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Shen Y, Zhang G, Wei C, Zhao P, Wang Y, Li M, Sun L. Potential role and therapeutic implications of glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:613-631. [PMID: 38886929 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxidative stress mediates excessive oxidative responses, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis as a primary or secondary pathological event is widely accepted. As a member of the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme family, glutathione peroxidase 4 reduces esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. With the discovery of ferroptosis, the central role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in anti-lipid peroxidation in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has received widespread attention. Increasing evidence suggests that glutathione peroxidase 4 expression is inhibited in the Alzheimer's disease brain, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, which are closely associated with pathological damage in Alzheimer's disease. Several therapeutic approaches, such as small molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological treatments, ameliorate pathological damage and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and enhancing glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase 4 upregulation may be a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the gene structure, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase 4, a discussion on the important role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in pathological events closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and a summary of the advances in small-molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most prior studies on this subject used animal models, and relevant clinical studies are lacking. Future clinical trials are required to validate the therapeutic effects of strategies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunxiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Cognitive Impairment Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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2
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Yapici FI, Bebber CM, von Karstedt S. A guide to ferroptosis in cancer. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:1378-1396. [PMID: 38590214 PMCID: PMC11161738 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly identified iron-dependent type of regulated cell death that can also be regarded as death caused by the specific collapse of the lipid antioxidant defence machinery. Ferroptosis has gained increasing attention as a potential therapeutic strategy for therapy-resistant cancer types. However, many ferroptosis-inducing small molecules do not reach the pharmacokinetic requirements for their effective clinical use yet. Nevertheless, their clinical optimization is under development. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of molecular pathways regulating ferroptosis, how cells protect themselves from the induction of ferroptotic cell death, and how a better understanding of cancer cell metabolism can represent vulnerabilities for ferroptosis-based therapies. Lastly, we discuss the context-dependent effect of ferroptosis on various cell types within the tumor microenvironment and address controversies on how tissue ferroptosis might impact systemic cancer immunity in a paracrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Isil Yapici
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneGermany
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneGermany
| | - Christina M. Bebber
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneGermany
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneGermany
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneGermany
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneGermany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneGermany
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3
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Li Z, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhao H. Function and regulation of GPX4 in the development and progression of fibrotic disease. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2808-2824. [PMID: 35605092 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common feature of fibrotic diseases that poses a serious threat to global health due to high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. There exist some chemical compounds and biomolecules associated with the development of fibrosis, including cytokines, hormones, and enzymes. Among them, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), as a selenoprotein antioxidant enzyme, is widely found in the embryo, testis, brain, liver, heart, and photoreceptor cells. Moreover, it is shown that GPX4 elicits diverse biological functions by suppressing phospholipid hydroperoxide at the expense of decreased glutathione (GSH), including loss of neurons, autophagy, cell repair, inflammation, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Interestingly, these processes are intimately related to the occurrence of fibrotic disease. Recently, GPX4 has been reported to exhibit a decline in fibrotic disease and inhibit fibrosis, suggesting that alterations of GPX4 can change the course or dictate the outcome of fibrotic disease. In this review, we summarize the role and underlying mechanisms of GPX4 in fibrosis diseases such as lung fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and myelofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunnan, China
| | - Zigui Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Units, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunnan, China
| | - Yulu Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Units, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunnan, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- School of Nursing, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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4
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Mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase 4 is indispensable for photoreceptor development and survival in mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101824. [PMID: 35288190 PMCID: PMC8980337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is known for its unique function in the direct detoxification of lipid peroxides in the cell membrane and as a key regulator of ferroptosis, a form of lipid peroxidation–induced nonapoptotic cell death. However, the cytosolic isoform of GPx4 is considered to play a major role in inhibiting ferroptosis in somatic cells, whereas the roles of the mitochondrial isoform of GPx4 (mGPx4) in cell survival are not yet clear. In the present study, we found that mGPx4 KO mice exhibit a cone–rod dystrophy-like phenotype in which loss of cone photoreceptors precedes loss of rod photoreceptors. Specifically, in mGPx4 KO mice, cone photoreceptors disappeared prior to their maturation, whereas rod photoreceptors persisted through maturation but gradually degenerated afterward. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that vitamin E supplementation significantly ameliorated photoreceptor loss in these mice. Furthermore, LC–MS showed a significant increase in peroxidized phosphatidylethanolamine esterified with docosahexaenoic acid in the retina of mGPx4 KO mice. We also observed shrunken and uniformly condensed nuclei as well as caspase-3 activation in mGPx4 KO photoreceptors, suggesting that apoptosis was prevalent. Taken together, our findings indicate that mGPx4 is essential for the maturation of cone photoreceptors but not for the maturation of rod photoreceptors, although it is still critical for the survival of rod photoreceptors after maturation. In conclusion, we reveal novel functions of mGPx4 in supporting development and survival of photoreceptors in vivo.
