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Li Y, Fang W, Qiu H, Yu H, Dong W, Sun Z. Diurnal biological effects of correlated colour temperature and its exposure timing on alertness, cognition, and mood in an enclosed environment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 119:104304. [PMID: 38718532 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Artificial lighting, which profits from the non-visual effects of light, is a potentially promising solution to support residents' psychophysiological health and performance at specific times of the day in enclosed environments. However, few studies have investigated the non-visual effects of daytime correlated colour temperature (CCT) and its exposure timing on human alertness, cognition, and mood. However, the neural mechanisms underlying these effects are largely unknown. The current study evaluated the effects of daytime CCT and its exposure timing on markers of subjective experience, cognitive performance, and cerebral activity in a simulated enclosed environment. Forty-two participants participated a single-blind laboratory study with a 4 within (CCT: 4000 K vs. 6500 K vs. 8500 K vs. 12,000 K) × 2 between (exposure timing: morning vs. afternoon) mixed design. The results showed time of the day dependent benefits of the daytime CCT on subjective experience, vigilant attention, response inhibition, working memory, emotional perception, and risk decisions. The results of the electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed that lower-frequency EEG bands, including theta, alpha, and alpha-theta, were quite sensitive to daytime CCT intervention, which provides a valuable reference for trying to establish the underlying mechanisms that support the performance-enhancement effects of exposure to CCT in the daytime. However, the results revealed no consistent intervention pattern across these measurements. Therefore, future studies should consider personalised optimisation of daytime CCT for different cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanJie Li
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| | - WeiNing Fang
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Rail Autonomous Operation, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| | - HanZhao Qiu
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| | - Hongqiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Haidian District, 100094 Beijing, China.
| | - WenLi Dong
- School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Automation and Intelligence, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shang Yuan Cun, Haidian District, 100044 Beijing, China.
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Bjerrum LB, Nordhus IH, Sørensen L, Wulff K, Bjorvatn B, Flo-Groeneboom E, Visted E. Acute effects of light during daytime on central aspects of attention and affect: A systematic review. Biol Psychol 2024; 192:108845. [PMID: 38981576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Light regulates both image- and various non-image forming responses in humans, including acute effects on attention and affect. To advance the understanding of light's immediate effects, this systematic review describes the acute effects of monochromatic/narrow bandwidth and polychromatic white light during daytime on distinct aspects of attention (alertness, sustained attention, working memory, attentional control and flexibility), and measures of affect (self-report measures, performance-based tests, psychophysiological measures) in healthy, adult human subjects. Original, peer-reviewed (quasi-) experimental studies published between 2000 and May 2024 were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed, and results were synthesized across aspects of attention and affect and grouped according to light interventions; monochromatic/narrowband-width or polychromatic white light (regular white, bright white, and white with high correlated color temperature (CCT)). Results from included studies (n = 62) showed that alertness and working memory were most affected by light. Electroencephalographic markers of alertness improved the most with exposure to narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light, regular white, and white light with high CCT. Self-reported alertness and measures of working memory improved the most with bright white light. Results from studies testing the acute effects on sustained attention and attentional control and flexibility were inconclusive. Performance-based and psychophysiological measures of affect were only influenced by narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light. Polychromatic white light exerted mixed effects on self-reported affect. Studies were strongly heterogeneous in terms of light stimuli characteristics and reporting of light stimuli and control of variables influencing light's acute effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Bjørn Bjorvatn
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Endre Visted
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Haghani M, Abbasi S, Abdoli L, Shams SF, Baha'addini Baigy Zarandi BF, Shokrpour N, Jahromizadeh A, Mortazavi SA, Mortazavi SMJ. Blue Light and Digital Screens Revisited: A New Look at Blue Light from the Vision Quality, Circadian Rhythm and Cognitive Functions Perspective. J Biomed Phys Eng 2024; 14:213-228. [PMID: 39027713 PMCID: PMC11252550 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2106-1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Research conducted over the years has established that artificial light at night (ALAN), particularly short wavelengths in the blue region (~400-500 nm), can disrupt the circadian rhythm, cause sleep disturbances, and lead to metabolic dysregulation. With the increasing number of people spending considerable amounts of time at home or work staring at digital screens such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, the negative impacts of blue light are becoming more apparent. While blue wavelengths during the day can enhance attention and reaction times, they are disruptive at night and are associated with a wide range of health problems such as poor sleep quality, mental health problems, and increased risk of some cancers. The growing global concern over the detrimental effects of ALAN on human health is supported by epidemiological and experimental studies, which suggest that exposure to ALAN is associated with disorders like type 2 diabetes, obesity, and increased risk of breast and prostate cancer. Moreover, several studies have reported a connection between ALAN, night-shift work, reduced cognitive performance, and a higher likelihood of human errors. The purpose of this paper is to review the biological impacts of blue light exposure on human cognitive functions and vision quality. Additionally, studies indicating a potential link between exposure to blue light from digital screens and increased risk of breast cancer are also reviewed. However, more research is needed to fully comprehend the relationship between blue light exposure and adverse health effects, such as the risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Haghani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Abbasi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Abdoli
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Shams
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Shokrpour
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Jahromizadeh
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Baek D, Baek J, Noh J, Oh Y, Lim L. Toward Healthy Underground Spaces: A Review of Underground Environmental Design Factors and Their Impacts on Users' Physiological and Psychological Health. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2024:19375867241238470. [PMID: 38606760 DOI: 10.1177/19375867241238470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to review and synthesize what design factors are associated with the physiological and psychological health of occupants in underground spaces. BACKGROUND The development of underground spaces offers options to global challenges, such as traffic congestion, urban overcrowding, the revitalization of dormant underground areas, disaster mitigation, and adaptation to extreme environments. Despite these advantages, concerns persist about potential adverse effects on human health in these environments. This situation underlines the necessity of systematically identifying concerns and perceptions related to health in underground spaces. METHODS A narrative literature review was conducted to examine the relationship between design factors and health factors across 21 empirical studies. Based on the review of the identified literature, a relationship diagram was developed to depict the interconnections between the identified design and health factors. RESULTS The analysis identified design factors related to the air, sound, light, nature, transport, and spatial context of underground spaces, each of which exerted relationships with occupants' physiological and psychological health factors. The relationship diagram indicated that the psychological factor "feeling of confinement" was mentioned most frequently, suggesting that it is one of the most extensively researched factors in this context. CONCLUSIONS The relationship diagram aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap and set the stage for future research endeavors. The ultimate goal is to refine urban living standards by leveraging the potential of underground spaces while ensuring health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehwa Baek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeop Baek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechang Noh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeinn Oh
- College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Vani V, Ojha P, Gadhvi MA, Dixit A. Attentional Correlates of Colored Lights: Considerations for Cognitive Testing. Neuroscience 2024; 543:83-89. [PMID: 38403240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Attention, an important index of cognitive function, can be affected amidst colored lights. This work investigated the effects of colored lights on the performance in attention task. Participants (N = 42) performed in one, two, and three letter cancellation task (LCT) during four lighting conditions. The order of LCT and the colored light sessions were randomized. The performance in LCT was evaluated through % accuracy, % omission, and % error. A repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference in % accuracy in one LCT (F(2.46, 100.8) = 24.45, p < 0.001), two LCT (F(2.57, 105.4) = 20.53, p < 0.001), and three LCT (F(2.66, 109.22) = 17.96, p < 0.001) among the four colored lights. In addition, % omission revealed a statistically significant difference in one LCT (F(2.46, 100.8) = 24.43, p < 0.001), two LCT (F(2.57, 105.4) = 20.57, p < 0.001), and three LCT (F(2.66, 109.16) = 18.21, p < 0.001) among the four lights. There was no statistically significant difference in % error in one LCT (F(2.05, 84.1) = 1.23, p = 0.3), two LCT (F(2.66, 109.06) = 0.62, p = 0.971), three LCT (F(2.62, 107.53) = 0.97, p = 0.4) among the four lighting conditions. Colored lights affect attention-related cognitive processing. The attentional correlates of white and red lights are more compared to green, and blue lights. Lighting condition should be an important consideration for cognitive testing, for designing workspaces, educational settings, and other environments where attention plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakode Vani
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pooja Ojha
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Mahesh Arjundan Gadhvi
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhinav Dixit
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Cheshmeh Noor M, Revell V, Mehdizadeh Saradj F, Yazdanfar SA. The impact of wavelength on acute non-visual responses to light: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148470. [PMID: 37364848 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Light is detected in the eye by three classes of photoreceptors (rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)) that are each optimized for a specific function and express a particular light-detecting photopigment. The significant role of short-wavelength light and ipRGCs in improving alertness has been well-established; however, few reviews have been undertaken to assess the other wavelengths' effects regarding timing and intensity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of different narrowband light wavelengths on subjective and objective alertness among the 36 studies included in this systematic review, 17 of which were meta-analyzed. Short-wavelength light (∼460-480 nm) significantly improves subjective alertness, cognitive function, and neurological brain activities at night, even for a sustained period (∼6h) (for λmax: 470/475 nm, 0.4 < |Hedges's g| < 0.6, p < 0.05), but except early morning, it almost does not show this effect during the day when melatonin level is lowest. Long-wavelength light (∼600-640 nm) has little effect at night, but significantly increases several measures of alertness at lower irradiance during the daytime (∼1h), particularly when there is homeostatic sleep drive (for λmax: ∼630 nm, 0.5 < |Hedges's g| < 0.8, p < 0.05). The results further suggest that melanopic illuminance may not always be sufficient to measure the alerting effect of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Cheshmeh Noor
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
| | - Victoria Revell
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XP, United Kingdom.
| | - Fatemeh Mehdizadeh Saradj
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
| | - Seyed-Abbas Yazdanfar
- School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran Iran.
