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Mokashi SS, Shankar V, MacPherson RA, Hannah RC, Mackay TFC, Anholt RRH. Developmental Alcohol Exposure in Drosophila: Effects on Adult Phenotypes and Gene Expression in the Brain. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:699033. [PMID: 34366927 PMCID: PMC8341641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.699033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure can lead to developmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and behavioral changes, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control found that 1 in 10 pregnant women report alcohol use and more than 3 million women in the USA are at risk of exposing their developing fetus to alcohol. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent genetic model to study developmental effects of alcohol exposure because many individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly and economically under controlled environmental conditions. Flies exposed to alcohol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol-related phenotypes. Here, we show that adult flies that developed on ethanol-supplemented medium have decreased viability, reduced sensitivity to ethanol, and disrupted sleep and activity patterns. To assess the effects of exposure to alcohol during development on brain gene expression, we performed single cell RNA sequencing and resolved cell clusters with differentially expressed genes which represent distinct neuronal and glial populations. Differential gene expression showed extensive sexual dimorphism with little overlap between males and females. Gene expression differences following developmental alcohol exposure were similar to previously reported differential gene expression following cocaine consumption, suggesting that common neural substrates respond to both drugs. Genes associated with glutathione metabolism, lipid transport, glutamate and GABA metabolism, and vision feature in sexually dimorphic global multi-cluster interaction networks. Our results provide a blueprint for translational studies on alcohol-induced effects on gene expression in the brain that may contribute to or result from FASD in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert R. H. Anholt
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry and Center for Human Genetics, Clemson University, Greenwood, SC, United States
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2
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Zhao J, Warman G, Cheeseman J. The Development and Decay of the Circadian Clock in Drosophila melanogaster. Clocks Sleep 2020; 1:489-500. [PMID: 33089181 PMCID: PMC7445846 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which the circadian clock mechanism develops and decays throughout life is interesting for a number of reasons and may give us insight into the process of aging itself. The Drosophila model has been proven invaluable for the study of the circadian clock and development and aging. Here we review the evidence for how the Drosophila clock develops and changes throughout life, and present a new conceptual model based on the results of our recent work. Firefly luciferase lines faithfully report the output of known clock genes at the central clock level in the brain and peripherally throughout the whole body. Our results show that the clock is functioning in embryogenesis far earlier than previously thought. This central clock in the fly remains robust throughout the life of the animal and only degrades immediately prior to death. However, at the peripheral (non-central oscillator level) the clock shows weakened output as the animal ages, suggesting the possibility of the breakdown in the cohesion of the circadian network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Guy Warman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - James Cheeseman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (J.Z.); (G.W.)
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3
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Maroni MJ, Capri KM, Arruda NL, Gelineau RR, Deane HV, Concepcion HA, DeCourcey H, Monteiro De Pina IK, Cushman AV, Chasse MH, Logan RW, Seggio JA. Substrain specific behavioral responses in male C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice to a shortened 21-hour day and high-fat diet. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:809-823. [PMID: 32400203 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1756840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Altered circadian rhythms have negative consequences on health and behavior. Emerging evidence suggests genetics influences the physiological and behavioral responses to circadian disruption. We investigated the effects of a 21 h day (T = 21 cycle), with high-fat diet consumption, on locomotor activity, explorative behaviors, and health in male C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice. Mice were exposed to either a T = 24 or T = 21 cycle and given standard rodent chow (RC) or a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) followed by behavioral assays and physiological measures. We uncovered numerous strain differences within the behavioral and physiological assays, mainly that C57BL/6J mice exhibit reduced susceptibility to the obesogenic effects of (HFD) and anxiety-like behavior as well as increased circadian and novelty-induced locomotor activity compared to C57BL/6N mice. There were also substrain-specific differences in behavioral responses to the T = 21 cycle, including exploratory behaviors and circadian locomotor activity. Under the 21-h day, mice consuming RC displayed entrainment, while mice exposed to HFD exhibited a lengthening of activity rhythms. In the open-field and light-dark box, mice exposed to the T = 21 cycle had increased novelty-induced locomotor activity with no further effects of diet, suggesting daylength may affect mood-related behaviors. These results indicate that different circadian cycles impact metabolic and behavioral responses depending on genetic background, and despite circadian entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Maroni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly M Capri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole L Arruda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA.,Chapel Hill, Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel R Gelineau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah V Deane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly A Concepcion