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5
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Ye Z, Liu W, Zhuo Q, Hu Q, Liu M, Sun Q, Zhang Z, Fan G, Xu W, Ji S, Yu X, Qin Y, Xu X. Ferroptosis: Final destination for cancer? Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12761. [PMID: 32100402 PMCID: PMC7106955 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently defined, non‐apoptotic, regulated cell death (RCD) process that comprises abnormal metabolism of cellular lipid oxides catalysed by iron ions or iron‐containing enzymes. In this process, a variety of inducers destroy the cell redox balance and produce a large number of lipid peroxidation products, eventually triggering cell death. However, in terms of morphology, biochemistry and genetics, ferroptosis is quite different from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy‐dependent cell death and other RCD processes. A growing number of studies suggest that the relationship between ferroptosis and cancer is extremely complicated and that ferroptosis promises to be a novel approach for the cancer treatment. This article primarily focuses on the mechanism of ferroptosis and discusses the potential application of ferroptosis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Zhuo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqing Sun
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixiong Fan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Kuzmin AN, Levchenko SM, Pliss A, Qu J, Prasad PN. Molecular profiling of single organelles for quantitative analysis of cellular heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6512. [PMID: 28747639 PMCID: PMC5529525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in Raman spectroscopy instrumentation and data processing algorithms have led to the emergence of Ramanomics - an independent discipline with unprecedented capabilities to map the distribution of distinct molecular groups in live cells. Here, we introduce a method for probing the absolute concentrations of proteins, RNA and lipids in single organelles of live cultured cells by biomolecular component analysis using microRaman data. We found significant cell-to-cell variations in the molecular profiles of organelles, thus providing a physiologically relevant set of markers of cellular heterogeneity. At the same cell the molecular profiles of different organelles can strongly correlate, reflecting tight coordination of their functions. This correlation was significant in WI-38 diploid fibroblasts and weak in HeLa cells, indicating profound differences in the regulation of biochemical processes in these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Kuzmin
- Advanced Cytometry Instrumentation Systems, LLC, 640 Ellicott Street - Suite 499, Buffalo, 14203, NY, USA.
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Svitlana M Levchenko
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Artem Pliss
- Advanced Cytometry Instrumentation Systems, LLC, 640 Ellicott Street - Suite 499, Buffalo, 14203, NY, USA
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Junle Qu
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Paras N Prasad
- Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
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7
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Lipid Peroxidation-Dependent Cell Death Regulated by GPx4 and Ferroptosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 403:143-170. [PMID: 28204974 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, PHGPx) can directly reduce phospholipid hydroperoxide. Depletion of GPx4 induces lipid peroxidation-dependent cell death in embryo, testis, brain, liver, heart, and photoreceptor cells of mice. Administration of vitamin E in tissue specific GPx4 KO mice restored tissue damage in testis, liver, and heart. These results indicate that suppression of phospholipid peroxidation is essential for cell survival in normal tissues in mice. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death that can elicited by pharmacological inhibiting the cystine/glutamate antiporter, system Xc- (type I) or directly binding and loss of activity of GPx4 (Type II) in cancer cells with high level RAS-RAF-MEK pathway activity or p53 expression, but not in normal cells. Ferroptosis by Erastin (Type I) and RSL3 (RAS-selective lethal 3, Type II) treatment was suppressed by an iron chelator, vitamin E and Ferrostatin-1, antioxidant compound. GPx4 can regulate ferroptosis by suppression of phospholipid peroxidation in erastin and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. Recent works have identified several regulatory factors of erastin and RSL3-induced ferroptosis. In our established GPx4-deficient MEF cells, depletion of GPx4 induce iron and 15LOX-independent lipid peroxidation at 26 h and caspase-independent cell death at 72 h, whereas erastin and RSL3 treatment resulted in iron-dependent ferroptosis by 12 h. These results indicated the possibility that the mechanism of GPx4-depleted cell death might be different from that of ferroptosis induced by erastin and RSL3.