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Robertson-Dixon I, Murphy MJ, Crewther SG, Riddell N. The Influence of Light Wavelength on Human HPA Axis Rhythms: A Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1968. [PMID: 37895351 PMCID: PMC10608196 DOI: 10.3390/life13101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental light entrains many physiological and behavioural processes to the 24 h solar cycle. Such light-driven circadian rhythms are centrally controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives information from the short-wavelength-sensitive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The SCN synchronizes local clocks throughout the body affecting sleep/wake routines and the secretion of neuroendocrine-linked hormones such as melatonin from the pineal gland and cortisol via the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Although the effects of light parameters on melatonin have been recently reviewed, whether the experimental variation of the spectral power distribution and intensity of light can induce changes in cortisol rhythms remains unclear. Thus, this systematic review evaluated the effects of daytime exposure to lights of different spectral wavelength characteristics and luminance intensity on the cortisol levels in healthy individuals. A search of the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases on 19 June 2023 identified 3418 articles, of which 12 studies (profiling 337 participants) met the inclusion and risk of bias criteria. An analysis of the literature indicated that exposure to bright lights of any colour during the late night or early morning can induce significant increases in cortisol secretion relative to time-matched dim light comparison conditions. Furthermore, exposure to bright lights with stronger short-wavelength (blue/green) components in the early morning typically induced greater increases in cortisol relative to lights with stronger long-wavelength (red) components. Thus, the circadian regulation of cortisol is sensitive to the wavelength composition of environmental lighting, in line with the more commonly studied melatonin. As such, wavelength characteristics should be optimized and reported in light intervention studies (particularly for the investigation of cortisol-associated disorders and HPA axis function), and exposure to short-wavelength light during sensitive periods should be carefully considered in constructed environments (e.g., bedroom and classroom lighting and device screens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Robertson-Dixon
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (I.R.-D.); (M.J.M.); (S.G.C.)
| | - Melanie J. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (I.R.-D.); (M.J.M.); (S.G.C.)
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (I.R.-D.); (M.J.M.); (S.G.C.)
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (I.R.-D.); (M.J.M.); (S.G.C.)
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Pan R, Zhang G, Deng F, Lin W, Pan J. Effects of red light on sleep and mood in healthy subjects and individuals with insomnia disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200350. [PMID: 37692298 PMCID: PMC10484593 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to determine the influence of red light on objective sleep and the relationship between mood and sleep among individuals with insomnia disorder (ID). Method 57 individuals with insomnia symptoms and 57 healthy participants were randomly divided into three groups (red- and white-light groups, and the black control group), which received different light treatments for 1 h before bedtime. The emotions and subjective alertness of participants were evaluated using Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scales (PANAS) and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), their sleeping data were recorded using polysomnography (PSG). Result The negative emotion scores were higher in the healthy subject-red light (HS-RL) group than in the HS-white light (WL) and HS-black control (BC) groups (p < 0.001). The anxiety and negative emotion scores were higher in the ID-RL group than in the ID-WL and ID-BC groups (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively). The KSS scores were lower in the RL group than in the WL and BC groups for both HS and ID group (both p < 0.001). The SOL was shorter in the HS-RL group than in HS-WL group (p = 0.019). Compared with the HS-BC group, the HS-RL group had an increase in microarousal index (MAI) and N1% (p = 0.034 and p = 0.021, respectively), while the total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) decreased (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Compared with the ID-WL group, the SOL was shorter in the ID-RL group (p = 0.043), while TST, SE, number of microarousals (NMA), and numbers of cycles of REM period were increased (p = 0.016, p = 0.046, p = 0.001, and p = 0.041, respectively). Compared with the ID-BC group, the ID-RL group had increases in the SOL, WASO, and the numbers of cycles and NMA in REM period (p = 0.038, p = 0.005, p = 0.045, and p = 0.033, respectively), and a decrease in SE (p = 0.014). The effects of ID-WL (vs. ID-RL group) and ID-BC (vs. ID-RL group) on SOL were mediated by negative emotions (mediating effects were - 37.626 and - 33.768, respectively). Conclusion Red light can increase subjective alertness, anxiety, and negative emotions in both healthy subjects and people with ID, which can affect sleep directly or indirectly via the mediating effect of negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Pan
- Department of Psychology, The Third People’s Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guimei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fangyi Deng
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People’s Hospital (Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiyang Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Sleep Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Schöllhorn I, Deuring G, Stefani O, Strumberger MA, Rosburg T, Lemoine P, Pross A, Wingert B, Mager R, Cajochen C. Effects of nature-adapted lighting solutions ("Virtual Sky") on subjective and objective correlates of sleepiness, well-being, visual and cognitive performance at the workplace. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288690. [PMID: 37535612 PMCID: PMC10399894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to natural daylight benefits human well-being, alertness, circadian rhythms and sleep. Many workplaces have limited or no access to daylight. Thus, we implemented a light-panel ("Virtual Sky"), which reproduced nature-adapted light scenarios. In a laboratory office environment, three lighting scenarios were presented during the day: two lighting conditions with nature-adapted spectral light distributions, one with static and one with dynamic clouds, and a standard office lighting condition. We compared the impact of the three lighting scenarios on subjective and objective measures of alertness, cognitive performance, wellbeing, visual comfort, contrast sensitivity, and cortisol levels in 18 healthy young male volunteers in a within-participant cross-over study design. We found no evidence that an 8-h lighting scenario with static or dynamic clouds during the waking day (9am-5pm) was associated with any significant effect on objective and/or subjective alertness, cognitive performance and morning cortisol concentrations compared to standard workplace lighting. However, the dynamic light scenario was accompanied with lower levels of perceived tensionafter completing cognitive tasks and less effort to concentrate compared to the static lighting scenarios. Our findings suggest that apart from smaller effects on tension and concentration effort, nature-adapted lighting conditions did not improve daytime alertness and cognitive performance in healthy well-rested young participants, as compared to standard office lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schöllhorn
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Deuring
- Forensic Department, Basel University, University Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Strumberger
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Rosburg
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, EbIM Research & Education, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Lemoine
- Forensic Department, Basel University, University Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Pross
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wingert
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Industrial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralph Mager
- Forensic Department, Basel University, University Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Liu D, Kovacs-Biro MJ, Connelly K, Abd-AlHamid F, Wu Y. Preliminary investigation on the human response to patterned chromatic glazing. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2023; 229:109901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Wang J, Lu J, Xu Z, Wang X. When Lights Can Breathe: Investigating the Influences of Breathing Lights on Users' Emotion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13205. [PMID: 36293785 PMCID: PMC9603525 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Light can significantly influence users' physiological and behavioural performance. However, how light breathing influences users' mood regulation remains unknown. To fill this gap, this study conducted a 2-by-2 experiment (N = 20) with light breathing as the between-subject factor and light condition as the within-subject factor. Both physiological indicators and subjective indicators are measured to reflect mood regulation. The data were analysed using a generalised linear mixed model. The results showed that breathing lights are effective in regulating users' moods. More specifically, breathing lights help users lower their electrodermal values and heart rates. Users did not report any significant difference in terms of subjective measures, which suggest that the influence of a breathing light happens unconsciously. Furthermore, this effect is significant for both cold and warm colour temperatures. Designers and engineers can use the research findings to manage user emotion when necessary.
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Danilenko KV. Objective Measures of Immediate “Energizing” Effect of Light: Studies Review and Data Analysis. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:475-496. [PMID: 36278531 PMCID: PMC9589941 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the energizing effect of light has been known since the early years of light therapy, its reliable detection using objective measures is still not well-established. This review aims to ascertain the immediate energizing effect of light and determine its best indicators. Sixty-four articles published before July 2022 were included in the review. The articles described 72 (sub-)studies performed in healthy individuals. Fourteen measures were analyzed. The analysis showed that light causes an energizing effect that can be best documented by measuring core (rectal) body temperature: the proportion of the studies revealing increasing, unchanging, and decreasing rectal temperature was 13/6/1. The second most suitable indicator was heart rate (10/22/1), which showed concordant changes with rectal temperature (a trend, seven mutual studies). There is no evidence from the reviewed articles that oxygen consumption, skin conductance, blood pressure, heart rate variability, non-rectal inner temperature (combined digestive, tympanic, and oral), skin temperature, or cortisol levels can provide light effect detection. Four other measures were found to be unsuitable as well but with less certainty due to the low number of studies (≤3): skin blood flow, noradrenaline, salivary alpha-amylase, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. On the other hand, light exposure had a noticeable effect on sympathetic nerve activity measured using microneurography; however, this measure can be accepted as a marker only tentatively as it was employed in a single study. The analysis took into account three factors—study limitation in design/analysis, use of light in day- or nighttime, and relative brightness of the light stimulus—that were found to significantly influence some of the analyzed variables. The review indicates that the energizing effect of light in humans can be reliably detected using rectal temperature and heart rate.
