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Santos LW, Canzian J, Resmim CM, Fontana BD, Rosemberg DB. Contextual fear conditioning in zebrafish: Influence of different shock frequencies, context, and pharmacological modulation on behavior. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 214:107963. [PMID: 39059760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Contextual fear conditioning is a protocol used to assess associative learning across species, including fish. Here, our goal was to expand the analysis of behavioral parameters that may reflect aversive behaviors in a contextual fear conditioning protocol using adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and to verify how such parameters can be modulated. First, we analyzed the influence of an aversive stimulus (3 mild electric shocks for 5 s each at frequencies of 10, 100 or 1000 Hz) on fish behavior, and their ability to elicit fear responses in the absence of shock during a test session. To confirm whether the aversive responses are context-dependent, behaviors were also measured in a different experimental environment in a test session. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of dizocilpine (MK-801, 2 mg/kg, i.p.) on fear-related responses. Zebrafish showed significant changes in baseline activity immediately after shock exposure in the training session, in which 100 Hz induced robust contextual fear responses during the test session. Importantly, when introduced to a different environment, animals exposed to the aversive stimulus did not show any differences in locomotion and immobility-related parameters. MK-801 administered after the training session reduced fear responses during the test, indicating that glutamate NMDA-receptors play a key role in the consolidation of contextual fear-related memory in zebrafish. In conclusion, by further exploring fear-related behaviors in a contextual fear conditioning task, we show the effects of different shock frequencies and confirm the importance of context on aversive responses for associative learning in zebrafish. Additionally, our data support the use of zebrafish in contextual fear conditioning tasks, as well as for advancing pharmacological studies related to associative learning in translational neurobehavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cássio M Resmim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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Champarini LG, Herrera ML, Comas Mutis RG, Espejo PJ, Molina VA, Calfa GD, Hereñú CB. Effect of intra-BLA overexpression of IGF-1 on the expression of a contextual fear memory trace. Hippocampus 2022; 32:765-775. [PMID: 36000813 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), among others are known for their critical involvement in learning and memory processes. IGF-1 regulates cognitive functions, synapse density, neurotransmission, and adult neurogenesis and induces structural and synaptic plasticity-specific changes. Although IGF-1 has been suggested to participate in different memory processes, its role in memories associated with negative emotional experiences still remains to be elucidated. The principal aim of the present study was to test whether IGF-1 overexpression using adenoviral vectors in basolateral amygdala (BLA) influences both the expression and formation of contextual fear memory, as well as the hippocampal structural plasticity associated with such memory trace. We found that IGF-1 overexpression promotes the formation and expression of a specific contextual fear memory trace, and such effect persisted at least 7 days after recall. Moreover, the overexpression of this growth factor in BLA upregulates the activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway in this brain structure. In addition, intra-BLA IGF-1 overexpression causes dorsal hippocampus (DH) structural plasticity modifications promoting changes in the proportion of mature dendritic spines in the CA1 region, after a weak conditioning protocol. The present findings contribute to the knowledge underlying BLA-DH trace memory of fear and reveal important new insights into the neurobiology and neurochemistry of fear acquisition modulated by IGF-1 overexpression. The understanding of how IGF-1 modulates the formation of a fear contextual trace may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies focused on fear, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Gabriel Champarini
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Macarena Lorena Herrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Gabriel Comas Mutis
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Javier Espejo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Victor Alejandro Molina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Diego Calfa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Beatriz Hereñú
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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3
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Faucher P, Huguet C, Mons N, Micheau J. Acute pre-learning stress selectively impairs hippocampus-dependent fear memory consolidation: Behavioral and molecular evidence. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 188:107585. [PMID: 35021061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite compelling evidence that stress or stress-related hormones influence fear memory consolidation processes, the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of stress is still fragmentary. The release of corticosterone in response to pre-learning stress exposure has been demonstrated to modulate positively or negatively memory encoding and/or consolidation according to many variables such as stress intensity, the emotional valence of the learned material or the interval between stressful episode and learning experience. Here, we report that contextual but not cued fear memory consolidation was selectively impaired in male mice exposed to a 50 min-period of restraint stress just before the unpaired fear conditioning session. In addition to behavioral impairment, acute stress down-regulated activated/phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) in dorsal hippocampal area CA1 in mice sacrificed 60 min and 9 h after unpaired conditioning. In lateral amygdala, although acute stress by itself increased the level of pERK1/2 it nevertheless blocked the peak of pERK1/2 that was normally observed 15 min after unpaired conditioning. To examine whether stress-induced corticosterone overflow was responsible of these detrimental effects, the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, was administered 30 min before stress exposure. Metyrapone abrogated the stress-induced contextual fear memory deficits but did not alleviate the effects of stress on pERK1/2 and its downstream target phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in hippocampus CA1 and lateral amygdala. Collectively, our observations suggest that consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory and the associated signaling pathway are particularly sensitive to stress. However, behavioral normalization by preventive metyrapone treatment was not accompanied by renormalization of the canonical signaling pathway. A new avenue would be to consider surrogate mechanisms involving proper metyrapone influence on both nongenomic and genomic actions of glucocorticoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Faucher
