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Tamang MK, Ali A, Pertile RN, Cui X, Alexander S, Nitert MD, Palmieri C, Eyles D. Developmental vitamin D-deficiency produces autism-relevant behaviours and gut-health associated alterations in a rat model. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:204. [PMID: 37316481 PMCID: PMC10267107 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental vitamin D (DVD)-deficiency is an epidemiologically established risk factor for autism. Emerging studies also highlight the involvement of gut microbiome/gut physiology in autism. The current study aims to examine the effect of DVD-deficiency on a broad range of autism-relevant behavioural phenotypes and gut health. Vitamin D deficient rat dams exhibited altered maternal care, DVD-deficient pups showed increased ultrasonic vocalizations and as adolescents, social behaviour impairments and increased repetitive self-grooming behaviour. There were significant impacts of DVD-deficiency on gut health demonstrated by alterations to the microbiome, decreased villi length and increased ileal propionate levels. Overall, our animal model of this epidemiologically validated risk exposure for autism shows an expanded range of autism-related behavioural phenotypes and now alterations in gut microbiome that correlate with social behavioural deficits raising the possibility that DVD-deficiency induced ASD-like behaviours are due to alterations in gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kumar Tamang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Asad Ali
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
| | - Suzy Alexander
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.
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2
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Goswami N, Aleem M, Manda K. Intranasal (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine for acute pain: Behavioural and neurophysiological safety analysis in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:169-177. [PMID: 36371631 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is known for its antinociceptive effect and is also used for treatment-resistant depression. However, the efficacy and safety of (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a ketamine metabolite has been sparingly investigated for acute pain management. The current study aims at investigating the antinociceptive effect of intranasal (2R, 6R)-HNK using pre-clinical models of acute pain. Additionally, the behavioural and neurophysiological safety analyses were carried out for the effective time window. Antinociceptive efficacy of (2R, 6R)-HNK was evaluated using the hot plate test and Hargreaves' plantar test. The formalin test was carried out in both the acute and tonic phases. The neurophysiological and behavioural safety analyses were carried out separately for the haemodynamic function, cortical electroencephalography (EEG), and spontaneous behavioural functions. Analgesic effect of (2R, 6R)-HNK was evident by a significant increase in paw-withdrawal latency in both Hargreaves' and hot plate tests. Additionally, the (2R, 6R)-HNK showed a significant ameliorative effect on pain-related behaviour in the second phase of the formalin test. (2R, 6R)-HNK exhibited an anxiolytic effect without causing any significant changes in locomotor activity and haemodynamic parameters. Power spectral density (PSD) analysis of electroencephalogram revealed no significant changes except a comparative increase in the gamma band range. Both the locomotor functions in the open field test and the PSD value of delta wave indicated no sedative effect at the given dose of (2R, 6R)-HNK. The results demonstrated the pain-alleviating effect of (2R, 6R)-HNK without compromising the neurophysiological and behavioural function. Therefore, intranasal (2R, 6R)-HNK is suggested as a safe candidate for further clinical study in the management of acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Goswami
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aleem
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Kailash Manda
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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3
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Adolescent nicotine potentiates the inhibitory effect of raclopride, a D2R antagonist, on phencyclidine-sensitized psychotic-like behavior in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Rusch E, Bovi MF, Martinelli EC, Garcia-Gomes MS, Mori CM, Martins DS, Carregaro AB. Effects of Three Consecutive Days of Morphine or Methadone Administration on Analgesia and Open-Field Activity in Mice with Ehrlich Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 60:349-356. [PMID: 33863403 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the exploratory behavioral responses in BALB/c mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma after 3 consecutive days of treatment with morphine or methadone. Fifty-three female mice, 60 ± 10 d old, were used. Seven days after intraperitoneal tumor inoculation (2 × 106 cells), the animals were randomized into 7 groups: morphine 5 mg/kg (MO5), morphine 7.5 mg/kg (MO7.5), morphine 10 mg/kg (MO10), methadone 2.85 mg/kg (ME2.85), methadone 4.3 mg/kg (ME4.3), methadone 5.7 mg/kg (ME5.7), and 0.9% NaCl (Saline) (n = 7). Drug treatments were administered subcutaneously every 6 h for 3 d. The animals were evaluated for analgesia using the mouse grimace scale (MGS) and for general activity using the open field test. The MGS was performed before tumor inoculation (day 0), on day 7 at 40, 90, 150, 240, and 360 min after drug injection, and on days 8 and 9 at 40, 150, 240, and 360 min after drug injection. The open field test was performed before tumor inoculation (day 0), on day 7 after inoculation at 40, 90, 150, 240, and 360 min after drug injection, and on days 8 and 9 after inoculation at 40, 150, and 360 min after drug injection. MGS results indicated that administration of morphine promoted analgesia for up to 240 min. Conversely, methadone reduced MGS scores only at 40 min. All tested doses promoted a significant dose-dependent increase in the total distance traveled and the average speed, and increase that was markedly pronounced on days 8 and 9 as compared with day 7. The frequencies of rearing and self-grooming decreased significantly after morphine or methadone administration. Despite the difference in analgesia, both drugs increased locomotion and reduced the frequency of rearing and self-grooming as compared with the untreated control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elidiane Rusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Milena F Bovi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Martinelli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Research Center for Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sa Garcia-Gomes
