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Yang CCH, Kuo TBJ, Chen CH, Li WY, Hung CT, Li JY. Older rats show slow modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm during voluntary running. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112092. [PMID: 36669709 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging causes brain function degeneration and slows many motor and behavioural responses. The hippocampal theta rhythm (4-12 Hz) is related to cognition and locomotion. However, the findings on aging-related changes in the frequency and amplitude of hippocampal theta oscillations have been inconsistent. We hypothesized that older rats have slower responses in terms of hippocampal theta rhythm during voluntary wheel running than do young adult rats. By simultaneously recording electroencephalography and physical activity (PA), we evaluated theta oscillations in 8-week-old (young adult) and 60-week-old (middle-aged) rats before and during wheel running, which was conducted only during the rats' 12-h dark period. To test the alterations of hippocampal theta rhythm in voluntary wheel running, we analyzed the signals without (8-s) or with (2-s) chronological order. No significant difference was observed in total frequency (TP, 4-12 Hz), low-frequency (LT, 4-6.5 Hz), or high-frequency (9.5-12 Hz) theta activity between active waking and overall running in either group. The theta oscillations were slower in the middle-aged rats than in the young adult rats during wheel running but increased during running for both age groups. During wheel running, the middle-aged rats exhibited an increased LT, which was related to PA. On the basis of the chronological order of running, the young adult rats exhibited increased TP, and the middle-aged rats exhibited significant increases in middle-frequency (MT, 6.5-9.5 Hz) theta activity. The dominant modulations of MT in the middle-aged rats may have caused nonsignificant changes in total activity. These between-group differences in theta rhythm characteristics during voluntary running provide insights into age-related brain function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Clinical Research Center, Tsoutun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Li
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Tsen Hung
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Sleep Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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2
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Kuo TB, Yang CC, Hung CT, Chen CH, Lan TH, Li JY. Behavioural consistency and hippocampal theta rhythm can reflect age-related anxiety during the behaviour test. Exp Gerontol 2022; 163:111808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Sakimoto Y, Sakata S. The role of the hippocampal theta rhythm in non-spatial discrimination and associative learning task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 110:92-99. [PMID: 30261198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The configural association theory and the conflict resolution model propose that hippocampal function is involved in learning negative patterning tasks (A+, B+, AB-). The first theory suggests a critical role of the hippocampus in the formation of configural representations of compound stimuli, in which stimuli A and B are presented simultaneously. The second theory hypothesizes that the hippocampus is important for inhibiting the response to a stimulus that is in conflict with response tendencies. Although these theories propose different interpretations of the link between hippocampal function and non-spatial discrimination tasks, they both predict that the hippocampus is involved in the information processing of compound stimuli in negative patterning tasks. Recently, our electrophysiological approach has shown that the hippocampal theta power correlate with response inhibition in a negative patterning task, positive patterning, simultaneous/serial feature negative task. These findings provide strong support for the assumption of the conflict resolution model that the role of the hippocampus in learning is to inhibit responses to conflicting stimuli during non-spatial stimulus discrimination tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
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Rendeiro C, Rhodes JS. A new perspective of the hippocampus in the origin of exercise-brain interactions. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2527-2545. [PMID: 29671055 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercising regularly is a highly effective strategy for maintaining cognitive health throughout the lifespan. Over the last 20 years, many molecular, physiological and structural changes have been documented in response to aerobic exercise training in humans and animals, particularly in the hippocampus. However, how exercise produces such neurological changes remains elusive. A recent line of investigation has suggested that muscle-derived circulating factors cross into the brain and may be the key agents driving enhancement in synaptic plasticity and hippocampal neurogenesis from aerobic exercise. Alternatively, or concurrently, the signals might originate from within the brain itself. Physical activity also produces instantaneous and robust neuronal activation of the hippocampal formation and the generation of theta oscillations which are closely correlated with the force of movements. The repeated acute activation of the hippocampus during physical movement is likely critical for inducing the long-term neuroadaptations from exercise. Here we review the evidence which establishes the association between physical movement and hippocampal neuronal activation and discuss implications for long-term benefits of physical activity on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rendeiro