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Célia Huguet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicole Mons
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Micheau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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4
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Lopes da Cunha P, Tintorelli R, Correa J, Budriesi P, Viola H. Behavioral tagging as a mechanism for aversive-memory formation under acute stress. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2651-2665. [PMID: 33914357 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The behavioral tagging (BT) hypothesis postulates that a weak learning experience, which only induces short-term memory, may benefit from another event that provides plasticity-related proteins (PRPs) to establish a long-lasting memory. According to BT, the weak experience sets a transient learning tag at specific activated sites, and its temporal and spatial convergence with the PRPs allows the long-term memory (LTM) formation. In this work, rats were subjected to a weak inhibitory avoidance (IAw) training and we observed that acute stress (elevated platform, EP) experienced 1 hr before IAw promoted IA-LTM formation. This effect was dependent on glucocorticoid-receptor activity as well as protein synthesis in the dorsal hippocampus. However, the same stress has negative effects on IA-LTM formation when training is strong, probably by competing for necessary PRPs. Furthermore, our experiments showed that EP immediately after training did not impair the setting of the learning tag and even facilitated IA-LTM formation. These findings reveal different impacts of a given acute stressful experience on the formation of an aversive memory that could be explained by BT processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Lopes da Cunha
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Tintorelli
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Correa
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Budriesi
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Haydee Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Dr Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Hector Maldonado" (FBMC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Giachero M, Pavesi E, Calfa G, Motta SC, Canteras NS, Molina VA, Carobrez AP. Inactivation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter impairs the promoting influence of stress on fear memory during retrieval. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3117-3132. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01956-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Krawczyk MC, Millan J, Blake MG, Feld M, Boccia MM. Relevance of ERK1/2 Post-retrieval Participation on Memory Processes: Insights in Their Particular Role on Reconsolidation and Persistence of Memories. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:95. [PMID: 31057366 PMCID: PMC6478671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Back in 1968, Misanin and his group posited that reactivation of consolidated memories could support changes in that trace, similar to what might happen during the consolidation process. Not until 2000, when Nader et al. (2000) studied the behavioral effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor on retrieved memories, could this previous statement be taken under consideration once again; suggesting that consolidated memories can become labile after reactivation. The process of strengthening after memory labilization was named memory reconsolidation. In recent years, many studies pointed towards a critical participation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway in different memory processes (e.g., consolidation, extinction, reconsolidation, among others). In this review article, we will focus on how this system might be modulating the processes triggered after retrieval of well-consolidated memories in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Krawczyk
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Millan
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano G Blake
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Feld
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CABA, Argentina
| | - Mariano M Boccia
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Wideman CE, Jardine KH, Winters BD. Involvement of classical neurotransmitter systems in memory reconsolidation: Focus on destabilization. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 156:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Samuel N, Taub A, Paz R, Raz A. Implicit aversive memory under anaesthesia in animal models: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:219-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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9
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Speer BL, Hennigh M, Muntz B, van Zeeland YRA. Low-Stress Medication Techniques in Birds and Small Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:261-285. [PMID: 29655469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-stress medication principles and techniques are key aspects of optimal health care delivery for birds and small mammals. When paired with the medical details of patient management, by balancing medication techniques, the probability of clinical success on the highest ethical and welfare criteria can be greatly enhanced. This review addresses both the effects and the disadvantages of using forceful, coercive, and fear-evoking methods as well as the benefits, principles, and possible applications of low-stress medication in the veterinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Speer
- Medical Center for Birds, 3805 Main Street, Oakley, CA 94561, USA.
