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Arlt FA, Breuer A, Trampenau E, Boesl F, Kirchner M, Mertins P, Sánchez-Sendín E, Nasouti M, Mayrhofer M, Blüthner M, Endres M, Prüss H, Franke C. High serum prevalence of autoreactive IgG antibodies against peripheral nerve structures in patients with neurological post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404800. [PMID: 39156891 PMCID: PMC11327052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from neurological symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination (post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS)) have imposed an increasing challenge on medical practice, as diagnostic precision and therapeutic options are lacking. Underlying autoimmune dysfunctions, including autoantibodies, have been discussed in neurological disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Here, we describe the frequency and targets of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system tissues in PCVS. Methods Sera from 50 PCVS patients with peripheral neurological symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination and 35 vaccinated healthy controls were used in this study. IgG autoreactivity was measured via indirect immunofluorescence assays on mouse sciatic nerve teased fibers. The frequencies of autoantibodies were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Serum anti-ganglioside antibodies were measured in ganglioside blots. Autoantibody target identification was performed using immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry. Subsequent target confirmation was conducted via cell-based assays and ELISA. Results Compared with controls, PCVS patients had a significantly greater frequency of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system structures (9/50(18%) vs 1/35(3%); p=0.04). Autoantibodies bound to paranodes (n=5), axons (n=4), Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (n=2) and Schwann cell nuclei (n=1). Conversely, antibodies against gangliosides were absent in PCVS patients. Target identification and subsequent confirmation revealed various subunits of neurofilaments as well as DFS-70 as autoantibody epitopes. Conclusion Our data suggest that autoantibodies against nervous system tissue could be relevant in PCVS patients. Autoantibodies against neurofilaments and cell nuclei with so far non-established links to this disease spectrum should be further elucidated to determine their biomarker potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike A. Arlt
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ameli Breuer
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elli Trampenau
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Boesl
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieluise Kirchner
- Core Unit Proteomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Core Unit Proteomics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendín
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahoor Nasouti
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Mayrhofer
- Department of Autoimmune Diagnostics, Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (MVZ) Laboratory PD Dr. Volkmann & Colleagues, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Blüthner
- Department of Autoimmune Diagnostics, Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (MVZ) Laboratory PD Dr. Volkmann & Colleagues, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiana Franke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Staabs F, Foverskov Rasmussen H, Buthut M, Höltje M, Li LY, Stöcker W, Teegen B, Prüss H. Brain-targeting autoantibodies in patients with dementia. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1412813. [PMID: 39050125 PMCID: PMC11266002 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1412813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies against proteins in the brain are increasingly considered as a potential cause of cognitive decline, not only in subacute autoimmune encephalopathies but also in slowly progressing impairment of memory in patients with classical neurodegenerative dementias. In this retrospective cohort study of 161 well-characterized patients with different forms of dementia and 34 controls, we determined the prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA autoantibodies to brain proteins using unbiased immunofluorescence staining of unfixed murine brain sections. Autoantibodies were detected in 21.1% of dementia patients and in 2.9% of gender-matched controls, with higher frequencies in vascular dementia (42%), Alzheimer's disease (30%), dementia of unknown cause (25%), and subjective cognitive impairment (16.7%). Underlying antigens involved glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glycine receptor, and Rho GTPase activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26), but also a range of yet undetermined epitopes on neurons, myelinated fiber tracts, choroid plexus, glial cells, and blood vessels. Antibody-positive patients were younger than antibody-negative patients but did not differ in the extent of cognitive impairment, epidemiological and clinical factors, or comorbidities. Further research is needed to understand the potential contribution to disease progression and symptomatology, and to determine the antigenic targets of dementia-associated autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Staabs
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helle Foverskov Rasmussen
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Buthut
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universiät Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Y. Li
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Winfried Stöcker
- Clinical Immunological Laboratory Prof. Stöcker, Groß Grönau, Germany
