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Do Neurotrophins Connect Neurological Disorders and Heart Diseases? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111730. [PMID: 34827728 PMCID: PMC8615910 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are one of the most characterized neurotrophic factor family members and consist of four members in mammals. Growing evidence suggests that there is a complex inter- and bi-directional relationship between central nervous system (CNS) disorders and cardiac dysfunction, so-called "brain-heart axis". Recent studies suggest that CNS disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and depression, affect cardiovascular function via various mechanisms, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis augmentation. Although this brain-heart axis has been well studied in humans and mice, the involvement of NT signaling in the axis has not been fully investigated. In the first half of this review, we emphasize the importance of NTs not only in the nervous system, but also in the cardiovascular system from the embryonic stage to the adult state. In the second half, we discuss the involvement of NTs in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, and then examine whether an alteration in NTs could serve as the mediator between neurological disorders and heart dysfunction. The further investigation we propose herein could contribute to finding direct evidence for the involvement of NTs in the axis and new treatment for cardiovascular diseases.
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Luo C, Zhou X, Wang L, Zeng Q, Fan J, He S, Zhang H, Wei A. Screening and identification of NOTCH1, CDKN2A, and NOS3 as differentially expressed autophagy-related genes in erectile dysfunction. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11986. [PMID: 34447638 PMCID: PMC8366525 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of function of key autophagy genes are associated with a variety of diseases. However specific role of autophagy-related genes in erectile dysfunction ED remains unclear. This study explores the autophagy-related differentially expressed genes (ARGs) profiles and related molecular mechanisms in Corpus Cavernosum endothelial dysfunction, which is a leading cause of ED. Methods The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to identify the key genes and pathways. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mined using the limma package in R language. Next, ARGs were obtained by matching DEGs and autophagy-related genes from GeneCard using Venn diagrams. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of ARGs were described using clusterProfiler and org.Hs.eg.db in R. Moreover, hub ARGs were screened out through protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene-microRNAs, and gene-transcription factors (TFs) networks then visualized using Cytoscape. Of note, the rat model of diabetic ED was established to validate some hub ARGs with qRT-PCR and Western blots. Results Twenty ARGs were identified from four ED samples and eight non-ED samples. GO analysis revealed that molecular functions (MF) of upregulated ARGs were mainly enriched in nuclear receptor activity. Also, MF of downregulated ARGs were mainly enriched in oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H and heme proteins as acceptors. Moreover, six hub ARGs were identified by setting high degrees in the network. Additionally, hsa-mir-24-3p and hsa-mir-335-5p might play a central role in several ARGs regulation, and the transcription factors-hub genes network was centered with 13 ARGs. The experimental results further showed that the expression of Notch1, NOS3, and CDKN2A in the diabetic ED group was downregulated compared to the control. Conclusions Our study deepens the autophagy-related mechanistic understanding of endothelial dysfunction of ED. NOTCH1, CDKN2A, and NOS3 are involved in the regulation of endothelial dysfunction and may be potential therapeutic targets for ED by modulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luo
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiongcai Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Urology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinyu Zeng
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhong Fan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuhua He
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anyang Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Moattari CR, Granstein RD. Neuropeptides and neurohormones in immune, inflammatory and cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13644. [PMID: 33724698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to varying amounts of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunlight. UVR penetrates into human skin leading to release of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. These messengers released from local sensory nerves, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells, melanocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) modulate local and systemic immune responses, mediate inflammation and promote differing cell biologic effects. In this review, we will focus on both animal and human studies that elucidate the roles of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), nitric oxide and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives in mediating immune and inflammatory effects of exposure to UVR as well as other cell biologic effects of UVR exposure.
