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Umoh IO, Dos Reis HJ, de Oliveira ACP. Molecular Mechanisms Linking Osteoarthritis and Alzheimer's Disease: Shared Pathways, Mechanisms and Breakthrough Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3044. [PMID: 38474288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease mostly affecting the elderly population. It is characterized by cognitive decline that occurs due to impaired neurotransmission and neuronal death. Even though deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and aggregation of hyperphosphorylated TAU have been established as major pathological hallmarks of the disease, other factors such as the interaction of genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the development and progression of AD. In general, patients initially present mild forgetfulness and difficulty in forming new memories. As it progresses, there are significant impairments in problem solving, social interaction, speech and overall cognitive function of the affected individual. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most recurrent form of arthritis and widely acknowledged as a whole-joint disease, distinguished by progressive degeneration and erosion of joint cartilage accompanying synovitis and subchondral bone changes that can prompt peripheral inflammatory responses. Also predominantly affecting the elderly, OA frequently embroils weight-bearing joints such as the knees, spine and hips leading to pains, stiffness and diminished joint mobility, which in turn significantly impacts the patient's standard of life. Both infirmities can co-occur in older adults as a result of independent factors, as multiple health conditions are common in old age. Additionally, risk factors such as genetics, lifestyle changes, age and chronic inflammation may contribute to both conditions in some individuals. Besides localized peripheral low-grade inflammation, it is notable that low-grade systemic inflammation prompted by OA can play a role in AD pathogenesis. Studies have explored relationships between systemic inflammatory-associated diseases like obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and AD. Given that AD is the most common form of dementia and shares similar risk factors with OA-both being age-related and low-grade inflammatory-associated diseases, OA may indeed serve as a risk factor for AD. This work aims to review literature on molecular mechanisms linking OA and AD pathologies, and explore potential connections between these conditions alongside future prospects and innovative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idiongo Okon Umoh
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Helton Jose Dos Reis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Pahlavani HA. Exercise therapy to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1243869. [PMID: 37600508 PMCID: PMC10436316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1243869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in the elderly with dementia, memory loss, and severe cognitive impairment that imposes high medical costs on individuals. The causes of AD include increased deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, age, mitochondrial defects, increased neuroinflammation, decreased synaptic connections, and decreased nerve growth factors (NGF). While in animals moderate-intensity exercise restores hippocampal and amygdala memory through increased levels of p-AKT, p-TrkB, and p-PKC and decreased levels of Aβ, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid precursor proteins (APP) in AD. Aerobic exercise (with an intensity of 50-75% of VO2 max) prevents hippocampal volume reduction, spatial memory reduction, and learning reduction through increasing synaptic flexibility. Exercise training induces the binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to TrkB and the binding of NGF to TrkA to induce cell survival and neuronal plasticity. After aerobic training and high-intensity interval training, the increase of VEGF, angiopoietin 1 and 2, NO, tPA, and HCAR1 in cerebral vessels causes increased blood flow and angiogenesis in the cerebellum, motor cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. In the hippocampus, exercise training decreases mitochondrial fragmentation, DRP1, and FIS1, improving OPA1, MFN1, MFN2, and mitochondrial morphology. In humans, acute exercise as an anti-inflammatory condition causes an acute increase in IL-6 and an increase in anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-1RA and IL-10. Moderate-intensity exercise also inhibits inflammatory markers such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, TNF-α, sTNFR1, COX-2, and NF-κB. Aerobic exercise significantly increases plasma levels of BDNF, nerve growth factor, synaptic plasticity, motor activity, spatial memory, and exploratory behavior in AD subjects. Irisin is a myokine released from skeletal muscle during exercise and protects the hippocampus by suppressing Aβ accumulation and promoting hippocampal proliferation through STAT3 signaling. Therefore, combined exercise training such as aerobic training, strength training, balance and coordination training, and cognitive and social activities seems to provide important benefits for people with AD.