| | - Melody Hennigh
- Medical Center for Birds, 3805 Main Street, Oakley, CA 94561, USA
| | - Bernice Muntz
- Dierentrainer, Mauvelaan 13, Leidschendam 2264 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne R A van Zeeland
- Division of Zoological Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht 3584 CM, The Netherlands
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Bender CL, Otamendi A, Calfa GD, Molina VA. Prior stress promotes the generalization of contextual fear memories: Involvement of the gabaergic signaling within the basolateral amygdala complex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:18-26. [PMID: 29223783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fear generalization occurs when a response, previously acquired with a threatening stimulus, is transferred to a similar one. However, it could be maladaptive when stimuli that do not represent a real threat are appraised as dangerous, which is a hallmark of several anxiety disorders. Stress exposure is a major risk factor for the occurrence of anxiety disorders and it is well established that it influences different phases of fear memory; nevertheless, its impact on the generalization of contextual fear memories has been less studied. In the present work, we have characterized the impact of acute restraint stress prior to contextual fear conditioning on the generalization of this fear memory, and the role of the GABAergic signaling within the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) on the stress modulatory effects. We have found that a single stress exposure promoted the generalization of this memory trace to a different context that was well discriminated in unstressed conditioned animals. Moreover, this effect was dependent on the formation of a contextual associative memory and on the testing order (i.e., conditioning context first vs generalization context first). Furthermore, we observed that increasing GABA-A signaling by intra-BLA midazolam administration prior to the stressful session exposure prevented the generalization of fear memory, whereas intra-BLA administration of the GABA-A antagonist (Bicuculline), prior to fear conditioning, induced the generalization of fear memory in unstressed rats. We concluded that stress exposure, prior to contextual fear conditioning, promotes the generalization of fear memory and that the GABAergic transmission within the BLA has a critical role in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Bender
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Otamendi
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G D Calfa
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V A Molina
- Instituto de Farmacología Experimental de Córdoba-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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11
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Faye C, McGowan JC, Denny CA, David DJ. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Stress Resilience and Implications for the Aged Population. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:234-270. [PMID: 28820053 PMCID: PMC5843978 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170818095105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is a common reaction to an environmental adversity, but a dysregulation of the stress response can lead to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders. Yet, not all individuals exposed to stress will develop psychiatric disorders; those with enhanced stress resilience mechanisms have the ability to adapt successfully to stress without developing persistent psychopathology. Notably, the potential to enhance stress resilience in at-risk populations may prevent the onset of stress-induced psychiatric disorders. This novel idea has prompted a number of studies probing the mechanisms of stress resilience and how it can be manipulated. METHODS Here, we review the neurobiological factors underlying stress resilience, with particular focus on the serotoninergic (5-HT), glutamatergic, and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems, as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) in rodents and in humans. Finally, we discuss stress resiliency in the context of aging, as the likelihood of mood disorders increases in older adults. RESULTS Interestingly, increased resiliency has been shown to slow aging and improved overall health and quality of life. Research in the neurobiology of stress resilience, particularly throughout the aging process, is a nascent, yet, burgeoning field. CONCLUSION Overall, we consider the possible methods that may be used to induce resilient phenotypes, prophylactically in at-risk populations, such as in military personnel or in older MDD patients. Research in the mechanisms of stress resilience may not only elucidate novel targets for antidepressant treatments, but also provide novel insight about how to prevent these debilitating disorders from developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Faye
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Josephine C. McGowan
