Disparity in Survival Outcome after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies According to Area of Primary Residence

The impact of social vulnerability index on survival following autologous stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard of care for eligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM) to prolong progression-free survival (PFS). While several factors affect survival following ASCT, the impact of social determinants of health such as the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) is not well documented. This single-center retrospective analysis evaluated the impact of SVI on PFS following ASCT in MM patients. 225 patients with MM who underwent ASCT participated, with 51% transplanted in the last 5 years. At 5 years post-transplant, 55 (50%) achieved PFS and 66 (60%) remained alive. Higher SVI values were significantly associated with lower odds of PFS (OR = 0.521, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.41, 0.66]) and OS (OR = 0.592, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.46, 0.76]) post-transplant. Greater vulnerability scores in the socioeconomic status (OR = 0.890; 95% CI: [0.82, 0.96]), household characteristics (OR = 0.912; 95% CI: [0.87, 0.95]), and racial and ethnic minority status (OR = 0.854; 95% CI: [0.81, 0.90]) themes significantly worsened the odds of PFS. These results suggest high SVI areas may need more resources to achieve optimal PFS and OS. Future studies will focus on addressing factors within the socioeconomic status, household characteristics, and racial and ethnic minority subthemes, as these have a more pronounced effect on PFS.

The Faces of Financial Toxicity: A Qualitative Interview Study of Financial Toxicity in Advanced Cancer Patients in Phase I Oncology Trials

Objective

To characterize the financial toxicity experienced by advanced cancer patients enrolled in phase I oncology trials.

Patients and Methods

We conducted structured interviews with cancer patients participating in phase I clinical trials. Using a thematic analysis approach, we identified recurring themes in patients' experiences of financial toxicity resulting from trial participation.

Results

Seven major themes emerged from the interviews: (1) the burden of travel, (2) a willingness to pursue treatment despite financial risk, (3) fear of destitution, (4) financial toxicity equaling physical toxicity, (5) changes in food spending, (6) reluctance to confide in the study investigator about financial toxicity, and (7) difficulty navigating financial aid. These themes highlight the multifaceted financial challenges faced by patients in early phase clinical trials and the need for targeted support services.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the relevance of financial toxicity in the context of phase I clinical trials and provide insights into the diverse challenges faced by advanced cancer patients. These challenges likely augment the disparities seen in trial enrollment for historically marginalized populations. Addressing financial toxicity in this population is crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Future research should focus on developing effective interventions and support services tailored to the needs of patients in early phase clinical trials.

Reducing barriers of access and care related to hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy: The mission-driven role of the national marrow donor program

The treatment of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic disorders continues to benefit from significant scientific advancement and progress in the use of hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapies. However, barriers associated with receiving these lifesaving treatments and care remain, which necessitate innovative approaches to overcome, so all persons in need can receive these therapies. This article reviews barriers to receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapies, and highlights novel approaches taken by the National Marrow Donor Program in reducing barriers for all patients in need.

Enhancing Administrative Claims Data: Feasibility, Validation and Application of Linking Medicare Claims Data and National Marrow Donor Program Search Data

PURPOSE

Administrative claims data provide real-world service utilization of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment, but lacks insight into treatment delays or barriers. The National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP)/Be The Match Search (Search) data contains information on donor search, but lacks information on treatment received if allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is not performed. We hypothesized that linking these two data sets would create a rich resource to define factors associated with receiving HCT that could not be evaluated with either data set alone.

METHODS

A subset of 2010-2016 Medicare administrative claims data was linked with Search data. A total of 5,351 patients with AML age 65-74 years (HCT = 607, no HCT = 4,744) were identified using Medicare. These patients were then linked to 93,800 records with a donor search between 2009 and 2016. Patient date of birth, sex, disease, ZIP code, transplant center/hospital, and diagnosis date were used for matching. Exploratory analysis was conducted to identify predictors associated with receiving HCT for patients with AML who received a search.

RESULTS

The data sets were successfully linked, showing high sensitivity and specificity. The final cohort included 5,085 patients with AML (HCT = 533, no HCT = 4,552). Of 97 patients who received HCT without a matched search, more than 85% received a related donor HCT. Of those not receiving HCT, 609 had a matched NMDP search and 3,943 did not have a matched NMDP search. Multivariate analysis showed time to search, age, diagnosis year, race/ethnicity, and neighborhood education status associated with receiving HCT.

CONCLUSION

Methods herein demonstrate the feasibility of linking Search and Medicare data. Similar methods may be applied to answer critical questions regarding barriers to HCT, thereby identifying areas to improve access to care.