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly DeCourcey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alexis V Cushman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madison H Chasse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory , Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University , Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Mayumi K, Danielle B, Lisa L, Alexanda F, Nathan C, Boyang Q, Ahmad ST, Bernard P. The Drosophila apterous 56f mutation impairs circadian locomotor activity. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019; 50:375-388. [PMID: 31011241 PMCID: PMC6474370 DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1447353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated effects of apterous mutation ap56f on circadian locomotor activity, eclosion rhythms, and transcript levels of period and timeless in Drosophila. We investigated circadian locomotor activity and eclosion rhythms in ap 56fand wild-type flies, their F1 and F2 offspring, and wingless vestigial mutants and show that ap 56f disrupts circadian locomotor rhythms in a genetically recessive manner, that is not caused by the absence of wings. The ap blt strain also showed impaired circadian activity rhythms, providing independent evidence for a significant role of apterous in circadian locomotor rhythm expression. The ap 56f mutation did not disrupt a circadian eclosion rhythm or rhythmic expression of the period and timeless clock genes, indicating that apterous is not essential for circadian clock function, but is necessary for coupling locomotor activity to a circadian clock. Timeless transcription was reduced in ap 56f flies in 12:12 LD, suggesting that apterous may modulate core clock gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohiyama Mayumi
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA, , 917-715-7270
| | - Bonser Danielle
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA, , 518-223-2790
| | - Leung Lisa
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA, , 617-910-7669
| | - Fall Alexanda
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA, , 845-803-3591
| | - Canada Nathan
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA, , 770-359-7123
| | - Qu Boyang
- Biology Department, Colby College, Waterville, ME USA, , 207-616-6117
| | - S Tariq Ahmad
- Biology Department, Colby College, Waterville, ME USA, , 207-859-5722
| | - Possidente Bernard
- Biology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY USA, , 518-580-5082
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5
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Capri KM, Maroni MJ, Deane HV, Pierre A, Adams AM, Goncalves FL, Meyer AS, Seggio JA. Effects of time of day and constant light on the behavioral responses and ethanol metabolism to acute alcohol administration in male Black Swiss mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1543640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Capri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Marissa J. Maroni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Hannah V. Deane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Audeline Pierre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Abigail M. Adams
- Department of Mathematics, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Fatiana L. Goncalves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Meyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
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6
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De Nobrega AK, Lyons LC. Drosophila: An Emergent Model for Delineating Interactions between the Circadian Clock and Drugs of Abuse. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:4723836. [PMID: 29391952 PMCID: PMC5748135 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4723836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous circadian oscillators orchestrate rhythms at the cellular, physiological, and behavioral levels across species to coordinate activity, for example, sleep/wake cycles, metabolism, and learning and memory, with predictable environmental cycles. The 21st century has seen a dramatic rise in the incidence of circadian and sleep disorders with globalization, technological advances, and the use of personal electronics. The circadian clock modulates alcohol- and drug-induced behaviors with circadian misalignment contributing to increased substance use and abuse. Invertebrate models, such as Drosophila melanogaster, have proven invaluable for the identification of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying highly conserved processes including the circadian clock, drug tolerance, and reward systems. In this review, we highlight the contributions of Drosophila as a model system for understanding the bidirectional interactions between the circadian system and the drugs of abuse, alcohol and cocaine, and illustrate the highly conserved nature of these interactions between Drosophila and mammalian systems. Research in Drosophila provides mechanistic insights into the corresponding behaviors in higher organisms and can be used as a guide for targeted inquiries in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K. De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lisa C. Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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7