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mc Mori
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele S Martins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil;,
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5
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Gandhi T, Lee CC. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Repetitive Behaviors in Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:592710. [PMID: 33519379 PMCID: PMC7840495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is comprised of several conditions characterized by alterations in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the heterogeneous development of ASD behaviors. Several rodent models display ASD-like phenotypes, including repetitive behaviors. In this review article, we discuss the potential neural mechanisms involved in repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD and related neuropsychiatric disorders. We review signaling pathways, neural circuits, and anatomical alterations in rodent models that display robust stereotypic behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms and circuit alterations underlying repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD will inform translational research and provide useful insight into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of repetitive behaviors in ASD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Gandhi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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6
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Changes in behavioral and neuronal parameters by alcohol, cigarette, or their combined use in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:490-499. [PMID: 30724798 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the effects of the combined use of alcohol and cigarette in humans, despite its prevalence. Here we evaluated the effect of isolated and combined use on behaviors and neuronal parameters in rats. Male adult rats were divided into alcohol (AL, 2 g/kg, by oral gavage), cigarette smoke (TB, six cigarettes, by inhalation), combined use (ALTB), or control (CT, water by oral gavage and environmental air) groups, treated twice a day (09.00 and 14.00 h). After 4 weeks, the rats were tested in the open field for behavioral analysis and euthanized for brain volume estimation and counting of neurons in the hippocampus. All treatments increased locomotion, and this behavior was higher in the ALTB than TB group. Latency to exit from the central area was lower in the ALTB than in the AL or CT groups. Rearing behavior increased in TB and decreased in AL and ALTB rats. Combined ALTB rats significantly increased their grooming behavior. Only the AL group showed decreased neuron counts and increased brain volume. Our results show that the isolated and combined uses of alcohol and cigarette smoke have diverse effects on behavioral and neuronal parameters in rats after long-term treatment.
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7
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Mabunga DFN, Park D, Ryu O, Valencia ST, Adil KJL, Kim S, Kwon KJ, Shin CY, Jeon SJ. Recapitulation of Neuropsychiatric Behavioral Features in Mice Using Acute Low-dose MK-801 Administration. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:697-708. [PMID: 31902157 PMCID: PMC6946115 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.6.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite some innate limitations, animal models are a potent investigative tool when used to model specific symptoms of a disorder. For example, MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, is used as a pharmacological tool to induce symptoms found in some neuropsychiatric disorders. However, a close examination of literature suggests that the application window of MK-801 doses is relatively narrow between individual behavioral paradigms, necessitating careful characterization of the evoked behavioral aberrations and the doses used to induce them. Moreover, variation in behaviors depending on the animal strain, gender of the subject, and the timing of administration is observed, making it difficult to compare the behavioral characteristics reported in different studies. We aim to characterize the behavioral aberrations induced by different doses of MK-801 in CD-1 mice and create a ready reference for future studies. We used CD-1 mice to recapitulate behavioral impairments resulting from acute administration of MK-801. In 0.1 mg kg−1, we observed diminished spontaneous alteration during the Y-maze test, while 0.12 mg kg−1 resulted in hyperlocomotion and social deficit. Mice treated with 0.2 and 0.3 mg kg−1 of MK-801 demonstrated a decreased self-grooming. Finally, all doses significantly impaired cliff avoidance behaviors suggesting increased impulsivity. These results affirm that MK-801 can effectively model various symptoms of different neuropsychiatric disorders in a dose-dependent manner. The observed sensitivity against spatial-memory impairment and impulsive behaviors at low concentration of MK-801 suggest that MK801 may modulate cognitive function and impulsivity in even lower concentration before it can modulate other behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darine Froy N Mabunga
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Donghyun Park
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Onjeon Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Schley T Valencia