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Gait is one of the keys to functional independence. For a long-time, walking was considered an automatic process involving minimal higher-level cognitive input. Indeed, walking does not take place without muscles that move the limbs and the "lower-level" control that regulates the timely activation of the muscles. However, a growing body of literature suggests that walking can be viewed as a cognitive process that requires "higher-level" cognitive control, especially during challenging walking conditions that require executive function and attention. Two main locomotor pathways have been identified involving multiple brain areas for the control of posture and gait: the dorsal pathway of cognitive locomotor control and the ventral pathway for emotional locomotor control. These pathways may be distinctly affected in different pathologies that have important implications for rehabilitation and therapy. The clinical assessment of gait should be a focused, simple, and cost-effective process that provides both quantifiable and qualitative information on performance. In the last two decades, gait analysis has gradually shifted from analysis of a few steps in a restricted space to long-term monitoring of gait using body fixed sensors, capturing real-life and routine behavior in the home and community environment. The chapter also describes this evolution and its implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Mirelman
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shirley Shema
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Laboratory of Early Markers of Neurodegeneration, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffery M Hausdorff
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Li JY, Kuo TB, Yang CC. Aged rats show dominant modulation of lower frequency hippocampal theta rhythm during running. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Sakimoto Y, Sakata S. Behavioral inhibition during a conflict state elicits a transient decline in hippocampal theta power. Behav Brain Res 2015; 290:70-6. [PMID: 25930218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been shown that hippocampal theta power transiently declines during response inhibition in a simultaneous feature negative (FN: A+, AB-) task, observations of additional changes after this initial decline have been inconsistent across subjects. We hypothesized that the cause of these inconsistencies might be that variations in the learning speed for the FN task differentially affect the changes in hippocampal theta activity observed during the task. In this study, we classified rats into three groups (fast, intermediate, and slow FN-learning groups) based on the number of sessions required to complete learning of the FN task. We then examined whether there was a difference in hippocampal theta power among the fast, intermediate, and slow FN-learning groups, and rats that learned a simple discrimination task (SD group). We observed that compared to the SD group, the slow FN-learning group, but not the fast FN-learning group, showed an increase in hippocampal theta power. In addition, a transient decline of hippocampal theta power occurred in the fast FN-learning group, but not in the slow FN-learning group. These results indicate that the hippocampal theta activity during response inhibition in the FN task differed between fast- and slow-learning rats. Thus, we propose that a difference in learning speed affected hippocampal theta activity during response inhibition under a conflict state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Wu H, Ghekiere H, Beeckmans D, Tambuyzer T, van Kuyck K, Aerts JM, Nuttin B. Conceptualization and validation of an open-source closed-loop deep brain stimulation system in rat. Sci Rep 2015; 4:9921. [PMID: 25897892 PMCID: PMC4404680 DOI: 10.1038/srep09921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional deep brain stimulation (DBS) applies constant electrical stimulation to specific brain regions to treat neurological disorders. Closed-loop DBS with real-time feedback is gaining attention in recent years, after proved more effective than conventional DBS in terms of pathological symptom control clinically. Here we demonstrate the conceptualization and validation of a closed-loop DBS system using open-source hardware. We used hippocampal theta oscillations as system input, and electrical stimulation in the mesencephalic reticular formation (mRt) as controller output. It is well documented that hippocampal theta oscillations are highly related to locomotion, while electrical stimulation in the mRt induces freezing. We used an Arduino open-source microcontroller between input and output sources. This allowed us to use hippocampal local field potentials (LFPs) to steer electrical stimulation in the mRt. Our results showed that closed-loop DBS significantly suppressed locomotion compared to no stimulation, and required on average only 56% of the stimulation used in open-loop DBS to reach similar effects. The main advantages of open-source hardware include wide selection and availability, high customizability, and affordability. Our open-source closed-loop DBS system is effective, and warrants further research using open-source hardware for closed-loop neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemmings Wu
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hartwin Ghekiere
- Department of Biosystems, M3-BIORES: Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Beeckmans
