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Kumari S, Rana B, Senthil Kumaran S, Chaudhary S, Jain S, Srivastava AK, Rajan R. Gray Matter Atrophy in a 6-OHDA-induced Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2024; 551:217-228. [PMID: 38843989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based brain morphometric changes in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model can be elucidated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), study of alterations in gray matter volume and Machine Learning (ML) based analyses. METHODS We investigated gray matter atrophy in 6-OHDA induced PD model as compared to sham control using statistical and ML based analysis. VBM and atlas-based volumetric analysis was carried out at regional level. Support vector machine (SVM)-based algorithms wherein features (volume) extracted from (a) each of the 150 brain regions (b) statistically significant features (only) and (c) volumes of each cluster identified after application of VBM (VBM_Vol) were used for training the decision model. The lesion of the 6-OHDA model was validated by estimating the net contralateral rotational behaviour by the injection of apomorphine drug and motor impairment was assessed by rotarod and open field test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In PD, gray matter volume (GMV) atrophy was noted in bilateral cortical and subcortical brain regions, especially in the internal capsule, substantia nigra, midbrain, primary motor cortex and basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in comparison with sham control. Behavioural results revealed an impairment in motor performance. SVM analysis showed 100% classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity at both 3 and 7 weeks using VBM_Vol. CONCLUSION Unilateral 6-OHDA induced GMV changes in both hemispheres at 7th week may be associated with progression of the disease in the PD model. SVM based approaches provide an increased classification accuracy to elucidate GMV atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Kumari
- Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharti Rana
- Department of Computer Science, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - S Senthil Kumaran
- Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Achal Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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Florio TM. Stereotyped, automatized and habitual behaviours: are they similar constructs under the control of the same cerebral areas? AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:136-152. [PMID: 32607417 PMCID: PMC7321770 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge about higher executive functions of motor control has been covered in the last decades. Critical goals have been targeted through many different technological approaches. An abundant flow of new results greatly progressed our ability to respond at better-posited answers to look more than ever at the challenging neural system functioning. Behaviour is the observable result of the invisible, as complex cerebral functioning. Many pathological states are approached after symptomatology categorisation of behavioural impairments is achieved. Motor, non-motor and psychiatric signs are greatly shared by many neurological/psychiatric disorders. Together with the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia contribute to the expression of behaviour promoting the correct action schemas and the selection of appropriate sub-goals based on the evaluation of action outcomes. The present review focus on the basic classification of higher motor control functioning, taking into account the recent advances in basal ganglia structural knowledge and the computational model of basal ganglia functioning. We discuss about the basal ganglia capability in executing ordered motor patterns in which any single movement is linked to each other into an action, and many actions are ordered into each other, giving them a syntactic value to the final behaviour. The stereotypic, automatized and habitual behaviour's constructs and controls are the expression of successive stages of rule internalization and categorisation aimed in producing the perfect spatial-temporal control of motor command.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana M Florio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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Shu SY, Jiang G, Zheng Z, Ma L, Wang B, Zeng Q, Li H, Tan S, Liu B, Chan WY, Wu S, Zhu C, Li C, Wang P, Wu JY. A New Neural Pathway from the Ventral Striatum to the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert with Functional Implication to Learning and Memory. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7222-7233. [PMID: 31001802 PMCID: PMC6728281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) are among the first group of neurons known to become degenerated in Alzheimer’s disease, and thus the NBM is proposed to be involved in learning and memory. The marginal division (MrD) of the striatum is a newly discovered subdivision at the ventromedial border of the mammalian striatum and is considered to be one part of the ventral striatum involved in learning and memory. The present study provided evidence to support the hypothesis that the MrD and the NBM were structurally connected at cellular and subcellular levels with functional implications in learning and memory. First, when wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was stereotaxically injected into the NBM, fusiform neurons in the MrD were retrogradely labeled with WGA-HRP gray-blue particles and some of them were double stained in brown color by AchE staining method. Thus, cholinergic neurons of the MrD were shown to project to the neurons in the NBM. Second, in anterograde tract-tracing experiments where WGA-HRP was injected to the MrD, the labeled WGA-HRP was found to be anterogradely transported in axons from the MrD to the synaptic terminals with dendrites, axons, and perikaryons of the cholinergic neurons in the NBM when observed under an electronic microscope, indicating reciprocal structural connections between the MrD and the NBM. Third, when bilateral lesions of the MrD were injured with kainic acid in rats, degenerative terminals were observed in synapses of the NBM by an electronic microscope and severe learning and memory deficiency was found in these rats by the Y-maze behavioral test. Our results suggest reciprocal cholinergic connections between the MrD of the ventral striatum and the NBM, and implicate a role of the MrD-NBM pathway in learning and memory. The efferent fibers of cholinergic neurons in the NBM mainly project to the cortex, and severe reduction of the cholinergic innervation in the cortex is the common feature of Alzheimer’s patients. The newly discovered cholinergic neural pathway between the MrD of the ventral striatum and the NBM is supposed involved in the memory circuitries of the brain and probably might play a role in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yun Shu