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Clinical Immunological Laboratory Prof. Stöcker, Groß Grönau, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Hansen N, Wiltfang J. Fluid biomarkers unveil signatures of pathological aging. Seizure 2024:S1059-1311(24)00158-4. [PMID: 38871529 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifaceted and highly varied process in the brain. Identifying aging biomarkers is one means of distinguishing pathological from physiological aging. The aim of this narrative review is to focus on two new developments in the field of fluid biomarkers and draw attention to this excellent tool for the early detection of potential brain pathologies that delay, alter, or enable physiological aging to become pathological. Pathological aging can lower the threshold for the development of specific diseases such as late-onset epilepsy. Fluid biomarkers can reveal pathological levels at an early stage and thus indicate disease processes in the brain that begin before symptoms develop; they thus differ from physiological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany; Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Chen S, Tan Y, Tian L. Immunophenotypes in psychosis: is it a premature inflamm-aging disorder? Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02539-z. [PMID: 38532012 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunopsychiatric field has rapidly accumulated evidence demonstrating the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune components in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Nevertheless, researchers are facing dilemmas of discrepant findings of immunophenotypes both outside and inside the brains of psychotic patients, as discovered by recent meta-analyses. These discrepancies make interpretations and interrogations on their roles in psychosis remain vague and even controversial, regarding whether certain immune cells are more activated or less so, and whether they are causal or consequential, or beneficial or harmful for psychosis. Addressing these issues for psychosis is not at all trivial, as immune cells either outside or inside the brain are an enormously heterogeneous and plastic cell population, falling into a vast range of lineages and subgroups, and functioning differently and malleably in context-dependent manners. This review aims to overview the currently known immunophenotypes of patients with psychosis, and provocatively suggest the premature immune "burnout" or inflamm-aging initiated since organ development as a potential primary mechanism behind these immunophenotypes and the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Arlt FA, Miske R, Machule ML, Broegger Christensen P, Mindorf S, Teegen B, Borowski K, Buthut M, Rößling R, Sánchez-Sendín E, van Hoof S, Cordero-Gómez C, Bünger I, Radbruch H, Kraft A, Ayzenberg I, Klausewitz J, Hansen N, Timäus C, Körtvelyessy P, Postert T, Baur-Seack K, Rost C, Brunkhorst R, Doppler K, Haigis N, Hamann G, Kunze A, Stützer A, Maschke M, Melzer N, Rosenow F, Siebenbrodt K, Stenør C, Dichgans M, Georgakis MK, Fang R, Petzold GC, Görtler M, Zerr I, Wunderlich S, Mihaljevic I, Turko P, Schmidt Ettrup M, Buchholz E, Foverskov Rasmussen H, Nasouti M, Talucci I, Maric HM, Heinemann SH, Endres M, Komorowski L, Prüss H. KCNA2 IgG autoimmunity in neuropsychiatric diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:399-411. [PMID: 38309639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.01.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies against the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2 (KCNA2) have been described in a few cases of neuropsychiatric disorders, but their diagnostic and pathophysiological role is currently unknown, imposing challenges to medical practice. DESIGN / METHODS We retrospectively collected comprehensive clinical and paraclinical data of 35 patients with KCNA2 IgG autoantibodies detected in cell-based and tissue-based assays. Patients' sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were used for characterization of the antigen, clinical-serological correlations, and determination of IgG subclasses. RESULTS KCNA2 autoantibody-positive patients (n = 35, median age at disease onset of 65 years, range of 16-83 years, 74 % male) mostly presented with cognitive impairment and/or epileptic seizures but also ataxia, gait disorder and personality changes. Serum autoantibodies belonged to IgG3 and IgG1 subclasses and titers ranged from 1:32 to 1:10,000. KCNA2 IgG was found in the CSF of 8/21 (38 %) patients and in the serum of 4/96 (4.2 %) healthy blood donors. KCNA2 autoantibodies bound to characteristic anatomical areas in the cerebellum and hippocampus of mammalian brain and juxtaparanodal regions of peripheral nerves but reacted exclusively with intracellular epitopes. A subset of four KCNA2 autoantibody-positive patients responded markedly to immunotherapy alongside with conversion to seronegativity, in particular those presenting an autoimmune encephalitis phenotype and receiving early immunotherapy. An available brain biopsy showed strong immune cell invasion. KCNA2 autoantibodies occurred in less than 10 % in association with an underlying tumor. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that KCNA2 autoimmunity is clinically heterogeneous. Future studies should determine whether KCNA2 autoantibodies are directly pathogenic or develop secondarily. Early immunotherapy should be considered, in particular if autoantibodies occur in CSF or if clinical or diagnostic findings suggest ongoing inflammation. Suspicious clinical phenotypes include autoimmune encephalitis, atypical dementia, new-onset epilepsy and unexplained epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike A Arlt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramona Miske