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Gonçalves NP, Mohseni S, El Soury M, Ulrichsen M, Richner M, Xiao J, Wood RJ, Andersen OM, Coulson EJ, Raimondo S, Murray SS, Vægter CB. Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Is Independent From Schwann Cell p75 NTR Expression. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:235. [PMID: 31191256 PMCID: PMC6548843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cell reprogramming and differentiation are crucial prerequisites for neuronal regeneration and re-myelination to occur following injury to peripheral nerves. The neurotrophin receptor p75NTR has been identified as a positive modulator for Schwann cell myelination during development and implicated in promoting nerve regeneration after injury. However, most studies base this conclusion on results obtained from complete p75NTR knockout mouse models and cannot dissect the specific role of p75NTR expressed by Schwann cells. In this present study, a conditional knockout model selectively deleting p75NTR expression in Schwann cells was generated, where p75NTR expression is replaced with that of an mCherry reporter. Silencing of Schwann cell p75NTR expression was confirmed in the sciatic nerve in vivo and in vitro, without altering axonal expression of p75NTR. No difference in sciatic nerve myelination during development or following sciatic nerve crush injury was observed, as determined by quantification of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fiber densities, myelinated axonal diameter and myelin thickness. However, the absence of Schwann cell p75NTR reduced motor nerve conduction velocity after crush injury. Our data indicate that the absence of Schwann cell p75NTR expression in vivo is not critical for axonal regrowth or remyelination following sciatic nerve crush injury, but does play a key role in functional recovery. Overall, this represents the first step in redefining the role of p75NTR in the peripheral nervous system, suggesting that the Schwann cell-axon unit functions as a syncytium, with the previous published involvement of p75NTR in remyelination most likely depending on axonal/neuronal p75NTR and/or mutual glial-axonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simin Mohseni
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marwa El Soury
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maj Ulrichsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon J Wood
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christian B Vægter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Yu X, Qi Y, Zhao T, Fang J, Liu X, Xu T, Yang Q, Dai X. NGF increases FGF2 expression and promotes endothelial cell migration and tube formation through PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK pathways in human chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:526-534. [PMID: 30562625 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular invasion is observed at the osteochondral junction in osteoarthritis (OA). Nerve growth factor (NGF) as an angiogenic factor is expressed in OA. This study is to investigate the effects of NGF on angiogenesis in vitro in human chondrocytes. DESIGN Articular cartilages of knee joints were harvested from healthy and OA patients. Expressions of NGF and tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) were detected by western blot, Safranin-O and fast green staining and immunohistochemistry in cartilage. Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) was detected by western blot in cultured chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were transfected by lentiviral vectors to knock down TrkA. Migration and tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) were assessed by using transwell co-culture with chondrocyte after treatment of NGF. RESULTS We confirmed expressions of NGF and TrkA were significantly up-regulated in OA. NGF induced expression of FGF2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Angiogenic activities of endothelial cells were greatly enhanced after co-cultured with NGF pre-treated chondrocytes, while knock-down of TrkA significantly abolished the above effects. We further found that NGF-induced expression of FGF2 promoted angiogenic activities of endothelial cells through PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS NGF promotes expression of FGF2 in vitro via PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways in human chondrocytes and it increases angiogenesis, which is mediated by TrkA. NGF could be responsible for vascular up-growth from subchondral bone in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University), Shixin Road 590#, Hangzhou 311215, PR China
| | - Y Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - T Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - J Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital (International Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University), Shixin Road 590#, Hangzhou 311215, PR China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - T Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - Q Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China
| | - X Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou 310009, PR China; Orthopaedics Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China.
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Mehta D, Granstein RD. Immunoregulatory Effects of Neuropeptides on Endothelial Cells: Relevance to Dermatological Disorders. Dermatology 2019; 235:175-186. [PMID: 30808842 DOI: 10.1159/000496538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, have a neurogenic component. In this regard, bidirectional interactions between components of the nervous system and multiple target cells in the skin and elsewhere have been receiving increasing attention. Neuropeptides released by sensory nerves that innervate the skin can directly modulate functions of keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, mast cells, dermal microvascular endothelial cells and infiltrating immune cells. As a result, neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors participate in a complex, interdependent network of mediators that modulate the skin immune system, skin inflammation, and wound healing. In this review, we will focus on recent studies demonstrating the roles of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, and nerve growth factor in modulating inflammation and immunity in the skin through their effects on dermal microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Moattari M, Kouchesfehani HM, Kaka G, Sadraie SH, Naghdi M. Evaluation of nerve growth factor (NGF) treated mesenchymal stem cells for recovery in neurotmesis model of peripheral nerve injury. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:898-904. [PMID: 29716818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve damages are a relatively common type of the nervous system injuries. Although peripheral nerves show some capacity of regeneration after injury, the extent of regeneration is not remarkable. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of NGF treated mesenchymal stem cells on regeneration of transected sciatic nerve. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, forty-two male Wistar.rats (180-200 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 7) including control, Membrane + Cell (Mem + Cell), NGF group, NGF + Cell group, NGF + Mem group and NGF + Mem + Cell group. Regeneration of sciatic nerve was evaluated using behavioral analysis, electrophysiological assessment and histological examination. RESULTS The rats in the NGF + Mem + Cell group showed significant decrease in sciatic functional index (SFI) and hot water paw immersion test during the 2nd to 8th weeks after surgery. (p < 0.001). At 8 weeks after surgery, electrophysiological findings showed that amplitude increased and latency decreased significantly in NGF + Mem + Cell group (p < 0.001). Measured histological parameters showed that number of nerve fibers, number of vessels and percent of vessel area also increased significantly in NGF + Mem + Cell group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study showed that NGF in accompany with mesenchymal stem cells improved electrophysiological and histological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Moattari
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran
| | - Homa Mohseni Kouchesfehani
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Kaka
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19568-37173, Iran.