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Seonmin Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ja Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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8
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Coronel-Oliveros CM, Pacheco-Calderón R. Prenatal exposure to ketamine in rats: Implications on animal models of schizophrenia. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 60:30-42. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Coronel-Oliveros
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Comportamiento (LabNeC); Centro de Estudios en Zoología Aplicada (CEZA); Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología (FACyT); Universidad de Carabobo; Valencia Venezuela
| | - Renny Pacheco-Calderón
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Comportamiento (LabNeC); Centro de Estudios en Zoología Aplicada (CEZA); Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología (FACyT); Universidad de Carabobo; Valencia Venezuela
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9
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Schoenrock SA, Tarantino LM. Developmental vitamin D deficiency and schizophrenia: the role of animal models. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:45-61. [PMID: 26560996 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder that affects 1% of the US population. Based on twin and genome-wide association studies, it is clear that both genetics and environmental factors increase the risk for developing schizophrenia. Moreover, there is evidence that conditions in utero, either alone or in concert with genetic factors, may alter neurodevelopment and lead to an increased risk for schizophrenia. There has been progress in identifying genetic loci and environmental exposures that increase risk, but there are still considerable gaps in our knowledge. Furthermore, very little is known about the specific neurodevelopmental mechanisms upon which genetics and the environment act to increase disposition to developing schizophrenia in adulthood. Vitamin D deficiency during the perinatal period has been hypothesized to increase risk for schizophrenia in humans. The developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficiency hypothesis of schizophrenia arises from the observation that disease risk is increased in individuals who are born in winter or spring, live further from the equator or live in urban vs. rural settings. These environments result in less exposure to sunlight, thereby reducing the initial steps in the production of vitamin D. Rodent models have been developed to characterize the behavioral and developmental effects of DVD deficiency. This review focuses on these animal models and discusses the current knowledge of the role of DVD deficiency in altering behavior and neurobiology relevant to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Schoenrock
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Neurobiology Curriculum, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L M Tarantino
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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10
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Reeves SL, Fleming KE, Zhang L, Scimemi A. M-Track: A New Software for Automated Detection of Grooming Trajectories in Mice. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005115. [PMID: 27636358 PMCID: PMC5026371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Grooming is a complex and robust innate behavior, commonly performed by most vertebrate species. In mice, grooming consists of a series of stereotyped patterned strokes, performed along the rostro-caudal axis of the body. The frequency and duration of each grooming episode is sensitive to changes in stress levels, social interactions and pharmacological manipulations, and is therefore used in behavioral studies to gain insights into the function of brain regions that control movement execution and anxiety. Traditional approaches to analyze grooming rely on manually scoring the time of onset and duration of each grooming episode, and are often performed on grooming episodes triggered by stress exposure, which may not be entirely representative of spontaneous grooming in freely-behaving mice. This type of analysis is time-consuming and provides limited information about finer aspects of grooming behaviors, which are important to understand movement stereotypy and bilateral coordination in mice. Currently available commercial and freeware video-tracking software allow automated tracking of the whole body of a mouse or of its head and tail, not of individual forepaws. Here we describe a simple experimental set-up and a novel open-source code, named M-Track, for simultaneously tracking the movement of individual forepaws during spontaneous grooming in multiple freely-behaving mice. This toolbox provides a simple platform to perform trajectory analysis of forepaw movement during distinct grooming episodes. By using M-track we show that, in C57BL/6 wild type mice, the speed and bilateral coordination of the left and right forepaws remain unaltered during the execution of distinct grooming episodes. Stress exposure induces a profound increase in the length of the forepaw grooming trajectories. M-Track provides a valuable and user-friendly interface to streamline the analysis of spontaneous grooming in biomedical research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon L. Reeves
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelsey E. Fleming
- Department of Biology, State University of New York Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Annalisa Scimemi
- Department of Biology, State University of New York Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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11