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Tambuyzer
- Department of Biosystems, M3-BIORES: Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris van Kuyck
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Aerts
- Department of Biosystems, M3-BIORES: Measure, Model & Manage Bioresponses, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Nuttin
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sakimoto Y, Sakata S. Change in hippocampal theta activity during behavioral inhibition for a stimulus having an overlapping element. Behav Brain Res 2014; 282:111-6. [PMID: 25549854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is believed that a decline in hippocampal theta power is induced by response inhibition for a conflict stimulus having an overlapping element. This study used a simultaneous feature positive (simul FP: A-, AX+) task and a serial FP (A-, X→A+) task. In these tasks, the compound and single stimuli have an overlapping element, and rats are required to exhibit response inhibition for the single stimulus A. We examined hippocampal theta activity during simul FP (A-, AX+), serial FP (A-, X→A+), and simple discrimination (SD; A-, X+) tasks and revealed that the transient decrease in hippocampal theta power occurred during response inhibition for the single stimulus A in simul FP tasks, which provides evidence that a transient decline in hippocampal theta power is induced by behavioral inhibition of conflict stimuli having an overlapping element. Thus, we concluded that the transient decline in hippocampal theta power was induced by behavioral inhibition for the conflict stimulus having an overlapping element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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10
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Sakimoto Y, Sakata S. Hippocampal theta activity during behavioral inhibition for conflicting stimuli. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:183-90. [PMID: 25218872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent behavioral inhibitory theory proposed that the hippocampus plays an important role in response inhibition to conflicting stimuli composed of simple inhibitory associations between events embedded in concurrent simple excitatory associations. In addition, the theory states that a serial feature negative (FN) task is a hippocampal-dependent task requiring the formation of a simple inhibitory association; on the other hand, a simple discrimination (SD) task is a typical hippocampus-independent task. In the present study, we recorded hippocampal theta activity from rats during FN and SD tasks to identify any potential differences. In the FN (A+, B→A-) task used in this study, rats were required to press a lever to present stimulus A (A+) and avoid pressing a lever to present a serial compound stimulus (B→A-). In the simple discrimination task (A+, B-), rats were required to press a lever to present stimulus A (A+) and avoid pressing a lever to present stimulus B (B-). We observed a transient decline of hippocampal theta power during response inhibition for a serial compound stimulus in the FN task. Thus, we conclude that the transient decline in hippocampal theta power reflects response inhibition for a conflicting stimulus. The results of the present study strongly support the behavioral inhibition theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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11
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Sakimoto Y, Sakata S. Change in hippocampal theta activity with transfer from simple discrimination tasks to a simultaneous feature-negative task. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:159. [PMID: 24917797 PMCID: PMC4042157 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It was showed that solving a simple discrimination task (A+, B−) and a simultaneous feature-negative (FN) task (A+, AB−) used the hippocampal-independent strategy. Recently, we showed that the number of sessions required for a rat to completely learn a task differed between the FN and simple discrimination tasks, and there was a difference in hippocampal theta activity between these tasks. These results suggested that solving the FN task relied on a different strategy than the simple discrimination task. In this study, we provided supportive evidence that solving the FN and simple discrimination tasks involved different strategies by examining changes in performance and hippocampal theta activity in the FN task after transfer from the simple discrimination task (A+, B− → A+, AB−). The results of this study showed that performance on the FN task was impaired and there was a difference in hippocampal theta activity between the simple discrimination task and FN task. Thus, we concluded that solving the FN task uses a different strategy than the simple discrimination task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sakimoto