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8
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Katunga LA, Gudimella P, Efird JT, Abernathy S, Mattox TA, Beatty C, Darden TM, Thayne KA, Alwair H, Kypson AP, Virag JA, Anderson EJ. Obesity in a model of gpx4 haploinsufficiency uncovers a causal role for lipid-derived aldehydes in human metabolic disease and cardiomyopathy. Mol Metab 2015; 4:493-506. [PMID: 26042203 PMCID: PMC4443294 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid peroxides and their reactive aldehyde derivatives (LPPs) have been linked to obesity-related pathologies, but whether they have a causal role has remained unclear. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is a selenoenzyme that selectively neutralizes lipid hydroperoxides, and human gpx4 gene variants have been associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies. This study tested the hypothesis that LPPs underlie cardio-metabolic derangements in obesity using a high fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet in gpx4 haploinsufficient mice (GPx4(+/-)) and in samples of human myocardium. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and GPx4(+/-) mice were fed either a standard chow (CNTL) or HFHS diet for 24 weeks, with metabolic and cardiovascular parameters measured throughout. Biochemical and immuno-histological analysis was performed in heart and liver at termination of study, and mitochondrial function was analyzed in heart. Biochemical analysis was also performed on samples of human atrial myocardium from a cohort of 103 patients undergoing elective heart surgery. RESULTS Following HFHS diet, WT mice displayed moderate increases in 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-adducts and carbonyl stress, and a 1.5-fold increase in GPx4 enzyme in both liver and heart, while gpx4 haploinsufficient (GPx4(+/-)) mice had marked carbonyl stress in these organs accompanied by exacerbated glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. Although normotensive, cardiac hypertrophy was evident with obesity, and cardiac fibrosis more pronounced in obese GPx4(+/-) mice. Mitochondrial dysfunction manifesting as decreased fat oxidation capacity and increased reactive oxygen species was also present in obese GPx4(+/-) but not WT hearts, along with up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic genes. Patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia exhibited significantly less GPx4 enzyme and greater HNE-adducts in their hearts, compared with age-matched non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSION These findings suggest LPPs are key factors underlying cardio-metabolic derangements that occur with obesity and that GPx4 serves a critical role as an adaptive countermeasure.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- BMI, body mass index
- CNTL, control
- Coll1a1, collagen, type I, alpha
- Coll4a1, collagen, type IV, alpha 1
- EF, ejection fraction
- FS, fractional shortening
- GPx4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- Glutathione peroxidase 4
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HFHS, high fat, high sucrose
- Human heart
- IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Inflammation
- LPPs, lipid peroxidation end products
- Lipid peroxidation
- Mitochondria
- Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
- Obesity
- PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TG, triglycerides
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1
- TGF-β2, transforming growth factor beta 2
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- WT, wild type
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- β-MHC, β myosin heavy chain
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalage A. Katunga
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Preeti Gudimella
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Jimmy T. Efird
- Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Scott Abernathy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor A. Mattox
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Cherese Beatty
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Timothy M. Darden
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Thayne
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Hazaim Alwair
- East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Alan P. Kypson
- East Carolina Heart Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Jitka A. Virag
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Ethan J. Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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9