| | - Seyed Homayoon Sadraie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19568-37173, Iran
| | - Majid Naghdi
- Department of Anatomy, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Ahluwalia A, Jones MK, Hoa N, Zhu E, Brzozowski T, Tarnawski AS. Reduced NGF in Gastric Endothelial Cells Is One of the Main Causes of Impaired Angiogenesis in Aging Gastric Mucosa. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:199-213. [PMID: 29992182 PMCID: PMC6037903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Aging gastric mucosa has increased susceptibility to injury and delayed healing owing to impaired angiogenesis, but the mechanisms are not fully known. We examined whether impairment of angiogenesis in aging gastric mucosa is caused by deficiency of nerve growth factor (NGF) in gastric endothelial cells (ECs), and whether NGF therapy could reverse this impairment. METHODS In gastric mucosal ECs (GECs) isolated from young and aging rats we examined the following: (1) in vitro angiogenesis, (2) NGF expression, and (3) the effect of NGF treatment on angiogenesis, GEC proliferation and migration, and dependence on serum response factor. In in vivo studies in young and aging rats, we examined NGF expression in gastric mucosa and the effect of NGF treatment on angiogenesis and gastric ulcer healing. To determine human relevance, we examined NGF expression in gastric mucosal biopsy specimens of aging (≥70 y) and young (≤40 y) individuals. RESULTS In cultured aging GECs, NGF expression and angiogenesis were reduced significantly by 3.0-fold and 4.1-fold vs young GECs. NGF therapy reversed impairment of angiogenesis in aging GECs, and serum response factor silencing completely abolished this response. In gastric mucosa of aging rats, NGF expression in GECs was reduced significantly vs young rats. In aging rats, local NGF treatment significantly increased angiogenesis and accelerated gastric ulcer healing. In aging human subjects, NGF expression in ECs of gastric mucosal vessels was 5.5-fold reduced vs young individuals. CONCLUSIONS NGF deficiency in ECs is a key mechanism underlying impaired angiogenesis and delayed ulcer healing in aging gastric mucosa. Local NGF therapy can reverse these impairments.
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Key Words
- Aging
- Akt, serine threonine kinase signaling protein
- Angiogenesis
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- EC, endothelial cell
- Endothelial Cells
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GEC, gastric mucosal microvascular endothelial cells isolated from rats
- GU, gastric ulcer
- Gene Therapy
- LV-GFP, lentiviral green fluorescent protein
- LV-NGF, lentiviral nerve growth factor
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Nerve Growth Factor
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI3, phosphoinositide-3
- SRF, serum response factor
- Ulcer Healing
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Michael K. Jones
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Neil Hoa
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Ercheng Zhu
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej S. Tarnawski
- Medical and Research Services, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Andrzej S. Tarnawski, MD, PhD, AGAF, FACG, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 East 7th Street, 09/151, Long Beach, California 90822. fax: (562) 826-5675.