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Guo L, Yang X, Zhang Y, Xu X, Li Y. Effect of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1077732. [PMID: 36704501 PMCID: PMC9872519 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1077732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive decline is a central manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its process is inseparable from changes in synaptic plasticity. The aim of this review was to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in AD animal models. Materials and methods Eligible studies were searched from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from April to May 2022. The risk of bias was evaluated by Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE). The Morris water maze (MWM) test and synaptic plasticity were considered outcome measures. Data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analyses using the software Stata. Heterogeneity was examined by using I2 test. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also assessed. Results A total of 20 randomized controlled studies were eligible for study inclusion. Compared with controls, exercise decreased escape latency (SMD = -0.86, 95% CI: -1.21 to -0.50, P < 0.001), increased platform crossover numbers (SMD = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.57-2.11, P = 0.001) and time in the target quadrant (SMD = 1.65, 95% CI: 0.95-2.36, P < 0.001) and the expression of PSD95 (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.25-1.21, P = 0.003) in AD animals. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that exercise before AD had a greater effect on escape latency (SMD = -0.88, 95% CI: -1.25 to -0.52, P < 0.001), platform crossover numbers (SMD = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.23-2.18, P < 0.001), time in the target quadrant (SMD = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.19-2.87, P < 0.001) and the expression of PSD95 (SMD = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.19-1.69, P = 0.014) than exercise after AD. The results of the subgroup analysis also showed that treadmill running might be an appropriate exercise type. Conclusion Our findings suggested that exercise had a potential effect on improving cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. It can play a better neuroprotective role before AD. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42022328438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Guo
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Postdoctoral Research Station in Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Xinyi Xu ✉
| | - Yan Li
- College of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Yan Li ✉
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Chen ZH, Li J, Zhao XX, Yang XH, Li J, Zou B, Zang WB, Ma RX, Wang YF, Yao Y. Saikogenin F From Bupleurum smithii Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairment via Antiinflammation Effect in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with aging. Bupleurum smithii Wolff. is a Chinese folk medicine used to reduce fever and inflammation. Regarding the key role of neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis, it was speculated that B. smithii may be the source of compounds that treat AD through anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of saikogenin F, a natural active ingredient from B. smithii, on cognition impairment and neuroinflammation in AD mice induced by amyloid β (Aβ). The AD mice model was established by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ, and different doses of saikogenin F (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) were intragastrically administrated once daily. Results of behavioral experiments, including the novel object recognition (NOR) test, Y-maze test, and Morris water maze (MWZ) test, showed that saikogenin F could ameliorate Aβ-induced cognition impairment in AD mice. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in hippocampal tissue increased after Aβ injection, while saikogenin F could significantly reduce the concentrations of these inflammatory factors. Western blotting results revealed that the Aβ-induced reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits protein expression in mice hippocampus was remarkably downregulated by saikogenin F. Results of Iba-1 immunohistochemical staining showed that saikogenin F could effectively inhibit Aβ-induced activation of microglia in vivo. These results suggested that saikogenin F could relieve Aβ-induced cognitive impairment via inhibiting neuroinflammation and microglial activation. These effects may be achieved by inhibiting the expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p47phox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Characteristic Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xun-Xia Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin-He Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wei-Biao Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rui-Xia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ye-Feng Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Liu Y, Hu PP, Zhai S, Feng WX, Zhang R, Li Q, Marshall C, Xiao M, Wu T. Aquaporin 4 deficiency eliminates the beneficial effects of voluntary exercise in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2079-2088. [PMID: 35142700 PMCID: PMC8848602 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study showed that the protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4), which is specifically expressed on the paravascular processes of astrocytes, is necessary for glymphatic clearance of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) from the brain, which can delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, it is not known whether AQP4-regulated glymphatic clearance of extracellular Aβ is involved in beneficial effects of exercise in AD patients. Our results showed that after 2 months of voluntary wheel exercise, APP/PS1 mice that were 3 months old at the start of the intervention exhibited a decrease in Aβ burden, glial activation, perivascular AQP4 mislocalization, impaired glymphatic transport, synapse protein loss, and learning and memory defects compared with mice not subjected to the exercise intervention. In contrast, APP/PS1 mice that were 7 months old at the start of the intervention exhibited impaired AQP4 polarity and reduced glymphatic clearance of extracellular Aβ, and the above-mentioned impairments were not alleviated after the 2-month exercise intervention. Compared with age-matched APP/PS1 mice, AQP4 knockout APP/PS1 mice had more serious defects in glymphatic function, Aβ plaque deposition, and cognitive impairment, which could not be alleviated after the exercise intervention. These findings suggest that AQP4-dependent glymphatic transport is the neurobiological basis for the beneficial effects of voluntary exercises that protect against the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University; Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuang Zhai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University; Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University; Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Mu L, Cai J, Gu B, Yu L, Li C, Liu QS, Zhao L. Treadmill Exercise Prevents Decline in Spatial Learning and Memory in 3×Tg-AD Mice through Enhancement of Structural Synaptic Plasticity of the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020244. [PMID: 35053360 PMCID: PMC8774241 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by deficits in learning and memory. A pathological feature of AD is the alterations in the number and size of synapses, axon length, dendritic complexity, and dendritic spine numbers in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Treadmill exercise can enhance synaptic plasticity in mouse or rat models of stroke, ischemia, and dementia. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of treadmill exercise on learning and memory, and structural synaptic plasticity in 3×Tg-AD mice, a mouse model of AD. Here, we show that 12 weeks treadmill exercise beginning in three-month-old mice improves spatial working memory in six-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice, while non-exercise six-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice exhibited impaired spatial working memory. To investigate potential mechanisms for the treadmill exercise-induced improvement of spatial learning and memory, we examined structural synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of six-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice that had undergone 12 weeks of treadmill exercise. We found that treadmill exercise led to increases in synapse numbers, synaptic structural parameters, the expression of synaptophysin (Syn, a presynaptic marker), the axon length, dendritic complexity, and the number of dendritic spines in 3×Tg-AD mice and restored these parameters to similar levels of non-Tg control mice without treadmill exercise. In addition, treadmill exercise also improved these parameters in non-Tg control mice. Strengthening structural synaptic plasticity may represent a potential mechanism by which treadmill exercise prevents decline in spatial learning and memory and synapse loss in 3×Tg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.M.); (J.C.); (B.G.); (L.Y.); (C.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.M.); (J.C.); (B.G.); (L.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Boya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.M.); (J.C.); (B.G.); (L.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.M.); (J.C.); (B.G.); (L.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Cui Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.M.); (J.C.); (B.G.); (L.Y.); (C.L.)
