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Schumacher R, Rossetti MF, Canesini G, Gaydou L, Garcia AP, Lazzarino GP, Fernandez PR, Stoker C, Carrió MJ, Andreoli MF, Ramos JG. Neonatal overfeeding alters the functioning of the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry involving changes in DNA methylation and effects on feeding behavior. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 122:109451. [PMID: 37748623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Mesolimbic dopaminergic circuit is essential for food reward and motivational behaviors and can contribute to weight gain and obesity. Litter reduction is a classical model for studying the effects of neonatal overfeeding and overweight. Litters of Wistar rats were reduced to 4 pups/dam for small litter (SL) and 10 pups/dam for normal litter at postnatal day (PND) 4. Immediately after performing the feeding behavior tests, the animals were sacrificed in PND21 and PND90. The ventral tegmental area (VTA), Nucleus Accumbens Core (NAcC) and Shell (NAcSh) were isolated from frozen brain sections using the Palkovits micropunch technique. RNA and DNA were extracted from these areas, gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR and DNA methylation levels were measured by MSRM-qPCR technique. SL-PND21 animals presented increased expression levels of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Dopamine Receptor D2 in VTA, decreased expression levels of dopamine active transporter (DAT) in VTA, and higher expression levels of DAT in NAcC. On the other hand, SL-PND90 animals showed decreased expression levels of Dopamine Receptor D1 and higher expression of DAT in NAcSh. These animals also evidenced impaired sensory-specific satiety. In addition, altered promoter methylation was observed at weaning, and remained in adulthood. This work demonstrates that neonatal overfeeding induces disruptions in the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry and causes alterations in feeding behavior from weaning to adulthood, suggesting that the neonatal period is critical for the normal development of dopaminergic circuit that impact on feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Schumacher
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Rossetti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Canesini
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisa Gaydou
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Garcia
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gisela Paola Lazzarino
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pamela Rocio Fernandez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cora Stoker
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria Josefina Carrió
- Departamento de Matemática y Laboratorio de Investigaciones y Servicios en Bioestadística (LISEB), FBCB-UNL, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Andreoli
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge Guillermo Ramos
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa-CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Alberry B, Silveira PP. Brain insulin signaling as a potential mediator of early life adversity effects on physical and mental health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105350. [PMID: 37544390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In numerous brain structures, insulin signaling modulates the homeostatic processes, sensitivity to reward pathways, executive function, memory, and cognition. Through human studies and animal models, mounting evidence implicates central insulin signaling in the metabolic, physiological, and psychological consequences of early life adversity. In this review, we describe the consequences of early life adversity in the brain where insulin signaling is a key factor and how insulin may moderate the effects of adversity on psychiatric and cardio-metabolic health outcomes. Further understanding of how early life adversity and insulin signaling impact specific brain regions and mental and physical health outcomes will assist in prevention, diagnosis, and potential intervention following early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Alberry
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Tejera-Muñoz A, Guerra-Menéndez L, Amor S, González-Hedström D, García-Villalón ÁL, Granado M. Postnatal Overfeeding during Lactation Induces Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiac Insulin Resistance in Adult Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14443. [PMID: 37833890 PMCID: PMC10572650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early overnutrition is associated with cardiometabolic alterations in adulthood, likely attributed to reduced insulin sensitivity due to its crucial role in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to assess the long-term effects of early overnutrition on the development of cardiovascular insulin resistance. An experimental childhood obesity model was established using male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were organized into litters of 12 pups/mother (L12-Controls) or 3 pups/mother (L3-Overfed) at birth. After weaning, animals from L12 and L3 were housed three per cage and provided ad libitum access to food for 6 months. L3 rats exhibited elevated body weight, along with increased visceral, subcutaneous, and perivascular fat accumulation. However, heart weight at sacrifice was reduced in L3 rats. Furthermore, L3 rats displayed elevated serum levels of glucose, leptin, adiponectin, total lipids, and triglycerides compared to control rats. In the myocardium, overfed rats showed decreased IL-10 mRNA levels and alterations in contractility and heart rate in response to insulin. Similarly, aortic tissue exhibited modified gene expression of TNFα, iNOS, and IL-6. Additionally, L3 aortas exhibited endothelial dysfunction in response to acetylcholine, although insulin-induced relaxation remained unchanged compared to controls. At the molecular level, L3 rats displayed reduced Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin, both in myocardial and aortic tissues, whereas MAPK phosphorylation was elevated solely in the myocardium. Overfeeding during lactation in rats induces endothelial dysfunction and cardiac insulin resistance in adulthood, potentially contributing to the cardiovascular alterations observed in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Research Support Unit, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, 13600 Alcázar de San Juan, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lucía Guerra-Menéndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA) Nemesio Díez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain;