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Gang Jiang
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 Guangdong China
| | - Zhaocong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Qiyi Zeng
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Hong Li
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University, A- 3103, Building 39, No. 253 Gong-ye Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510280 Guangdong China
| | - Shen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 Guangdong China
| | - Bin Liu
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282 Guangdong China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Wu
- Nanjing Junqu Hangzhou Sanatorium, 5 Long-jin Road, Hangzhou, 310007 China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Nanjing Junqu Hangzhou Sanatorium, 5 Long-jin Road, Hangzhou, 310007 China
| | - Changke Li
- Anesthesia Department of Yue-Bei People Hospital, Shaoguan City, 512026 Guangdong China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900 China
| | - Jang-Yen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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Florio TM, Scarnati E, Rosa I, Di Censo D, Ranieri B, Cimini A, Galante A, Alecci M. The Basal Ganglia: More than just a switching device. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:677-684. [PMID: 29879292 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia consist of a variety of subcortical nuclei engaged in motor control and executive functions, such as motor learning, behavioral control, and emotion. The striatum, a major basal ganglia component, is particularly useful for cognitive planning of purposive motor acts owing to its structural features and the neuronal circuitry established with the cerebral cortex. Recent data indicate emergent functions played by the striatum. Indeed, cortico-striatal circuits carrying motor information are paralleled by circuits originating from associative and limbic territories, which are functionally integrated in the striatum. Functional integration between brain areas is achieved through patterns of coherent activity. Coherence belonging to cortico-basal ganglia circuits is also present in Parkinson's disease patients. Excessive synchronization occurring in this pathology is reduced by dopaminergic therapies. The mechanisms through which the dopaminergic effects may be addressed are the object of several ongoing investigations. Overall, the bulk of data reported in recent years has provided new vistas concerning basal ganglia role in the organization and control of movement and behavior, both in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, basal ganglia functions involved in the organization of main movement categories and behaviors are critically discussed. Comparatively, the multiplicity of Parkinson's disease symptomatology is also revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Marilena Florio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenio Scarnati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rosa
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Di Censo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Brigida Ranieri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angelo Galante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L'Aquila, Italy.,Istituto SPIN-CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marcello Alecci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, L'Aquila, Italy.,Istituto SPIN-CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L'Aquila, Italy
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Characterization of gray matter atrophy following 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal system. Neuroscience 2016; 334:166-179. [PMID: 27506141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unilaterally-lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat is one of the most commonly used experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that is widely used in human PD research, has the potential to non-invasively detect macroscopic structural brain changes in the 6-OHDA rat in ways translatable to humans. METHODS We measured the gray matter (GM) composition in the unilateral 6-OHDA rat in comparison to sham animals using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) - an unbiased MR image analysis technique. The number of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and the density of their cortical projections were examined post-mortem using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS VBM revealed widespread bilateral changes in gray matter volume (GMV) on a topographic scale in the brains of 6-OHDA rats, compared to sham-operated rats. The greatest changes were in the lesioned hemisphere, which displayed reductions of GMV in motor, cingulate and somatosensory cortex. Histopathological results revealed dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) and a denervation in the striatum, as well as in the frontal, somatosensory and cingulate cortices. CONCLUSION Unilateral nigrostriatal 6-OHDA lesioning leads to widespread GMV changes, which extend beyond the nigrostriatal system and resemble advanced Parkinsonism. This study highlights the potential of structural MRI, and VBM in particular, for the system-level phenotyping of rodent models of Parkinsonism and provides a methodological framework for future studies in novel rodent models as they become available to the research community.
