (A.D.)
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5
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Hernández TDR, Gore SV, Kreiling JA, Creton R. Finding Drug Repurposing Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases using Zebrafish Behavioral Profiles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.12.557235. [PMID: 37745452 PMCID: PMC10515830 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing can accelerate drug development while reducing the cost and risk of toxicity typically associated with de novo drug design. Several disorders lacking pharmacological solutions and exhibiting poor results in clinical trials - such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) - could benefit from a cost-effective approach to finding new therapeutics. We previously developed a neural network model, Z-LaP Tracker, capable of quantifying behaviors in zebrafish larvae relevant to cognitive function, including activity, reactivity, swimming patterns, and optomotor response in the presence of visual and acoustic stimuli. Using this model, we performed a high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs to identify compounds that affect zebrafish larval behavior in a manner consistent with the distinct behavior induced by calcineurin inhibitors. Cyclosporine (CsA) and other calcineurin inhibitors have garnered interest for their potential role in the prevention of AD. We generated behavioral profiles suitable for cluster analysis, through which we identified 64 candidate therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Del Rosario Hernández
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sayali V Gore
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jill A Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robbert Creton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Ababei DC, Bild V, Macadan I, Vasincu A, Rusu RN, Blaj M, Stanciu GD, Lefter RM, Bild W. Therapeutic Implications of Renin-Angiotensin System Modulators in Alzheimer's Dementia. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2290. [PMID: 37765259 PMCID: PMC10538010 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) has attracted considerable interest beyond its traditional cardiovascular role due to emerging data indicating its potential involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's dementia (AD). This review investigates the therapeutic implications of RAS modulators, specifically focusing on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and renin inhibitors in AD. ACEIs, commonly used for hypertension, show promise in AD by reducing angiotensin (Ang) II levels. This reduction is significant as Ang II contributes to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, all implicated in AD pathogenesis. ARBs, known for vasodilation, exhibit neuroprotection by blocking Ang II receptors, improving cerebral blood flow and cognitive decline in AD models. Renin inhibitors offer a novel approach by targeting the initial RAS step, displaying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that mitigate AD degeneration. Preclinical studies demonstrate RAS regulation's favorable impact on neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive function, and Aβ metabolism. Clinical trials on RAS modulators in AD are limited, but with promising results, ARBs being more effective that ACEIs in reducing cognitive decline. The varied roles of ACEIs, ARBs, and renin inhibitors in RAS modulation present a promising avenue for AD therapeutic intervention, requiring further research to potentially transform AD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela-Carmen Ababei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Veronica Bild
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Ioana Macadan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Alexandru Vasincu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Răzvan-Nicolae Rusu
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (D.-C.A.); (A.V.); (R.-N.R.)
| | - Mihaela Blaj
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Dumitrița Stanciu
- Center for Advanced Research and Development in Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Radu-Marian Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
| | - Walther Bild
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, 8 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (R.-M.L.); (W.B.)
- Department of Physiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Shahid K, Tamene Y, Mody SP, Sadiq KO, Shivakumar YM, Burra E, Ramphall S. Comparative Study of Safety and Efficacy of Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers and Anti Amyloid-ß Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43984. [PMID: 37746412 PMCID: PMC10516255 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-ß (Aß) plaques and Neurofibrillary tangles are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Recent advances to find a cure for AD have led to the exploration of Anti-Aß monoclonal antibodies and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs). The antibodies can decrease plaque formation or remove already formed plaques. ARBs increase angiotensin II (AT2) levels and decrease the effect of AT2 on the AT1 receptor (AT1R). This systematic analysis reviews evidence of monoclonal antibodies (Aducanumab, Lecanemab, Donanemab, and Solanezumab) and ARBs in managing AD. An in-depth methodical search was conducted across PubMed, Science Direct, and Mendeley. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed for this study. Randomized control trials for antibodies and ARBs and one retrospective cohort study were included. The comparison was made among studies that shared similar measured outcomes. Antibodies were found to be more effective than ARBs, with Aducanumab and Lecanemab being the most effective. ARBs, on the other hand, were found to be the safer choice. Further trials of longer duration and larger sample sizes are needed to explore both groups' long-term safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Shahid
- Internal Medicine/Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Yonas Tamene
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Shefali P Mody
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Kaiser O Sadiq
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Yogamba M Shivakumar
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Eshwar Burra
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Shivana Ramphall