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (L.M.); (J.C.); (B.G.); (L.Y.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-1043-5675
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Ieraci A, Beggiato S, Ferraro L, Barbieri SS, Popoli M. Kynurenine pathway is altered in BDNF Val66Met knock-in mice: Effect of physical exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:440-450. [PMID: 32726686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism has been correlated with increased predisposition to develop cognitive and psychiatric disorders, and with a reduced response to some therapeutic treatments. However, the mechanisms underlying these impairments are currently not completely understood. Remarkably, kynurenine pathway alterations have also been implicated in cognitive and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that physical exercise may promote beneficial effects by controlling kynurenine metabolism in the muscle. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the kynurenine pathway was differentially regulated in sedentary and exercising wild-type (BDNFVal/Val) and homozygous knock-in BDNF Val66Met (BDNFMet/Met) mice. We found that plasma and hippocampal levels of kynurenic acid and the hippocampal mRNA levels of IDO1 and KAT2 protein levels were increased in BDNFMet/Met mice and were not modulated by physical exercise. On the contrary, KAT1 protein levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were reduced, whereas MCP1 mRNA in the gastrocnemius muscle and GFAP protein in the hippocampus were increased in BDNFMet/Met mice compared to BDNFVal/Val mice, and reduced by physical exercise. Physical exercise increased plasmatic kynurenine levels only in BDNFMet/Met mice, and protein levels of KAT1 and KAT4 in the gastrocnemius muscle and hippocampus respectively, regardless of the genotype. Finally, we found that physical exercise was able to enhance the hippocampal-dependent memory only in the BDNFVal/Val mice. Overall our results showing an overactivation of the kynurenine pathway in the BDNFMet/Met mice may suggest a possible mechanism underlying the cognitive deficits reported in the BDNF Val66Met carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ieraci
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics - Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Bernardo TC, Beleza J, Rizo-Roca D, Santos-Alves E, Leal C, Martins MJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical exercise mitigates behavioral impairments in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhang C, Zhao X, Lin S, Liu F, Ma J, Han Z, Jia F, Xie W, Zhang Q, Li X. Neuroprotective Effect of ent-Kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic Acid on Amyloid Beta Peptide-Induced Oxidative Apoptosis in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010142. [PMID: 31905798 PMCID: PMC6982857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ent-Kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid, extracted from the Chinese well known folk herb Leontopodium longifolium, performed a significantly neuroprotective effect on amyloid beta peptide 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced SH-SY5Y cells neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. The results demonstrated that this compound maintained oxidative stress balance, reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and improved contents of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) without obvious cytotoxicity. This compound also obviously relieved oxidative stress-induced apoptosis associated with p53 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways accompanied by upregulating B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) and downregulating p53, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), Bax, Cleaved-caspase 3, and Cytochrome C protein expressions further. Briefly, ent-kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid protected cells from oxidative apoptosis associated with p53 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xingming Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jiahui Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Zhuo Han
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Fujuan Jia
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Weidong Xie
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xia Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (F.L.); (J.M.); (Z.H.); (F.J.); (W.X.); (Q.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-631-5688303
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The internal link of serum steroid hormones levels in insomnia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease rats: Is there an effective way to distinguish among these three diseases based on potential biomarkers? J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1833-1841. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Loprinzi PD, Frith E. Protective and therapeutic effects of exercise on stress-induced memory impairment. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:1-12. [PMID: 30203315 PMCID: PMC10717705 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to systematically evaluate the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of exercise in attenuating stress-induced memory impairment. A systematic review was employed, searching PubMed, PsychInfo, Sports Discus and Google Scholar databases. For eligibility, studies had to be published in English, employ an experimental design, have the acute or chronic bout of exercise occur prior to, during or after the stressor, implement a psychophysiological stressor, and have an assessment of memory function occurring after the stressor. In total, 23 studies were evaluated, all of which were conducted among animal models. All 23 studies employed a chronic exercise protocol and a chronic stress protocol. Eight studies evaluated a preventive model, three employed a concurrent model, ten studies employed a therapeutic model, and two studies evaluated both a preventive and therapeutic model within the same study. Among the eight studies employing a preventive model, all eight demonstrated that the stress regimen impaired memory function. In all eight of these studies, when exercise occurred prior to the stressor, exercise attenuated the stress-induced memory impairment effect. Among the ten studies employing a therapeutic model, one study showed that the stress protocol enhanced memory function, one showed that the stress protocol did not influence memory, and eight demonstrated that the stress regimen impaired memory function. Among the eight studies showing that the stress protocol impaired memory function, all eight studies demonstrated that exercise, after the stressor, attenuated stress-induced memory impairment. Within animal models, chronic stress is associated with memory impairment and chronic exercise has both a preventive and therapeutic effect in attenuating stress-induced memory impairment. Additional experimental work in human studies is needed. Such work should also examine acute exercise and stress protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 229 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Emily Frith
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, 229 Turner Center, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Targeted Neurotransmitters Profiling Identifies Metabolic Signatures in Rat Brain by LC-MS/MS: Application in Insomnia, Depression and Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092375. [PMID: 30227663 PMCID: PMC6225496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies have suggested that insomnia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depression are mutually interacting conditions and frequently co-occur. The monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter systems in central nervous system were involved in the examination of neurobiological processes of this symptom complex. However, few studies have reported systematic and contrastive discussion of different neurotransmitters (NTs) changing in these neurological diseases. Thus, it is necessary to establish a reliable analytical method to monitoring NTs and their metabolite levels in rat brain tissues for elucidating the differences in pathophysiology of these neurological diseases. A rapid, sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method was established for simultaneous determination of the NTs and their metabolites, including tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE), glutamic acid (Glu), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rat brain tissues. The mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.01% formic acid in water was performed on an Inertsil EP C18 column, and the developed method was validated well. Results demonstrated that there were significant differences for 5-HT, DA, NE, Trp, Tyr and ACh between model and control group in all three models, and a Bayes linear discriminant function was established to distinguish these three kinds of nervous system diseases by DA, Tyr and ACh for their significant differences among control and three model groups. It could be an excellent strategy to provide perceptions into the similarity and differentia of mechanisms from the point of NTs’ changing in brain directly and a new method to distinguish insomnia, depression and AD from view of essence.
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13
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Astroglial water channel aquaporin 4-mediated glymphatic clearance function: A determined factor for time-sensitive treatment of aerobic exercise in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2018; 119:18-21. [PMID: 30122483 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no effective drug therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, exploring new non-pharmacological strategies, including the neuroprotective mechanisms of aerobic exercise, to enhance therapeutic treatment of AD are essential. Previous studies have shown that the beneficial efficiency of aerobic exercise in the prevention and treatment of AD is time-sensitive, but its mechanism is not clear. Recent studies revealed that the water channel protein aquaporin 4 (AQP4) mediates the glymphatic system to clear interstitial solutes, including β-amyloid, from the brain. More recently, voluntary exercise has been shown to promote glymphatic clearance function in mice. However, glymphatic function is reduced in the mid- or late-stage of AD due to the loss of the polarity distribution of AQP4. Based on this, we hypothesized that AQP4-mediated glymphatic system clearance function is a determining factor for time-sensitive treatment of aerobic exercise in patients with AD. While further studies are necessary, the potential results are important for elucidating the new pro-cognitive mechanism of aerobic exercise, but also help to establish a new strategy for treatment of AD via regulation of glymphatic clearance function by targeting AQP4.