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Arruda NL, Gelineau RR, De Pina IM, Hatzidis A, Nascimento NF, Hicks JA, Seggio JA. Increased size due to larval royal jelly exposure does not affect circadian locomotor activity or climbing ability in adult female Drosophila melanogaster. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1268335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Arruda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Rachel R. Gelineau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | | | - Aikaterini Hatzidis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | | | - Jasmin A. Hicks
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joseph A. Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
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8
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Liao J, Seggio JA, Ahmad ST. Mutations in the circadian gene period alter behavioral and biochemical responses to ethanol in Drosophila. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:213-9. [PMID: 26802726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clock genes, such as period, which maintain an organism's circadian rhythm, can have profound effects on metabolic activity, including ethanol metabolism. In turn, ethanol exposure has been shown in Drosophila and mammals to cause disruptions of the circadian rhythm. Previous studies from our labs have shown that larval ethanol exposure disrupted the free-running period and period expression of Drosophila. In addition, a recent study has shown that arrhythmic flies show no tolerance to ethanol exposure. As such, Drosophila period mutants, which have either a shorter than wild-type free-running period (perS) or a longer one (perL), may also exhibit altered responses to ethanol due to their intrinsic circadian differences. In this study, we tested the initial sensitivity and tolerance of ethanol exposure on Canton-S, perS, and perL, and then measured their Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) and body ethanol levels. We showed that perL flies had slower sedation rate, longer recovery from ethanol sedation, and generated higher tolerance for sedation upon repeated ethanol exposure compared to Canton-S wild-type flies. Furthermore, perL flies had lower ADH activity and had a slower ethanol clearance compared to wild-type flies. The findings of this study suggest that period mutations influence ethanol induced behavior and ethanol metabolism in Drosophila and that flies with longer circadian periods are more sensitive to ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Liao
- Department of Biology, 5720 Mayflower Hill Dr., Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA.
| | - S Tariq Ahmad
- Department of Biology, 5720 Mayflower Hill Dr., Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
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9
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Nascimento NF, Hicks JA, Carlson KN, Hatzidis A, Amaral DN, Logan RW, Seggio JA. Long-term wheel-running and acute 6-h advances alter glucose tolerance and insulin levels in TALLYHO/JngJ mice. Chronobiol Int 2015; 33:108-16. [PMID: 26654732 PMCID: PMC10950386 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1108330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown a relationship between circadian rhythm disruptions and type-2 diabetes. This investigation examined the effects of circadian disruption (6-h phase advances) on the progression of diabetes in a type-2 diabetic mouse model -TALLYHO/JngJ - and whether wheel-running can alleviate the effects of the phase advances. 6-h advances alter fasting glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin production. Wheel-running reduced body mass, improved glucose tolerance and reduced insulin in TALLYHO/JngJ and alleviated some of the changes in diabetic symptoms due to 6-h advances. These results indicate that individuals with type-2 diabetes can benefit from physical activity and exercise can be a countermeasure to offset the effects of an acute phase advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara F. Nascimento
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Jasmin A. Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Karen N. Carlson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Aikaterini Hatzidis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Danielle N. Amaral
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Ryan W. Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
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10
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Nascimento NF, Hicks JA, Carlson KN, Hatzidis A, Amaral DN, Seggio JA. 6-h advances alter circadian activity patterns, fasting glucose, and insulin levels in C57BL6/J mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1088188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Chronobiology of ethanol: animal models. Alcohol 2015; 49:311-9. [PMID: 25971539 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological observations have revealed that alcohol abuse and alcoholism are associated with widespread disruptions in sleep and other circadian biological rhythms. As with other psychiatric disorders, animal models have been very useful in efforts to better understand the cause and effect relationships underlying the largely correlative human data. This review summarizes the experimental findings indicating bidirectional interactions between alcohol (ethanol) consumption and the circadian timing system, emphasizing behavioral studies conducted in the author's laboratory. Together with convergent evidence from multiple laboratories, the work summarized here establishes that ethanol intake (or administration) alters fundamental properties of the underlying circadian pacemaker. In turn, circadian disruption induced by either environmental or genetic manipulations can alter voluntary ethanol intake. These reciprocal interactions may create a vicious cycle that contributes to the downward spiral of alcohol and drug addiction. In the future, such studies may lead to the development of chronobiologically based interventions to prevent relapse and effectively mitigate some of the societal burden associated with such disorders.