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Machule
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Swantje Mindorf
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Clinical immunological Laboratory Prof. Stöcker, Groß Grönau, Germany
| | - Kathrin Borowski
- Clinical immunological Laboratory Prof. Stöcker, Groß Grönau, Germany
| | - Maria Buthut
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa Rößling
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendín
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott van Hoof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - César Cordero-Gómez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Bünger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Kraft
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Martha-Maria, Halle, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Klausewitz
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charles Timäus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Körtvelyessy
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Postert
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Baur-Seack
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Constanze Rost
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Doppler
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Haigis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hamann
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, BKH Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Kunze
- Department of Neurology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stützer
- Department of Neurology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Matthias Maschke
- Department of Neurology, Campus Trier, University of Mainz, Trier, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt on the Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai Siebenbrodt
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt on the Main, Germany; LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Stenør
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev-Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rong Fang
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Görtler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Paul Turko
- Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Emilie Buchholz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helle Foverskov Rasmussen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahoor Nasouti
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Talucci
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans M Maric
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Friedrich Schiller University and Jena University Hospital, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Komorowski
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Sperber PS, Gebert P, Broersen LH, Kufner A, Huo S, Piper SK, Teegen B, Heuschmann PU, Prüss H, Endres M, Liman TG, Siegerink B. Depressive symptoms and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor GluN1 antibody seropositivity in the PROSpective cohort with incident stroke. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100705. [PMID: 38033615 PMCID: PMC10684375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-NMDA-receptor GluN1 antibodies (NMDAR1-abs) are present in an autoimmune encephalitis with severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. We aimed to estimate the impact of serum NMDAR1-abs on depressive symptoms years after first-ever ischemic stroke (IS). Methods Data were used from the PROSpective Cohort with Incident Stroke-Berlin (PROSCIS-B; NCT01363856). Serum NMDAR1-abs (IgM/IgA/IgG) were measured within 7 days after IS using cell-based assays. We defined seropositivity as titers ≥1:10, thereof low titers as ≤1:100 and high titers as >1:100. We used the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale to measure depressive symptoms at year one, two and three following IS. We calculated crude and confounder adjusted weighted generalized linear models to quantify the impact of NMDAR1-abs on CES-D assessed at three annual time-points. Results NMDAR1-abs were measured in 583 PROSCIS-B IS patients (mean age = 67 [SD = 13]; 42%female; median NIHSS = 2 [IQR = 1-4]) of whom 76 (13%; IgM: n = 49/IgA: n = 43/IgG: n = 2) were seropositive, 55 (9%) with low and 21 (4%) with high titers. CES-D regarded over all follow-up time-points was higher in seropositive patients (βcrude = 2.56 [95%CI = -0.34 to 5.45]; βadjusted = 2.26 [95%CI = -0.68 to 5.20]) and effects were highest in patients with high titer (low titers: βcrude = 1.42 [95%CI = -1.79 to 4.62], βadjusted = 0.53 [95%CI = -2.47 to 3.54]; high titers: βcrude = 5.85 [95%CI = 0.20 to 11.50]; βadjusted = 7.20 [95%CI = 0.98 to 13.43]). Conclusion Patients with serum NMDAR1-abs (predominantly IgM&IgA) suffer more severe depressive symptoms after mild-to-moderate IS compared to NMDAR1-abs seronegative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia S. Sperber
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pimrapat Gebert
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie H.A. Broersen
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Kufner
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shufan Huo
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie K. Piper
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Informatics, Germany
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Peter U. Heuschmann
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Clinical Trial Center Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease DZNE, Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin & Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease DZNE, Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Liman
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