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14
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Chen Y, Yin M, Cao X, Hu G, Xiao M. Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Effects of High Cholesterol Diet on Aged Brain. Aging Dis 2018; 9:374-390. [PMID: 29896426 PMCID: PMC5988593 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hypercholesterolemia and aging are related to cognitive decline or Alzheimer's disease. However, their interactive influence on the neurodegenerative progress remains unclear. To address this issue, 6-month-old and 16-month-old female mice were fed a 3% cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, followed by hippocampus-related functional, pathological, biochemical and molecular analyses. The high cholesterol diet did not exacerbate age-dependent cognitive decline and hippocampal neuronal death, and even greatly mitigated decreases of synaptophysin and growth associated protein 43 expression in the hippocampus of aged mice. Compared with young controls, aged mice fed normal diet showed mild activation of hippocampal microglia with increased expression of CD68, a marker of the microglial M1 phenotype, and decreased expression of CD206, a marker of the microglial M2 phenotype. More interestingly, the high cholesterol diet not only improved NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β expression, but also increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-6 in the hippocampus of old mice, suggesting playing pro- and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. In addition, the cholesterol rich diet resulted in a defect of the blood-brain barrier of aged hippocampus, as revealed by increased brain albumin content. These results have revealed both harmful and protective effects of high cholesterol diet on aged brain, which helps us to understand that hypercholesterolemia in the aged population is not associated with dementia and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmei Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejin Cao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disease influencing a multitude of outcomes, including memory function. Recent work suggests that memory may be influenced by exercise ('memorcise'), even among those with AD. The present narrative review details (1) the underlying mechanisms of AD; (2) whether exercise has a protective effect in preventing AD; (3) the mechanisms through which exercise may help to prevent AD; (4) the mechanisms through which exercise may help attenuate the progression of AD severity among those with existing AD; (5) the effects and mechanisms through which exercise is associated with memory among those with existing AD; and (6) exercise recommendations for those with existing AD. Such an understanding will aid clinicians in their ability to use exercise as a potential behavioral strategy to help prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Emily Frith
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Pamela Ponce
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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16
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Zhang J, Guo Y, Wang Y, Song L, Zhang R, Du Y. Long-term treadmill exercise attenuates Aβ burdens and astrocyte activation in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 666:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Hüttenrauch M, Walter S, Kaufmann M, Weggen S, Wirths O. Limited Effects of Prolonged Environmental Enrichment on the Pathology of 5XFAD Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6542-6555. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Bernardo TC, Marques-Aleixo I, Beleza J, Oliveira PJ, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Physical Exercise and Brain Mitochondrial Fitness: The Possible Role Against Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:648-63. [PMID: 27328058 PMCID: PMC8029062 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is one of the most effective strategies to maintain a healthy body and mind, with particular beneficial effects of exercise on promoting brain plasticity, increasing cognition and reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in later life. Moreover, the beneficial effects resulting from increased physical activity occur at different levels of cellular organization, mitochondria being preferential target organelles. The relevance of this review article relies on the need to integrate the current knowledge of proposed mechanisms, focus mitochondria, to explain the protective effects of exercise that might underlie neuroplasticity and seeks to synthesize these data in the context of exploring exercise as a feasible intervention to delay cognitive impairment associated with neurodegenerative conditions, particularly Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Bernardo
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, , Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - I Marques-Aleixo
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, , Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Beleza
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, , Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P J Oliveira
- CNC-Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Ascensão
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, , Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Magalhães
- CIAFEL-Research Centre in Physical Activity, , Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Huang H, Nie S, Cao M, Marshall C, Gao J, Xiao N, Hu G, Xiao M. Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:303-322. [PMID: 27439903 PMCID: PMC5061676 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic APPSwe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice that overproduce amyloid beta (Aβ) are extensively used in the studies of pathogenesis and experimental therapeutics and new drug screening for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most of the current literature uses young or adult APP/PS1 mice. In order to provide a broader view of AD-like phenotype of this animal model, in this study, we systematically analyzed behavioral and pathological profiles of 24-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. Aged APP/PS1 mice had reference memory deficits as well as anxiety, hyperactivity, and social interaction impairment. Consistently, there was obvious deposition of amyloid plaques in the dorsal hippocampus with decreased expression of insulin-degrading enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme responsible for degradation of intracellular Aβ. Furthermore, decreases in hippocampal volume, neuronal number and synaptophysin expression, and astrocyte atrophy were also observed in aged APP/PS1 mice. This finding suggests that aged APP/PS1 mice can well replicate cognitive and noncognitive behavioral abnormalities, hippocampal atrophy, and neuronal and astrocyte degeneration in AD patients, to enable more objective and refined preclinical evaluation of therapeutic drugs and strategies for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Sipei Nie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Min Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, 41701, USA