Epidemiology of early infections and predictors of mortality after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation among multiple myeloma, Hodgkin, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the first experience from Palestine

Background

Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the standard of care in many relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancy, neuroblastoma, and multiple myeloma (MM). This study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of early infections that occurred within the first 100 days among patients who received HSCT for MM, Hodgkin (HL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Palestine.

Methods

This study was conducted in a retrospective cohort design in the only autologous HSCT in Palestine in the period between 2014 and 2021. The medical records of the patients were reviewed to identify and collect demographic, clinical, and microbiological data on bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections as diagnosed by cultures, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescent antibody testing.

Results

A total of 145 patients were included in this study (median age = 44.0 [28.0, 53.5] years). Of those, 8 (5.5%) were younger than 18 years, 69 (47.6%) had MM, 53 (36.6%) had HL, and 23 (15.9%) had NHL. The source of fever had no focus in the majority of the cases 82 (56.6%), 12 (8.3%) had bloodstream infections, 8 (5.5%) had colitis, and 7.6 (5.0%) had pneumonia. Patients from whom gram-negative bacteria were isolated stayed in the hospital for longer duration compared to the other patients (median = 21.0 [19.0, 25.0] vs. 18.0 [15.0, 22.0] days, p-value = 0.043, respectively). The cumulative incidence of death in the first 100 days after infusion of stem cells was 3.4%. The cumulative incidence of death in the first 100 days post-transplantation was higher for patients with NHL compared to those with HL and MM (p-value = 0.017). Gram-negative and fungal infections were strong predictors of mortality.

Conclusion

Bacterial gram-positive and gram-negative infections were the most common early infections among patients who underwent autologous HSCT for hematological malignancies (HM) in the only center in Palestine. The findings of this study are informative to healthcare providers and planners of care for patients who are scheduled to receive autologous HSCT for HM.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07709-4.

Impact of Race and Geographic Area of Residence on Outcomes After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant

Background

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HCT) is a potential curative therapy for a variety of hematologic disorders. However, it requires highly specialized care that is only available at select centers across the country. Thus, minority populations are at risk for healthcare disparities in access to and outcomes of allo-HCT. Our study aimed to assess the impact of race and location of residence on outcomes of allo-HCT.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent allo-HCT at the Ohio State University from 1984 to 2018. Patients were divided by race (Caucasian, African American, and other) and grouped by zip code into rural, suburban, and urban groups. Primary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

Of the 1,943 patients included in the study, 94.3% self-identified as Caucasian, 4.6% African American, and 1.1% other. In total, 63.4% lived in rural areas, 22.9% suburban, and 13.8% urban. There was no significant difference in OS or PFS by race (p = 0.15, 0.21) or place of residence (p = 0.39, 0.17). In addition, no difference in nonrelapse mortality, acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and GVHD-free relapse-free survival (GRFS) was seen among the race or place of residence.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that when appropriate access to HCT is given, there is no difference in outcomes based on race, ethnicity or place of primary residence. Further research is needed to further evaluate barriers for these patients to undergo transplant and help mitigate these barriers.

Barriers and facilitators to the use of survivorship care plans by hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors and clinicians

PURPOSE

Survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) have complex care needs for the remainder of their lives, known as the survivorship period. Survivorship care plans (SCPs) have been proposed to improve care coordination and ultimately survivorship outcomes. We explored the barriers and facilitators of SCP use among HSCT survivors and their clinicians in order to develop more useful SCPs for the HSCT context.

METHODS

Analogous surveys regarding perceived barriers to and facilitators of SCP use based on a sample SCP for a female allogenic HSCT survivor were administered to HSCT survivors and non-transplant oncology and primary care clinicians.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven HSCT survivors and 18 clinicians completed the survey. The main barriers to SCP use were lack of awareness of SCP existence, uncertainty regarding where to find SCP, unclear roles and responsibilities among healthcare teams, length of SCP, and difficultly understanding SCPs. The facilitators of SCP use were increased understanding of survivorship care needs, clarified roles and responsibilities of survivors and clinicians, SCPs that are readily available and searchable in electronic health record, increased awareness of SCP existence and provision to all survivors, and if the SCP is survivor-specific and up-to-date.

CONCLUSIONS

Much of the work regarding SCPs has looked at barriers to creation and provision; however, our study examines factors influencing use of SCPs. By determining the barriers and facilitators surrounding SCP use for HSCT survivors and their clinicians, we can create SCP templates and clinical workflows to optimize SCP use, ideally leading to better outcomes for HSCT survivors.