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Mu YM, Huang XD, Zhu S, Hu ZF, So KF, Ren CR, Tao Q. Alerting effects of light in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1929-1936. [PMID: 35142669 PMCID: PMC8848614 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays an essential role in psychobiological and psychophysiological processes, such as alertness. The alerting effect is influenced by light characteristics and the timing of interventions. This meta-analysis is the first to systematically review the effect of light intervention on alertness and to discuss the optimal protocol for light intervention. In this meta-analysis, registered at PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42020181485), we conducted a systematic search of the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases for studies published in English prior to August 2021. The outcomes included both subjective and objective alertness. Subgroup analyses considered a variety of factors, such as wavelength, correlated color temperature (CCT), light illuminance, and timing of interventions (daytime, night-time, or all day). Twenty-seven crossover studies and two parallel-group studies were included in this meta-analysis, with a total of 1210 healthy participants (636 (52%) male, mean age 25.62 years). The results revealed that light intervention had a positive effect on both subjective alertness (standardized mean difference (SMD) = –0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.49 to –0.06, P = 0.01) and objective alertness in healthy subjects (SMD = –0.34, 95% CI: –0.68 to –0.01, P = 0.04). The subgroup analysis revealed that cold light was better than warm light in improving subjective alertness (SMD = –0.37, 95% CI: –0.65 to –0.10, P = 0.007, I2 = 26%) and objective alertness (SMD = –0.36, 95% CI: –0.66 to –0.07, P = 0.02, I2 = 0). Both daytime (SMD = –0.22, 95% CI: –0.37 to –0.07, P = 0.005, I2 = 74%) and night-time (SMD = –0.32, 95% CI: –0.61 to –0.02, P = 0.04, I2 = 0) light exposure improved subjective alertness. The results of this meta-analysis and systematic review indicate that light exposure is associated with significant improvement in subjective and objective alertness. In addition, light exposure with a higher CCT was more effective in improving alertness than light exposure with a lower CCT. Our results also suggest that both daytime and night-time light exposure can improve subjective alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Man Mu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine; Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sui Zhu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine; Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng-Fang Hu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong Province; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao-Ran Ren
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong Province; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medicine; Division of Medical Psychology and Behavior Science, School of Basic Medicine, Jinan University; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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14
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Babilon S, Myland P, Klabes J, Simon J, Khanh TQ. Study protocol for measuring the impact of (quasi-)monochromatic light on post-awakening cortisol secretion under controlled laboratory conditions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267659. [PMID: 35584105 PMCID: PMC9116651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol secretion has a fundamental role in human circadian regulation. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) can be observed as a daily recurring sharp increase in cortisol concentration within the first hour after awakening and is influenced by environmental light conditions. The current work provides the study protocol for an ongoing research project that is intended to explore the spectral dependencies and to discuss measures of emotional state and cognitive functioning potentially related to the CAR. Based on a controlled within-subjects sleep laboratory study, the impact of a two-hour, (quasi-)monochromatic, post-awakening light exposure of different peak wavelength (applied from 6:00 to 8:00 am) on resulting CAR levels should be investigated in a systematic manner to eventually derive a corresponding spectral sensitivity model. As a secondary outcome, it should be explored whether a potentially light-enhanced cortisol secretion might also impact different measures of sleepiness, mood, and vigilance for certain wavelengths. The study protocol described in the present work discusses the various protocol steps using pilot data collected for two different wavelength settings (i.e., short-wavelength blue-light at λmax = 476 nm and long-wavelength red-light at λmax = 649 nm) experienced by a group of four healthy male adults at an average ± SD age of 25.25 ± 3.59 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Babilon
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Light and Health Research Center, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Paul Myland
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julian Klabes
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Joel Simon
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tran Quoc Khanh
- Laboratory of Lighting Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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15
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16
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Design and Implementation of an IoT-Based Smart Classroom Incubator. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ambient conditions influence human health, emotions, and mental power. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted in different disciplines on the measurement and control of ambient conditions in classrooms. Moreover, a number of studies identify some physical and mental performances of students simultaneously or for informative purposes by utilizing various hardware and software. However, these studies did not consider automatic control processes and individuality in fulfilling classroom ambient conditions, which influence students’ behavior. This study aims to reduce the adverse impacts of environmental factors on learning and control more necessary physical parameters with higher accuracy using the latest technology and methods. Thus, a new smart classroom incubator (SCI) algorithm, including hardware, software, and experimental studies, in which individual differences could be considered even in the same classroom environment, and its implementation were presented. The system enables access and monitoring of data wherever there is Internet connection. Moreover, it was designed based on IoT because it allows for data transfer over web services or data-dependent operations. All the necessary equipment was placed in the classroom without affecting the learning environment and distracting the class. Cronbach’s α coefficient, which indicates the reliability of the implemented model, was 0.891.
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17
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Siraji MA, Kalavally V, Schaefer A, Haque S. Effects of Daytime Electric Light Exposure on Human Alertness and Higher Cognitive Functions: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 12:765750. [PMID: 35069337 PMCID: PMC8766646 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.765750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a systematic review conducted on articles examining the effects of daytime electric light exposure on alertness and higher cognitive functions. For this, we selected 59 quantitative research articles from 11 online databases. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020157603). The results showed that both short-wavelength dominant light exposure and higher intensity white light exposure induced alertness. However, those influences depended on factors like the participants' homeostatic sleep drive and the time of day the participants received the light exposure. The relationship between light exposure and higher cognitive functions was not as straightforward as the alerting effect. The optimal light property for higher cognitive functions was reported dependent on other factors, such as task complexity and properties of control light. Among the studies with short-wavelength dominant light exposure, ten studies (morning: 3; afternoon: 7) reported beneficial effects on simple task performances (reaction time), and four studies (morning: 3; afternoon: 1) on complex task performances. Four studies with higher intensity white light exposure (morning: 3; afternoon: 1) reported beneficial effects on simple task performance and nine studies (morning: 5; afternoon: 4) on complex task performance. Short-wavelength dominant light exposure with higher light intensity induced a beneficial effect on alertness and simple task performances. However, those effects did not hold for complex task performances. The results indicate the need for further studies to understand the influence of short-wavelength dominant light exposure with higher illuminance on alertness and higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiqul Anwar Siraji
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Vineetha Kalavally
- Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Alexandre Schaefer
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Haque
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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18
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Processing RGB Color Sensors for Measuring the Circadian Stimulus of Artificial and Daylight Light Sources. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The three main tasks of modern lighting design are to support the visual performance, satisfy color emotion (color quality), and promote positive non-visual outcomes. In view of large-scale applications, the use of simple and inexpensive RGB color sensors to monitor related visual and non-visual illumination parameters seems to be of great promise for the future development of human-centered lighting control systems. In this context, the present work proposes a new methodology to assess the circadian effectiveness of the prevalent lighting conditions for daylight and artificial light sources in terms of the physiologically relevant circadian stimulus (CS) metric using such color sensors. In the case of daylight, the raw sensor readouts were processed in such a way that the CIE daylight model can be applied as an intermediate step to estimate its spectral composition, from which CS can eventually be calculated straightforwardly. Maximal CS prediction errors of less than 0.0025 were observed when tested on real data. For artificial light sources, on the other hand, the CS approximation method of Truong et al. was applied to estimate its circadian effectiveness from the sensor readouts. In this case, a maximal CS prediction error of 0.028 must be reported, which is considerably larger compared to daylight, but still in an acceptable range for typical indoor lighting applications. The use of RGB color sensors is thus shown to be suitable for estimating the circadian effectiveness of both types of illumination with sufficient accuracy for practical applications.
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19
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Evaluation of Changes in Psychophysical Performance during the Afternoon Drop off in Work Capacity after the Exposure to Specific Color of Light. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to define whether changes in psychophysical performance will occur after the exposure to light of a specific color during the early afternoon decrease in work capacity. The evaluation of psychophysical performance was carried out on a group of 50 subjects using the following tools: Grandjean Scale, Attention and Perceptiveness Test (TUS), and GONOGO test. The study was performed for exposure to reference light, white light enriched by blue light (WBL), and white light enriched by red light (WRL). The analysis of psychophysical performance results indicates the positive influence of a specific color of light on different factors of psychophysical performance. Exposure to WRL among participants from the 22–34 subgroup contributed to an increase in the number of correct tests and the speed of work as well as a decrease in the number of mistakes, less boredom, and higher performance. The exposure to WBL among participants from the 55+ subgroup decreased the number of mistakes and reduced the response time. The results are consistent with the outcomes of previous research carried out on an international level, confirming that blue and red light are effective at increasing psychophysical performance. It was demonstrated that the psychophysical performance increases also when blue or red light is a significant component in the spectrum of white light.