| | - Junying Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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20
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Herring A, Münster Y, Metzdorf J, Bolczek B, Krüssel S, Krieter D, Yavuz I, Karim F, Roggendorf C, Stang A, Wang Y, Hermann DM, Teuber-Hanselmann S, Keyvani K. Late running is not too late against Alzheimer's pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:44-54. [PMID: 27312772 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade a vast number of animal studies have produced overwhelming evidence that exercise not only compensates for memory loss by increasing brain plasticity and cognitive reserve but also directly counteracts Alzheimer-like pathology when provided before disease onset or in early disease stages. But so far, there is little knowledge about therapeutic effects of training when started in advanced disease stages. In the present study we show that following seven months of sedentary life style five months of wheel running, started four months after disease onset was still able to mitigate at least some aspects of the full-blown Alzheimer's pathology in TgCRND8 mice. Late running had mild but significant effects on structural plasticity by increasing the dendritic complexity. It further reduced beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque burden and enhanced Aβ clearance across the blood-brain barrier, along with attenuating microgliosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy deficits, resulting in better memory performance and less agitation. However, unlike early exercise, late running did not affect abnormal amyloid precursor protein metabolism, tau pathology, or angiogenesis. These results allow concluding that it is never too late to counteract Alzheimer's disease with physical training but the earlier the intervention starts, the more pronounced is the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Herring
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Münster
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Judith Metzdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Bastien Bolczek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Krüssel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - David Krieter
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Ilkay Yavuz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Fro Karim
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Constanze Roggendorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anthony Stang
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Yachao Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Teuber-Hanselmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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21
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Burzynska AZ, Wong CN, Chaddock-Heyman L, Olson EA, Gothe NP, Knecht A, Voss MW, McAuley E, Kramer AF. White matter integrity, hippocampal volume, and cognitive performance of a world-famous nonagenarian track-and-field athlete. Neurocase 2016; 22:135-44. [PMID: 26237526 PMCID: PMC6029702 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2015.1074709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with successful brain and cognitive aging. However, little is known about the effects of PA, CRF, and exercise on the brain in the oldest-old. Here we examined white matter (WM) integrity, measured as fractional anisotropy (FA) and WM hyperintensity (WMH) burden, and hippocampal (HIPP) volume of Olga Kotelko (1919-2014). Olga began training for competitions at age of 77 and as of June 2014 held over 30 world records in her age category in track-and-field. We found that Olga's WMH burden was larger and the HIPP was smaller than in the reference sample (58 healthy low-active women 60-78 years old), and her FA was consistently lower in the regions overlapping with WMH. Olga's FA in many normal-appearing WM regions, however, did not differ or was greater than in the reference sample. In particular, FA in her genu corpus callosum was higher than any FA value observed in the reference sample. We speculate that her relatively high FA may be related to both successful aging and the beneficial effects of exercise in old age. In addition, Olga had lower scores on memory, reasoning and speed tasks than the younger reference sample, but outperformed typical adults of age 90-95 on speed and memory. Together, our findings open the possibility of old-age benefits of increasing PA on WM microstructure and cognition despite age-related increase in WMH burden and HIPP shrinkage, and add to the still scarce neuroimaging data of the healthy oldest-old (>90 years) adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Burzynska
- a The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - C N Wong
- a The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - L Chaddock-Heyman
- a The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - E A Olson
- b Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - N P Gothe
- b Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - A Knecht
- a The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - M W Voss
- c Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA 52242-1407 , USA
| | - E McAuley
- a The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA.,b Department of Kinesiology and Community Health , University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
| | - A F Kramer
- a The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois , Urbana , IL 61801 , USA
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22
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Chen YL, Wang LM, Chen Y, Gao JY, Marshall C, Cai ZY, Hu G, Xiao M. Changes in astrocyte functional markers and β-amyloid metabolism-related proteins in the early stages of hypercholesterolemia. Neuroscience 2015; 316:178-91. [PMID: 26724580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential substance for maintaining normal structure and function of the brain. But unfortunately, a long-term high-cholesterol diet can lead to a variety of pathological changes of the brain such as β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, Tau hyperphosphorylation, reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, neuronal death and synaptic degeneration. These pathological changes have complex internal relations with one other, causing memory impairment and participating in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, early hypercholesterolemia-induced events that lead to brain deterioration are not clear. To address this, 6-month-old female mice were fed a 3% cholesterol diet for 8weeks, followed by behavioral, biochemical and neuropathological analyses. The high-cholesterol-fed mice did not show neuronal and synaptic impairment or cognitive deficits compared with mice given a normal diet, but astrocytes were mildly activated with increased