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12
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Nascimento NF, Carlson KN, Amaral DN, Logan RW, Seggio JA. Alcohol and lithium have opposing effects on the period and phase of the behavioral free-running activity rhythm. Alcohol 2015; 49:367-76. [PMID: 25850902 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar patients have a high prevalence of comorbid alcohol use and abuse disorders, while chronic alcohol drinking may increase the presence and severity of certain symptoms of bipolar disorder. As such, there may be many individuals that are prescribed lithium to alleviate the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder, but also drink alcohol concurrently. In addition, both alcoholics and individuals with bipolar disorder often exhibit disruptions to their sleep-wake cycles and other circadian rhythms. Interestingly, both ethanol and lithium are known to alter both the period and the phase of free-running rhythms in mammals. While lithium is known to lengthen the period, ethanol seems to shorten the period and attenuate the responses to acute light pulses. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether ethanol and lithium have opposing effects on the circadian pacemaker when administered together. C57BL/6J mice were provided drinking solutions containing lithium, alcohol, or both, and their free-running rhythms along with their response to photic phase shifts were investigated. Mice treated with lithium displayed period lengthening, which was almost completely negated when ethanol was added. Moreover, ethanol significantly attenuated light-induced phase delays while the addition of lithium partially restored this response. These results indicate that alcohol and lithium have opposing effects on behavioral circadian rhythms. Individuals with bipolar disorder who are prescribed lithium and who drink alcohol might be inadvertently altering their sleep and circadian cycles, which may exacerbate their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara F Nascimento
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Karen N Carlson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Danielle N Amaral
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 223, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA.
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13
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Chi MW, Griffith LC, Vecsey CG. Larval Population Density Alters Adult Sleep in Wild-Type Drosophila melanogaster but Not in Amnesiac Mutant Flies. Brain Sci 2014; 4:453-70. [PMID: 25116571 PMCID: PMC4194033 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep has many important biological functions, but how sleep is regulated remains poorly understood. In humans, social isolation and other stressors early in life can disrupt adult sleep. In fruit flies housed at different population densities during early adulthood, social enrichment was shown to increase subsequent sleep, but it is unknown if population density during early development can also influence adult sleep. To answer this question, we maintained Drosophila larvae at a range of population densities throughout larval development, kept them isolated during early adulthood, and then tested their sleep patterns. Our findings reveal that flies that had been isolated as larvae had more fragmented sleep than those that had been raised at higher population densities. This effect was more prominent in females than in males. Larval population density did not affect sleep in female flies that were mutant for amnesiac, which has been shown to be required for normal memory consolidation, adult sleep regulation, and brain development. In contrast, larval population density effects on sleep persisted in female flies lacking the olfactory receptor or83b, suggesting that olfactory signals are not required for the effects of larval population density on adult sleep. These findings show that population density during early development can alter sleep behavior in adulthood, suggesting that genetic and/or structural changes are induced by this developmental manipulation that persist through metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Chi
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Leslie C Griffith
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Christopher G Vecsey
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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14
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Logan RW, Williams WP, McClung CA. Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:387-412. [PMID: 24731209 DOI: 10.1037/a0036268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are prominent in many physiological and behavioral functions. Circadian disruptions either by environmental or molecular perturbation can have profound health consequences, including the development and progression of addiction. Both animal and humans studies indicate extensive bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and drugs of abuse. Addicted individuals display disrupted rhythms, and chronic disruption or particular chronotypes may increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. Moreover, polymorphisms in circadian genes and an evening chronotype have been linked to mood and addiction disorders, and recent efforts suggest an association with the function of reward neurocircuitry. Animal studies are beginning to determine how altered circadian gene function results in drug-induced neuroplasticity and behaviors. Many studies suggest a critical role for circadian rhythms in reward-related pathways in the brain and indicate that drugs of abuse directly affect the central circadian pacemaker. In this review, we highlight key findings demonstrating the importance of circadian rhythms in addiction and how future studies will reveal important mechanistic insights into the involvement of circadian rhythms in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Wilbur P Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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