| | - Sara Amor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Daniel González-Hedström
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Ángel Luis García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
| | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (D.G.-H.); (Á.L.G.-V.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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The immediate effect of overnutrition and fluoxetine treatment during the critical period of development on the hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2023; 162:105454. [PMID: 36462683 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that overnutrition, overweight, and obesity in children can modulate brain mechanisms of plasticity, monoaminergic systems, and mitochondrial function. The immediate effect of overnutrition during the developmental period has not been thoroughly examined in rats until the present. This study sought to evaluate the impact on adult rats of early life overfeeding and fluoxetine treatment from post-natal day 1 (PND1) to post-natal day 21 (PND21) relative to mitochondrial function, oxidative balance, and expression of specific monoaminergic genes in the hippocampus. The following were evaluated: mitochondrial function markers, oxidative stress biomarkers, dopamine-and serotonin-related genes, and BDNF mRNA levels. Overfeeding during the lactation period deregulates cellular metabolism and the monoaminergic systems in the hippocampus. Strikingly, serotonin modulation by fluoxetine treatment protected against some of the effects of early overnutrition. We conclude that overfeeding during brain development induce detrimental effects in mitochondria and in the genes that regulate homeostatic status that can be the molecular mechanisms related to neurological diseases.
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5
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Mucellini AB, Miguel PM, Dalle Molle R, Rodrigues DM, Machado TD, Reis RS, Toazza R, Salum GA, Bortoluzzi A, Franco AR, Buchweitz A, Barth B, Agranonik M, Nassim M, Meaney MJ, Manfro GG, Silveira PP. Diminished insulin sensitivity is associated with altered brain activation to food cues and with risk for obesity - Implications for individuals born small for gestational age. Appetite 2021; 169:105799. [PMID: 34767841 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While classically linked to memory, the hippocampus is also a feeding behavior modulator due to its multiple interconnected pathways with other brain regions and expression of receptors for metabolic hormones. Here we tested whether variations in insulin sensitivity would be correlated with differential brain activation following exposure to palatable food cues, as well as with variations in implicit food memory in a cohort of healthy adolescents, some of whom were born small for gestational age (SGA). Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was positively correlated with activation in the cuneus, and negatively correlated with activation in the middle frontal lobe, superior frontal gyrus and precuneus when presented with palatable food images versus non-food images in healthy adolescents. Additionally, HOMA-IR and insulinemia were higher in participants with impaired food memory. SGA individuals had higher snack caloric density and greater chance for impaired food memory. There was also an interaction between the HOMA-IR and birth weight ratio influencing external eating behavior. We suggest that diminished insulin sensitivity correlates with activation in visual attention areas and inactivation in inhibitory control areas in healthy adolescents. Insulin resistance also associated with less consistency in implicit memory for a consumed meal, which may suggest lower ability to establish a dietary pattern, and can contribute to obesity. Differences in feeding behavior in SGA individuals were associated with insulin sensitivity and hippocampal alterations, suggesting that cognition and hormonal regulation are important components involved in their food intake modifications throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Mucellini
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Miguel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danitsa M Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania D Machado
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta S Reis
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rudinéia Toazza
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni A Salum
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bortoluzzi
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Franco
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Buchweitz
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Barbara Barth
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neurosciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marilyn Agranonik
- Fundação de Economia e Estatística Siegfried Emanuel Heuser, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marouane Nassim
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Translational Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gisele G Manfro