expression of functional markers including apolipoprotein E and aquaporin 4 in the hippocampus. Hippocampal interleukin-1β expression slightly increased, but interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α did not change significantly compared with those in the control group. Levels of Aβ, and its precursor protein, were unaffected, but levels of presenilin 1 and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), that initiate Aβ generation and degradation, respectively, increased in the hippocampus of the model mice. In addition, Tau phosphorylation levels were not different between the control and model groups. These results suggest that changes in astrocyte functional markers and Aβ metabolism proteins, which contribute to maintaining brain cholesterol and Aβ homeostasis, are early events in the process of hypercholesterolemia-related neuropathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - L M Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Y Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - J Y Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - C Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Z Y Cai
- Department of Neurology, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No 39 Chaoyang Middle Road, Shiyan, Hubei Province 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - G Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - M Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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23
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Xu Z, Xiao N, Chen Y, Huang H, Marshall C, Gao J, Cai Z, Wu T, Hu G, Xiao M. Deletion of aquaporin-4 in APP/PS1 mice exacerbates brain Aβ accumulation and memory deficits. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:58. [PMID: 26526066 PMCID: PMC4631089 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preventing or reducing amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation in the brain is an important therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent studies showed that the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) mediates soluble Aβ clearance from the brain parenchyma along the paravascular pathway. However the direct evidence for roles of AQP4 in the pathophysiology of AD remains absent. Results Here, we reported that the deletion of AQP4 exacerbated cognitive deficits of 12-moth old APP/PS1 mice, with increases in Aβ accumulation, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and loss of synaptic protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus and cortex. Furthermore, AQP4 deficiency increased atrophy of astrocytes with significant decreases in interleukin-1 beta and nonsignficant decreases in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hippocampal and cerebral samples. Conclusions These results suggest that AQP4 attenuates Aβ pathogenesis despite its potentially inflammatory side-effects, thus serving as a promising target for treating AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0056-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Junying Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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24
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine cross-sectionally whether higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) might favorably modify amyloid-β (Aβ)-related decrements in cognition in a cohort of late-middle-aged adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sixty-nine enrollees in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention participated in this study. They completed a comprehensive neuropsychological exam, underwent 11C Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB)-PET imaging, and performed a graded treadmill exercise test to volitional exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during the exercise test was used as the index of CRF. Forty-five participants also underwent lumbar puncture for collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, from which Aβ42 was immunoassayed. Covariate-adjusted regression analyses were used to test whether the association between Aβ and cognition was modified by CRF. There were significant VO2peak*PiB-PET interactions for Immediate Memory (p=.041) and Verbal Learning & Memory (p=.025). There were also significant VO2peak*CSF Aβ42 interactions for Immediate Memory (p<.001) and Verbal Learning & Memory (p<.001). Specifically, in the context of high Aβ burden, that is, increased PiB-PET binding or reduced CSF Aβ42, individuals with higher CRF exhibited significantly better cognition compared with individuals with lower CRF. In a late-middle-aged, at-risk cohort, higher CRF is associated with a diminution of Aβ-related effects on cognition. These findings suggest that exercise might play an important role in the prevention of AD.
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Burzynska AZ, Wong CN, Voss MW, Cooke GE, Gothe NP, Fanning J, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Physical Activity Is Linked to Greater Moment-To-Moment Variability in Spontaneous Brain Activity in Older Adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134819. [PMID: 26244873 PMCID: PMC4526228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) in old age are associated with greater brain structural and functional integrity, and higher cognitive functioning. However, it is not known how different aspects of lifestyle such as sedentariness, light PA (LI-PA), or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MV-PA) relate to neural activity in aging. In addition, it is not known whether the effects of PA on brain function differ or overlap with those of CRF. Here, we objectively measured CRF as oxygen consumption during a maximal exercise test and measured PA with an accelerometer worn for 7 days in 100 healthy but low active older adults (aged 60–80 years). We modeled the relationships between CRF, PA, and brain functional integrity using multivariate partial least squares analysis. As an index of functional brain integrity we used spontaneous moment-to-moment variability in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal (SDBOLD), known to be associated with better cognitive functioning in aging. We found that older adults who engaged more in LI-PA and MV-PA had greater SDBOLD in brain regions that play a role in integrating segregated functional domains in the brain and benefit from greater CRF or PA, such as precuneus, hippocampus, medial and lateral prefrontal, and temporal cortices. Our results suggest that engaging in higher intensity PA may have protective effects on neural processing in aging. Finally, we demonstrated that older adults with greater overall WM microstructure were those showing more LI-PA and MV-PA and greater SDBOLD. We conclude that SDBOLD is a promising correlate of functional brain health in aging. Future analyses will evaluate whether SDBOLD is modifiable with interventions aimed to increase PA and CRF in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Z. Burzynska