The impact of socioeconomic disparities on the use of upfront autologous stem cell transplantation for mantle cell lymphoma

Using the National Cancer Database, we identified 10,290 patients with newly diagnosed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) treated with chemotherapy with or without upfront autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Only 17% of patients underwent ASCT. Patients who underwent ASCT were younger and more likely to have lower comorbidity scores, private insurance, higher income and education, and treatment received at an academic facility. On multivariable analysis, age, comorbidity index, insurance type, the transition of care, facility type, distance to facility, and diagnosis year were predictive for ASCT use. ASCT use was associated with improved 5-year overall survival in younger (82% vs. 64%, p < .001) and older (70% vs. 40%, p < .001) patients, which was retained in the matched propensity score and 12-month analyses. Female gender, the diagnosis year ≥2009, private insurance, higher income, and education were associated with superior survival, whereas Black race and higher comorbidities predicted inferior survival.

Multiple myeloma, race, insurance and treatment

PURPOSE

Multiple Myeloma (MM), the second leading blood malignancy, has complex and costly disease management. We studied patterns of treatment disparities and unplanned interruptions among the MM patients after the Affordable Care Act to assess their prevalence and effect on survival.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study of 1002 MM patients at a tertiary referral center used standard guidelines as a reference to identify underuse of effective treatments. We used multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportionate hazard to study the prognostic effect on survival.

RESULTS

Median age in the cohort was 63.0 [IQR: 14] years. Non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients were older (p = 0.007) and more likely to present with stage I disease (p = 0.02). Underuse of maintenance therapy (aOR = 1.98; 95 % CI 1.12-3.48) and interruptions in treatment were associated with race/ethnicity and insurance (aOR = 4.14; 95 % CI: 1.78-9.74). Only underuse of induction therapy was associated with overall patient survival.

CONCLUSION

Age, race, ethnicity and primary insurance contribute to the underuse of treatment and in unplanned interruptions in MM treatment. Addressing underuse causes in such patients is warranted.

Driving Distance and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Survivors

Long driving distances to transplantation centers may impede access to care for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) survivors. As a secondary analysis from the multicenter INSPIRE study (NCT01602211), we examined baseline data from relapse-free HCT adult survivors (2 to 10 years after allogeneic or autologous HCT) to investigate the association between driving distances and patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of distress and physical function. We analyzed predictors of elevated distress and impaired physical function using logistic regression models that operationalized driving distance first as a continuous variable and separately as a dichotomous variable (<100 versus 100+ miles). Of 1136 patients available for analysis from 6 US centers, median driving distance was 82 miles and 44% resided 100+ miles away from their HCT centers. Elevated distress was reported by 32% of patients, impaired physical function by 19%, and both by 12%. Driving distance, whether operationalized as a continuous or dichotomous variable, had no impact on distress or physical function in linear regression modeling (95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.00, for both PROs with driving distance as a continuous variable). In contrast, chronic graft-versus-host-disease, lower income, and lack of Internet access independently predicted both elevated distress and impaired physical function. In summary, we found no impact of driving distance on distress and physical function among HCT survivors. Our results have implications for how long-term follow-up care is delivered after HCT, with regard to the negligible impact of driving distances on PROs and also the risk of a "digital divide" worsening outcomes among HCT survivors without Internet access.

Integrated electronic health record facilitates a safer and more efficient rural outreach haematology service

BACKGROUND

Rural Australian oncology patients are known to have inferior mortality rates compared to metropolitan patients, possibly related to access to appropriate healthcare services and treatments. Electronic systems improve the safety of chemotherapy administration and allow easily accessible patient information and data collection.

AIMS

To integrate the electronic healthcare delivery systems at a metropolitan hospital and a rural outreach haematology clinic to facilitate streamlined and safe outpatient care.

METHODS

The MOSAIQ v2.64(Elekta) system utilised at St Vincent's Hospital was introduced at a linked rural outreach haematology clinic. The two separate comprehensive practice management systems incorporating all patient information were consolidated into one, becoming accessible from both sites.

RESULTS

The electronic systems were successfully integrated between the two sites in October 2017. Electronic chemotherapy prescribing at the Griffith site is now guided by inbuilt, pharmacist-reviewed protocols thereby improving the safety and flexibility of remote prescribing. The centralised electronic health record has improved streamlined care during patient transitions between the two hospitals with enhanced continuity of documentation and management. Increases in total clinic patients and appointment numbers are demonstrable since implementation, and sustained during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides a novel example of the successful implementation of a centralised electronic healthcare record and chemotherapy prescribing system in a haematology setting shared between a metropolitan service and a rural outreach hospital clinic. This has positive implications for the safety and efficiency of healthcare delivery at the rural site applicable to all linked rural Australian clinics, as well as allowing data collection to assist future planning of the service.