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Silveira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Castro BBA, Arriel K, Renó P, Sanders-Pinheiro H. Modelos experimentais de obesidade: análise crítica do perfil metabólico e da aplicabilidade. HU REVISTA 2019. [DOI: 10.34019/1982-8047.2018.v44.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: a prevalência da obesidade e de outras doenças relacionadas está aumentando em todo o mundo de forma preocupante. Caracterizada pelo aumento do peso corporal ou do acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal, a obesidade tem sido associada ao aumento da mortalidade decorrente de maior incidência de hipertensão, diabetes e vários tipos de câncer. Os modelos animais fornecem dados fundamentais para a compreensão dos parâmetros básicos que regulam os componentes do nosso balanço energético. Objetivo: esta revisão selecionou artigos que utilizaram modelos animais (ratos e camundongos) de obesidade focando nas principais alterações metabólicas causadas pela obesidade com o objetivo de apresentar os principais modelos utilizados nos últimos 5 anos. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas duas buscas na base de dados PubMed utilizando as expressões: “obesity” AND “metabolism” AND “animal model” AND “mice” e “obesity” AND “metabolism” AND “animal model” AND “rat”, sendo selecionados os estudos considerados mais relevantes a partir dos critérios: descrição detalhada do modelo experimental e análise dos parâmetros metabólicos de interesse: peso, perfil lipídico e perfil glicêmico. Outras referências foram utilizadas para elucidar melhor os modelos encontrados e também aqueles que não foram citados, mas, que possuem importância no entendimento da evolução dos modelos animais de obesidade. Resultados: A espécie mais utilizada foi o camundongo, o sexo predominante foi o masculino, a faixa etária dos roedores variou de neonatos até 44 semanas e o período de acompanhamento chegou até 53 semanas. A obesidade foi confirmada pelo aumento significativo do peso e na maioria dos estudos foram encontradas alterações no metabolismo lipídico e glicêmico. Encontramos cinco grupos de mecanismos de indução da obesidade porém a maioria dos estudos utilizou dietas hiperlipídicas, modelo que mais se assemelha às alterações metabólicas encontradas em humanos. Conclusão: Investigar as causas e efeitos da obesidade induzida em modelos experimentais pode fornecer uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia da obesidade, e proporcionar novas opções de prevenção e tratamento.
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Portella AK, Paquet C, Bischoff AR, Molle RD, Faber A, Moore S, Arora N, Levitan R, Silveira PP, Dube L. Multi-behavioral obesogenic phenotypes among school-aged boys and girls along the birth weight continuum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212290. [PMID: 30789933 PMCID: PMC6383887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that extremes of birth weight (BW) carry a common increased risk for the development of adiposity and related cardiovascular diseases, but little is known about the role of obesogenic behaviors in this process. Moreover, no one has empirically examined whether the relationship between BW, obesogenic behaviors and BMI along the full low-to-high birthweight continuum reflects the U-shape pattern expected from common risk at both BW extremes. Our objective was to characterize physical activity, screen time, and eating behavior and their relationship to BMI as a function of BW among school-aged boys and girls. In this cross-sectional study, 460 children aged 6 to 12 years (50% boys) from Montreal, Canada provided information on sleeping time, screen time, physical activity levels, eating behavior (emotional, external and restrained eating) and anthropometrics (height, weight, BW) through parent reported questionnaires. BMI was normalized using WHO Standards (zBMI), and BW expressed as ratio using Canadian population standards (BW for gestational age and sex). Analyses were conducted using generalized linear models with linear and quadratic terms for BW, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, ethnicity and household income. In boys, physical activity and screen time showed U-shaped associations with BW, while physical activity had an inverted U-shaped in girls. Emotional and restrained eating had positive linear relations with BW in boys and girls. Sleep time and external eating were not associated with BW. A U-shaped relationship between BW and zBMI was found in boys but no association was found in girls. Only sleep (in boys and girls), and emotional eating (girls only) were related to zBMI and mediation of the BW-zBMI relationship was only supported for emotional eating. In conclusion, BW relates to obesogenic behaviors and BMI in both non-linear and linear ways, and these associations differed by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Krumel Portella
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PostGraduate Program in Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Paquet
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrianne Rahde Bischoff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aida Faber
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Spencer Moore
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Levitan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurette Dube
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Intrauterine Growth Restriction Modifies the Accumbal Dopaminergic Response to Palatable Food Intake. Neuroscience 2018; 400:184-195. [PMID: 30599270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) associates with increased preference for palatable foods and altered insulin sensitivity. Insulin modulates the central dopaminergic response and changes behavioral responses to reward. We measured the release of dopamine in the accumbens during palatable food intake in IUGR rats both at baseline and in response to insulin. From pregnancy day 10 until birth, gestating Sprague-Dawley rats received either an ad libitum (Control), or a 50% food restricted (FR) diet. In adulthood, palatable food consumption and feeding behavior entropy was assessed using an electronic food intake monitor (BioDAQ®), and dopamine response to palatable food was measured by chronoamperometry recordings in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). FR rats eat more palatable foods during the dark phase, and their eating pattern has a higher entropy compared to control rats. There was a delayed dopamine release in the FR group in response to palatable food and insulin administration reverted this delayed effect. Western blot showed a decrease in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 protein (SOCS3) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and an increase in the ratio of phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase to tyrosine hydroxylase (pTH/TH) in the NAcc of FR rats. Administration of insulin also abolished this latter effect in FR rats. FR rats showed metabolic alterations and a delay in the dopaminergic response to palatable foods. This could explain the increased palatable food intake and behavioral entropy found in FR rats. IUGR may lead to binge eating, obesity and its metabolic consequences by modifying the central dopaminergic response to sweet food.