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Fu XX, Wei B, Cao HM, Duan R, Deng Y, Lian HW, Zhang YD, Jiang T. Telmisartan Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease-Related Neuropathologies and Cognitive Impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230133. [PMID: 37355897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disorder. There are few effective medications for halting the progression of AD. Telmisartan (TEL) is a widely used anti-hypertensive drug approved by FDA. Aside from treating hypertension, TEL has been revealed to provide protection against AD. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of TEL against AD. METHODS Eight-month-old APP/PS1 mice were administered with 5 mg/kg TEL once per day for 4 successive months. Nesting test, Y-maze test, and Morris water maze test were employed to assess the cognitive and executive functions. Neuronal and synaptic markers, Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the brains were measured. Specifically, components involved in amyloid-β (Aβ) production and degradation pathway were analyzed to explore the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of TEL against Aβ pathology. The primary microglia were used to uncover the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of TEL in AD. Additionally, the preventive effect of TEL against AD were investigated using 4-month-old APP/PS1 mice. RESULTS TEL treatment ameliorated cognitive and executive impairments, neuronal and synaptic injury, Aβ pathology, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in APP/PS1 mice. The favorable effects of TEL on Aβ pathology were achieved by inhibiting enzymatic Aβ production and facilitating enzymatic and autophagic Aβ degradation. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory effects of TEL were accomplished via microglial PPARγ/NLRP3 pathway. The administration of TEL prior to symptom onset prevented AD-related cognitive decline and neuropathologies. CONCLUSION TEL represents a promising agent for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Fu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hui-Wen Lian
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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9
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Melchiorri D, Merlo S, Micallef B, Borg JJ, Dráfi F. Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation: will new drugs in clinical trials pave the way to a multi-target therapy? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196413. [PMID: 37332353 PMCID: PMC10272781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, no disease-modifying therapeutic option, able to prevent, cure or halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease [AD], is currently available. AD, a devastating neurodegenerative pathology leading to dementia and death, is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of altered hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Both have been widely studied and pharmacologically targeted for many years, without significant therapeutic results. In 2022, positive data on two monoclonal antibodies targeting Aβ, donanemab and lecanemab, followed by the 2023 FDA accelerated approval of lecanemab and the publication of the final results of the phase III Clarity AD study, have strengthened the hypothesis of a causal role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the magnitude of the clinical effect elicited by the two drugs is limited, suggesting that additional pathological mechanisms may contribute to the disease. Cumulative studies have shown inflammation as one of the main contributors to the pathogenesis of AD, leading to the recognition of a specific role of neuroinflammation synergic with the Aβ and NFTs cascades. The present review provides an overview of the investigational drugs targeting neuroinflammation that are currently in clinical trials. Moreover, their mechanisms of action, their positioning in the pathological cascade of events that occur in the brain throughout AD disease and their potential benefit/limitation in the therapeutic strategy in AD are discussed and highlighted as well. In addition, the latest patent requests for inflammation-targeting therapeutics to be developed in AD will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - John-Joseph Borg
- Malta Medicines Authority, San Ġwann, Malta
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - František Dráfi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovakia
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10
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Scheinman SB, Tseng KY, Alford S, Tai LM. Higher Neuronal Facilitation and Potentiation with APOE4 Suppressed by Angiotensin II. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2960437. [PMID: 37292788 PMCID: PMC10246245 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2960437/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Progressive hippocampal degeneration is a key component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Therefore, identifying how hippocampal neuronal function is modulated early in AD is an important approach to eventually prevent degeneration. AD-risk factors and signaling molecules likely modulate neuronal function, including APOE genotype and angiotensin II. Compared to APOE3 , APOE4 increases AD risk up to 12-fold, and high levels of angiotensin II are hypothesized to disrupt neuronal function in AD. However, the extent that APOE and angiotensin II modulates the hippocampal neuronal phenotype in AD-relevant models is unknown. To address this issue, we used electrophysiological techniques to assess the impact of APOE genotype and angiotensin II on basal synaptic transmission, presynaptic and post-synaptic activity in mice that express human APOE3 (E3FAD) or APOE4 (E4FAD) and overproduce Aβ. We found that compared to E3FAD mice, E4FAD mice had lower basal synaptic activity, but higher levels of paired pulse facilitation (PPF) and Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer Collateral Commissural Pathway (SCCP) of the hippocampus. We also found that exogenous angiotensin II has a profound inhibitory effect on hippocampal LTP in both E3FAD and E4FAD mice. Collectively, our data suggests that APOE4 and Aβ are associated with a hippocampal phenotype comprised of lower basal activity and higher responses to high frequency stimulation, the latter of which is suppressed by angiotensin II. These novel data suggest a potential mechanistic link between hippocampal activity, APOE4 genotype and angiotensin II in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine
| | - Simon Alford
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine
| | - Leon M Tai
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine
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11
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Ghalayini J, Boulianne GL. Deciphering mechanisms of action of ACE inhibitors in neurodegeneration using Drosophila models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1166973. [PMID: 37113150 PMCID: PMC10126366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1166973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder for which there is no cure. Recently, several studies have reported a significant reduction in the incidence and progression of dementia among some patients receiving antihypertensive medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Why these drugs are beneficial in some AD patients and not others is unclear although it has been shown to be independent of their role in regulating blood pressure. Given the enormous and immediate potential of ACE-Is and ARBs for AD therapeutics it is imperative that we understand how they function. Recently, studies have shown that ACE-Is and ARBs, which target the renin angiotensin system in mammals, are also effective in suppressing neuronal cell death and memory defects in Drosophila models of AD despite the fact that this pathway is not conserved in flies. This suggests that the beneficial effects of these drugs may be mediated by distinct and as yet, identified mechanisms. Here, we discuss how the short lifespan and ease of genetic manipulations available in Drosophila provide us with a unique and unparalleled opportunity to rapidly identify the targets of ACE-Is and ARBs and evaluate their therapeutic effectiveness in robust models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Ghalayini
