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Genç B, Delibalta S, Aslan K, Ceyhan Bilgici MN. Paediatric supratentorial tumours do not cause microstructural alterations in contralateral white matter: a preliminary study. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:41-46. [PMID: 37470834 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intracranial tumours in children can exhibit different characteristics compared to those in adults. Understanding the microstructural changes in the contralateral normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in children with primary intracranial masses is essential for optimizing treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes in contralateral NAWM using fully automated methods and deep learning algorithms. METHODS We included 22 paediatric patients with primary supratentorial intracranial masses (23% high-grade) in the study. ADC values of the contralateral NAWM in the patient group were compared to those of a control group. Deep learning algorithms were utilized to analyse diffusion changes in NAWM. RESULTS The mean ADC values of contralateral NAWM in the patient group were 0.80 ± 0.03 × 10-3 mm2/s, while the control group had a mean ADC value of 0.81 ± 0.03 × 10-3 mm2/s. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.39). Our findings indicate that there are no significant diffusion changes in the contralateral white matter of children with supratentorial intracranial masses. CONCLUSION Primary supratentorial intracranial masses in children do not cause microstructural changes in contralateral normal-appearing white matter. This could be attributed to the less infiltrative nature and different biochemical profile of these tumour groups in the paediatric population. Further studies using advanced imaging techniques could provide additional insights into the distinct characteristics of paediatric intracranial tumours and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Genç
- Department of Radiology, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, İlkadım, Samsun, 55060, Turkey.
| | - Semra Delibalta
- Department of Radiology, Amasya Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin Education and Research Hospital, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Kerim Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Ondokuz Mayıs University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
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Aida M, Irié T, Aida T, Tachikawa T. Expression of Protein Kinases C βI, βII, and VEGF during the Differentiation of Enamel Epithelium in Tooth Development. J Dent Res 2016; 84:234-9. [PMID: 15723862 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important molecule involved in various cell function, and mediates induced secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is hypothesized that PKC and VEGF may be associated with tooth development. Using the laser microdissection method and real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain-reaction (RT-PCR), we investigated the expression of PKC βI and βII, VEGF, and amelogenin (used as a marker of differentiation to ameloblasts) in the inner and outer enamel epithelia, stellate reticulum, and dental papilla in each stage of the dental germ. We found that the expression levels of PKC βI and βII were increased in the inner enamel epithelium during the early bell stage. In addition, the increased expression levels of PKC βI and βII were accompanied by increased VEGF expression. These results indicate that PKC βI, βII, and VEGF are closely associated with the differentiation of the inner enamel epithelium to ameloblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aida
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Horváth A, Perlaki G, Tóth A, Orsi G, Nagy S, Dóczi T, Horváth Z, Bogner P. Biexponential diffusion alterations in the normal-appearing white matter of glioma patients might indicate the presence of global vasogenic edema. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:633-41. [PMID: 26914855 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) microstructure of glioma patients with biexponential diffusion analysis in order to reveal the nature of diffusion abnormalities and to assess whether they are region-specific or global. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four newly diagnosed glioma patients (grade II-IV) and 24 matched control subjects underwent diffusion-weighted imaging at 3T. Diffusion parameters were calculated using monoexponential and biexponential models. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured in the entire NAWM of the hemisphere contralateral and ipsilateral to the tumor. In the contralateral NAWM, regional ADC values were assessed in the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal NAWM. RESULTS ADCmono and ADCfast were significantly higher than control values in all investigated regions except the temporal NAWM (P < 0.04). ADCslow was significantly increased in the total contralateral, frontal, and parietal NAWM (P < 0.03), while pslow was decreased in both total hemispheric NAWM and the parietal NAWM of glioma patients compared to controls (P < 0.04). ADCmono , ADCfast , ADCslow , and pslow were significantly different among the NAWM of the four lobes of the contralateral hemisphere in both groups (P < 0.0001), and these regional differences were similar in patients and controls (P > 0.05). Hemispheric ADCmono and pslow differences were different between groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Globally altered diffusion parameters suggest the presence of global vasogenic edema in the NAWM of glioma patients, which is further supported by the finding that regional differences in patients follow those found in controls. Alternatively, some tumor infiltration might contribute to diffusion abnormalities in the NAWM, especially in the tumor-affected hemisphere. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:633-641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Horváth
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Perlaki
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA - PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Arnold Tóth
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Radiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA - PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Nagy
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA - PTE, Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA - PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Bogner
- MTA - PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