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Turner JG, Dawson J, Sullivan DM. Nuclear export of proteins and drug resistance in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1021-32. [PMID: 22209898 PMCID: PMC4521586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular location of a protein is crucial to its normal functioning in a cell. Cancer cells utilize the normal processes of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport through the nuclear pore complex of a cell to effectively evade anti-neoplastic mechanisms. CRM1-mediated export is increased in various cancers. Proteins that are exported in cancer include tumor-suppressive proteins such as retinoblastoma, APC, p53, BRAC1, FOXO proteins, INI1/hSNF5, galectin-3, Bok, nucleophosmin, RASSF2, Merlin, p21(CIP), p27(KIP1), N-WASP/FAK, estradiol receptor and Tob, drug targets topoisomerase I and IIα and BCR-ABL, and the molecular chaperone protein Hsp90. Here, we review in detail the current processes and known structures involved in the export of a protein through the nuclear pore complex. We also discuss the export receptor molecule CRM1 and its binding to the leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the cargo protein and the formation of a nuclear export trimer with RanGTP. The therapeutic potential of various CRM1 inhibitors will be addressed, including leptomycin B, ratjadone, KOS-2464, and specific small molecule inhibitors of CRM1, N-azolylacrylate analogs, FOXO export inhibitors, valtrate, acetoxychavicol acetate, CBS9106, and SINE inhibitors. We will also discuss examples of how drug resistance may be reversed by targeting the exported proteins topoisomerase IIα, BCR-ABL, and galectin-3. As effective and less toxic CRM1 export inhibitors become available, they may be used as both single agents and in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. We believe that the future development of low-toxicity, small-molecule CRM1 inhibitors may provide a new approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G. Turner
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jana Dawson
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M. Sullivan
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Department and Experimental Therapeutics Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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10
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Imai H. New Strategy of Functional Analysis of PHGPx Knockout Mice Model Using Transgenic Rescue Method and Cre-LoxP System. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 46:1-13. [PMID: 20104259 PMCID: PMC2803127 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-94r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is an intracellular antioxidant enzyme that directly reduces peroxidized phospholipids. PHGPx is transcribed from one gene into three types of mRNA, mitochondrial, non-mitochondrial and nucleolar PHGPx by alternative transcription. In this review, we focus on our recent experiments on the regulation of promoter activity of the types of PHGPx and on the novel strategy of functional analysis of a PHGPx knockout mice model using the transgenic rescue method and Cre-LoxP system. PHGPx is especially high in testis and spermatozoa. A deficiency is implicated in human infertility. We established spermatocyte-specific PHGPx knockout (KO) mice using a Cre-loxP system. Targeted disruption of all exons of the PHGPx gene in mice by homologous recombination caused embryonic lethality at 7.5 days post coitum. The PHGPx-loxP transgene rescued PHGPx KO mice from embryonic lethality. These rescued floxed PHGPx mice were mated with spermatocyte specific Cre expressing mice. All the spermatocyte-specific PHGPx KO male mice were infertile and displayed a significant decrease in the number of spermatozoa and significant reductions in forward motility by mitochondrial dysfunction of spermatozoa. These results demonstrate that depletion of PHGPx in spermatozoa may be one of the causes of male infertility in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Imai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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11
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Imai H, Hakkaku N, Iwamoto R, Suzuki J, Suzuki T, Tajima Y, Konishi K, Minami S, Ichinose S, Ishizaka K, Shioda S, Arata S, Nishimura M, Naito S, Nakagawa Y. Depletion of selenoprotein GPx4 in spermatocytes causes male infertility in mice. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32522-32. [PMID: 19783653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) is an intracellular antioxidant enzyme that directly reduces peroxidized phospholipids. GPx4 is strongly expressed in the mitochondria of testis and spermatozoa. We previously found a significant decrease in the expression of GPx4 in spermatozoa from 30% of infertile human males diagnosed with oligoasthenozoospermia (Imai, H., Suzuki, K., Ishizaka, K., Ichinose, S., Oshima, H., Okayasu, I., Emoto, K., Umeda, M., and Nakagawa, Y. (2001) Biol. Reprod. 64, 674-683). To clarify whether defective GPx4 in spermatocytes causes male infertility, we established spermatocyte-specific GPx4 knock-out mice using a Cre-loxP system. All the spermatocyte-specific GPx4 knock-out male mice were found to be infertile despite normal plug formation after mating and displayed a significant decrease in the number of spermatozoa. Isolated epididymal GPx4-null spermatozoa could not fertilize oocytes in vitro. These spermatozoa showed significant reductions of forward motility and the mitochondrial membrane potential. These impairments were accompanied by the structural abnormality, such as a hairpin-like flagella bend at the midpiece and swelling of mitochondria in the spermatozoa. These results demonstrate that the depletion of GPx4 in spermatocytes causes severe abnormalities in spermatozoa. This may be one of the causes of male infertility in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Imai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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12