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgin Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabrielle L. Boulianne
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgin Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gabrielle L. Boulianne,
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12
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Ramesh M, Govindaraju T. Multipronged diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13657-13689. [PMID: 36544728 PMCID: PMC9710308 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03932j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a major contributor to dementia cases worldwide. AD is clinically characterized by learning, memory, and cognitive deficits. The accumulation of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau are the pathological hallmarks of AD and are explored as targets for clinical diagnosis and therapy. AD pathology is poorly understood and there are no fully approved diagnosis and treatments. Notwithstanding the gap, decades of research in understanding disease mechanisms have revealed the multifactorial nature of AD. As a result, multipronged and holistic approaches are pertinent to targeting multiple biomarkers and targets for developing effective diagnosis and therapeutics. In this perspective, recent developments in Aβ and tau targeted diagnostic and therapeutic tools are discussed. Novel indirect, combination, and circulating biomarkers as potential diagnostic targets are highlighted. We underline the importance of multiplexing and multimodal detection of multiple biomarkers to generate biomarker fingerprints as a reliable diagnostic strategy. The classical therapeutics targeting Aβ and tau aggregation pathways are described with bottlenecks in the strategy. Drug discovery efforts targeting multifaceted toxicity involving protein aggregation, metal toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and neuroinflammation are highlighted. Recent efforts focused on multipronged strategies to rationally design multifunctional modulators targeting multiple pathological factors are presented as future drug development strategies to discover potential therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur P.O. Bengaluru Karnataka 560064 India
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13
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Chen F, Chen Y, Wang Y, Ke Q, Cui L. The COVID-19 pandemic and Alzheimer’s disease: mutual risks and mechanisms. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:40. [PMID: 36089575 PMCID: PMC9464468 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a life-threatening disease, especially in elderly individuals and those with comorbidities. The predominant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is respiratory dysfunction, while neurological presentations are increasingly being recognized. SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells primarily via attachment of the spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on cell membranes. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and prone to severe clinical outcomes. Recent studies have revealed some common risk factors for AD and COVID-19. An understanding of the association between COVID-19 and AD and the potential related mechanisms may lead to the development of novel approaches to treating both diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades the central nervous system (CNS) and then discuss the associations and potential shared key factors between COVID-19 and AD, with a focus on the ACE2 receptor, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, age, and neuroinflammation.
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14
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Gouveia F, Camins A, Ettcheto M, Bicker J, Falcão A, Cruz MT, Fortuna A. Targeting brain Renin-Angiotensin System for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101612. [PMID: 35346852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of two main hallmarks - Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposits. Notwithstanding, in the last few years the scientific evidence about the drivers of AD have been changing and nowadays age-related vascular alterations and several cardiovascular risk factors have been shown to trigger the development of AD. In this context, drugs targeting the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), commonly used for the treatment of hypertension, are evidencing a high potential to delay AD development due to their action on brain RAS. Indeed, the ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R axis is believed to be upregulated in AD and to be responsible for deleterious effects such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, astrocytes dysfunction and a decrease in cerebral blood flow. In contrast, the alternative axis - ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) - seems to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the principal axis and to exert beneficial effects on memory and cognition. Accordingly, retrospective studies demonstrate a reduced risk of developing AD among people taking RAS medication as well as several in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies as it is herein critically reviewed. In this review, we first revise, at a glance, the pathophysiology of AD focused on its classic hallmarks. Secondly, an overview about the impact of the RAS on the pathophysiology of AD is also provided, focused on their four essential axes ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) and ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R. Finally, the therapeutic potential of available drugs targeting RAS on AD, namely angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), is highlighted and data supporting this hope will be presented, from in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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15
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Annoni F, Moro F, Caruso E, Zoerle T, Taccone FS, Zanier ER. Angiotensin-(1-7) as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841692. [PMID: 35355989 PMCID: PMC8959484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Moreover, survivors after the initial bleeding are often subject to secondary brain injuries and delayed cerebral ischemia, further increasing the risk of a poor outcome. In recent years, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been proposed as a target pathway for therapeutic interventions after brain injury. The RAS is a complex system of biochemical reactions critical for several systemic functions, namely, inflammation, vascular tone, endothelial activation, water balance, fibrosis, and apoptosis. The RAS system is classically divided into a pro-inflammatory axis, mediated by angiotensin (Ang)-II and its specific receptor AT1R, and a counterbalancing system, presented in humans as Ang-(1-7) and its receptor, MasR. Experimental data suggest that upregulation of the Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis might be neuroprotective in numerous pathological conditions, namely, ischemic stroke, cognitive disorders, Parkinson's disease, and depression. In the presence of SAH, Ang-(1-7)/MasR neuroprotective and modulating properties could help reduce brain damage by acting on neuroinflammation, and through direct vascular and anti-thrombotic effects. Here we review the role of RAS in brain ischemia, with specific focus on SAH and the therapeutic potential of Ang-(1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Annoni