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Li JY, Kuo TBJ, Yen JC, Tsai SC, Yang CCH. Voluntary and involuntary running in the rat show different patterns of theta rhythm, physical activity, and heart rate. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2061-70. [PMID: 24623507 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00475.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Involuntarily exercising rats undergo more physical and mental stress than voluntarily exercising rats; however, these findings still lack electrophysiological evidence. Many studies have reported that theta rhythm appears when there is mental stress and that it is affected by emotional status. Thus we hypothesized that the differences between voluntary and involuntary movement should also exist in the hippocampal theta rhythm. Using the wheel and treadmill exercise models as voluntary and involuntary exercise models, respectively, this study wirelessly recorded the hippocampal electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and three-dimensional accelerations of young male rats. Treadmill and wheel exercise produced different theta patterns in the rats before and during running. Even though the waking baselines for the two exercise types were recorded in different environments, there did not exist any significant difference after distinguishing the rats' sleep/wake status. When the same movement-related parameters are considered, the treadmill running group showed more changes in their theta frequency (4-12 Hz), in their theta power between 9.5-12 Hz, and in their heart rate than the wheel running group. A positive correlation between the changes in high-frequency (9.5-12 Hz) theta power and heart rate was identified. Our results reveal various voluntary and involuntary changes in hippocampal theta rhythm as well as divergences in heart rate and high-frequency theta activity that may represent the effects of an additional emotional state or the sensory interaction during involuntary running by rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Terry B J Kuo
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Jiin-Cherng Yen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chih Tsai
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Cheryl C H Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Sleep Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
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Transient decline in hippocampal theta activity during the acquisition process of the negative patterning task. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70756. [PMID: 23936249 PMCID: PMC3729686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal function is important in the acquisition of negative patterning but not of simple discrimination. This study examined rat hippocampal theta activity during the acquisition stages (early, middle, and late) of the negative patterning task (A+, B+, AB-). The results showed that hippocampal theta activity began to decline transiently (for 500 ms after non-reinforced stimulus presentation) during the late stage of learning in the negative patterning task. In addition, this transient decline in hippocampal theta activity in the late stage was lower in the negative patterning task than in the simple discrimination task. This transient decline during the late stage of task acquisition may be related to a learning process distinctive of the negative patterning task but not the simple discrimination task. We propose that the transient decline of hippocampal theta activity reflects inhibitory learning and/or response inhibition after the presentation of a compound stimulus specific to the negative patterning task.
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14
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Transient decline in rats’ hippocampal theta power relates to inhibitory stimulus-reward association. Behav Brain Res 2013; 246:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Li JY, Kuo T, Hsieh IT, Yang C. Changes in hippocampal theta rhythm and their correlations with speed during different phases of voluntary wheel running in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 213:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Theta oscillations during holeboard training in rats: different learning strategies entail different context-dependent modulations in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 2009; 165:642-53. [PMID: 19896522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A functional connection between theta rhythms, information processing, learning and memory formation is well documented by studies focusing on the impact of theta waves on motor activity, global context or phase coding in spatial learning. In the present study we analyzed theta oscillations during a spatial learning task and assessed which specific behavioral contexts were connected to changes in theta power and to the formation of memory. Therefore, we measured hippocampal dentate gyrus theta modulations in male rats that were allowed to establish a long-term spatial reference memory in a holeboard (fixed pattern of baited holes) in comparison to rats that underwent similar training conditions but could not form a reference memory (randomly baited holes). The first group established a pattern specific learning strategy, while the second developed an arbitrary search strategy, visiting increasingly more holes during training. Theta power was equally influenced during the training course in both groups, but was significantly higher when compared to untrained controls. A detailed behavioral analysis, however, revealed behavior- and context-specific differences within the experimental groups. In spatially trained animals theta power correlated with the amounts of reference memory errors in the context of the inspection of unbaited holes and exploration in which, as suggested by time frequency analyses, also slow wave (delta) power was increased. In contrast, in randomly trained animals positive correlations with working memory errors were found in the context of rearing behavior. These findings indicate a contribution of theta/delta to long-lasting memory formation in spatially trained animals, whereas in pseudo trained animals theta seems to be related to attention in order to establish trial specific short-term working memory. Implications for differences in neuronal plasticity found in earlier studies are discussed.