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20
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Luo X, Ru T, Chen Q, Hsiao FC, Hung CS, Yang CM, Zhou G. Temporal Dynamics of Subjective and Objective Alertness During Exposure to Bright Light in the Afternoon for 5 h. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771605. [PMID: 34950050 PMCID: PMC8691749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can induce an alertness response in humans. The effects of exposure to bright light vs. dim light on the levels of alertness during the day, especially in the afternoon, as reported in the literature, are inconsistent. This study employed a multiple measurement strategy to explore the temporal variations in the effects of exposure to bright light vs. regular office light (1,200 lx vs. 200 lx at eye level, 6,500 K) on the alertness of participants for 5 h in the afternoon. In this study, 20 healthy adults (11 female; mean age 23.25 ± 2.3 years) underwent the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), the auditory psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and the waking electroencephalogram (EEG) test for two levels of light intervention. The results yielded a relatively lower relative delta power and a relatively higher beta power for the 1,200 lx condition in comparison with the 200 lx condition. However, the light conditions elicited no statistically significant differences in the KSS scores and performance with respect to the PVT. The results suggested that exposure to bright light for 5 h in the afternoon could enhance physiological arousal while exerting insignificant effects on subjective feelings and performance abilities relating to the alertness of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taotao Ru
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwei Chen
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Chi Hsiao
- Department of Counseling and Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.,The Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Lab of Light and Physiopsychological Health, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Normal University, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Golmohammadi R, Yousefi H, Safarpour Khotbesara N, Nasrolahi A, Kurd N. Effects of Light on Attention and Reaction Time: A Systematic Review. J Res Health Sci 2021; 21:e00529. [PMID: 36511225 PMCID: PMC8957666 DOI: 10.34172/jrhs.2021.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accuracy, speed, efficiency, and applicability of activities in the workplace are among the most important effective factors on people's productivity, which is in turn affected by environmental factors, such as light. Therefore, the present research aimed to review the studies performed about the effects of light on attention and reaction time. METHODS This review study systematically searched articles from 2000-2019 in databases of Google Scholar, ISC, SID, Magiran, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus using keywords of light, lighting, attention, and reaction time. The titles and abstracts of articles containing relevant results over the past 20 years were extracted. Thereafter, they were categorized and analyzed according to the title, author name, publication year, study method, study type, and evaluation results. RESULTS Based on the results, the light with shorter wavelengths, higher intensity, and higher color temperature led to suppressed melatonin, higher consciousness, less somnolence, increased attention, and faster reaction time. Simultaneous exposure to harmful levels of environmental factors affects cognitive and physiological parameters, acting independently with a separate mechanism or synergistically with a similar mechanism. The best light in the regulation of psychological, biological, and cognitive processes is bright daylight in the morning with a short wavelength, high intensity, and more lasting effects. CONCLUSION As evidenced by the obtained results, light is a powerful modulator of non-visual performance in cognitive tasks. The wavelength, color temperature, and light intensity modulate brain responses to cognitive tasks, including attention and reaction time. Therefore, these parameters, along with personal and environmental factors, should be considered in designing and using light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostam Golmohammadi
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Yousefi
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Negar Safarpour Khotbesara
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Nasrolahi
- Research Center for Prevention of Psychosocial Injuries, Ilam University of medical science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Nematullah Kurd
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
,Correspondence: Nematullah Kurd (MSc) Tel: +98 918 3354890 E-mail:
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Song Y, Lv X, Qin W, Dang W, Chen Z, Nie J, Liu B, Dong W. The Effect of Blue-enriched White Light on Cognitive Performances and Sleepiness of Simulated Shift Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:752-759. [PMID: 33901161 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shift work is associated with reduced performance and efficiency, the current study aimed at investigating whether blue-enriched white light could improve workers' performance. METHODS The study, which adopted a randomized controlled trial, was conducted among 48 simulated shift workers. The participants performed sustained attention task, working memory task, and sleepiness task during night shift work. The data was analyzed using two-way repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS The results indicated that, compared to conventional light, participants' correct responses of the sustained attention significantly increased when they were exposed to blue-enriched white light, correspondingly, the commission errors and omission errors declined. Furthermore, the blue-enriched white light had a significant effect on the decrease of sleepiness. However, the working memory was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION Exposing to blue-enriched white light can improve sustained attention and reduce sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Song
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Institute of Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China (Song, Dang, Dong); National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China (Song, Dang, Dong); School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, PR China (Xinrui, Qin, Liu); School of Physics, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China (Chen, Nie)
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23
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Danilenko KV, Kobelev E, Zhanaeva SY, Aftanas LI. Winter-summer difference in post-awakening salivary α-amylase and sleepiness depending on sleep and melatonin. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113549. [PMID: 34371023 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Winter and summer seasons are contrasted by light/dark conditions at temperate latitudes, and the negative influence of this contrast on circadian health is yet to be quantified. This field study (performed in Novosibirsk, 55°N, no daylight saving time transitions) aimed to compare post-awakening arousal state in summer and winter in subjects (N=45) on a fixed 5-workday schedule (waken up by alarm at either ∼6 am or ∼7 am). Their circadian status (by 24-h melatonin profiles) and sleep (by log data) have been previously reported. Salivary α-amylase levels (a biomarker of the sympathetic nervous system activity, or stress) and subjective sleepiness were measured immediately after awakening on Friday, at minute 0 (supine), 10, 20, and 30 (not supine). α-Amylase levels were found to be higher in winter, along with a blunted α-amylase awakening response (AAR; a decline from minute 0 to minute 10 value). Both effects were attributable mainly to the 7am group. Sleepiness levels also increased in winter, mainly due to the seasonally dependent subjects, and predictably associated with shorter, later sleep, and later melatonin circadian phase. The sleepiness and α-amylase changes did not correlate. The seasonal change in α-amylase was positively associated with the change in the amount of melatonin secreted, probably reflecting the parallelism in the noradrenergic neural control of both α-amylase and melatonin secretion. Together, higher post-awakening salivary α-amylase levels (indicating stress) and subjective sleepiness levels (indicating greater sleep need) in winter compared to summer point to a less healthy state in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgenii Kobelev
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Timakova 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Svetlana Y Zhanaeva
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Timakova 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Lyubomir I Aftanas
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Timakova 4, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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24
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Lou L, Arumugam B, Hung LF, She Z, Beach KM, Smith EL, Ostrin LA. Long-Term Narrowband Lighting Influences Activity but Not Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell-Driven Pupil Responses. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711525. [PMID: 34393828 PMCID: PMC8358670 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Light affects a variety of non-image forming processes, such as circadian rhythm entrainment and the pupillary light reflex, which are mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of long- and short-wavelength ambient lighting on activity patterns and pupil responses in rhesus monkeys. Methods: Infant rhesus monkeys were reared under either broadband "white" light (n = 14), long-wavelength "red" light (n = 20; 630 nm), or short-wavelength "blue" light (n = 21; 465 nm) on a 12-h light/dark cycle starting at 24.1 ± 2.6 days of age. Activity was measured for the first 4 months of the experimental period using a Fitbit activity tracking device and quantified as average step counts during the daytime (lights-on) and nighttime (lights-off) periods. Pupil responses to 1 s red (651 nm) and blue (456 nm) stimuli were measured after approximately 8 months. Pupil metrics included maximum constriction and the 6 s post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). Results: Activity during the lights-on period increased with age during the first 10 weeks (p < 0.001 for all) and was not significantly different for monkeys reared in white, red, or blue light (p = 0.07). Activity during the 12-h lights-off period was significantly greater for monkeys reared in blue light compared to those in white light (p = 0.02), but not compared to those in red light (p = 0.08). However, blue light reared monkeys exhibited significantly lower activity compared to both white and red light reared monkeys during the first hour of the lights-off period (p = 0.01 for both) and greater activity during the final hour of the lights-off period (p < 0.001 for both). Maximum pupil constriction and the 6 s PIPR to 1 s red and blue stimuli were not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Findings suggest that long-term exposure to 12-h narrowband blue light results in greater disruption in nighttime behavioral patterns compared to narrowband red light. Normal pupil responses measured later in the rearing period suggest that ipRGCs adapt after long-term exposure to narrowband lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjiang Lou
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Baskar Arumugam
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li-Fang Hung
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhihui She
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Krista M. Beach
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa A. Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Measurement of Circadian Effectiveness in Lighting for Office Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As one factor among others, circadian effectiveness depends on the spatial light distribution of the prevalent lighting conditions. In a typical office context focusing on computer work, the light that is experienced by the office workers is usually composed of a direct component emitted by the room luminaires and the computer monitors as well as by an indirect component reflected from the walls, surfaces, and ceiling. Due to this multi-directional light pattern, spatially resolved light measurements are required for an adequate prediction of non-visual light-induced effects. In this work, we therefore propose a novel methodological framework for spatially resolved light measurements that allows for an estimate of the circadian effectiveness of a lighting situation for variable field of view (FOV) definitions. Results of exemplary in-field office light measurements are reported and compared to those obtained from standard spectral radiometry to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach. The corresponding relative error is found to be of the order of 3–6%, which denotes an acceptable range for most practical applications. In addition, the impact of different FOVs as well as non-zero measurement angles will be investigated.