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Codrington AM, Hales BF, Robaire B. Chronic cyclophosphamide exposure alters the profile of rat sperm nuclear matrix proteins. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:303-11. [PMID: 17475930 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure of male rats to the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide, a well-known male-mediated developmental toxicant, alters gene expression in male germ cells as well as in early preimplantation embryos sired by cyclophosphamide-exposed males. Sperm DNA is organized by the nuclear matrix into loop-domains in a sequence-specific manner. In somatic cells, loop-domain organization is involved in gene regulation. Various structural and functional components of the nuclear matrix are targets for chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, we hypothesized that cyclophosphamide treatment would alter the expression of sperm nuclear matrix proteins. Adult male rats were treated for 4 wk with saline or cyclophosphamide (6.0 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and the nuclear matrix was extracted from cauda epididymal sperm. Proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Identified proteins within the nuclear matrix proteome were mainly involved in cell structure, transcription, translation, DNA binding, protein processing, signal transduction, metabolism, cell defense, or detoxification. Interestingly, cyclophosphamide selectively induced numerous changes in cell defense and detoxification proteins, most notably, in all known forms of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4, in addition to an uncharacterized 54-kDa form; an overall increase in glutathione peroxidase 4 immunoreactivity was observed in the nuclear matrix extracts from cyclophosphamide-exposed spermatozoa. An increase in glutathione peroxidase 4 expression suggests a role for this enzyme in maintaining nuclear matrix stability and function. These results led us to propose that a change in composition of the nuclear matrix in response to drug exposure was a factor in altered sperm function and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Codrington
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Conrad M, Schneider M, Seiler A, Bornkamm GW. Physiological role of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in mammals. Biol Chem 2007; 388:1019-25. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Yashiro K, Kitamura K, Mizuno-Kamiya M, Kameyama Y, Fujita A. Glutathione-dependent Peroxidase Activities in Rat Submandibular Gland. J Oral Biosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(07)80023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Imai H, Saito M, Kirai N, Hasegawa J, Konishi K, Hattori H, Nishimura M, Naito S, Nakagawa Y. Identification of the Positive Regulatory and Distinct Core Regions of Promoters, and Transcriptional Regulation in Three Types of Mouse Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 140:573-90. [PMID: 16959796 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) is transcribed into three types of mRNA, mitochondrial, non-mitochondrial and nucleolar types, from one gene by alternative transcription using different first exons, Ia and Ib. We investigated the regulatory mechanisms of the expressions of the three types of PHGPx using promoter analysis with luciferase as the reporter gene and electrophoretical mobility shift analysis. Here we report a draft of the positive regulatory region and the core promoter regions of PHGPx in several cell lines. From promoter deletion analysis we identified the three distinct core regions of mitochondrial PHGPx, non-mitochondrial PHGPx and nucleolar PHGPx. The core promoter activity of non-mitochondrial PHGPx was high in L929 cells, but relatively low for mitochondrial and nucleolar PHGPx. We also identified the positive regulatory region of mitochondrial PHGPx by deletion and mutation analysis of 5'-flanking regions of mitochondrial PHGPx. This region could regulate the promoter activity of non-mitochondrial PHGPx; however, up-regulation by this region was normally suppressed by the upstream region in somatic cells. Electrophoretical mobility shift analysis demonstrated that a specific transcription factor complex bound to this region in adult testis, but not in young testis and different sizes of complexes bound to this region between testis and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Imai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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16