Pilot Study of Telehealth Evaluations in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Telehealth involves the use of telecommunication and information technology for the delivery of clinical care and may be a mechanism to alleviate the burden of visits faced by patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Few studies have evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of telehealth visits in the care of HCT patients. We conducted 27 telehealth visits with 25 patients undergoing HCT using a videoconferencing system that allows for real-time, 2-way interactions and administered satisfaction surveys to patients and providers. Of the 25 patients included in the study, 20 (80%) and 5 (20%) were undergoing autologous and allogeneic HCT, respectively. The telehealth visits were distributed as follows: 3 inpatient visits upon admission for HCT; 11 inpatient visits between 2 and 14 days post-HCT; 4 inpatient visits prior to discharge after HCT; 8 outpatient, post-HCT follow-up visits; and 1 handoff to a community oncologist. Out of a total of 54 provider assessments, 7 providers (13%) were unable to complete some part of the physical examination, but no provider reported being unable to manage patients' symptoms through telehealth. Eighty-one percent of patients were either satisfied or very satisfied with the telemedicine session. Overall satisfaction was higher among patients than providers (mean scores 4.12 versus 2.64; scale 1 to 5, with 1 = very poor to 5 = excellent). Technological barriers resulting in delays and suboptimal physical examination were largely responsible for provider dissatisfaction. The use of telehealth to deliver comprehensive follow-up care to HCT patients is feasible across different HCT types but is dependent upon quality of data streaming and videoconferencing technologies.

Liver transplantation in patients with a history of migration-A German single center comparative analysis

Liver transplant (LT) programs in Germany increasingly face a multiethnic patient population. To date no outcome data for LT in patients with a history of migration is available for Germany. This complicates decision-making before wait-listing such patients. We conducted a single-center cohort analysis of all primary LT between April 2007 and December 2015, stratified for the history of migration to investigate differences in the outcome. We found transplant rates resembling the proportion of persons with a history of migration in the general public in the region of our center. Differences were found concerning age at LT and prevalence of underlying diseases. Re-Transplant rates, Kaplan-Meier Estimates for overall survival, also after stratification for viral hepatitis, sex, ethnicity or presence of a language-barrier showed no statistical differences. The multivariate analysis showed no migration-related covariate associated with a negative outcome. These results stand in contrast to most of the previous evidence from North America and the UK and need to be taken into consideration during the wait-listing process of patients with a history of migration in need of a LT in centers in the Eurotransplant region.

Impact of Home-to-Centre Distance on Bone Marrow Transplantation Outcomes

Objectives

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in Oman started in 1994 at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH), Muscat, Oman. Previous studies have suggested that longer driving time to the transplant centre (DTC) independently correlates with worse overall survival (OS). Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of DTC on OS and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD).

Methods

This retrospective study included all patients who underwent HSCT between February 2006 and December 2016 at SQUH. The DTC was determined using Google Maps (Google LLC., Mountain View, California, USA). The probability of OS was estimated using a Kaplan-Meier estimator and the impact of DTC on OS was compared using a Cox model.

Results

A total of 170 patients were included in this study of which 52% were male and 28% were from the Al Batinah region. The mean age was 14.2 ± 12.2 years. The mean haemoglobin, platelet and white blood cell counts before the HSCT were 10.3 ± 1.7 g/dL, 207 ± 131 × 10⁹/L and 5.1 ± 5.9 × 10⁹/L, respectively. The median DTC for those with aGvHD was 84 minutes, which is similar to patients without aGvHD (P = 0.918). The hazard ratio for DTC as a predictor of OS was 1.0 (P = 0.901).

Conclusion

In this single centre study, DTC did not impact aGvHD or OS in patients post-HSCT. The study was limited by its retrospective design and the small sample size. It is recommended that these results be confirmed in a prospective study.

Survivor and Clinician Assessment of Survivorship Care Plans for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients: An Engineering, Primary Care, and Oncology Collaborative for Survivorship Health

The long-term care of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) survivors poses special challenges owing to a myriad of possible chronic and/or late complications. Survivorship care plans (SCPs) have been proposed as tools to communicate information on the late effects of treatment and recommended follow-up care to clinicians and survivors. The primary aims of this study were to determine SCP content and format, as well as to assess the preferred timing of SCP provision following HSCT. HSCT survivors and nontransplantation clinicians (oncologists and primary care physicians) were invited to participate in a survey evaluating the usefulness and utility of a sample HSCT-specific SCP with a treatment summary generated by autopopulation from an electronic health record (EHR). All participating HSCT survivors (n = 29) and clinicians (n = 18) indicated a desire to receive an SCP. More than 85% of the participants perceived information about treatments received, recommended follow-up and health maintenance including vaccinations, survivor and clinician resources, and graft-versus-host disease and other late/chronic side effects to be useful. The majority of survivors also believed that care team contact information was useful. In addition, >85% of survivors and clinicians agreed that the SCP increased their understanding of treatments and chronic/late side effects, improved health care provided, and were satisfied with the SCP and found it understandable and easy to use. The majority of survivors indicated that additional information should be added to the SCP, whereas some clinicians deemed the SCP too long. Survivors preferred to receive the SCP as a paper document at the end of a regular follow-up visit and review it with a cancer clinician, whereas clinicians preferred to receive the SCP through the EHR. These findings will help improve the design of future SCPs for use by HSCT survivors and clinicians. Future work will include leveraging the EHR to ease the burden of creating user-centered documents.