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Kalueff AV, Stewart AM, Song C, Berridge KC, Graybiel AM, Fentress JC. Neurobiology of rodent self-grooming and its value for translational neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 17:45-59. [PMID: 26675822 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-grooming is a complex innate behaviour with an evolutionarily conserved sequencing pattern and is one of the most frequently performed behavioural activities in rodents. In this Review, we discuss the neurobiology of rodent self-grooming, and we highlight studies of rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders--including models of autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder--that have assessed self-grooming phenotypes. We suggest that rodent self-grooming may be a useful measure of repetitive behaviour in such models, and therefore of value to translational psychiatry. Assessment of rodent self-grooming may also be useful for understanding the neural circuits that are involved in complex sequential patterns of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Institutes of Chemical Technologies and Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, ZENEREI Research Center, Slidell, Louisiana 70458, USA
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute of Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.,Graduate Institute of Neural Cognitive Science, China Medical University, Taichung 000001, Taiwan
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525E University Str, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John C Fentress
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, Life Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
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12
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Walker JK, Waran NK, Phillips CJ. The effect of conspecific removal on the behaviour and physiology of pair-housed shelter dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Ennaceur A. Tests of unconditioned anxiety - pitfalls and disappointments. Physiol Behav 2014; 135:55-71. [PMID: 24910138 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The plus-maze, the light-dark box and the open-field are the main current tests of unconditioned anxiety for mice and rats. Despite their disappointing achievements, they remain as popular as ever and seem to play an important role in an ever-growing demand for behavioral phenotyping and drug screening. Numerous reviews have repeatedly reported their lack of consistency and reliability but they failed to address the core question of whether these tests do provide unequivocal measures of fear-induced anxiety, that these measurements are not confused with measures of fear-induced avoidance or natural preference responses - i.e. discriminant validity. In the present report, I examined numerous issues that undermine the validity of the current tests, and I highlighted various flaws in the aspects of these tests and the methodologies pursued. This report concludes that the evidence in support of the validity of the plus-maze, the light/dark box and the open-field as anxiety tests is poor and methodologically questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ennaceur
- University of Sunderland, Department of Pharmacy, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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14
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Double deletion of melanocortin 4 receptors and SAPAP3 corrects compulsive behavior and obesity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10759-64. [PMID: 23754400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308195110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive behavior is a debilitating clinical feature of many forms of neuropsychiatric disease, including Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, eating disorders, and autism. Although several studies link striatal dysfunction to compulsivity, the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we show that both constitutive and induced genetic deletion of the gene encoding the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), as well as pharmacologic inhibition of MC4R signaling, normalize compulsive grooming and striatal electrophysiologic impairments in synapse-associated protein 90/postsynaptic density protein 95-associated protein 3 (SAPAP3)-null mice, a model of human obsessive-compulsive disorder. Unexpectedly, genetic deletion of SAPAP3 restores normal weight and metabolic features of MC4R-null mice, a model of human obesity. Our findings offer insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of both compulsive behavior and eating disorders.
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15
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Petrovszki Z, Adam G, Tuboly G, Kekesi G, Benedek G, Keri S, Horvath G. Characterization of gene–environment interactions by behavioral profiling of selectively bred rats: The effect of NMDA receptor inhibition and social isolation. Behav Brain Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Roth A, Kyzar E, Cachat J, Stewart AM, Green J, Gaikwad S, O’Leary TP, Tabakoff B, Brown RE, Kalueff AV. Potential translational targets revealed by linking mouse grooming behavioral phenotypes to gene expression using public databases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:312-25. [PMID: 23123364 PMCID: PMC4141078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rodent self-grooming is an important, evolutionarily conserved behavior, highly sensitive to pharmacological and genetic manipulations. Mice with aberrant grooming phenotypes are currently used to model various human disorders. Therefore, it is critical to understand the biology of grooming behavior, and to assess its translational validity to humans. The present in-silico study used publicly available gene expression and behavioral data obtained from several inbred mouse strains in the open-field, light-dark box, elevated plus- and elevated zero-maze tests. As grooming duration differed between strains, our analysis revealed several candidate genes with significant correlations between gene expression in the brain and grooming duration. The Allen Brain Atlas, STRING, GoMiner and Mouse Genome Informatics databases were used to functionally map and analyze these candidate mouse genes against their human orthologs, assessing the strain ranking of their expression and the regional distribution of expression in the mouse brain. This allowed us to identify an interconnected network of candidate genes (which have expression levels that correlate with grooming behavior), display altered patterns of expression in key brain areas related to grooming, and underlie important functions in the brain. Collectively, our results demonstrate the utility of large-scale, high-throughput data-mining and in-silico modeling for linking genomic and behavioral data, as well as their potential to identify novel neural targets for complex neurobehavioral phenotypes, including grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Evan Kyzar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jonathan Cachat