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chelsea N. Wong
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Michelle W. Voss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Gillian E. Cooke
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Neha P. Gothe
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Edward McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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The Link Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease. Phys Ther 2015; 95:1046-60. [PMID: 25573757 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20140212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a primary cause of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly population worldwide. Despite the allocation of enormous amounts of funding and resources to studying this brain disorder, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for reducing the severity of pathology and restoring cognitive function in affected people. Recent reports on the failure of multiple clinical trials for AD have highlighted the need to diversify further the search for new therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction. Thus, studies detailing the neuroprotective effects of physical activity (PA) on the brain in AD were reviewed, and mechanisms by which PA might mitigate AD-related cognitive decline were explored. A MEDLINE database search was used to generate a list of studies conducted between January 2007 and September 2014 (n=394). These studies, along with key references, were screened to identify those that assessed the effects of PA on AD-related biomarkers and cognitive function. The search was not limited on the basis of intensity, frequency, duration, or mode of activity. However, studies in which PA was combined with another intervention (eg, diet, pharmacotherapeutics, ovariectomy, cognitive training, behavioral therapy), and studies not written in English were excluded. Thirty-eight animal and human studies met entry criteria. Most of the studies suggested that PA attenuates neuropathology and positively affects cognitive function in AD. Although the literature lacked sufficient evidence to support precise PA guidelines, convergent evidence does suggest that the incorporation of regular PA into daily routines mitigates AD-related symptoms, especially when deployed earlier in the disease process. Here the protocols used to alter the progression of AD-related neuropathology and cognitive decline are highlighted, and the implications for physical therapist practice are discussed.
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Daulatzai MA. “Boomerang Neuropathology” of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease is Shrouded in Harmful “BDDS”: Breathing, Diet, Drinking, and Sleep During Aging. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:55-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Huang H, Wang L, Cao M, Marshall C, Gao J, Xiao N, Hu G, Xiao M. Isolation Housing Exacerbates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathophysiology in Aged APP/PS1 Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu116. [PMID: 25568286 PMCID: PMC4540096 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by gradual declines in social, cognitive, and emotional functions, leading to a loss of expected social behavior. Social isolation has been shown to have adverse effects on individual development and growth as well as health and aging. Previous experiments have shown that social isolation causes an early onset of Alzheimer's disease-like phenotypes in young APP695/PS1-dE9 transgenic mice. However, the interactions between social isolation and Alzheimer's disease still remain unknown. METHODS Seventeen-month-old male APP695/PS1-dE9 transgenic mice were either singly housed or continued group housing for 3 months. Then, Alzheimer's disease-like pathophysiological changes were evaluated by using behavioral, biochemical, and pathological analyses. RESULTS Isolation housing further promoted cognitive dysfunction and Aβ plaque accumulation in the hippocampus of aged APP695/PS1-dE9 transgenic mice, associated with increased γ-secretase and decreased neprilysin expression. Furthermore, exacerbated hippocampal atrophy, synapse and myelin associated protein loss, and glial neuroinflammatory reactions were observed in the hippocampus of isolated aged APP695/PS1-dE9 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that social isolation exacerbates Alzheimer's disease-like pathophysiology in aged APP695/PS1-dE9 transgenic mice, highlighting the potential role of group life for delaying or counteracting the Alzheimer's disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Linmei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Min Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Charles Marshall
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Junying Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Na Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD)
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Drs Huang MD, Wang MD, Cao Ms, Gao Ms, N. Xiao Ms, Hu MD, PhD, and M. Xiao MD, PhD); Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY (Dr Marshall PhD).
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Archer T, Garcia D. Exercise and Dietary Restriction for Promotion of Neurohealth Benefits. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.71016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Russell VA, Zigmond MJ, Dimatelis JJ, Daniels WMU, Mabandla MV. The interaction between stress and exercise, and its impact on brain function. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:255-60. [PMID: 24399497 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to acute adversity, emotional signals shift the body into a state that permits rapid detection, identification, and appropriate response to a potential threat. The stress response involves the release of a variety of substances, including neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, hormones, and cytokines, that enable the body to deal with the challenges of daily life. The subsequent activation of various physiological systems can be both protective and damaging to the individual, depending on timing, intensity, and duration of the stressor. Successful recovery from stressful challenges during early life leads to strengthening of synaptic connections in health-promoting neural networks and reduced vulnerability to subsequent stressors that can be protective in later life. In contrast, chronic intense uncontrollable stress can be pathogenic and lead to disorders such as depression, anxiety, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and an increased toxic response to additional stressors such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. This review briefly explores the interaction between stress experienced at different stages of development and exercise later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne A Russell
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa,
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