Many Shades of Disparities in Myeloma Care

Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has notably evolved with improved patient outcomes over the past few years. Several new drugs have become available, and large national and international clinical trials have set the stage for evidence-based medicine guidelines for the treatment of patients with MM. Although patient outcomes have undoubtedly improved, data increasingly show that several disparities exist at varying levels of health care and that these disparities make the care of patients heterogenous and potentially result in inferior outcomes. These disparities have been described with regard to patient age, race/ethnicity, rural-urban residence, socioeconomic status, and insurance type, among other factors. Looking at the global picture of MM care, there is substantial variation among different countries, primarily depending on the disparate availability of anti-MM drugs and access to quality health care across the world, limiting the delivery of innovative therapeutic approaches at the individual patient level. The causes of these national and international disparities could be multifactorial, intricate, and difficult to isolate. Yet the ongoing research in this field is encouraging, and there seems to be growing momentum to understand such disparities and their causes. It is hoped that this research will lead to solutions that can be implemented in the near future. This review focuses on certain aspects of disparities in MM care, highlighting disparities among different racial/ethnic subgroups, rural-urban differences in America, and global disparities at an international level.

Value-Based Care in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Improved tolerability and outcomes after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), along with the availability of alternative donors, have expanded its use. With this growth, and the development of additional cellular therapies, we also aim to increase effectiveness, efficiency, and the quality of the care provided. Fundamentally, the goal of value-based care is to have better health outcomes with streamlined processes, improved patient experience, and lower costs for both the patients and the health care system. HCT and cellular therapy treatments are multiphase treatments which allow for interventions at each juncture.

RECENT FINDINGS

We present a summary of the current literature with focus on program structure and overall system capacity, coordination of therapy across providers, standardization across institutions, diversity and disparities in care, patient quality of life, and cost implications. Each of these topics provides challenges and opportunities to improve value-based care for HCT and cellular therapy patients.

Etiologies and Impact of Readmission Rates in the First 180 Days After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

INTRODUCTION

High rates of patients require readmission to the hospital within 6 months of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We investigated the relationship between readmission rates and outcomes after HSCT in children, adolescents, and young adults (CAYA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of patients (26 years or younger) treated with HSCT was conducted.

RESULTS

A chart review of 435 CAYA who underwent HSCT from 2008 to 2015 revealed that 171 patients (39%) had at least 1 hospital readmission within 180 days of transplant; 87% received allogeneic and 13% received autologous HSCT. A total of 312 readmission events were reported. The median follow-up time was 31 months. Documented infection (n=99) and graft-versus-host disease complications (n=60) were the most common causes. Higher than 2 readmission rates were associated with lower overall survival (OS) (P=0.001) and disease-free survival (P<0.001) in patients who received allogeneic HSCT. These findings were not found in the autologous HSCT. In a multivariate analysis of those who received allogeneic HSCT, prior treatment with ≥2 chemotherapy regimens (P=0.03) was independent predictor of lower OS. There were also trends noted toward lower OS for patients with documented infections at index admission or subsequent readmissions (P=0.09).

CONCLUSIONS

More than 2 hospital readmissions within 6 months of allogeneic HSCT in CAYA, who are either heavily pretreated or had documented infections at index admission or subsequent readmissions adversely affected the outcomes.

Association of Distance from Transplantation Center and Place of Residence on Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Regionalization of specialized health services can deliver high-quality care but may have an adverse impact on access and outcomes because of distance from the regional centers. In the case of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), the effect of increased distance between the transplantation center and the rural/urban residence is unclear because of conflicting results from the existing studies. We examined the association between distance from primary residence to the transplantation center and rural versus urban residence with clinical outcomes after allogeneic HCT in a large cohort of patients. Overall mortality (OM), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), and relapse in all patients and those who survived for 200 days after HCT were assessed in 2849 patients who received their first allogeneic HCT between 2000 and 2010 at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. Median distance from FHCRC was 263 miles (range, 0 to 2740 miles) and 83% of patients were urban residents. The association between distance and the hazard of OM varied according to conditioning intensity: myeloablative (MA) versus nonmyeloablative (NMA). Among MA patients, there was no evidence of an increased risk of mortality with increased distance, but for NMA patients, the results did show a suggestion of increased risk of mortality for some distances, although globally the difference was not statistically significant. In the subgroup of patients who survived 200 days, there was no evidence that the risks of OM, relapse, or NRM were increased with increasing distance. We did not find any association between longer distance from transplantation center and urban/rural residence and outcomes after MA HCT. In patients undergoing NMA transplantations, this relationship and how it is influenced by factors such as age, payers, and comorbidities needs to be further investigated.