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Neurophysiology of rule switching in the corticostriatal circuit. Neuroscience 2016; 345:64-76. [PMID: 26851774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to adjust behavioral responses to cues in a changing environment is crucial for survival. Activity in the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) is thought to both represent rules to guide behavior as well as detect and resolve conflicts between rules in changing contingencies. While lesion and pharmacological studies have supported a crucial role for mPFC in this type of set-shifting, an understanding of how mPFC represents current rules or detects and resolves conflict between different rules is still unclear. Meanwhile, medial dorsal striatum (mDS) receives major projections from mPFC and neural activity of mDS is closely linked to action selection, making the mDS a potential major player for enacting rule-guided action policies. However, exactly what is signaled by mPFC and how this impacts neural signals in mDS is not well known. In this review, we will summarize what is known about neural signals of rules and set shifting in both prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum, as well as provide questions and directions for future experiments.
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Complex assessment of distinct cognitive impairments following ouabain injection into the rat dorsoloateral striatum. Behav Brain Res 2015; 289:133-40. [PMID: 25845737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A stroke in humans may induce focal injury to the brain tissue resulting in various disabilities. Although motor deficits are the most discernible, cognitive impairments seem to be crucial for patients mental well-being. The current lack of effective treatments encourages scientists and clinicians to develop novel approaches. Before applying them in clinic, testing for safety and effectiveness in non-human models is necessary. Such animal model should include significant cognitive impairments resulting from brain lesion. We used ouabain stereotactic injection into the right dorsolateral striatum of male Wistar rats, and enriched environment housing. To confirm the brain injury before cognitive testing, rats were given a beam-walking task to evaluate the level of sensorimotor deficits. To determine the cognitive impairment after focal brain damage, rats underwent a set of selected tasks over an observation period of 30 days. Brain injury induced by ouabain significantly impaired the acquisition of the T-maze habit learning task, where 'win-stay' strategy rules were applied. The injured rats also showed significant deficits in the performance of the T-maze switching task, which involved shifting from multiple clues previously relevant to the only one important clue. Focal brain injury also significantly changed 'what--where' memory, tested in the object exploration task, in which a novel object consecutively appeared in the same place while the location of a familiar item was continuously changed. In conclusion, we developed an animal model of distinct cognitive impairments after focal brain injury that provides a convenient method to test the effectiveness of restorative therapies.
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Falcone R, Marilena Florio T, Giacomo ED, Benedetti E, Cristiano L, Antonosante A, Fidoamore A, Massimi M, Alecci M, Ippoliti R, Giordano A, Cimini A. PPARβ/δ and γ in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease: Possible Involvement in PD Symptoms. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:844-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Falcone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | | | - Erica Di Giacomo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Alessia Fidoamore
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Mara Massimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Marcello Alecci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
- Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN); L'Aquila Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences; University of Siena; Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; Italy
- Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN); L'Aquila Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology; Temple University; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Chmielewski WX, Beste C. Action control processes in autism spectrum disorder – Insights from a neurobiological and neuroanatomical perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 124:49-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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