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Stefani O, Freyburger M, Veitz S, Basishvili T, Meyer M, Weibel J, Kobayashi K, Shirakawa Y, Cajochen C. Changing color and intensity of LED lighting across the day impacts on circadian melatonin rhythms and sleep in healthy men. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12714. [PMID: 33378563 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether dynamically changing light across a scheduled 16-h waking day influences sleepiness, cognitive performance, visual comfort, melatonin secretion, and sleep under controlled laboratory conditions in healthy men. Fourteen participants underwent a 49-h laboratory protocol in a repeated-measures study design. They spent the first 5 hours in the evening under standard lighting, followed by an 8-h nocturnal sleep episode at habitual bedtimes. Thereafter, volunteers either woke up to static light or to a dynamic light that changed spectrum and intensity across the scheduled 16-h waking day. Following an 8-h nocturnal sleep episode, the volunteers spent another 11 hours either under static or dynamic light. Static light attenuated the evening rise in melatonin levels more compared to dynamic light as indexed by a significant reduction in the melatonin AUC prior to bedtime during static light only. Participants felt less vigilant in the evening during dynamic light. After dynamic light, sleep latency was significantly shorter in both the baseline and treatment night while sleep structure, sleep quality, cognitive performance, and visual comfort did not significantly differ. The study shows that dynamic changes in spectrum and intensity of light promote melatonin secretion and sleep initiation in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marlène Freyburger
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Veitz
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Basishvili
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Tengiz Oniani Laboratory of Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle Study, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Martin Meyer
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janine Weibel
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kumpei Kobayashi
- Development and Engineering Department, Toshiba Materials Co. Ltd, Yokohama-City, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Development and Engineering Department, Toshiba Materials Co. Ltd, Yokohama-City, Japan
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Bell KR, Fogelberg D, Barber J, Nakase-Richardson R, Zumsteg JM, Dubiel R, Dams-O'Connor K, Hoffman JM. The effect of phototherapy on sleep during acute rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Brain Inj 2021; 35:180-188. [PMID: 33459040 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1871952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the impact of bright white light (BWL) exposure on sleep quality in persons with recent traumatic brain injury (TBI).Design: Randomized, controlled device-sham studySetting: 3 TBI Model System inpatient rehabilitation unitsParticipants: 131 participants (mean 40.9 years, 68% male)Intervention: Intervention group (N = 65) received BWL (1260 lux at 20 inches, 440-480 nanometers length) for 30 minutes each morning at 12-24 inches from the face. Control group (N = 66) received red light (<450 lux, no light between 440 and 480 nanometers) for the same period. Planned intervention was maximum of 10 treatments or until discharge.Main Outcome Measure: Sleep duration and quality using actigraphic recording.Results: There were no differences found between groups on the primary outcomes nor on the secondary outcomes (sleepiness, mood, cooperation with therapy).Conclusion: BWL treatment during acute rehabilitation hospitalization does not appear to impact sleep or measures commonly associated with sleep. While studies have indicated common complaints of sleep difficulties after TBI, we were unable to document an effect for phototherapy as a treatment. With growing evidence of the effect of sleep on neural repair and cognition, further study is needed to understand the nature and treatment of sleep disorders after TBI.Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02214212.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bell
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas , USA
| | - Donald Fogelberg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Jason Barber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Risa Nakase-Richardson
- MHBS/Polytrauma, Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital; Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zumsteg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington , USA
| | - Rosemary Dubiel
- Baylor Scott and White Institute for Rehabilitation, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen Dams-O'Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeanne M Hoffman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington , USA
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Figueiro MG, Pedler D. Red light: A novel, non-pharmacological intervention to promote alertness in shift workers. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 74:169-177. [PMID: 32951780 PMCID: PMC8059068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Night work requires inversion of the natural, diurnal human activity-rest cycle and is associated with decreased alertness and some measures of performance, reduced safety, adverse health effects, and chronic disruption of the melatonin cycle that has been associated with increased risk for several major diseases. Previous studies show that red light exposures at night can promote alertness and improve performance while not negatively affecting melatonin secretion. METHOD This ongoing crossover, mixed (within- and between-subjects) design field study is testing the efficacy and acceptance of red light delivered to day-shift and night-shift workers using personal light glasses while they are at work. Each participant experienced three lighting interventions at the eyes: red light (50 lx, 630 nm, the treatment intervention), blue light (50 lx, 460 nm, the positive control intervention), and dim white light (10 lx, 3,000 K, the placebo control). During the interventions, participants underwent visual performance testing, submitted salivary melatonin and cortisol samples, and provided subjective reports of sleepiness, sleep disturbance, and general health over the 20-week protocol. Due to the ongoing nature of the study, only the performance and subjective reports are presented here. RESULTS Preliminary results indicate that response times were improved by the red and blue interventions, but not accuracy and hit rates. Blue light was associated with improvements to self-reported sleep disturbances compared to dim light. CONCLUSIONS These field results partially support our laboratory results that showed a positive effect of red light for promoting alertness and certain performance outcomes during the day and at night. Practical Applications: Red light may be used to improve response times in shift workers. Continued research will elucidate the lighting interventions' effects on melatonin and objective sleep measures (actigraphy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12280, United States.
| | - David Pedler
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12280, United States
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29
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Effects of light transitions on measures of alertness, arousal and comfort. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112999. [PMID: 32540333 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the onset, persistence, and symmetry of effects of lighting transitions on humans is relevant when designing dynamic lighting scenarios and, additionally, can shed light on the dominance of underlying mechanisms. We examined temporal trajectories in measures of alertness, arousal and comfort after abrupt lighting transitions that were created using two strongly contrasting light conditions (warm, dim lighting vs. cool, bright lighting). In this controlled within-subjects experiment, thirtyeight healthy subjects participated in four separate sessions of 90 min. Subjective experiences (alertness, comfort and mood) and objective measures of vigilance (PVT performance), arousal (HR, HRV, SCL), and thermoregulation (skin temperature and DPG) were studied. The comparison of the temporal trajectories following the transition in light for the different variables indicates a complex interplay of underlying physiological and psychological processes driving these effects.
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Münch M, Wirz-Justice A, Brown SA, Kantermann T, Martiny K, Stefani O, Vetter C, Wright KP, Wulff K, Skene DJ. The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:61-85. [PMID: 33089192 PMCID: PMC7445840 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology. What are the consequences of living in industrialised urban areas with much less daylight and more use of electric light, throughout the day (and at night), on general health and quality of life? In this workshop report, we have classified key gaps of knowledge in daylight research into three main groups: (I) uncertainty as to daylight quantity and quality needed for "optimal" physiological and psychological functioning, (II) lack of consensus on practical measurement and assessment methods and tools for monitoring real (day) light exposure across multiple time scales, and (III) insufficient integration and exchange of daylight knowledge bases from different disciplines. Crucial short and long-term objectives to fill these gaps are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Faculty for Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), 45141 Essen, Germany;
- SynOpus, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
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31
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Faraut B, Andrillon T, Drogou C, Gauriau C, Dubois A, Servonnet A, Van Beers P, Guillard M, Gomez-Merino D, Sauvet F, Chennaoui M, Léger D. Daytime Exposure to Blue-Enriched Light Counters the Effects of Sleep Restriction on Cortisol, Testosterone, Alpha-Amylase and Executive Processes. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1366. [PMID: 31998056 PMCID: PMC6961531 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep debt is becoming a better acknowledged cause of physiological stress and neurobehavioral deficits with major public-health concerns. We investigated whether exposure to blue light during daytime could be an efficient countermeasure to limit sleep restriction’s impact on relevant behavioral (stress, sleepiness, sustained attention, and memory performance) and physiological (saliva cortisol, testosterone, and alpha-amylase) markers. Our semi-ecological, crossover, randomized design included 17 young men that underwent two sleep-restricted nights (3 h each) followed or not by blue light exposure (30-min-long sessions at 100 lux repeated four times throughout the day). Behavioral and physiological measurements were performed in the lab but outside these periods the participants kept following their usual routine. After sleep restriction, morning cortisol and testosterone, and afternoon alpha-amylase levels decreased. In parallel, subjective ratings of stress and sleepiness increased while performance on the sustained attention and memory tasks deteriorated. In contrast, after periods of blue light exposure, all these parameters were largely restored to baseline levels, despite an identical sleep restriction procedure, although this restorative effect was reduced for the memory task. Our findings suggest that even short exposure to blue light could trigger persistent beneficial effects throughout the day and could be potentially efficient in real-life settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Faraut
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Hôtel-Dieu, APHP-5, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Andrillon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Drogou
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Caroline Gauriau
- Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Hôtel-Dieu, APHP-5, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Dubois
- Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Hôtel-Dieu, APHP-5, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Servonnet
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Pascal Van Beers
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Mathias Guillard
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, IRBA - Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Damien Léger
- EA 7330 VIFASOM (Vigilance Fatigue Sommeil et Santé Publique), Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Consultation de Pathologie Professionnelle Sommeil Vigilance et Travail, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, Hôtel-Dieu, APHP-5, Paris, France
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32
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Sahin L, Figueiro MG. Flickering Red-Light Stimulus for Promoting Coherent 40 Hz Neural Oscillation: A Feasibility Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:911-921. [PMID: 32390635 PMCID: PMC8083946 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coherent 40 Hz (gamma) neural oscillation indicates healthy brain activity and is known to be disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. 40 Hz entrainment by flickering light is known to significantly attenuate AD pathology in mice. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the feasibility of using a lighting intervention to promote coherent 40 Hz neural oscillation, improved working memory performance, and reduced subjective sleepiness among a population of healthy young adults. If successful, the intervention could be extended to address cognitive impairment associated with mild cognitive impairment and AD. METHODS Nine healthy participants (median age 22 years, five females) were exposed to one of two lighting conditions per session in a within-subjects counterbalanced manner. The study's two sessions were separated by 1 week. Custom-built light masks provided either a 40 Hz flickering red light (FRL) intervention or a dark control condition (i.e., total darkness, light mask not energized) at participants' eyes. Data were collected four times per session: pre-exposure, after 25-min exposure, after 50-min exposure, and post-exposure. Each data collection period included a Karolinska Sleepiness Scale report, an electroencephalogram, and working memory (n-back) auditory performance testing. RESULTS The FRL intervention induced a significant increase in 40 Hz power and a modest increase in low gamma power. The intervention had no significant impact on working memory performance and subjective sleepiness compared to the control. However, increases in 40 Hz power were significantly correlated with reduced subjective sleepiness. CONCLUSION The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using a flickering light to increase 40 Hz power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Sahin