What They Want: Inclusion of Blood and Marrow Transplantation Survivor Preference in the Development of Models of Care for Long-Term Health in Sydney, Australia

Four hundred forty-one adult allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) survivors participated in a cross-sectional survey to assess long-term follow-up (LTFU) model of care preference. Survey instruments included the Sydney Post BMT Survey, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-BMT, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21, the Chronic GVHD Activity Assessment-Patient Self Report (Form B), the Lee Chronic GVHD Symptom Scale and the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. We found most BMT survivors (74%) would prefer LTFU with their transplantation physicians alone or in combination with transplantation center-linked services (satellite clinics or telemedicine) Over one-quarter indicated a preference for receiving comprehensive post-transplantation care in a "satellite" clinic staffed by their BMT team situated closer to their place of residence, with higher income, higher educational level, and sexual morbidity being significant social factors influencing this preference. Regular exercise was reported less often in those who preferred telemedicine, which may reflect reduced mobility. The factor most strongly associated with a preference for transplantation center follow-up was the severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Full- and part-time work were negatively associated with transplantation center follow-up, possibly implying decreased dependency on the center and some return to normalcy. This study is the first to explore the preferences of BMT survivors for long-term post-transplantation care. These data provides the basis for LTFU model of care development and health service reform consistent with the preferences of BMT survivors.

Multi-centre validation of the prognostic value of the haematopoietic cell transplantation- specific comorbidity index among recipient of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation

The haematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index (HCT-CI) was developed in a single centre as a weighted scoring system to predict risks of non-relapse mortality (NRM) following allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. Information on the performance of the HCT-CI in multi-centre studies is lacking in the literature. To that end, a collaborative multicentre retrospective study was initiated. Comorbidity data from 2523 consecutive recipients of human leucocyte antigen-matched grafts from five different US institutions were analysed. Among all patients, HCT-CI scores of 0 vs. 1-2 vs. ≥3 were associated with 2-year NRM rates of 14%, 23% and 39% (P < 0·0001), respectively, and 2-year overall survival (OS) rates of 74%, 61% and 39%, respectively (P < 0·0001). Using regression models, increasing HCT-CI scores were independently associated with increases in hazard ratios for NRM and worse survival within individual institutions. The HCT-CI retained independent capacity for association with outcomes within different age as well as conditioning intensity groups. C-statistic estimates for the prognostic power of the HCT-CI for NRM and OS were 0·66 and 0·64, respectively. The estimates within each institution were overall similar. The HCT-CI is a valid tool for capturing comorbidities and predicting mortality after haematopoietic cell transplantation across different institutions.

Effect of place of residence and treatment on survival outcomes in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in British Columbia

BACKGROUND

We examined the relationship between location of residence at the time of diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and health outcomes in a geographically large Canadian province with publicly funded, universally available medical care.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The British Columbia Cancer Registry was used to identify all patients 18-80 years of age diagnosed with DLBCL between January 2003 and December 2008. Home and treatment center postal codes were used to determine urban versus rural status and driving distance to access treatment.

RESULTS

We identified 1,357 patients. The median age was 64 years (range: 18-80 years), 59% were male, 50% were stage III/IV, 84% received chemotherapy with curative intent, and 32% received radiotherapy. There were 186 (14%) who resided in rural areas, 141 (10%) in small urban areas, 183 (14%) in medium urban areas, and 847 (62%) in large urban areas. Patient and treatment characteristics were similar regardless of location. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 62% for patients in rural areas, 44% in small urban areas, 53% in medium urban areas, and 60% in large urban areas (p = .018). In multivariate analysis, there was no difference in OS between rural and large urban area patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-1.4), although patients in small urban areas (HR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-2.0) and medium urban areas (HR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-1.9) had worse OS than those in large urban areas.

CONCLUSION

Place of residence at diagnosis is associated with survival of patients with DLBCL in British Columbia, Canada. Rural patients have similar survival to those in large urban areas, whereas patients living in small and medium urban areas experience worse outcomes.