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Small litter size impairs spatial memory and increases anxiety- like behavior in a strain-dependent manner in male mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11281. [PMID: 30050150 PMCID: PMC6062575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life overfeeding is associated with cognitive decline and anxiety-like behaviors in later life. It is not clear whether there are individual differences in the effects of early life overfeeding and what the underlying mechanistic pathways are. We investigated the long-lasting effects of small litter size, an experimental manipulation to induce neonatal overfeeding, in two strains of mice, C57BL/6 and NMRI. We measured body weight, learning and memory, anxiety-related behaviors, interleukin-(IL)-1β and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus, and both basal and stress corticosterone levels in adult mice which have been nursed in small litters compared with those from control litters. Our findings showed that small litter size led to increased body weight in both strains of mice. Small litter size significantly decreased spatial memory and hippocampal BDNF levels, and increased hippocampal IL-1β, in NMRI mice, but not C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, we found that small litter size resulted in a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors and stress-induced corticosterone in NMRI mice, whereas small litter size reduced anxiety-like symptoms and stress-induced corticosterone levels in C57BL/6 mice. These data show that small litter size, which is life-long associated with increased body weight, affects memory and anxiety-related behaviors in a strain-dependent manner in male mice. This suggests that there are individual differences in the developmental consequences of early life overfeeding.
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de Lade CG, Andreazzi AE, Bolotari M, Costa VMG, Peters VM, Guerra MDO. Effects of moderate intensity endurance training vs. high intensity interval training on weight gain, cardiorespiratory capacity, and metabolic profile in postnatal overfed rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:70. [PMID: 30275910 PMCID: PMC6158819 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may have its origin in early life stages, such as in the lactation period, through metabolic programming. Physical activity aids in decreasing the chances of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, even with small weight losses and, in children, can play an essential role in preventing weight gain and other health problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of moderate intensity endurance training and high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on obesity-related parameters and cardiorespiratory capacity in overfed Wistar rats throughout the breastfeeding period. METHODS Two days after birth, forty male and female Wistar rats were clustered into two groups: Control Litter Group (CL; ten animals/litter) and Reduced Litter Group (RL; four animals/litter). At weaning, RL animals were distributed randomly into three experimental groups: sedentary, moderate intensity endurance training and HIIT, while CL animals were clustered into a sedentary group. RESULTS RL male and female body weight, before weaning, was significantly higher when compared with CL animals. This difference was maintained between CLSed and RLSed groups after weaning during all assessed periods. Adiposity was significantly higher in RLSed males when compared to CLSed males, and alterations in glycaemic metabolism were also observed. Endurance and HIIT protocols were efficient in improving maximal cardiorespiratory capacity, as well as concerning the glycemic metabolism and central fat accumulation of males and females submitted to childhood overfeeding by the litter reduction method. CONCLUSIONS Both moderate endurance training and HIIT protocols included in early life were efficient in reverting or preventing certain metabolic alterations as a consequence of overfeeding during breastfeeding in male and female Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gabriel de Lade
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n. Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Ana Eliza Andreazzi
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n. Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Mariana Bolotari
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n. Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Vinícius Moreira Gonçalves Costa
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n. Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Peters
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n. Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
| | - Martha de Oliveira Guerra
- Reproductive Biology Center, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n. Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900 Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG Brazil
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11
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Smith BL, Reyes TM. Offspring neuroimmune consequences of maternal malnutrition: Potential mechanism for behavioral impairments that underlie metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:109-122. [PMID: 28736323 PMCID: PMC8600507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition significantly increases offspring risk for both metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of maternal malnutrition have identified behavioral changes in the adult offspring related to executive function and reward processing. Together, these changes in executive and reward-based behaviors likely contribute to the etiology of both metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders associated with maternal malnutrition. Concomitant with the behavioral effects, maternal malnutrition alters offspring expression of reward-related molecules and inflammatory signals in brain pathways that control executive function and reward. Neuroimmune pathways and microglial interactions in these specific brain circuits, either in early development or later in adulthood, could directly contribute to the maternal malnutrition-induced behavioral phenotypes. Understanding these mechanisms will help advance treatment strategies for metabolic and neurodevelopmental disorders, especially noninvasive dietary supplementation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - T M Reyes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH, USA.