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeremy Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Siddharth Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Timothy P. O’Leary
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Boris Tabakoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard E. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Program, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- ZENEREI Institute, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
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17
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Cachat J, Kyzar EJ, Collins C, Gaikwad S, Green J, Roth A, El-Ounsi M, Davis A, Pham M, Landsman S, Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Unique and potent effects of acute ibogaine on zebrafish: The developing utility of novel aquatic models for hallucinogenic drug research. Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:258-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Kyzar EJ, Collins C, Gaikwad S, Green J, Roth A, Monnig L, El-Ounsi M, Davis A, Freeman A, Capezio N, Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Effects of hallucinogenic agents mescaline and phencyclidine on zebrafish behavior and physiology. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 37:194-202. [PMID: 22251567 PMCID: PMC3294104 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mescaline and phencyclidine (PCP) are potent hallucinogenic agents affecting human and animal behavior. As their psychotropic effects remain poorly understood, further research is necessary to characterize phenotypes they evoke in various animal models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are rapidly emerging as a new model organism for neuroscience research. Here, we examine the effects of mescaline (5-20mg/l) and PCP (0.5-3mg/l) in several zebrafish paradigms, including the novel tank, open field and shoaling tests. Mescaline and PCP dose-dependently increased top activity in the novel tank test, also reducing immobility and disrupting the patterning of zebrafish swimming, as assessed by ethograms. PCP, but not mescaline, evoked circling behavior in the open field test. At the highest doses tested, mescaline markedly increased, while PCP did not affect, zebrafish shoaling behavior. Finally, 20mg/l mescaline did not alter, and 3mg/l PCP elevated, whole-body cortisol levels. Overall, our studies indicate high sensitivity of zebrafish models to hallucinogenic compounds with complex behavioral and physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Corresponding Author: Allan V. Kalueff, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Room SL-83, Tulane University Medical School, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. Tel/Fax.: +1 504 988 3354.
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19
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Boyette-Davis J, Fuchs PN. Chronic administration of phencyclidine produces decreased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation in the absence of altered affective behavior: Implications for pain processing in schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Denmark A, Tien D, Wong K, Chung A, Cachat J, Goodspeed J, Grimes C, Elegante M, Suciu C, Elkhayat S, Bartels B, Jackson A, Rosenberg M, Chung KM, Badani H, Kadri F, Roy S, Tan J, Gaikwad S, Stewart A, Zapolsky I, Gilder T, Kalueff AV. The effects of chronic social defeat stress on mouse self-grooming behavior and its patterning. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Impaired social motivation and increased aggression in rats subchronically exposed to phencyclidine. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Analysis of Grooming Behavior and Its Utility in Studying Animal Stress, Anxiety, and Depression. MOOD AND ANXIETY RELATED PHENOTYPES IN MICE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-303-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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23
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Enginar N, Hatipoğlu İ, Fırtına M. Evaluation of the acute effects of amitriptyline and fluoxetine on anxiety using grooming analysis algorithm in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:450-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Barbon A, Fumagalli F, La Via L, Caracciolo L, Racagni G, Riva MA, Barlati S. Chronic phencyclidine administration reduces the expression and editing of specific glutamate receptors in rat prefrontal cortex. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:54-62. [PMID: 17706642 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) induces a form of psychosis that mimics naturally occurring schizophrenia in the most relevant domains of the psychopathology. In this report, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with PCP on expression and RNA editing of alpha-amino-propionic acid (AMPA) and kainate (KA) glutamate receptor (GluR), in the rat prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. We found that chronic, but not acute, PCP treatment decreased GluRs expression in the rat prefrontal cortex but not in the hippocampus. In particular, the mRNA coding for GluR2 and GluR3 subunits were reduced by 50%, whereas those coding for KA GluR5 and GluR6 were decreased by 30%. In addition, we observed a decrease of the editing levels of the R/G site in the flop form of both GluR2 and GluR3 and a significant increase in the editing level of GluR6 Q/R site. The variation in the editing level of the R/G sites suggests that chronic PCP treatment induced the formation of glutamate receptor subunits with slower resensitization kinetics and, with respect to kainate receptors, an increase in the Q/R editing level might generate receptor channels with a lower permeability to cations. Combining all the data, it can be inferred that the PCP treatment induced a specific and site-selective reduction of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex but not in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Barbon