[Anticancer drug adherence]

A large number of anticancer drugs have been introduced during the two last decades with significant impact for survival, making cancer a chronic disease in a growing number of indications. However, these drugs are costly, induce adverse effects and their efficacy frequently depends on the dose. For all these reasons, adherence in cancer therapy is critical for an optimal benefit-risk ratio. Patient adherence remains virtually unexplored in many cancers, such as malignant blood diseases. When measured, adherence is poor, especially when the drug is administered as oral and prolonged therapy (hormonotherapy in breast cancer, imatinib). Physician nonadherence represents another form of drug misadministration; poorly documented, its mechanism remains obscure. Adherence may be measured by a panel of methods, each of them displaying limits and pitfalls, suggesting that several complementary methods should be used in the context of prospective studies. Risk factors are age, socio-educative profile, disease stage and physician profile. This review emphasizes some methods to prevent nonadherence. Finally, this review argues for prospective studies, which should integrate a social pharmacology approach, including medicine, psycho-sociology and economics.

A population-based analysis of the effect of autologous hematopoietic cell transplant in the treatment of multiple myeloma

This population registry-based study followed all cases of myeloma diagnosed in New South Wales, Australia, during 2002-2005 and compared survival outcomes of those who proceeded to autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) with those who did not. Data available consisted of demographic details and survival, and did not include disease details or treatment type or response. Of 708 patients, 270 (38%) had a HCT. The 5-year overall survival (OS) of HCT recipients was significantly better than for those who did not proceed to HCT (62% vs. 54%, p = 0.003). HCT was a significant favorable risk factor for OS, while age over 60 was an adverse risk factor. However, for patients alive at 1 year from diagnosis, there was no significant difference in survival between HCT and non-HCT patients, suggesting that worse disease biology and/or coexisting morbidities were likely to be major reasons for the poorer outcome for non-HCT patients.

The impact of geographic proximity to transplant center on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) need access to specialized care. We hypothesized that access to the transplant center after HSCT may be challenging for patients living in geographically distant areas, and that this would have an adverse effect on their outcome. We analyzed 1912 adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at the Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center (DF/BWCC) between 1996 and 2009 and who resided within 6 hours driving time of the institution. Driving time from primary residence to DF/BWCC based on zipcode was determined using geographic information systems. The median driving time (range) to DF/BWCC was 72 (2-358) minutes. When patients were stratified by driving time quartile, overall survival (OS) after HSCT was similar in the first year but worse after 1 year in patients in the top quartile (≥ 160 minutes driving time). In a landmark analysis of the 909 patients alive and free of disease at 1 year, 5-year OS was 76% and 65% for patients in the first (≤ 40 minutes) and fourth (≥ 160 minutes) quartiles, respectively (P = .027). This was confirmed in a multivariable analysis. The difference appeared to be mostly because of an increase in nonrelapse mortality. The number of visits to the transplant center between day 100 and 365 after HSCT declined significantly with increasing driving time to the transplant center, which was independently associated with worse survival. Long driving time to the transplant center is associated with worse OS in patients alive and disease-free 1 year after HSCT, independently of other patient-, disease-, and HSCT-related variables. This may be in part related to the lower frequency of post-HSCT visits in patients living farther away.

Access to allogeneic hematopoietic SCT for patients with MDS or relapsed AML treated according to protocols of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group

To investigate whether all patients in need of an allogeneic hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) are offered one, we retrospectively investigated the policy for all children diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome (n=90) or relapsed AML (n=75) between 1998 and 2008. These children are registered at diagnosis and treated according to protocols of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, which provides accurate disease incidence data and protocol-indicated appropriateness for HSCT. For 48 (30%) patients, a family donor was identified; for 90 (57%) patients, an unrelated donor (UD) search was performed; and for 21 (13%) patients, no UD search was initiated. Reasons for not initiating an UD search include: progressive disease (n=10), conserve quality of life (n=1), stable disease (n=3), immunosuppressive therapy (n=2), patient death (n=3), patient lives abroad (n=1) and second relapse (n=1). On the basis of the time interval between date of diagnosis and date of death/last follow-up, for eight (5%) patients, it may be questioned why an UD search was not performed. The fact that 95% of all children are given the option of an allogeneic HSCT is encouraging and reasons not to transplant seem fair in most cases.