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mariana G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Chen S, Liu C. Chronic exposure to green light aggravates high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in male mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 178:94-104. [PMID: 30999185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Light is involved in many critical physiological or biochemical processes of human beings, such as visual sensing and the production of vitamin D. Recent studies have showed that the lights of different wavelengths have a profound influence in life activities. For example, blue light promotes alertness, whereas green light (GL) induces sleep in mice. On the other hand, metabolic homeostasis is regulated by a variety of factors, including dietary habits and light exposure. Our study aims to study whether certain wavelength of light would affect metabolic status of mice. Mice were divided into normal diet-fed group and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed group, and then exposed to various colors of the light. Physiological parameters, such as body weight, food intake and water drinking were regularly measured. Glucose tolerance test and pyruvate tolerance test were simultaneously performed. After mice were humanely sacrificed, liver histology and serologic analysis were performed for detecting lipid levels. We found that GL group showed obvious glucose intolerance and increased levels of serum and liver lipid contents compared to white light group. Meanwhile, the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes were almost down-regulated in liver. Furthermore, melatonin receptor-1b and thyroid hormone receptor-β expression levels were significantly lowered in liver of GL-treated obese mice, suggesting that these hormone pathways may mediate the changes of lipid metabolism. Our data indicate that GL has a detrimental effect on the energy metabolism and aggravates HFD-induced obesity in mice. In addition to malnutrition, the colors of the lights also have a profound influence in the metabolic homeostasis and should be taken into consideration in the therapy of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Yanchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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ASKARIPOOR T, MOTAMEDZADE M, GOLMOHAMMADI R, FARHADIAN M, BABAMIRI M, SAMAVATI M. Effects of light intervention on alertness and mental performance during the post-lunch dip: a multi-measure study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2019; 57:511-524. [PMID: 30369519 PMCID: PMC6685797 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2018-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting sleepiness and fatigue during the post-lunch dip by environmental factors may result in a decrease in human errors and accidents, and enhance job performance. Recent studies have shown that both red white light as well as blue white light can have a positive effect on human alertness and mental functioning. In the present study, the light intervention was evaluated for its effectiveness on alleviating the post-lunch dip. Twenty healthy volunteers experienced 117 min of four light conditions preceded by a 13-min initial dim light while performing a continuous performance test (CPT) and undergoing recording of the electroencephalogram (EEG): blue-enriched white light (12,000 K, 500 lx, BWL), red saturated white light (2,700 K, 500 lx, RWL), normal white light (4,000 K, 500 lx, NWL), and dim light (<5 lx, DL) conditions. Other outcome measures were subjective sleepiness, mood, and performance tests (working memory, divided attention, and inhibitory capacity). We found that exposure to both BWL and RWL conditions decreased the lower alpha-band power compared to the NWL and DL conditions. No significant differences were observed in subjective sleepiness and mental performance during sustained attention, working memory, and inhibitory capacity tasks between NWL, RWL, and BWL conditions. The present findings suggest that both RWL and BWL, compared to NWL condition, can improve the physiological correlates of alertness in EEG measurements. However, these changes did not translate to improvements in task performance and subjective alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taleb ASKARIPOOR
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health,
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Majid MOTAMEDZADE
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Hamadan
University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Rostam GOLMOHAMMADI
- Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, School of
Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical
Science, Iran
| | - Maryam FARHADIAN
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and
Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad BABAMIRI
- Department of Ergonomics, School of Public Health, Hamadan
University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mehdi SAMAVATI
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering
& Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Iran
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35
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Lok R, van Koningsveld MJ, Gordijn MCM, Beersma DGM, Hut RA. Daytime melatonin and light independently affect human alertness and body temperature. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12583. [PMID: 31033013 PMCID: PMC6767594 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Light significantly improves alertness during the night (Cajochen, Sleep Med Rev, 11, 2007 and 453; Ruger et al., AJP Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 290, 2005 and R1413), but results are less conclusive at daytime (Lok et al., J Biol Rhythms, 33, 2018 and 589). Melatonin and core body temperature levels at those times of day may contribute to differences in alerting effects of light. In this experiment, the combined effect of daytime exogenous melatonin administration and light intensity on alertness, body temperature, and skin temperature was studied. The goal was to assess whether (a) alerting effects of light are melatonin dependent, (b) soporific effects of melatonin are mediated via the thermoregulatory system, and (c) light can improve alertness after melatonin-induced sleepiness during daytime. 10 subjects (5 females, 5 males) received melatonin (5 mg) in dim (10 lux) and, on a separate occasion, in bright polychromatic white light (2000 lux). In addition, they received placebo both under dim and bright light conditions. Subjects participated in all four conditions in a balanced order, yielding a balanced within-subject design, lasting from noon to 04:00 pm. Alertness and performance were assessed half hourly, while body temperature and skin temperature were measured continuously. Saliva samples to detect melatonin concentrations were collected half hourly. Melatonin administration increased melatonin concentrations in all subjects. Subjective sleepiness and distal skin temperature increased after melatonin ingestion. Bright light exposure after melatonin administration did not change subjective alertness scores, but body temperature and proximal skin temperature increased, while distal skin temperature decreased. Light exposure did not significantly affect these parameters in the placebo condition. These results indicate that (a) exogenous melatonin administration during daytime increases subjective sleepiness, confirming a role for melatonin in sleepiness regulation, (b) bright light exposure after melatonin ingestion significantly affected thermoregulatory parameters without altering subjective sleepiness, therefore temperature changes seem nonessential for melatonin-induced sleepiness, (c) subjective sleepiness was increased by melatonin ingestion, but bright light administration was not able to improve melatonin-induced sleepiness feelings nor performance. Other (physiological) factors may therefore contribute to differences in alerting effects of light during daytime and nighttime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Minke J. van Koningsveld
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke C. M. Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Chrono@WorkGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Domien G. M. Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roelof A. Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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36
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de Zeeuw J, Papakonstantinou A, Nowozin C, Stotz S, Zaleska M, Hädel S, Bes F, Münch M, Kunz D. Living in Biological Darkness: Objective Sleepiness and the Pupillary Light Responses Are Affected by Different Metameric Lighting Conditions during Daytime. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:410-431. [PMID: 31156018 PMCID: PMC6637815 DOI: 10.1177/0748730419847845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nighttime melatonin suppression is the most commonly used method to indirectly quantify acute nonvisual light effects. Since light is the principal zeitgeber in humans, there is a need to assess its strength during daytime as well. This is especially important since humans evolved under natural daylight but now often spend their time indoors under artificial light, resulting in a different quality and quantity of light. We tested whether the pupillary light response (PLR) could be used as a marker for nonvisual light effects during daytime. We also recorded the wake electroencephalogram to objectively determine changes in daytime sleepiness between different illuminance levels and/or spectral compositions of light. In total, 72 participants visited the laboratory 4 times for 3-h light exposures. All participants underwent a dim-light condition and either 3 metameric daytime light exposures with different spectral compositions of polychromatic white light (100 photopic lux, peak wavelengths at 435 nm or 480 nm, enriched with longer wavelengths of light) or 3 different illuminances (200, 600, and 1200 photopic lux) with 1 metameric lighting condition (peak wavelength at 435 nm or 480 nm; 24 participants each). The results show that the PLR was sensitive to both spectral differences between metameric lighting conditions and different illuminances in a dose-responsive manner, depending on melanopic irradiance. Objective sleepiness was significantly reduced, depending on melanopic irradiance, at low illuminance (100 lux) and showed fewer differences at higher illuminance. Since many people are exposed to such low illuminance for most of their day—living in biological darkness—our results imply that optimizing the light spectrum could be important to improve daytime alertness. Our results suggest the PLR as a noninvasive physiological marker for ambient light exposure effects during daytime. These findings may be applied to assess light-dependent zeitgeber strength and evaluate lighting improvements at workplaces, schools, hospitals, and homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Zeeuw
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,Intellux GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Papakonstantinou
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | - Claudia Nowozin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | - Sophia Stotz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | | | - Sven Hädel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology
| | - Frederik Bes
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
| | - Mirjam Münch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Laboratory of Chronobiology.,Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dieter Kunz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Physiology, Sleep Research & Clinical Chronobiology.,Intellux GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,St. Hedwig-Hospital, Clinic for Sleep & Chronomedicine, Berlin
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37
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Impact of Building Design Parameters on Daylighting Metrics Using an Analysis, Prediction, and Optimization Approach Based on Statistical Learning Technique. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11051474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Daylighting metrics are used to predict the daylight availability within a building and assess the performance of a fenestration solution. In this process, building design parameters are inseparable from these metrics; therefore, we need to know which parameters are truly important and how they impact performance. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between building design attributes and existing daylighting metrics based on a new methodology we are proposing. This methodology involves statistical learning. It is an emerging methodology that helps us to analyze a large quantity of output data and the impact of a large number of design variables. In particular, we can use these statistical methodologies to analyze which features are important, which ones are not, and the type of relationships they have. Using these techniques, statistical models may be created to predict daylighting metric values for different building types and design solutions. In this article we will outline how this methodology works, and analyze the building design features that have the strongest impact on daylighting performance.