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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26
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Marquis JP, Audet MC, Doré FY, Goulet S. Delayed alternation performance following subchronic phencyclidine administration in rats depends on task parameters. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1108-12. [PMID: 17478024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive effects of subchronic phencyclidine administration in rats are still unsettled in the literature. Possible causes of discrepancies are different drug treatment regimens and task parameters. The current experiment tested whether variations in procedures of the delayed T-maze alternation task result in performance differences following identical PCP treatments. Sixteen rats were trained on a continuous version of the T-maze task where they alternated between successive free-choice runs. Another sixteen were trained on a discrete trials version where each trial started with a forced run followed by a free choice test. After training, half of the rats submitted to each task version were treated daily for 14 days with i.p. injections of PCP (10 mg/kg) and the remaining half received a saline solution. At 48 h after the last injection, the subjects were tested for 10 days in their respective task version. Results showed that rats treated with PCP were impaired relative to controls in the continuous alternation task whereas performance of PCP and Saline groups did not differ in the discrete trials version. Cognitive control from prefrontal cortex and/or striatal response-related processes could have been damaged by PCP exposure. The systematic study of differences in tasks parameters may help reconcile discordant findings on PCP's functional outcomes.
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Kalueff AV, Wheaton M, Murphy DL. What's wrong with my mouse model? Behav Brain Res 2007; 179:1-18. [PMID: 17306892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress plays a key role in pathogenesis of anxiety and depression. Animal models of these disorders are widely used in behavioral neuroscience to explore stress-evoked brain abnormalities, screen anxiolytic/antidepressant drugs and establish behavioral phenotypes of gene-targeted or transgenic animals. Here we discuss the current situation with these experimental models, and critically evaluate the state of the art in this field. Noting a deficit of fresh ideas and especially new paradigms for animal anxiety and depression models, we review existing challenges and outline important directions for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kalueff
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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28
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Audet MC, Goulet S, Doré FY. Transient hypolocomotion in rats repeatedly exposed to phencyclidine: an appraisal of motor function and motivation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:142-50. [PMID: 16996671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous locomotion in rats is reduced about 20 h following phencyclidine (PCP) exposure. Our primary purpose was to test if locomotor irregularities would outlast drug withdrawal and be modulated by a periodic auditory stimulation during or after repeated injections. To circumscribe plausible interpretations, motor coordination and motivation were assessed as well. 10 mg/kg of PCP decreased spontaneous locomotion during the injection period whether or not a sound was presented. Those effects did not persist after a 7-day washout. Motor coordination and motivation to perform a variety of goal-driven conducts in the presence or absence of reinforcement were all unaffected by PCP treatment. The generalized hypolocomotor effects induced by PCP likely resulted from an inability to self-generate behaviors. These deficiencies were apparent in contexts where response production was not clearly specified nor supported, regardless of reward contingency.
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Abstract
The present study analyzed the effects of chronic treatment with low doses of diazepam on body weight, defecations and urinations, vertical rears, the elevated platform test, and self-grooming in male rats exposed for 21 days to social isolation. The rats were treated for 21 days with diazepam (0.2 mg/kg, i.p) or its vehicle. Social isolation led to decreased body weight and vertical rears, more defecations and urinations, increased reluctance to step down from the test platform, shorter duration of grooming, and longer reluctance to start grooming. Chronic diazepam in individually housed rats produced increase in body weight and vertical rears, decrease in the number of defecations and urinations, and shortening of the time of reluctance to step down from the platform. The number of grooming bouts, their duration, and reluctance to start grooming were not altered by diazepam, but it decreased the percentage of incorrect transitions. The obtained data indicate that chronic diazepam treatment of socially isolated rats changes non-grooming behavior and some grooming behavior parameters. .
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30
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Behavioral and endocrine responses of socially isolated rats to long-term diazepam treatment. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2007. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0704291d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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