Does location matter? Rural vs urban outcomes after blood and marrow transplantation in a population-based Canadian cohort

Specialized health services, such as blood and marrow transplantation (BMT), are usually based in large urban centers. Previous research has suggested that rural patients undergoing BMT have a higher risk of death. We performed a cohort study using data from both the Manitoba BMT Program and the provincial Cancer Registry to determine whether patients from the rural areas would have inferior survival after BMT and whether rural patients have reduced access to BMT. A total of 463 adult Manitobans, who underwent BMT between January 1990 and December 2006, were assessed. We analyzed area of residence (rural vs urban), disease and BMT characteristics, and calculated the OS. Patients undergoing autologous and allogeneic transplants were analyzed separately. When adjusted for gender, age at BMT and year of BMT, area of residence was not a significant predictor of mortality. A relative survival analysis was also conducted, and area of residence was again not a significant predictor of mortality. To measure access to BMT in urban vs rural patients, we evaluated all patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) during this same period. Of 432 Manitobans diagnosed with HL, 182 (42%) were rural and 250 (58%) were urban. In contrast, 69% of patients undergoing transplant for HL were urban. In conclusion, using population-based data from a Canadian province, we were unable to show a survival disadvantage for rural patients after controlling for other variables. BMT utilization in rural populations deserves further study.

Outcomes of hematologic malignancies after unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation according to place of residence

Studies suggest that patients who live in rural areas may have worse clinical outcomes compared with patients living in urban areas. We studied whether place of residence (rural versus urban) is associated with clinical outcomes of patients with leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who received an unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Patients' residential ZIP code at the time of transplant was used to determine rural or urban designation based on the Rural Urban Commuting Codes. The study included 6140 patients reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) from 121 U.S. HCT centers: 1179 (19%) came from rural areas, whereas 4961 (81%) came from urban areas. Rural and urban patients were similar in patient-, disease-, and transplant-related characteristics aside from household income and distance traveled to the HCT center. After adjusting for income and other significant patient, disease, and transplant-related variables, the risk of overall mortality between patients residing in rural and urban areas were not statistically significant (relative risk 1.01, 95% confidence intervals 0.93-1.10, P = .74). Similar outcomes were noted for treatment-related mortality (TRM), disease-free survival (DFS), and relapse. Patient's income, derived from the U.S. Census and based on their residential ZIP code, was independently associated with outcomes. In summary, our study showed no differences in the clinical outcomes of patients from rural or urban areas after unrelated donor HCT.

Survival disparities in patients with lymphoma according to place of residence and treatment provider: a population-based study

PURPOSE

Health disparities exist according to an individual's place of residence. We evaluated the association between primary area of residence (urban v rural) according to treatment provider (university based v community based) and overall survival in patients with lymphoma and determined whether there are patient groups that could benefit from better coordination of care.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Population-based, retrospective cohort study of 2,330 patients with centrally confirmed lymphoma from Nebraska and surrounding states and treated by university-based or community-based oncologists from 1982 to 2006.

RESULTS

Among urban residents, 321 (14%) were treated by university-based providers (UUB) and 816 (35%) were treated by community-based providers (UCB). Among rural residents, 332 (14%) were treated by university-based providers (RUB), and 861 (37%) were treated by community-based providers (RCB). The relative risk (RR) of death among UUB, UCB, and RUB were not statistically different. However, RCB had a higher risk of death (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.65; P = .01; and RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.49; P = .01) when compared with UUB and RUB, respectively. This association was true in both low- and intermediate-risk patients. Among high-risk patients, UCB, RUB, and RCB were all at higher risk of death when compared with UUB.

CONCLUSION

Survival outcomes of patients with lymphoma may be associated with place of residence and treatment provider. High-risk patients from rural areas may benefit from better coordination of care.

Socioeconomic differences in patient survival are increasing for acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma in sweden

PURPOSE

An association between socioeconomic status (SES) and survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and multiple myeloma (MM) has not been established in developed countries. We assessed the impact of SES on survival in two large population-based cohorts of AML and MM patients diagnosed in Sweden 1973 to 2005.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The relative risk of death (all cause and cause specific) in relation to SES was estimated using Cox's proportional hazards regression. We also conducted analyses stratified by calendar periods (1973 to 1979, 1980 to 1989, 1990 to 1999, and 2000 to 2005).

RESULTS

We identified a total of 9,165 and 14,744 patients with AML and MM, respectively. Overall, higher white-collar workers had a lower mortality than other SES groups for both AML (P = .005) and MM (P < .005). In AML patients, a consistently higher overall mortality was observed in blue-collar workers compared with higher white-collar workers in the last three periods (hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.51; HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.45; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.57, respectively). In MM, no difference was observed in the first two calendar periods. However, in 1990 to 1999, self-employed (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.37), blue-collar workers (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.32), and retired (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.80) had a higher mortality compared to higher white-collar workers. In 2000 to 2005, blue-collar workers had a higher mortality (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.60) compared with higher white-collar workers.

CONCLUSION

SES was significantly associated with survival in both AML and MM. Most conspicuously, a lower mortality was observed among the highest SES group during more recent calendar periods. Differences in management, comorbidity, and lifestyle, are likely factors to explain these findings.