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Horváth A, Perlaki G, Tóth A, Orsi G, Nagy S, Dóczi T, Horváth Z, Bogner P. Increased diffusion in the normal appearing white matter of brain tumor patients: is this just tumor infiltration? J Neurooncol 2015; 127:83-90. [PMID: 26614516 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered diffusion in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) of glioma patients has been explained by tumor infiltration. The goal of the present study was to test this explanation indirectly by examining whether these alterations were also present in the contralateral NAWM of non-infiltrative tumors like meningiomas; and to search for other possible reasons for this abnormality. Twenty-seven patients with histologically verified glioma (grade II-IV), 22 meningioma patients and two groups of age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) on a 3T MR. All patients were examined before treatment. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated in the entire NAWM of the hemisphere contralateral to the tumor. ADC values of the NAWM were compared between groups with Mann-Whitney U-test and multiple linear regression. The relations of ADC in NAWM to glioma grade and to tumor volume were also investigated. ADC values of the contralateral NAWM were significantly higher in both glioma and meningioma patients compared to controls (P = 0.0006 and 0.0099, respectively). ADC value was higher in the NAWM of high grade gliomas than in low grade gliomas (P = 0.0181) and in healthy control subjects (P = 0.0003). ADC did not depend on tumor volume in any of the patient groups. Elevated ADC in the NAWM of both glioma and meningioma patients might indicate that the effect of infiltrating tumor cells is not the only reason for the alteration as it has been previously suggested. Although the role of mass effect was not proved, other mechanisms might also contribute to ADC elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Horváth
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, 2. Rét st., Pécs, 7623, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Perlaki
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, 2. Rét st., Pécs, 7623, Hungary.,MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Arnold Tóth
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, 2. Rét st., Pécs, 7623, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Radiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, 2. Rét st., Pécs, 7623, Hungary.,MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Nagy
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, 2. Rét st., Pécs, 7623, Hungary.,MTA-PTE, Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Bogner
- Diagnostic Center of Pécs, 2. Rét st., Pécs, 7623, Hungary. .,Department of Radiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Torricelli C, Valacchi G, Maioli E. Novel PKCs activate ERK through PKD1 in MCF-7 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 47:73-81. [PMID: 21076887 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PKCs can have opposite effects on ERK phosphorylation. Novel (n)PKCs can inhibit ERK by phosphorylation of Raf-1, classical and atypical PKCs can activate ERK by removing an inhibitory protein from Raf-1. The aim of this work was to clarify how PMA-activated PKCs lead to ERK activation in MCF-7 cells expressing mainly nPKCs. Using chemical inhibitors and antibodies against PKCs, delivered into cells by the Chariot transfection system, we found that nPKCs activate ERK through transphosphorylation of PKD1, the blockage of which prevented PMA-stimulated ERK activation. We conclude that the nPKCs/PKD1 cascade is determinant for ERK activation by PMA in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Torricelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 7, Siena, Italy
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Gelardi T, Caputo R, Damiano V, Daniele G, Pepe S, Ciardiello F, Lahn M, Bianco R, Tortora G. Enzastaurin inhibits tumours sensitive and resistant to anti-EGFR drugs. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:473-80. [PMID: 18665191 PMCID: PMC2527788 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antitumour effect and ability to overcome the resistance to anti-EGFR drugs of enzastaurin, an inhibitor of VEGFR-dependent PKCβ signalling. Enzastaurin was evaluated alone and in combination with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, on growth and signalling protein expression in human cancer cells sensitive and resistant to anti-EGFR drugs, both in vitro and in nude mice. We demonstrated the marked inhibitory activity of enzastaurin against GEO colon and PC3 prostate cancer cells and their gefitinib-resistant counterparts GEO-GR and PC3-GR, accompanied by inhibition of pAkt and its effector pp70S6K, pGSK3β and VEGF expression and secretion. Moreover, enzastaurin showed a cooperative effect with gefitinib in parental and in gefitinib-resistant cells. Remarkably, these results were confirmed in vivo, where enzastaurin showed antitumour activity and cooperativity with gefitinib in mice grafted with GEO and GEO-GR tumours, incrementing their median survival and inhibiting the aforesaid protein expression and secretion in tumour specimens. In conclusion, enzastaurin by interfering with signalling proteins implicated in EGFR drug resistance markedly cooperates with gefitinib in sensitive and gefitinib-resistant tumours, thus overcoming and reverting such resistance and providing a rational basis for its development in patients resistant to anti-EGFR drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gelardi
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Fathallah-Shaykh HM. Logical networks inferred from highly specific discovery of transcriptionally regulated genes predict protein states in cultured gliomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:1278-84. [PMID: 16169516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultured glioma cells are motile and invasive. The phenotype of tumor cell motility is likely created by a complex system of molecular interactions because it requires the orchestration of molecular and physical events that modify the cytoskeleton, cell membrane, extracellular matrix, and signaling. Recent reports have described an algorithm for microarray data analysis that generates highly specific genome-scale discovery; these methods identify states of differential gene expression that are true to a high degree of certainty. Here, highly specific discovery of transcriptionally regulated genes combined with logical networks inferred from the functions of known genes predicts states of protein activation, which are validated in cultured glioma cells by independent laboratories. Highly specific discovery of transcriptionally regulated genes facilitates functional genomics of complex molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Fathallah-Shaykh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Neuro-Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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8