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Anderlecht, Belgium
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Anderlecht, Belgium
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Hu H, Wang J, Ren J, Li X, Zhang B, Lv Z, Dai F. Hydrophilic polymer driven crystallization self-assembly: an inflammatory multi-drug combination nanosystem against Alzheimer's disease. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8272-8288. [PMID: 34505608 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00762a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic polymer driven crystallization of self-assembled micelles is usually sufficient for their purposes in materials chemistry studies. However, with the state of smart drug delivery research, micelles alone are not enough. The principles of the self assembly driven by hydrophilic dextran brushes together with charged poly(3-acrylamidophenyl boronic acid) (PPBA) are uncovered in this study. A series of poly(ε-caprolactone)-block-poly(3-acrylamidophenyl boronic acid)-dextran (PCL-b-PPBA-Dex) micelles and vesicles are investigated as potential Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments. Three inflammatory microenvironment responsive micelles, including celecoxib drug-loaded micelles (CEL), ibuprofen drug-loaded micelles (IBU) and telmisartan drug-loaded micelles (TEL), are developed. In vivo, CEL/IBU (mixture of CEL and IBU) and CEL/TEL (mixture of CEL and TEL) suppress the activation of glia and reduce the levels of inflammatory mediators through eliminating cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) signals. The CEL/TEL combination nanosystem is better at correcting neuroinflammation and improving the spatial memory ability of a senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 model (SAMP8). We consider that the inflammation responsive combination nanosystem provides a new potential treatment for AD clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Jinna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Xinpo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Synfuels China Co., Ltd, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Fengying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.
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17
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Losartan Improves Memory, Neurogenesis and Cell Motility in Transgenic Alzheimer's Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020166. [PMID: 33672482 PMCID: PMC7923419 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have demonstrated multiple neuroprotective benefits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models. However, their beneficial effects on memory deficits, cholinergic activity, neurogenesis and Amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance reveal significant interstudy variability. The delivery route can impact not only delivery but also targeting and therapeutic efficacy of ARBs. Our previous findings on the beneficial effects of intranasally delivered losartan in the APP/PS1 model of AD prompted us to explore the influence of the delivery route by employing here the systemic administration of losartan. Consistent with our previous results with intranasal losartan, repeated intraperitoneal administration (10 mg/kg) resulted in a remarkable decrease in Aβ plaques and soluble Aβ42, as well as inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6 and TNFα). The Aβ reduction can be ascribed to its facilitated degradation by neprilysin and diminished generation by BACE1. Losartan increased neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro and improved migratory properties of astrocytes isolated from adult transgenic AD mice. In summary, this data together with our previous results suggest therapeutic features of losartan which are independent of delivery route. The improvement of cell motility of Aβ-affected astrocytes by losartan deserves further in vivo investigation, which may lead to new strategies for AD treatment.
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18
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Scheinman SB, Zaldua S, Dada A, Krochmaliuk K, Dye K, Marottoli FM, Thatcher GRJ, Tai LM. Systemic Candesartan Treatment Modulates Behavior, Synaptic Protein Levels, and Neuroinflammation in Female Mice That Express Human APOE4. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628403. [PMID: 33642985 PMCID: PMC7902885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could be beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients independent of any effects on hypertension. However, studies in rodent models directly testing the activity of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevent pathology including neuroinflammation, Aβ levels, and cerebrovascular function, have produced mixed results. APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for AD and has been linked to many of the same functions as those purported to be modulated by ARB treatment. Therefore, evaluating the effects of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevant pathology in mice that express human APOE4 could provide important information on whether to further develop ARBs for AD therapy. In this study, we treated female and male mice that express the human APOE4 gene in the absence (E4FAD−) or presence (E4FAD+) of high Aβ levels with the ARB prodrug candesartan cilexetil for a duration of 4 months. Compared to vehicle, candesartan treatment resulted in greater memory-relevant behavior and higher hippocampal presynaptic protein levels in female, but not male, E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice. The beneficial effects of candesartan in female E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice occurred in tandem with lower GFAP and Iba1 levels in the hippocampus, whereas there were no effects on markers of cerebrovascular function and Aβ levels. Collectively, these data imply that the effects of ARBs on AD-relevant pathology may be modulated in part by the interaction between APOE genotype and biological sex. Thus, the further development of ARBs could provide therapeutic options for targeting neuroinflammation in female APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adedoyin Dada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kateryna Krochmaliuk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katherine Dye
- UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID-19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:293. [PMID: 33361764 PMCID: PMC7758411 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On 12 March 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. As of 4 August 2020, more than 18 million confirmed infections had been reported globally. Most patients have mild symptoms, but some patients develop respiratory failure which is the leading cause of death among COVID-19 patients. Endothelial cells with high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression are major participants and regulators of inflammatory reactions and coagulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial activation and dysfunction participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis by altering the integrity of vessel barrier, promoting pro-coagulative state, inducing endothelial inflammation, and even mediating leukocyte infiltration. This review describes the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial activation and dysfunction during COVID-19 emphasizing the principal mediators and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Li X, Xuan W, Chen D, Gao H, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang Y, Song H, Cai B. Research Progress of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Drugs: Based on Renin-Angiotensin System Axis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1315-1338. [PMID: 33164932 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complicate link to renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It is known that cerebrovascular disease has some connections with AD, but most of the studies are still conducted in parallel or independently. Although previous research came up with large number of hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD, it does not include the mechanism of RAS-related regulation of AD. It has been found that many components of RAS have been changed in AD. For example, the multifunctional and high-efficiency vasoconstrictor Ang II and Ang III with similar effects are changed under the action of other RAS signal peptides; these signal peptides are believed to help improve nerve injury and cognitive function. These changes may lead to neuropathological changes of AD, and progressive defects of cognitive function, which are association with some hypotheses of AD. The role of RAS in AD gradually attracts our attention, and RAS deserved to be considered carefully in the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses the mechanisms of RAS participating in the three current hypotheses of AD: neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) hypothesis, as well as the drugs that regulate RAS systems already in clinical or in clinical trials. It further demonstrates the importance of RAS in the pathogenesis of AD, not only because of its multiple aspects of participation, which may be accidental, but also because of the availability of RAS drugs, which can be reused as therapies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weiting Xuan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dabao Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huawu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaoru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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21
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Fang J, Pieper AA, Nussinov R, Lee G, Bekris L, Leverenz JB, Cummings J, Cheng F. Harnessing endophenotypes and network medicine for Alzheimer's drug repurposing. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2386-2426. [PMID: 32656864 PMCID: PMC7561446 DOI: 10.1002/med.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following two decades of more than 400 clinical trials centered on the "one drug, one target, one disease" paradigm, there is still no effective disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inherent complexity of AD may challenge this reductionist strategy. Recent observations and advances in network medicine further indicate that AD likely shares common underlying mechanisms and intermediate pathophenotypes, or endophenotypes, with other diseases. In this review, we consider AD pathobiology, disease comorbidity, pleiotropy, and therapeutic development, and construct relevant endophenotype networks to guide future therapeutic development. Specifically, we discuss six main endophenotype hypotheses in AD: amyloidosis, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular dysfunction, and lysosomal dysfunction. We further consider how this endophenotype network framework can provide advances in computational and experimental strategies for drug-repurposing and identification of new candidate therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from or at risk for AD. We highlight new opportunities for endophenotype-informed, drug discovery in AD, by exploiting multi-omics data. Integration of genomics, transcriptomics, radiomics, pharmacogenomics, and interactomics (protein-protein interactions) are essential for successful drug discovery. We describe experimental technologies for AD drug discovery including human induced pluripotent stem cells, transgenic mouse/rat models, and population-based retrospective case-control studies that may be integrated with multi-omics in a network medicine methodology. In summary, endophenotype-based network medicine methodologies will promote AD therapeutic development that will optimize the usefulness of available data and support deep phenotyping of the patient heterogeneity for personalized medicine in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Garam Lee
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Lynn Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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22
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Chrissobolis S, Luu AN, Waldschmidt RA, Yoakum ME, D'Souza MS. Targeting the renin angiotensin system for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173063. [PMID: 33115635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emotional disorders like anxiety and depression are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality all over the world. Several antidepressant and anxiolytic medications are available for the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, a significant number of patients either do not respond to these medications or respond inadequately. Hence, there is a need to identify novel targets for the treatment of anxiety and depression. In this review we focus on the renin angiotensin system (RAS) as a potential target for the treatment of these disorders. We review work that has evaluated the effects of various compounds targeting the RAS on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Further, we suggest future work that must be carried out to fully exploit the RAS for the treatment of anxiety and depression. The RAS provides an attractive target for both the identification of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant medications and/or for enhancing the efficacy of currently available medications used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles Chrissobolis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Anh N Luu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Ryan A Waldschmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Madison E Yoakum
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America.