- Carl von Ossietzky-University, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Department of Neurology, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bob Siegerink
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, And Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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7
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Hansen N, Rentzsch K, Hirschel S, Wiltfang J, Schott BH, Bartels C, Lange C, Bouter C. Case report: Anti-ARHGAP26 autoantibodies in atypical dementia with Lewy bodies. FRONTIERS IN DEMENTIA 2023; 2:1227823. [PMID: 39081998 PMCID: PMC11285637 DOI: 10.3389/frdem.2023.1227823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. Here, we report a case of dementia associated with anti-Rho-GTPase-activating protein 26 (ARHGAP26) autoantibodies, which have never been previously linked to DLB. Methods We describe the case of a 78-year-old man who underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and a detailed neuropsychological evaluation. Results The patient presented with mild dementia syndrome associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Neuropsychological testing revealed impaired cognitive flexibility, figural memory, and verbal memory. Fluctuating cognitive abilities with deficits in attention-executive dysfunction and visuoconstruction also developed over time. A brain MRI showed reduced biparietal and cerebellar brain volume with generalized accentuation of the outer CSF spaces. The patient's CSF revealed anti-ARHGAP26 autoantibodies, which were also detectable in serum. In the differential complementary imaging diagnosis at 2 years, an FDG-PET revealed decreased occupancy of the posterior cingulum and precuneus. Although the FDG-PET, MRI, and clinical findings were potentially consistent with Alzheimer's disease, negative amyloid biomarkers in the CSF made an AD diagnosis highly unlikely. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [(123)I] N-omega-fluoropropyl-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-{4-iodophenyl}nortropane ([(123)I]FP-CIT) showed right-sided predominance, reduced dopamine transporter uptake in the putamen, consistent with a positive indicative biomarker finding typical of DLB. Considering the clinically probable DLB associated with the two core features of Parkinsonism and fluctuating cognition with deficits in attention, supported by an abundant tracer uptake in the right putamen and lower uptake in the left putamen on 123I-FP-CIT-SPECT as an indicative biomarker, we started an antidementia drug using a cholinesterase inhibitor. Conclusions Our report shows that atypical DLB may be associated with anti-ARHGAP26 autoantibodies, although their role and significance in the pathogenesis of DLB are unknown. However, it has to be mentioned that it is also possible that antibody-specific synthesis of anti-ARHGAP26 autoantibodies is a hallmark of a rare autoimmune disease that may cause the clinical and laboratory features involving altered dopamine transporter uptake on 123I-FP-CIT-SPECT, dementia, and mild Parkinson's symptoms rather than idiopathic DLB with only two core DLB features and inconsistent cognitive and imaging findings. Further research is needed to investigate the role of these autoantibodies in different dementias, particularly in DLB and mixed DLB-AD types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Rentzsch
- Clinical Immunological Laboratory Prof. Stöcker, Groß Grönau, Germany
| | - Sina Hirschel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Björn Hendrik Schott
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Lange
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Hansen N. Psychiatric Symptoms in Acute and Persisting Forms of COVID-19 Associated with Neural Autoantibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:49. [PMID: 37606433 PMCID: PMC10443296 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In this narrative review, we focus on neural autoantibodies in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infection and persisting symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome with a psychiatric presentation. (2) Methods: Our methods include using the PubMed database to search for appropriate articles. (3) Results: We first describe the phenomenon of the psychiatric manifestation of COVID-19 in acute and persistent forms, associated with neural autoantibodies, often attributable to encephalopathy or encephalitis. We discuss the spectrum of neural autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric patients affected by COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome. Evidence from our research suggests that it is highly likely that neural autoantibody production is facilitated by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that more neuropsychiatric patients than control subjects will present neural autoantibodies. (4) Conclusions: These observations support the hypothesis that acute and persisting forms of COVID-19 promote autoimmune diseases. Our patients therefore require comprehensive evaluation to avoid overlooking such autoantibody-associated psychiatric disorders associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Hansen N, Rentzsch K, Hirschel S, Bartels C, Wiltfang J, Malchow B. Long-Term Course of Neural Autoantibody-Associated Psychiatric Disorders: Retrospective Data from a Specifically Immunopsychiatric Outpatient Clinic. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020034. [PMID: 37218900 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autoantibody-associated psychiatric disorders are a new terrain that is currently underrepresented considering immunopsychiatry's potential importance for therapeutic aspects. The aim of our research was thus to present initial pilot data on the long-term clinical course of our patients in an outpatient clinic specializing in autoantibody-associated psychiatric disorders. Methods: Thirty-seven patients were examined clinically in our outpatient clinic at regular intervals over a 1.5-year period. We collected clinical data on their demographics, psychopathology, and cognition, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) data as well as the status of neural autoantibodies in blood and/or serum. Results: Our main finding was that affective, psychotic, and cognitive symptoms did not change significantly over the 1.5-year period, thus revealing no progression. We divided the entire cohort of autoantibody-positive patients (n = 32) into subgroups consisting of patients with dementia (n = 14), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 7), psychotic disorders (n = 6), and a CSF profile of Alzheimer's disease (n = 6). Relying on established classification schemes, we identified the following percentages in our autoantibody-positive cohort: 28% with autoimmune encephalitis, 15% with autoimmune psychosis, and 63% with autoimmune psychiatric syndromes. Discussion: These initial pilot results suggest that autoantibody-associated diseases do not show a significantly progressive course in the long-term and are often characterized by impaired verbal memory recall when cognitive impairment progresses to dementia. These initial data need to be verified in larger cohorts. We believe that this pilot study underscores the importance of promoting such a specialized outpatient clinic to better characterize various aspects of autoantibody-mediated psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sina Hirschel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Marinoska T, Möckel T, Triantafyllias K, Boegel S, Dreher M, Luessi F, Schwarting A. NMDA Receptors in Health and Diseases: New Roles and Signaling Pathways-Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Autoantibodies as Potential Biomarkers of Fatigue in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043560. [PMID: 36834970 PMCID: PMC9964077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a widespread and complex symptom with motor and cognitive components; it is diagnosed predominantly by questionnaire. We recently published a correlation between anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibodies and fatigue in patients with SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus). In the present study, we examined whether this association also applies to patients with other rheumatic diseases. Serum samples of 88 patients with different rheumatic diseases were analyzed for the presence of anti-NR2 antibodies and Neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein. The severity of fatigue was determined according to the FSMC questionnaire (Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions) and correlated with the circulating antibody titer and NfL level accordingly. Positive titers of anti-NR2 antibodies were detected in patients with both autoimmune and non-autoimmune rheumatic diseases. These patients suffer predominantly from severe fatigue. The circulating NfL level did not correlate with the anti-NR2 titer and the fatigue severity in all patient groups. The association of severe fatigue with circulating anti-NR2 antibodies in patients with rheumatic diseases, independently from the main disease, suggests an individual role of these autoantibodies in fatigue pathophysiology. Thus, the detection of these autoantibodies might be a helpful diagnostic tool in rheumatic patients with fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Marinoska
- Center for Rheumatic Disease Rhineland-Palatinate, 55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-152-54139669 (T.M.)
| | - Tamara Möckel
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllias
- Center for Rheumatic Disease Rhineland-Palatinate, 55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boegel
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Dreher
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- University Center for Autoimmune Disease, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- University Center for Autoimmune Disease, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwarting
- Center for Rheumatic Disease Rhineland-Palatinate, 55543 Bad Kreuznach, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- University Center for Autoimmune Disease, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +49-152-54139669 (T.M.)
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11
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Philosophical Approach to Neural Autoantibodies in Psychiatric Disease-Multi-Systemic Dynamic Continuum from Protective to Harmful Autoimmunity in Neuronal Systems. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 12:antib12010001. [PMID: 36648885 PMCID: PMC9844366 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: philosophical views are important to enable a general and multi-systemic view of the potential understanding of autoimmunity in psychiatric disease that is not solely reflected by an immunological viewpoint. (2) Methods: we reviewed current theories of autoimmunity. (3) Results: we propose a novel area view integrating the "self/non-self" and "continuity" model into the expression of varied forms of autoimmunity in psychiatric disease, ranging from protective to harmful autoimmunity consequences framed into micro-systems (nerve cells) and macro-systems (neuronal networks), termed the "multi-systemic dynamic continuum model". (4) Conclusions: autoimmunity's dynamic spectrum is delineated here as something that probably functions as a whole entity to maintain, first of all, human homeostasis in behavior affecting cells or neuronal networks differently, and secondly to prevent psychiatric disease.
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