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38
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Łaszewska K, Goroncy A, Weber P, Pracki T, Tafil-Klawe M. Influence of the Spectral Quality of Light on Daytime Alertness Levels in Humans. Adv Cogn Psychol 2018; 14:192-208. [PMID: 32509040 PMCID: PMC7263078 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to light is very important for human health. However, the characteristics of the light stimulus and the appropriate timing of such exposure are essential. Studies that have used monochromatic light exposure have shown no systematic patterns for the effects of blue light compared to longer wavelengths. Previous studies have shown that red light exposure increases objective and subjective measures of alertness at night without suppressing nocturnal melatonin or inducing circadian disruption. The present study investigated whether noon time exposure to red light would increase both objective and subjective measures of alertness such as those measured by EEG, cognitive-behavioral performance, and subjective sleepiness. The three lighting conditions were as follows: dim light (< 0.01 lux at cornea), blue light (465 nm, 72 μW/cm2), and red light (625 nm, 18 μW/cm2), both at 40 lux. The results of the EEG data showed an increase in theta power over time in dim light only. In red light, alpha power showed a decrease over time. The impact of red light was observed in the performance measures: The only significant effect was a deterioration in the continuous performance test after red light exposure. Subjective measures of alertness were not affected by light in either condition, in contrast to darkness, when subjects reported greater sleepiness than before. None of the changes in objective measures of alertness induced by red light exposure translated into subjective sleepiness at noon. Thus, we concluded that behavioral effects of light at noon are very limited at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Łaszewska
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Fosa Staromiejska 1a, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goroncy
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nicolaus CopernicusUniversity, Chopina 12/18, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Weber
- Atomic and Optical Physics Division, Department of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics andMathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80- 233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Pracki
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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39
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Kazemi R, Choobineh A, Taheri S, Rastipishe P. Comparing task performance, visual comfort and alertness under different lighting sources: an experimental study. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:1018-1029. [PMID: 30564081 PMCID: PMC6295624 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the effects of different light sources - namely light-emitting diode (LED), compact fluorescent (FLcomp) and fluorescent with warm color temperature (FLwarm) and cool color temperature (FLcool) - on the performances, alertness, visual comfort level and preferences in a pilot study. A laboratory controlled experiment was conducted by focusing on 20 postgraduate students who volunteered to participate in a series of tests under four different light sources. "GO NO GO" task and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) were employed to assess objective and subjective alertness, while modified OLS questionnaire was used to gauge comfort level and preferences. In addition, editing and typing tasks were carried out as a performance evaluation. Significant increase was observed in subjective and objective alertness level under FLcool condition and LED in comparison to FLwarm and FLcomp (p < 0.05). In terms of typing performances, respondents performed significantly better with regard to typing speed under FLcool than FLwarm and FLcomp. The lowest number of typing errors was made under FLcool, followed by LED, FLcomp and FLwarm. LED was the most preferred (p=0.001) and most comfortable (p=0.011) lighting condition. The study concludes that the FLcool and LED were more beneficial for alertness level and performance for both computer-based and paper-based activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kazemi
- Research Center for Health Science, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Choobineh
- Research Center for Health Science, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shirin Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Rastipishe
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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40
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Raikes AC, Killgore WDS. Potential for the development of light therapies in mild traumatic brain injury. Concussion 2018; 3:CNC57. [PMID: 30370058 PMCID: PMC6199671 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light affects almost all aspects of human physiological functioning, including circadian rhythms, sleep-wake regulation, alertness, cognition and mood. We review the existing relevant literature on the effects of various wavelengths of light on these major domains, particularly as they pertain to recovery from mild traumatic brain injuries. Evidence suggests that light, particularly in the blue wavelengths, has powerful alerting, cognitive and circadian phase shifting properties that could be useful for treatment. Other wavelengths, such as red and green may also have important effects that, if targeted appropriately, might also be useful for facilitating recovery. Despite the known effects of light, more research is needed. We recommend a personalized medicine approach to the use of light therapy as an adjunctive treatment for patients recovering from mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Raikes
- Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- ORCID: 0000-0002-1609-6727
| | - William DS Killgore
- Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- ORCID: 0000-0002-5328-0208
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41
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Xu Q, Lang CP. Revisiting the alerting effect of light: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 41:39-49. [PMID: 29398582 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Light plays an essential role in maintaining alertness levels. Like other non-image-forming responses, the alerting effect of light is influenced by its spectral wavelength, duration and intensity. Alertness levels are also dependent on circadian rhythm (process C) and homeostatic sleep pressure (process S), consistent with the classic two-process model of sleep regulation. Over the last decade, there has been increasing recognition of an additional process (referred to as the third process) in sleep regulation. This third process seems to receive sensory inputs from body systems such as digestion, and is usually synchronised with process C and process S. Previous studies on the alerting effect of light have been mostly conducted in laboratories. Although these studies are helpful in delineating the impact of process C and process S, their ability to assist in understanding the third process is limited. This systematic review investigated the factors that influence the alerting effect of light by examining randomised controlled trials and randomised or counterbalanced crossover studies. Factors that influence light's alerting effect were examined with reference to the three-process model. The post-illuminance alerting effect was examined separately due to its potential to offer flexible workplace-based light interventions to increase or maintain employees' alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Xu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Australia.
| | - Cathryne P Lang
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Australia
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42
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Non-Image Forming Effects of Light on Brainwaves, Autonomic Nervous Activity, Fatigue, and Performance. J Circadian Rhythms 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 30220907 PMCID: PMC6137608 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue and sleepiness are one of the main causes of human errors and accidents in the workplace. The empirical evidence has approved that, in addition to stimulating the visual system, light elicits brain responses, which affect physiological and neurobehavioral human functions, known as the non-image forming (NIF) effects of light. As recent evidences have shown the positive effects of red or low correlated color temperature white light on alertness and performance, we investigated whether exposure to 2564 K light could improve subjective and objective measures of alertness and performance compared with 7343 K, 3730 K, and dim light (DL) conditions during the daytime. Twenty two healthy participants were exposed to the light while they were performing a sustained attention task and their electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. Both 2564 K and 7343 K conditions significantly reduced EEG alpha-power compared with the DL and 3730 K conditions. Moreover, the 2564 K, 7343 K, and 3730 K conditions significantly reduced subjective fatigue, sleepiness and increased heart rate and performance compared with the DL condition. Furthermore, the effects of light conditions on alertness and performance varied over the day so that more effective responses were observed during the afternoon hours. These findings suggest that light interventions can be applied to improve daytime performance.
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43
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Lok R, Smolders KCHJ, Beersma DGM, de Kort YAW. Light, Alertness, and Alerting Effects of White Light: A Literature Overview. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:589-601. [PMID: 30191746 PMCID: PMC6236641 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418796443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light is known to elicit non-image-forming responses, such as effects on alertness. This has been reported especially during light exposure at night. Nighttime results might not be translatable to the day. This article aims to provide an overview of (1) neural mechanisms regulating alertness, (2) ways of measuring and quantifying alertness, and (3) the current literature specifically regarding effects of different intensities of white light on various measures and correlates of alertness during the daytime. In general, the present literature provides inconclusive results on alerting effects of the intensity of white light during daytime, particularly for objective measures and correlates of alertness. However, the various research paradigms employed in earlier studies differed substantially, and most studies tested only a limited set of lighting conditions. Therefore, the alerting potential of exposure to more intense white light should be investigated in a systematic, dose-dependent manner with multiple correlates of alertness and within one experimental paradigm over the course of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin C H J Smolders
- Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Domien G M Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne A W de Kort
- Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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44
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Lok R, Woelders T, Gordijn MCM, Hut RA, Beersma DGM. White Light During Daytime Does Not Improve Alertness in Well-rested Individuals. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:637-648. [PMID: 30191761 PMCID: PMC6236585 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418796036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum light applied during the night has been shown to affect alertness in a
dose-dependent manner. The goal of this experiment was to investigate whether a similar
relationship could be established for light exposure during daytime. Fifty healthy
participants were subjected to a paradigm (0730-1730 h) in which they were intermittently
exposed to 1.5 h of dim light (<10 lux) and 1 h of experimental light (24-2000 lux).