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23
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Huang YY, Fang N, Luo HR, Gao F, Zou Y, Zhou LL, Zeng QP, Fang SS, Xiao F, Zheng Q. RP1, a RAGE antagonist peptide, can improve memory impairment and reduce Aβ plaque load in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108304. [PMID: 32931813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is involved in the production and accumulation of Aβ. RP1, a peptide antagonist of RAGE, was screened by phage display technology in our previous studies, and its neuroprotective effects on an AD cell model have been confirmed. However, its efficacy in vivo remains unclear. Here, the intranasal delivery of RP1 to APPSwe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice significantly improved memory impairment and relieved the Aβ burden by decreasing the expression of amyloid precursor protein and β-secretase. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in APP/PS1 mice after RP1 administration. Several DEGs in RAGE downstream signalling pathways were downregulated. Some transcription factors (such as Fos) and the pathways enriched in the remarkable modules may also be related to the efficacy of RP1. In conclusion, RP1 significantly improves the AD symptoms of APP/PS1 mice, and the RNA-seq results provide new ideas for elucidating the possible mechanisms of RP1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Huang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nian Fang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui-Ru Luo
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li-Li Zhou
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qing-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shi-Song Fang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, Key Reference Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosafety, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qing Zheng
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Jang C, Kim J, Kwon Y, Jo SA. Telmisartan Inhibits TNFα-Induced Leukocyte Adhesion by Blocking ICAM-1 Expression in Astroglial Cells but Not in Endothelial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:423-430. [PMID: 32782234 PMCID: PMC7457170 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telmisartan is an angiotensin-II receptor blocker and acts as a selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Several studies have demonstrated that telmisartan ameliorates depression and memory dysfunction and reduces brain inflammation. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of telmisartan on brain could be due to modulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Here, we examined the effect of telmisartan on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) which plays an important role in leukocyte transcytosis through the BBB. Telmisartan blocked TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion in U87MG human glioma cells but showed no effect on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. In U87MG cells, a PPAR antagonist, GW9662 did not block the effect of telmisartan on ICAM1 expression but rather potentiated. Moreover, GW9662 caused no change in TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression, suggesting no implication of PPARγ in the telmisartan effect. Further studies showed that telmisartan blocked TNF-α- induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38, and nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB). In contrast, inhibitors of JNK, ERK1/2 and NF-κB but not p38, blocked ICAM-1 expression induced by TNF-α. Thus, our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of telmisartan is likely due to the reduction of astrocytic ICAM1 expression and leukocytes adhesion to astrocytes, and that this response was mediated by the inhibition of JNK/ERK1/2/NF-κB activation and in the PPAR-independent manner. In conclusion, this study enhances our understanding of the mechanism by which telmisartan exerts the beneficial brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Jang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjin Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsun Kwon
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmee A Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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25
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Ahmed HA, Ishrat T. The Brain AT2R-a Potential Target for Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Cognitive Impairment: a Comprehensive Review of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3458-3484. [PMID: 32533467 PMCID: PMC8109287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a potentially avertable tragedy, currently considered among the top 10 greatest global health challenges of the twenty-first century. Dementia not only robs individuals of their dignity and independence, it also has a ripple effect that starts with the inflicted individual's family and projects to the society as a whole. The constantly growing number of cases, along with the lack of effective treatments and socioeconomic impact, poses a serious threat to the sustainability of our health care system. Hence, there is a worldwide effort to identify new targets for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia. Due to its multifactorial etiology and the recent clinical failure of several novel amyloid-β (Aβ) targeting therapies, a comprehensive "multitarget" approach may be most appropriate for managing this condition. Interestingly, renin angiotensin system (RAS) modulators were shown to positively impact all the factors involved in the pathophysiology of dementia including vascular dysfunction, Aβ accumulation, and associated cholinergic deficiency, in addition to tau hyperphosphorylation and insulin derangements. Furthermore, for many of these drugs, the preclinical evidence is also supported by epidemiological data and/or preliminary clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the major causes of dementia including the risk factors, current diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and contemporary treatment strategies. Moreover, we highlight the angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2R) as an effective drug target and present ample evidence supporting its potential role and clinical applications in cognitive impairment to encourage further investigation in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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26
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Royea J, Hamel E. Brain angiotensin II and angiotensin IV receptors as potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutic targets. GeroScience 2020; 42:1237-1256. [PMID: 32700176 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is multifactorial in nature. Yet, despite being the most common form of dementia in the elderly, AD's primary cause remains unknown. As such, there is currently little to offer AD patients as the vast majority of recently tested therapies have either failed in well-controlled clinical trials or inadequately treat AD. Recently, emerging preclinical and clinical evidence has associated the brain renin angiotensin system (RAS) to AD pathology. Accordingly, various components of the brain RAS were shown to be altered in AD patients and mouse models, including the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R), angiotensin IV receptor (AT4R), and Mas receptors. Collectively, the changes observed within the RAS have been proposed to contribute to many of the neuropathological hallmarks of AD, including the neuronal, cognitive, and vascular dysfunctions. Accumulating evidence has additionally identified antihypertensive medications targeting the RAS, particularly angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), to delay AD onset and progression. In this review, we will discuss the emergence of the RAS's involvement in AD and highlight putative mechanisms of action underlying ARB's beneficial effects that may explain their ability to modify the risk of developing AD or AD progression. The RAS may provide novel molecular targets for recovering memory pathways, cerebrovascular function, and other pathological landmarks of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Royea
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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27
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Mamun AA, Barreto GE, Rashid M, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Pharmacological approaches to mitigate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106479. [PMID: 32353686 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Growing evidence suggested that there is an association between neuronal dysfunction and neuroinflammation (NI) in AD, coordinated by the chronic activation of astrocytes and microglial cells along with the subsequent excessive generation of the proinflammatory molecule. Therefore, a better understanding of the relationship between the nervous and immune systems is important in order to delay or avert the neurodegenerative events of AD. The inflammatory/immune pathways and the mechanisms to control these pathways may provide a novel arena to develop new drugs in order to target NI in AD. In this review, we represent the influence of cellular mediators which are involved in the NI process, with regards to the progression of AD. We also discuss the processes and the current status of multiple anti-inflammatory agents which are used in AD and have gone through or going through clinical trials. Moreover, new prospects for targeting NI in the development of AD drugs have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Perveen
- School of Life Sciences, The Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh 247121, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Abstract
Purpose of the Review The main goal of this article is to discuss how the development of state-of-the-art technology has made it possible to address fundamental questions related to how the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) operates within the brain from the neurophysiological and molecular perspective. Recent Findings The existence of the brain RAS remains surprisingly controversial. New sensitive in situ hybridization techniques and novel transgenic animals expressing reporter genes have provided pivotal information of the expression of RAS genes within the brain. We discuss studies using genetically engineered animals combined with targeted viral microinjections to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the brain RAS. We also discuss novel drugs targeting the brain RAS that have shown promising results in clinical studies and trials. Summary Over the last 50 years, several new physiological roles of the brain RAS have been identified. In the coming years, efforts to incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell RNA sequencing will lead to dramatic advances in our full understanding of how the brain RAS operates at molecular and neurophysiological levels.