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12
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Hippocampal insulin resistance and altered food decision-making as players on obesity risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:165-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Sominsky L, Ziko I, Nguyen TX, Andrews ZB, Spencer SJ. Early life disruption to the ghrelin system with over-eating is resolved in adulthood in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2017; 113:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Suvorov A, Vandenberg LN. To Cull or Not To Cull? Considerations for Studies of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2586-94. [PMID: 27175970 PMCID: PMC4929555 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The power of animal models is derived from the ability to control experimental variables so that observed effects may be unequivocally attributed to the factor that was changed. One variable that is difficult to control in animal experiments is the number and composition of offspring in a litter. To account for this variability, artificial equalization of the number of offspring in a litter (culling) is often used. The rationale for culling, however, has always been controversial. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept provides a new context to evaluate the pros and cons of culling in laboratory animal studies, especially in the context of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Emerging evidence indicates that culling, especially of large litters, can drastically change the feeding status of a pup, which can result in compensatory growth with long-term consequences for the animal, including increased risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. Similarly, culling of litters to intentionally bias sex ratios can alter the animal's behavior and physiology, with effects observed on a wide range of outcomes. Thus, in an attempt to control for variability in developmental rates, culling introduces an uncontrolled or confounding variable, which itself may affect a broad spectrum of health-related consequences. Variabilities in culling protocols could be responsible for differences in responses to endocrine-disrupting chemicals reported across studies. Because litter sex composition and size are vectors that can influence both prenatal and postnatal growth, they are essential considerations for the interpretation of results from laboratory animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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15
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Conceição EPS, Carvalho JC, Manhães AC, Guarda DS, Figueiredo MS, Quitete FT, Oliveira E, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Effect of Early Overfeeding on Palatable Food Preference and Brain Dopaminergic Reward System at Adulthood: Role of Calcium Supplementation. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26929129 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rats raised in small litters (SL) are obese and hyperphagic. In the present study, we evaluated whether obesity is associated with changes in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic reward system in these animals at adulthood. We also assessed the anti-obesity effects of dietary calcium supplementation. To induce early overfeeding, litters were adjusted to three pups on postnatal day (PN)3 (SL group). Control litters were kept with 10 pups each until weaning (NL group). On PN120, SL animals were subdivided into two groups: SL (standard diet) and SL-Ca [SL with calcium supplementation (10 g calcium carbonate/kg rat chow) for 60 days]. On PN175, animals were subjected to a food challenge: animals could choose between a high-fat (HFD) or a high-sugar diet (HSD). Food intake was recorded after 30 min and 12 h. Euthanasia occurred on PN180. SL rats had higher food intake, body mass and central adiposity. Sixty days of dietary calcium supplementation (SL-Ca) prevented these changes. Only SL animals preferred the HFD at 12 h. Both SL groups had lower tyrosine hydroxylase content in the ventral tegmental area, lower dopaminergic transporter content in the nucleus accumbens, and higher type 2 dopamine receptor (D2R) content in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). They also had higher neuropeptide Y (NPY) and lower pro-opiomelanocortin contents in the ARC. Calcium treatment normalised only D2R and NPY contents. Precocious obesity induces long-term effects in the brain dopaminergic system, which can be associated with an increased preference for fat at adulthood. Calcium treatment prevents this last alteration, partially through its actions on ARC D2R and NPY proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P S Conceição
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J C Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D S Guarda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M S Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F T Quitete
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic prevalence, and much research has focused on homeostatic and nonhomeostatic mechanisms underlying overconsumption of food. Mesocorticolimbic circuitry, including dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a key substrate for nonhomeostatic feeding. The goal of the present review is to compare changes in mesolimbic dopamine function in human obesity with diet-induced obesity in rodents. Additionally, we will review the literature to determine if dopamine signaling is altered with binge eating disorder in humans or binge eating modeled in rodents. Finally, we assess modulation of dopamine neurons by neuropeptides and peripheral peptidergic signals that occur with obesity or binge eating. We find that while decreased dopamine concentration is observed with obesity, there is inconsistency outside the human literature on the relationship between striatal D2 receptor expression and obesity. Finally, few studies have explored how orexigenic or anorexigenic peptides modulate dopamine neuronal activity or striatal dopamine in obese models. However, ghrelin modulation of dopamine neurons may be an important factor for driving binge feeding in rodents.
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