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Davis JR, Kakar M, Lim CS. Controlling protein compartmentalization to overcome disease. Pharm Res 2006; 24:17-27. [PMID: 16969692 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made to improve our understanding of the intracellular transport of proteins. Mechanisms of nuclear import and export involving classical receptors have been studied. Signal sequences required for directing a protein molecule to a specific cellular compartment have been defined. Knowledge of subcellular trafficking of proteins has also increased our understanding of diseases caused due to mislocalization of proteins. A specific protein on deviating from its native cellular compartment may result in disease due to loss of its normal functioning and aberrant activity in the "wrong" compartment. Mislocalization of proteins results in diseases that range from metabolic disorders to cancer. In this review we discuss some of the diseases caused due to mislocalization. We further focus on application of nucleocytoplasmic transport to drug delivery. Various rationales to treat diseases by exploiting intracellular transport machinery have been proposed. Although the pathways for intracellular movement of proteins have been defined, these have not been adequately utilized for management of diseases involving mislocalized proteins. This review stresses the need for designing drug delivery systems utilizing these mechanisms as this area is least exploited but offers great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Davis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Maiorino M, Mauri P, Roveri A, Benazzi L, Toppo S, Bosello V, Ursini F. Primary structure of the nuclear forms of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in rat spermatozoa. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:667-70. [PMID: 15670826 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase is a monomeric Se-peroxidase highly expressed in mammalian male germ cells. Its nuclear form, sperm nuclei glutathione peroxidase (snGPx), has been originally identified in maturating spermatozoa as a transcription product containing an alternative exon within the phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase gene. In this paper, we show that this form is inconstantly detectable in rat spermatozoa where a 20.0 and 25.9 kDa major forms are detected instead. These have been conclusively characterized. The N-terminus sequence of the 20.0 kDa form confirmed that the protein is identical to cytosolic form, suggesting diffusion into the nucleus. The 25.9 kDa protein represented a truncated form of the previously described nuclear snGPx, lacking the basic nuclear localization signal. This protein is present in two forms differing from each other by the presence of an N-terminal methionine. The presence of traces of the larger snGPx form suggests that exhaustive proteolytic processing of the precursor produces the 25.9 kDa enzyme, although the alternate use of a downstream ATG, at least in rodents, could not be unequivocally ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121 Padova, Italy.
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Lee HZ, Wu CH, Chang SP. Release of nucleophosmin from the nucleus: Involvement in aloe-emodin-induced human lung non small carcinoma cell apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2005; 113:971-6. [PMID: 15514966 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-anthraquinone) is one of the active constituents from the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum. Our previous study has demonstrated that aloe-emodin induced a significant change in the expression of lung cancer cell apoptosis-related proteins compared to those of control cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological effects of aloe-emodin still remain unknown. Based on these reasons, we were interested in the change of aloe-emodin-induced total protein expression by the proteomics technique during aloe-emodin-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis. Our study applied 2D electrophoresis to analyze the proteins involved in aloe-emodin-induced apoptosis in H460 cells. We found that the release of nucleophosmin from the nucleus to the cytosol and the degradation of nucleophosmin were associated with aloe-emodin-induced H460 cell apoptosis. Our study also demonstrated that the gene expression of nucleophosmin remained unchanged after treatment with aloe-emodin. The aloe-emodin-caused increase in the amount of proform and fragment of nucleophosmin in cytoplasm may be one of the important events for aloe-emodin-induced H460 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Imai H. [Biological significance of lipid hydroperoxide and its reducing enzyme, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, in mammalian cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2005; 124:937-57. [PMID: 15577264 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.124.