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Sheridan PL, Hausdorff JM. The role of higher-level cognitive function in gait: executive dysfunction contributes to fall risk in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 24:125-37. [PMID: 17622760 PMCID: PMC3163262 DOI: 10.1159/000105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generally understood as primarily affecting cognition while sparing motor function, at least until the later stages of the disease. Studies reported over the past 10 years, however, have documented a prevalence of falls in AD patients significantly higher than in age-matched normal elders; also persons with AD have been observed to have different walking patterns with characteristics that increase gait instability. Recent work in cognitive neuroscience has begun to demonstrate the necessity of intact cognition, particularly executive function, for competent motor control. We put the pieces of this puzzle together and review the current state of knowledge about gait and cognition in general along with an exploration of the association between dementia, gait impairment and falls in AD. We also briefly examine the current treatment of gait instability in AD, mainly exercise, and propose a new approach targeting cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Sheridan
- Behavioral Neurology Division, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Sinnamon HM. Decline in hippocampal theta activity during cessation of locomotor approach sequences: amplitude leads frequency and relates to instrumental behavior. Neuroscience 2006; 140:779-90. [PMID: 16581189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal theta frequency and amplitude decrease as locomotor approach slows and the goal is reached. This study compared the declines of these theta parameters and related them to behavioral events. Theta activity was recorded with bipolar electrodes spanning cornu Ammon, sector 1 or cornu Ammon, sectors 2/3 cell layers of the dorsal hippocampus in 12 rats trained to approach and depress a treadle which exposed a milk dipper. Behavioral events were identified using a video capture system (20-ms sampling) synchronized to the hippocampal recording system (10-ms sampling). Peri-event averages of theta activity were made around the initial paw contact with the treadle, the presentation of the dipper, and the first lick at the dipper. Phase relationships between averaged hippocampal slow wave activity and behavioral events occasionally were found but they were inconsistent. In averages of both amplitude and frequency, times of minimum were less variable around paw contact indicating that compared with reward presentation and consummatory behavior, it more closely related to the processes determining the declines. Theta amplitude declined more rapidly than frequency and reached an earlier minimum in averages around initial paw contact and dipper presentation. Mean amplitude minimum occurred after the paw contact at 159 ms but the decline of frequency continued into the licking bout with its minimum occurring at 343 ms. The findings indicate that during the termination of approach locomotion, the amplitude of hippocampal theta activity is closely related to specific expected sensorimotor events.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Sinnamon
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University, Judd Hall, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT 06459-0408, USA.
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Bland BH, Jackson J, Derrie-Gillespie D, Azad T, Rickhi A, Abriam J. Amplitude, frequency, and phase analysis of hippocampal theta during sensorimotor processing in a jump avoidance task. Hippocampus 2006; 16:673-81. [PMID: 16858673 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, rats implanted with hippocampal recording electrodes were trained to avoid shock in a jump avoidance task, using three separate heights, 28, 33, and 38 cm. The objectives were to measure the progression of Type 2 (immobility-related) hippocampal theta amplitude and frequency recorded during jump avoidances at each of the levels, and determine if there was a consistent relationship between the phase of the Type 1 (movement related) theta jump wave and the moment of movement initiation at each of the jump heights. The results demonstrated that the immobility period prior to the execution of the jump could be divided into two components: a sensory processing period and a movement preparation period. Comparing these two periods, average amplitudes were higher while frequency remained relatively constant during the sensory processing period. During the movement preparation period there was a negative correlation between amplitude and frequency: amplitude declined rapidly and frequency increased rapidly. During the execution of the jump, theta amplitude (Type 1) and frequency were positively correlated, both reaching peak values. The separate analyses of the individual jump heights provided further support for the precise relationships between theta parameters and the magnitude of the required movements. A significant phase preference was demonstrated for the highest jump height, with movement initiation occurring around the trough of theta recorded from the stratum moleculare of the dentate region. The findings supported the conclusion that the generation of hippocampal theta band oscillation and synchrony was related to sensorimotor processing and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Bland
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Sniffing is a rhythmic motor process essential for the acquisition of olfactory information. Recent behavioral experiments show that using a single sniff rats can accurately discriminate between very similar odors and fail to improve their accuracy by taking multiple sniffs. This implies that each sniff has the potential to provide a complete snapshot of the local olfactory environment. The discrete and intermittent nature of sniffing has implications beyond the physical process of odor capture as it strongly shapes the flow of information into the olfactory system. We review electrophysiological studies-primarily from anesthetized rodents-demonstrating that olfactory neural responses are coupled to respiration. Hence, the "sniff cycle" might play a role in odor coding, by allowing the timing of spikes with respect to the phase of the respiration cycle to encode information about odor identity or concentration. We also discuss behavioral and physiological results indicating that sniffing can be dynamically coordinated with other rhythmic behaviors, such as whisking, as well as with rhythmic neural activity, such as hippocampal theta oscillations. Thus, the sniff cycle might also facilitate the coordination of the olfactory system with other brain areas. These converging lines of empirical data support the notion that each sniff is a unit of olfactory processing relevant for both neural coding and inter-areal coordination. Further electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals will be necessary to assess these proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kepecs
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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