The same intensity of experimental light was used throughout the day, resulting in groups
of 10 subjects per intensity. Alertness was assessed with subjective and multiple
objective measures. A significant effect of time of day was found in all parameters of
alertness (p < 0.05). Significant dose-response relationships between
light intensity and alertness during the day could be determined in a few of the
parameters of alertness at some times of the day; however, none survived correction for
multiple testing. We conclude that artificial light applied during daytime at intensities
up to 2000 lux does not elicit significant improvements in alertness in non-sleep-deprived
subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Lok
- University of Groningen, Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Woelders
- University of Groningen, Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- University of Groningen, Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Chrono@Work, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- University of Groningen, Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Domien G M Beersma
- University of Groningen, Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
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45
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van der Meijden WP, Te Lindert BHW, Ramautar JR, Wei Y, Coppens JE, Kamermans M, Cajochen C, Bourgin P, Van Someren EJW. Sustained effects of prior red light on pupil diameter and vigilance during subsequent darkness. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0989. [PMID: 30051840 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental light can exert potent effects on physiology and behaviour, including pupil size, vigilance and sleep. Previous work showed that these non-image forming effects can last long beyond discontinuation of short-wavelength light exposure. The possible functional effects after switching off long-wavelength light, however, have been insufficiently characterized. In a series of controlled experiments in healthy adult volunteers, we evaluated the effects of five minutes of intense red light on physiology and performance during subsequent darkness. As compared to prior darkness, prior red light induced a subsequent sustained pupil dilation. Prior red light also increased subsequent heart rate and heart rate variability when subjects were asked to perform a sustained vigilance task during the dark exposure. While these changes suggest an increase in the mental effort required for the task, it could not prevent a post-red slowing of response speed. The suggestion that exposure to intense red light affects vigilance during subsequent darkness, was confirmed in a controlled polysomnographic study that indeed showed a post-red facilitation of sleep onset. Our findings suggest the possibility of using red light as a nightcap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisse P van der Meijden
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Sleep Disorders Center, CHU and FMTS, CNRS-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.,Center for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bart H W Te Lindert
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Ramautar
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yishul Wei
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris E Coppens
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Center for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- Sleep Disorders Center, CHU and FMTS, CNRS-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Integrative Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and Medical Center, 1081 HL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Asgarzadeh M, Fischer D, Verma SK, Courtney TK, Christiani DC. The impact of weather, road surface, time-of-day, and light conditions on severity of bicycle-motor vehicle crash injuries. Am J Ind Med 2018; 61:556-565. [PMID: 29635849 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether environmental variables including weather, road surface, time-of-day, and light conditions were associated with the severity of injuries resulting from bicycle-motor vehicle crashes. METHODS Using log-binomial regressions, we analyzed 113 470 police reports collected between 2000 and 2014 in four U.S. states with environmental and injury severity information. "Severe" injuries included fatal and incapacitating injuries, and "non-severe" included non-incapacitating, possible or no-injuries. RESULTS Light condition was significantly associated with the injury severity to the bicyclist with more severe injuries at dawn (RR = 1.62 [95%CI 1.35-1.94]) and during darkness (both lighted and unlighted roads: 1.32 [1.24-1.40], respectively, 1.57 [1.41-1.76]) as compared to daylight. In these conditions of low visibility, risk was further increased during early morning hours before 7 am (1.61 [1.22-2.13]). CONCLUSIONS Crashes in low light conditions and during early morning hours are more likely to result in higher injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Asgarzadeh
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Department of Environmental Health; Boston Massachusetts
- Liberty Mutual Research Institute of Safety; Center for Injury Epidemiology; Hopkinton Massachusetts
| | - Dorothee Fischer
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Department of Environmental Health; Boston Massachusetts
- Liberty Mutual Research Institute of Safety; Center for Injury Epidemiology; Hopkinton Massachusetts
| | - Santosh K. Verma
- Liberty Mutual Research Institute of Safety; Center for Injury Epidemiology; Hopkinton Massachusetts
| | - Theodore K. Courtney
- Liberty Mutual Research Institute of Safety; Center for Injury Epidemiology; Hopkinton Massachusetts
| | - David C. Christiani
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Department of Environmental Health; Boston Massachusetts
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Danielson SJ, Rappaport CA, Loher MK, Gehlbach BK. Looking for light in the din: An examination of the circadian-disrupting properties of a medical intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2018; 46:57-63. [PMID: 29605239 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Critically ill patients exhibit profound disturbances of circadian rhythmicity, most commonly in the form of a phase delay. We investigated the specific zeitgeber properties of a medical intensive care unit to develop a model that explained these abnormalities. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Prospective, observational study conducted during 2013-2014. Twenty-four-hour ambient light (lux, 672 hours) and sound pressure levels (dBA, 504 hours) were measured in patient rooms. Patients and families were surveyed regarding their perceptions of the environment. SETTING University-based adult medical intensive care unit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The timing and intensity of the ambient light-dark cycle and sound environment and the relationship of these measurements to patient/family perceptions. RESULTS Twenty-four-hour light-dark cycles were extremely weak and phase delayed relative to the solar cycle. Morning light averaged 12.1 (4.8, 37.2) lux, when only 24.9% ± 10.9% of available light was utilised; yet patients and families did not identify low daytime light levels as problematic. Median noise levels were invariably excessive (nighttime 47.9 [45.0, 51.3] dBA) with minimal variation, consistent with the absence of a defined rest period. CONCLUSION The intensive care unit functions as a near-constant routine protocol disconnected from solar time. Behavioural interventions to promote entrainment should be supported by objective measurements of light and sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Danielson
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Charles A Rappaport
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Michael K Loher
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Brian K Gehlbach
- University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; University of Iowa, Department of Neurology, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Pachito DV, Eckeli AL, Desouky AS, Corbett MA, Partonen T, Rajaratnam SMW, Riera R. Workplace lighting for improving alertness and mood in daytime workers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 3:CD012243. [PMID: 29498416 PMCID: PMC6494162 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012243.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to light plays a crucial role in biological processes, influencing mood and alertness. Daytime workers may be exposed to insufficient or inappropriate light during daytime, leading to mood disturbances and decreases in levels of alertness. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of lighting interventions to improve alertness and mood in daytime workers. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, seven other databases; ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization trials portal up to January 2018. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and non-randomised controlled before-after trials (CBAs) that employed a cross-over or parallel-group design, focusing on any type of lighting interventions applied for daytime workers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened references in two stages, extracted outcome data and assessed risk of bias. We used standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to pool data from different questionnaires and scales assessing the same outcome across different studies. We combined clinically homogeneous studies in a meta-analysis. We used the GRADE system to rate quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS The search yielded 2844 references. After screening titles and abstracts, we considered 34 full text articles for inclusion. We scrutinised reports against the eligibility criteria, resulting in the inclusion of five studies (three RCTs and two CBAs) with 282 participants altogether. These studies evaluated four types of comparisons: cool-white light, technically known as high correlated colour temperature (CCT) light versus standard illumination; different proportions of indirect and direct light; individually applied blue-enriched light versus no treatment; and individually applied morning bright light versus afternoon bright light for subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder.We found no studies comparing one level of illuminance versus another.We found two CBA studies (163 participants) comparing high CCT light with standard illumination. By pooling their results via meta-analysis we found that high CCT light may improve alertness (SMD -0.69, 95% CI -1.28 to -0.10; Columbia Jet Lag Scale and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) when compared to standard illumination. In one of the two CBA studies with 94 participants there was no difference in positive mood (mean difference (MD) 2.08, 95% CI -0.1 to 4.26) or negative mood (MD -0.45, 95% CI -1.84 to 0.94) assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scale. High CCT light may have fewer adverse events than standard lighting (one CBA; 94 participants). Both studies were sponsored by the industry. We graded the quality of evidence as very low.We found no studies comparing light of a particular illuminance and light spectrum or CCT versus another combination of illuminance and light spectrum or CCT.We found no studies comparing daylight versus artificial light.We found one RCT (64 participants) comparing the effects of different proportions of direct and indirect light: 100% direct lighting, 70% direct lighting plus 30% indirect lighting, 30% direct lighting plus 70% indirect lighting and 100% indirect lighting. There was no substantial difference in mood, as assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory, or in adverse events, such as ocular, reading or concentration problems, in the short or medium term. We graded the quality of evidence as low.We found two RCTs comparing individually administered light versus no treatment. According to one RCT with 25 participants, blue-enriched light individually applied for 30 minutes a day may enhance alertness (MD -3.30, 95% CI -6.28 to -0.32; Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and may improve mood (MD -4.8, 95% CI -9.46 to -0.14; Beck Depression Inventory). We graded the quality of evidence as very low. One RCT with 30 participants compared individually applied morning bright light versus afternoon bright light for subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder. There was no substantial difference in alertness levels (MD 7.00, 95% CI -10.18 to 24.18), seasonal affective disorder symptoms (RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.81, 3.20; number of participants presenting with a decrease of at least 50% in SIGH-SAD scores) or frequency of adverse events (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.07). Among all participants, 57% had a reduction of at least 50% in their SIGH-SAD score. We graded the quality of evidence as low.Publication bias could not be assessed for any of these comparisons. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is very low-quality evidence based on two CBA studies that high CCT light may improve alertness, but not mood, in daytime workers. There is very low-quality evidence based on one CBA study that high CCT light may also cause less irritability, eye discomfort and headache than standard illumination. There is low-quality evidence based on one RCT that different proportions of direct and indirect light in the workplace do not affect alertness or mood. There is very low-quality evidence based on one RCT that individually applied blue-enriched light improves both alertness and mood. There is low-quality evidence based on one RCT that individually administered bright light during the afternoon is as effective as morning exposure for improving alertness and mood in subsyndromal seasonal affective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Pachito
- Centro de Estudos de Saúde Baseada em Evidências e Avaliação Tecnológica em SaúdeCochrane BrazilRua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63São PauloSPBrazil04038‐000
| | - Alan L Eckeli
- São Paulo UniversityNeuroscience and Behavioural SciencesCampus UniversitarioRibeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil14.048‐900
| | | | - Mark A Corbett
- Corbett & Associates PtyLtdPO Box 477WalkervilleSouth AustraliaAustralia5081
| | - Timo Partonen
- National Institute for Health and WelfareDepartment of HealthMannerheimintie 166HelsinkiFinlandFI‐00300
| | - Shantha MW Rajaratnam
- Monash UniversitySchool of Psychological Sciences18 Innovation Walk (Building 17)Monash University Clayton CampusClaytonVictoriaAustralia3800
| | - Rachel Riera
- Centro de Estudos de Saúde Baseada em Evidências e Avaliação Tecnológica em SaúdeCochrane BrazilRua Borges Lagoa, 564 cj 63São PauloSPBrazil04038‐000
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Figueiro MG, Nagare R, Price L. Non-visual effects of light: how to use light to promote circadian entrainment and elicit alertness. LIGHTING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND : 2001) 2018; 50:38-62. [PMID: 30416392 PMCID: PMC6221201 DOI: 10.1177/1477153517721598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to stimulating the visual system, light incident on the retina stimulates other biological functions, also referred to as non-visual responses. Among the most notable biological functions are human circadian rhythms, which are bodily rhythms that, in constant darkness, oscillate with a period close to, but typically slightly longer than 24 hours. Twenty-four-hour light-dark patterns incident on the retina are the major synchronizer of circadian rhythms to the local time on Earth. Entrainment of circadian rhythms has been implicated in health and well-being. Light can also elicit an acute alerting effect on people, similar to a "cup of coffee." This review summarizes the literature on how light affects entrainment and alertness and how it can be used to achieve these aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - R Nagare
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Lla Price
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, UK
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Souman JL, Tinga AM, te Pas SF, van Ee R, Vlaskamp BN. Acute alerting effects of light: A systematic literature review. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:228-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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