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A. Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis J. David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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GABAergic signaling within the Basolateral Amygdala Complex modulates resistance to the labilization/reconsolidation process. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 144:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Lunardi P, Sachser RM, Sierra RO, Pedraza LK, Medina C, de la Fuente V, Romano A, Quillfeldt JA, de Oliveira Alvares L. Effects of Hippocampal LIMK Inhibition on Memory Acquisition, Consolidation, Retrieval, Reconsolidation, and Extinction. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:958-967. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Nasehi M, Zamanparvar M, Ebrahimi-Ghiri M, Zarrindast MR. Modulation of cannabinoid signaling by amygdala α2-adrenergic system in fear conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Giachero M, Calfa GD, Molina VA. Hippocampal dendritic spines remodeling and fear memory are modulated by GABAergic signaling within the basolateral amygdala complex. Hippocampus 2015; 25:545-55. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Giachero
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Gaston D. Calfa
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Victor A. Molina
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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16
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Delorenzi A, Maza FJ, Suárez LD, Barreiro K, Molina VA, Stehberg J. Memory beyond expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:307-22. [PMID: 25102126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The idea that memories are not invariable after the consolidation process has led to new perspectives about several mnemonic processes. In this framework, we review our studies on the modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation. We propose that during both memory consolidation and reconsolidation, neuromodulators can determine the probability of the memory trace to guide behavior, i.e. they can either increase or decrease its behavioral expressibility without affecting the potential of persistent memories to be activated and become labile. Our hypothesis is based on the findings that positive modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation occurs even if memories are behaviorally unexpressed. This review discusses the original approach taken in the studies of the crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata, which was then successfully applied to test the hypothesis in rodent fear memory. Data presented offers a new way of thinking about both weak trainings and experimental amnesia: memory retrieval can be dissociated from memory expression. Furthermore, the strategy presented here allowed us to show in human declarative memory that the periods in which long-term memory can be activated and become labile during reconsolidation exceeds the periods in which that memory is expressed, providing direct evidence that conscious access to memory is not needed for reconsolidation. Specific controls based on the constraints of reminders to trigger reconsolidation allow us to distinguish between obliterated and unexpressed but activated long-term memories after amnesic treatments, weak trainings and forgetting. In the hypothesis discussed, memory expressibility--the outcome of experience-dependent changes in the potential to behave--is considered as a flexible and modulable attribute of long-term memories. Expression seems to be just one of the possible fates of re-activated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delorenzi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - F J Maza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - L D Suárez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - K Barreiro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - V A Molina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET (X5000HUA), Argentina.
| | - J Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile.
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Maldonado NM, Espejo PJ, Martijena ID, Molina VA. Activation of ERK2 in basolateral amygdala underlies the promoting influence of stress on fear memory and anxiety: influence of midazolam pretreatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:262-70. [PMID: 24182621 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to emotionally arousing experiences elicits a robust and persistent memory and enhances anxiety. The amygdala complex plays a key role in stress-induced emotional processing and in the fear memory formation. It is well known that ERK activation in the amygdala is a prerequisite for fear memory consolidation. Moreover, stress elevates p-ERK2 levels in several areas of the brain stress circuitry. Therefore, given that the ERK1/2 cascade is activated following stress and that the role of this cascade is critical in the formation of fear memory, the present study investigated the potential involvement of p-ERK2 in amygdala subnuclei in the promoting influence of stress on fear memory formation and on anxiety-like behavior. A robust and persistent ERK2 activation was noted in the Basolateral amygdala (BLA), which was evident at 5min after restraint and lasted at least one day after the stressful experience. Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine ligand, administered prior to stress prevented the increase in the p-ERK2 level in the BLA. Pretreatment with intra-BLA infusion of U0126 (MEK inhibitor), but not into the adjacent central nucleus of the amygdala, attenuated the stress-induced promoting influence on fear memory formation. Finally, U0126 intra-BLA infusion prevented the enhancement of anxiety-like behavior in stressed animals. These findings suggest that the selective ERK2 activation in BLA following stress exposure is an important mechanism for the occurrence of the promoting influence of stress on fear memory and on anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Maldonado