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Chu AJ. Tissue factor mediates inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:123-32. [PMID: 16036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of tissue factor (TF) in inflammation is mediated by blood coagulation. TF initiates the extrinsic blood coagulation that proceeds as an extracellular signaling cascade by a series of active serine proteases: FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin (FIIa) for fibrin clot production in the presence of phospholipids and Ca2+. TF upregulation resulting from its enhanced exposure to clotting factor FVII/FVIIa often manifests not only hypercoagulable but also inflammatory state. Coagulant mediators (FVIIa, FXa, and FIIa) are proinflammatory, which are largely transmitted by protease-activated receptors (PAR) to elicit inflammation including the expression of tissue necrosis factor, interleukins, adhesion molecules (MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, selectins, etc.), and growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, bFGF, etc.). In addition, fibrin, and its fragments are also able to promote inflammation. In the event of TF hypercoagulability accompanied by the elevations in clotting signals including fibrin overproduction, the inflammatory consequence could be enormous. Antagonism to coagulation-dependent inflammation includes (1) TF downregulation, (2) anti-coagulation, and (3) PAR blockade. TF downregulation and anti-coagulation prevent and limit the proceeding of coagulation cascade in the generation of proinflammatory coagulant signals, while PAR antagonists block the transmission of such signals. These approaches are of significance in interrupting the coagulation-inflammation cycle in contribution to not only anti-inflammation but also anti-thrombosis for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Chu
- MRC, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
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Ozaki N, Miura Y, Yamada T, Kato Y, Oiso Y. RasGRP3 mediates phorbol ester-induced, protein kinase C-independent exocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:765-71. [PMID: 15737652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phorbol esters are involved in neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion via activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In addition, it has been recently reported to enhance neurotransmitter release in a PKC-independent manner. However, the exocytotic machinery is not fully clarified. Nowadays members of the RasGRP family are being identified as novel molecules binding to diacylglycerol and calcium, representing a new class of guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates small GTPases including Ras and Rap1. In the present study, we demonstrated that RasGRP3 is expressed in endocrine tissues and mediates phorbol ester-induced exocytosis. Furthermore, the effects were partially blocked by PKC inhibitor but not mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, although both significantly suppressed the phorbol ester-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. These results indicate that RasGRP3 is implicated in phorbol ester-induced, PKC-independent exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ozaki
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Xie K, Wei D, Shi Q, Huang S. Constitutive and inducible expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 15:297-324. [PMID: 15450248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which was originally discovered as vascular permeability factor, is critical to human cancer angiogenesis through its potent functions as a stimulator of endothelial cell survival, mitogenesis, migration, differentiation and self-assembly, as well as vascular permeability, immunosuppression and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation. Genetic alterations and a chaotic tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia, acidosis, free radicals, and cytokines, are clearly attributed to numerous abnormalities in the expression and signaling of VEGF and its receptors. These perturbations confer a tremendous survival and growth advantage to vascular endothelial cells as manifested by exuberant tumor angiogenesis and a consequent malignant phenotype. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of both inducible and constitutive VEGF expression will be crucial in designing effective therapeutic strategies targeting VEGF to control tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, molecular regulation of VEGF expression in tumor cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keping Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Nakagawa T, Lan HY, Zhu HJ, Kang DH, Schreiner GF, Johnson RJ. Differential regulation of VEGF by TGF-β and hypoxia in rat proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 287:F658-64. [PMID: 15187003 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00040.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF expression by proximal tubular epithelial cells may play a critical role in maintaining peritubular capillary endothelium in renal disease. Two major processes involved in renal injury include hypoxia (from vasoconstriction or vascular injury) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent fibrosis, both of which are known to stimulate VEGF. Because the TGF-β/Smad pathway is activated in hypoxia, we tested the hypothesis that the induction of VEGF in hypoxia could be partially dependent on TGF-β. Rat proximal tubular (NRK52E) cells treated with TGF-β under normoxic conditions secreted VEGF at 24 h, and this was significantly reduced by blocking Smad activation by overexpressing the inhibitory Smad7 or by blocking p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinase activation or protein kinase C activation with specific inhibitors. With acute hypoxia, rat proximal tubular cells also express VEGF mRNA and protein as well as TGF-β. However, the induction of VEGF occurs before synthesis of TGF-β and is not blocked by either a TGF-β antagonist, by Smad7 overexpression, or by blockage of ERK1/2, whereas induction is blocked by PKC inhibition or partially blocked by a p38 inhibitor. Finally, the addition of TGF-β with hypoxia results in significantly more VEGF expression than either stimulation alone. Thus TGF-β and hypoxia act via additive/synergistic but distinct pathways to stimulate VEGF in proximal tubular cells, a finding that may be important in understanding how VEGF is stimulated in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Nakagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0224, USA.
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