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29
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Wang ZF, Li J, Ma C, Huang C, Li ZQ. Telmisartan ameliorates Aβ oligomer-induced inflammation via PPARγ/PTEN pathway in BV2 microglial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Drews HJ, Yenkoyan K, Lourhmati A, Buadze M, Kabisch D, Verleysdonk S, Petschak S, Beer-Hammer S, Davtyan T, Frey WH, Gleiter CH, Schwab M, Danielyan L. Intranasal Losartan Decreases Perivascular Beta Amyloid, Inflammation, and the Decline of Neurogenesis in Hypertensive Rats. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:725-740. [PMID: 30796737 PMCID: PMC6694377 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the local angiotensin receptor system to neuroinflammation, impaired neurogenesis, and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in hypertension is consistent with the remarkable neuroprotection provided by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) independent of their blood pressure-lowering effect. Considering the causal relationship between hypertension and AD and that targeting cerebrovascular pathology with ARBs does not necessarily require their systemic effects, we tested intranasal losartan in the rat model of chronic hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats, SHRSP). Intranasal losartan at a subdepressor dose decreased mortality, neuroinflammation, and perivascular content of Aβ by enhancing key players in its metabolism and clearance, including insulin-degrading enzyme, neprilysin, and transthyretin. Furthermore, this treatment improved neurologic deficits and increased brain IL-10 concentration, hippocampal cell survival, neurogenesis, and choroid plexus cell proliferation in SHRSP. Losartan (1 μM) also reduced LDH release from cultured astroglial cells in response to toxic glutamate concentrations. This effect was completely blunted by IL-10 antibodies. These findings suggest that intranasal ARB treatment is a neuroprotective, neurogenesis-inducing, and Aβ-decreasing strategy for the treatment of hypertensive stroke and cerebral amyloid angiopathy acting at least partly through the IL-10 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning J Drews
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yenkoyan
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marine Buadze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kabisch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Verleysdonk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Petschak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), University of Tuebingen, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tigran Davtyan
- Analytical Laboratory Branch of E. Gabriyelian Scientific Center of Drug and Medical Technology Expertise of Ministry Health of Armenia, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - William H Frey
- Center for Memory & Aging, HealthPartners Institute, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Christoph H Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Clinical Pharmacology, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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31
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Quitterer U, AbdAlla S. Improvements of symptoms of Alzheimer`s disease by inhibition of the angiotensin system. Pharmacol Res 2019; 154:104230. [PMID: 30991105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With ageing of the global society, the frequency of ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer`s disease (AD) is on the rise worldwide. Currently, there is no cure for AD, and the four drugs approved for AD only have very small effects on AD symptoms. Consequently, there are enormous efforts worldwide to identify new targets for treatment of AD. Approaches that interfere with classical neuropathologic features of AD, such as extracellular senile plaques formed of aggregated amyloid-beta (Abeta), and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau have not been successful so far. In search for a treatment approach of AD, we found that inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) by a centrally acting ACE inhibitor retards symptoms of neurodegeneration, Abeta plaque formation and tau hyperphosphorylation in experimental models of AD. Our approach is currently being investigated in a clinical setting. Initial evidence with AD patients shows that a brain-penetrating ACE inhibitor counteracts the process of neurodegeneration and dementia. Moreover, centrally acting ACE inhibitors given in addition to the standard therapy, cholinesterase inhibition, can improve cognitive function of AD patients for several months. This is one of the most promising results for AD treatment since more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Quitterer
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Said AbdAlla
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Fu WY, Wang X, Ip NY. Targeting Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms, Drug Candidates, and New Opportunities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:872-879. [PMID: 30221933 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, and its incidence is expected to increase owing to the aging population worldwide. Current therapies merely provide symptomatic relief. Therefore, interventions for AD that delay the disease onset or progression are urgently required. Recent genomics and functional studies suggest that immune/inflammatory pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Although many anti-inflammatory drug candidates have undergone clinical trials, most have failed. This might be because of our limited understanding of the pathological mechanisms of neuroinflammation in AD. However, recent advances in the understanding of immune/inflammatory pathways in AD and their regulatory mechanisms could open up new avenues for drug development targeting neuroinflammation. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms and status of different anti-inflammatory drug candidates for AD that have undergone or are undergoing clinical trials and explore new opportunities for targeting neuroinflammation in AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Trigiani LJ, Royea J, Lacalle-Aurioles M, Tong XK, Hamel E. Pleiotropic Benefits of the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Candesartan in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. Hypertension 2018; 72:1217-1226. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne J. Trigiani
- From the Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Jessika Royea
- From the Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - María Lacalle-Aurioles
- From the Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- From the Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- From the Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, QC, Canada