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P J Espejo
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I D Martijena
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V A Molina
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UNC. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Giachero M, Calfa GD, Molina VA. Hippocampal structural plasticity accompanies the resulting contextual fear memory following stress and fear conditioning. Learn Mem 2013; 20:611-6. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.031724.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Giachero M, Bustos SG, Calfa G, Molina VA. A BDNF sensitive mechanism is involved in the fear memory resulting from the interaction between stress and the retrieval of an established trace. Learn Mem 2013; 20:245-55. [PMID: 23589091 DOI: 10.1101/lm.029306.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the fear memory resulting from the interaction of a stressful experience and the retrieval of an established fear memory trace. Such a combination enhanced both fear expression and fear retention in adult Wistar rats. Likewise, midazolam intra-basolateral amygdala (BLA) infusion prior to stress attenuated the enhancement of fear memory thus suggesting the involvement of a stress-induced reduction of the GABAergic transmission in BLA in the stress-induced enhancing effect. It has been suggested that, unlike the immediate-early gene Zif268 which is related to the reconsolidation process, the expression of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly correlated with consolidation. We therefore evaluate the relative contribution of these two neurobiological processes to the fear memory resulting from the above-mentioned interaction. Intra-dorsal hippocampus (DH) infusions of either the antisense Zif268 or the inhibitor of the protein degradation (Clasto-Lactacystin β-Lactone), suggested to be involved in the retrieval-dependent destabilization process, did not affect the resulting contextual memory. In contrast, the knockdown of hippocampal BDNF mitigated the stress-induced facilitating influence on fear retention. In addition, the retrieval experience elevated BDNF level in DH at 60 min after recall exclusively in stressed animals. These findings suggest the involvement of a hippocampal BDNF sensitive mechanism in the stress-promoting influence on the fear memory following retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Giachero
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
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Gazarini L, Stern CAJ, Carobrez AP, Bertoglio LJ. Enhanced noradrenergic activity potentiates fear memory consolidation and reconsolidation by differentially recruiting 1- and -adrenergic receptors. Learn Mem 2013; 20:210-9. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.030007.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Velazquez E, Valdomero A, Maldonado N, Orsingher O, Cuadra G. Perinatal protein deprivation facilitates accumbal ERK phosphorylation in cocaine-sensitized adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 241:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Martijena ID, Molina VA. The influence of stress on fear memory processes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:308-13. [PMID: 22450371 PMCID: PMC3854169 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that stressful experiences promote robust emotional memories, which are well remembered. The amygdaloid complex, principally the basolateral complex (BLA), plays a pivotal role in fear memory and in the modulation of stress-induced emotional responses. A large number of reports have revealed that GABAergic interneurons provide a powerful inhibitory control of the activity of projecting glutamatergic neurons in the BLA. Indeed, a reduced GABAergic control in the BLA is essential for the stress-induced influence on the emergence of associative fear memory and on the generation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in BLA neurons. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the BLA plays a central role in the consolidation process and synaptic plasticity. In support of the view that stress facilitates long-term fear memory, stressed animals exhibited a phospho-ERK2 (pERK2) increase in the BLA, suggesting the involvement of this mechanism in the promoting influence of threatening stimuli on the consolidation fear memory. Moreover, the occurrence of reactivation-induced lability is prevented when fear memory is encoded under intense stressful conditions since the memory trace remains immune to disruption after recall in previously stressed animals. Thus, the underlying mechanism in retrieval-induced instability seems not to be functional in memories formed under stress. All these findings are indicative that stress influences both the consolidation and reconsolidation fear memory processes. Thus, it seems reasonable to propose that the emotional state generated by an environmental challenge critically modulates the formation and maintenance of long-term fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Martijena
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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