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may lead to oxidative stress, loss of cell function, and cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Recently, ROS have gained attention as important second messengers. ROS lifetimes can be very short, and many types of ROS cannot penetrate organelle membranes. It is therefore thought that only ROS signal molecules that are generated locally in an organelle are transduced when cells are stimulated. Lipid hydroperoxides are one type of ROS of which the biological function has not yet been clarified. The phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) is a unique antioxidant enzyme and separately distributed to the mitochondria, nucleus, nucleoli, and cytosol, where it regulates phospholipid hydroperoxide and fatty acid hydroperoxide as signal molecules. This review focuses on the structure and biological functions of PHGPx in mammalian cells. Overexpression of different types of PHGPx in the RBL2H3 cell line provides a useful model system with which to clarify the ability of different types of PHGPx to modulate cellular function and the importance of lipid hydroperoxides as signal molecules. Transformant studies show that lipid hydroperoxide is an activator of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase and participates in inflammation, cardiolipin hydroperoxide is the signal molecule for the release of cytochrome c during apoptotic cell death, and PHGPx is a signal regulator in the IgE receptor-mediated signaling pathway. It is becoming clear that PHGPx has an important role in spermatogenesis, sperm function, and embryonic development, and its deficiency is implicated in human infertility and in embryonic lethality of PHGPx knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Imai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Kamada K, Goto S, Okunaga T, Ihara Y, Tsuji K, Kawai Y, Uchida K, Osawa T, Matsuo T, Nagata I, Kondo T. Nuclear glutathione S-transferase pi prevents apoptosis by reducing the oxidative stress-induced formation of exocyclic DNA products. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1875-84. [PMID: 15528046 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that nuclear glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTpi) accumulates in cancer cells resistant to anticancer drugs, suggesting that it has a role in the acquisition of resistance to anticancer drugs. In the present study, the effect of oxidative stress on the nuclear translocation of GSTpi and its role in the protection of DNA from damage were investigated. In human colonic cancer HCT8 cells, the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced increase in nuclear condensation, the population of sub-G(1) peak, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells were observed in cells pretreated with edible mushroom lectin, an inhibitor of the nuclear transport of GSTpi. The DNA damage and the formation of lipid peroxide were dependent on the dose of H(2)O(2) and the incubation time. Immunological analysis showed that H(2)O(2) induced the nuclear accumulation of GSTpi but not of glutathione peroxidase. Formation of the 7-(2-oxo-hepyl)-substituted 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine adduct by the reaction of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) with 2'-deoxyguanosine was inhibited by GSTpi in the presence of glutathione. The conjugation product of 4-oxo-2-nonenal, a lipid aldehyde of 13-HPODE, with GSH in the presence of GSTpi, was identified by LS/MS. These results suggested that nuclear GSTpi prevents H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage by scavenging the formation of lipid-peroxide-modified DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 851-8523, Japan
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Jinawath N, Furukawa Y, Nakamura Y. Identification of NOL8, a nucleolar protein containing an RNA recognition motif (RRM), which was overexpressed in diffuse-type gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:430-5. [PMID: 15132771 PMCID: PMC11159714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Revised: 03/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to identify novel therapeutic targets for diffuse-type gastric cancer, we had previously compared expression profiles of 20 diffuse-type gastric-cancer tissues with corresponding non-cancerous mucosae by means of a cDNA microarray consisting of 23,040 genes. Among 153 genes whose expression levels were elevated in cancers compared to non-cancerous mucosae, we focused on a gene termed NOL8 that encodes a putative 150-kDa protein with an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) domain in its amino-acid terminal region. Comparison of expression profiles between diffuse-type and intestinal-type gastric cancers showed that NOL8 was specifically up-regulated in diffuse-type cancers. Northern blot analysis revealed that NOL8 was expressed in skeletal muscle, but not expressed or hardly detectable in 22 other tissues examined. Immunocytochemical staining of NOL8 showed specific localization in the nucleolus. Subsequent protein phosphatase analysis coupled with western analysis revealed the presence of the phosphorylated form. Furthermore, transfection of short-interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to NOL8 into three diffuse-type gastric cancer cells, St-4, MKN45 and TMK-1, effectively reduced expression of this gene and induced apoptosis in these cells. These findings provide a new insight into diffuse-type gastric carcinogenesis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for diffuse-type gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natini Jinawath
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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