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Molecular Basis of the Brain Renin Angiotensin System in Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disorders: Uncovering a Key Role for the Astroglial Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor AT1R. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:251-264. [PMID: 29752427 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central renin angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most widely investigated cardiovascular systems in the brain. It is implicated in a myriad of cardiovascular diseases. However, studies from the last decade have identified its involvement in several neurologic abnormalities. Understanding the molecular functionality of the various RAS components can thus provide considerable insight into the phenotypic differences and mechanistic drivers of not just cardiovascular but also neurologic disorders. Since activation of one of its primary receptors, the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), results in an augmentation of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, it becomes essential to investigate not just neuronal RAS but glial RAS as well. Glial cells are key homeostatic regulators in the brain and are critical players in the resolution of overt oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Designing better and effective therapeutic strategies that target the brain RAS could well hinge on understanding the molecular basis of both neuronal and glial RAS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major studies that have investigated the mechanisms and regulation of the brain RAS, and it also provides insight into the potential role of glial AT1Rs in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (D.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (M.A.C.)
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (D.H.); and College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida (M.A.C.)
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Asraf K, Torika N, Apte RN, Fleisher-Berkovich S. Microglial Activation Is Modulated by Captopril: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:116. [PMID: 29765306 PMCID: PMC5938337 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important peripheral system involved in homeostasis modulation, with angiotensin II (Ang II) serving as the main effector hormone. The main enzyme involved in Ang II formation is angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) such as captopril (Cap) are predominantly used for the management of hypertension. All of the components of the RAS have also been identified in brain. Centrally located hormones such as Ang II can induce glial inflammation. Moreover, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models, where glial inflammation occurs and is thought to contribute to the propagation of the disease, increased levels of Ang II and ACE have been detected. Interestingly, ACE overexpression in monocytes, migrating to the brain was shown to prevent AD cognitive decline. However, the specific effects of captopril on glial inflammation and AD remain obscure. In the present study, we investigated the effect of captopril, given at a wide concentration range, on inflammatory mediators released by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated glia. In the current study, both primary glial cells and the BV2 microglial cell line were used. Captopril decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release from primary mixed glial cells as well as regulating inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and induced interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by BV2 microglia. We further obtained data regarding intranasal effects of captopril on cortical amyloid β (Aβ) and CD11b expression in 5XFAD cortex over three different time periods. Interestingly, we noted decreases in Aβ burden in captopril-treated mice over time which was paralleled by increased microglial activation. These results thus shed light on the neuroprotective role of captopril in AD which might be related to modulation of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Asraf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nofar Torika
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Torika N, Asraf K, Apte RN, Fleisher-Berkovich S. Candesartan ameliorates brain inflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:231-242. [PMID: 29365370 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is associated with brain inflammation involving microglia and astrocytes. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to brain inflammation associated with AD pathology. This study aimed to investigate the role of candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, in modulation of glial functions associated with AD. METHODS Focusing on the role of candesartan in glial inflammation, we evaluated inflammatory mediators' levels, secreted by lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia following candesartan treatment. Also, short-term intranasal candesartan effects on amyloid burden and microglial activation were investigated in 5 familial AD mice. RESULTS Candesartan showed anti-inflammatory effects and shifted microglial activation toward a more neuroprotective phenotype. Candesartan decreased the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels, which was accompanied by an induction of arginase-1 expression levels and enhanced Aβ1-42 uptake by microglia. Moreover, intranasally administered candesartan to AD mice model significantly reduced the amyloid burden and microglia activation in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These results thus shed light on the neuroprotective role of candesartan in the early stage of AD, which might relate to modulation of microglial activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Torika
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Keren Asraf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Abstract
Depression remains a debilitating condition with an uncertain aetiology. Recently, attention has been given to the renin-angiotensin system. In the central nervous system, angiotensin II may be important in multiple pathways related to neurodevelopment and regulation of the stress response. Studies of drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system have yielded promising results. Here, we review the potential beneficial effects of angiotensin blockers in depression and their mechanisms of action. Drugs blocking the angiotensin system have efficacy in several animal models of depression. While no randomised clinical trials were found, case reports and observational studies showed that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers had positive effects on depression, whereas other antihypertensive agents did not. Drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system act on inflammatory pathways implicated in depression. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest that these drugs possess antidepressant properties. In light of these results, angiotensin system-blocking agents offer new horizons in mood disorder treatment.
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