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A Pro-Nerve Growth Factor (proNGF) and NGF Binding Protein, α2-Macroglobulin, Differentially Regulates p75 and TrkA Receptors and Is Relevant to Neurodegeneration Ex Vivo and In Vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26217017 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00544-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is generated from a precursor, proNGF, that is proteolytically processed. NGF preferentially binds a trophic tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkA, while proNGF binds a neurotrophin receptor (NTR), p75(NTR), that can have neurotoxic activity. Previously, we along with others showed that the soluble protein α2-macroglobulin (α2M) is neurotoxic. Toxicity is due in part to α2M binding to NGF and inhibiting trophic activity, presumably by preventing NGF binding to TrkA. However, the mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we show ex vivo and in vivo three mechanisms for α2M neurotoxicity. First, unexpectedly the α2M-NGF complexes do bind TrkA receptors but do not induce TrkA dimerization or activation, resulting in deficient trophic support. Second, α2M makes stable complexes with proNGF, conveying resistance to proteolysis that results in more proNGF and less NGF. Third, α2M-proNGF complexes bind p75(NTR) and are more potent agonists than free proNGF, inducing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. Hence, α2M regulates proNGF/p75(NTR) positively and mature NGF/TrkA negatively, causing neuronal death ex vivo. These three mechanisms are operative in vivo, and α2M causes neurodegeneration in a p75(NTR)- and proNGF-dependent manner. α2M could be exploited as a therapeutic target, or as a modifier of neurotrophin signals.
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Nerve growth factor promotes killing of Leishmania donovani by macrophages through the induction of hydrogen peroxide. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:702-6. [PMID: 24937592 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is protozoonosis that occurs worldwide and still requires effective therapies with less toxicity. In this study, we examined the antileishmanial effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) using a murine infection model. NGF blocked the infection of macrophages by Leishmania donovani, which was completely cancelled by a hydrogen peroxide inhibitor. In vivo, not only did NGF show antileishmanial effects, but combination therapy of NGF and sodium stibogluconate synergistically exhibited the activity more potently than each monotherapy. These results indicate that NGF exerts antileishmanial effect by stimulating hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages and can be a novel therapy for leishmaniasis.
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Reinert RB, Cai Q, Hong JY, Plank JL, Aamodt K, Prasad N, Aramandla R, Dai C, Levy SE, Pozzi A, Labosky PA, Wright CVE, Brissova M, Powers AC. Vascular endothelial growth factor coordinates islet innervation via vascular scaffolding. Development 2014; 141:1480-91. [PMID: 24574008 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurovascular alignment is a common anatomical feature of organs, but the mechanisms leading to this arrangement are incompletely understood. Here, we show that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling profoundly affects both vascularization and innervation of the pancreatic islet. In mature islets, nerves are closely associated with capillaries, but the islet vascularization process during embryonic organogenesis significantly precedes islet innervation. Although a simple neuronal meshwork interconnects the developing islet clusters as they begin to form at E14.5, the substantial ingrowth of nerve fibers into islets occurs postnatally, when islet vascularization is already complete. Using genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that VEGF regulates islet innervation indirectly through its effects on intra-islet endothelial cells. Our data indicate that formation of a VEGF-directed, intra-islet vascular plexus is required for development of islet innervation, and that VEGF-induced islet hypervascularization leads to increased nerve fiber ingrowth. Transcriptome analysis of hypervascularized islets revealed an increased expression of extracellular matrix components and axon guidance molecules, with these transcripts being enriched in the islet-derived endothelial cell population. We propose a mechanism for coordinated neurovascular development within pancreatic islets, in which endocrine cell-derived VEGF directs the patterning of intra-islet capillaries during embryogenesis, forming a scaffold for the postnatal ingrowth of essential autonomic nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Reinert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
During osteoarthritis (OA), angiogenesis is increased in the synovium, osteophytes and menisci and leads to ossification in osteophytes and the deep layers of articular cartilage. Angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors might both be upregulated in the osteoarthritic joint; however, vascular growth predominates, and the articular cartilage loses its resistance to vascularization. In addition, blood vessel growth is increased at--and disrupts--the osteochondral junction. Angiogenesis in this location is dependent on the creation of channels from subchondral bone spaces into noncalcified articular cartilage. Inflammation drives synovial angiogenesis through macrophage activation. Blood vessel and nerve growth are linked by common pathways that involve the release of proangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, β-nerve growth factor and neuropeptides. Proangiogenic factors might also stimulate nerve growth, and molecules produced by vascular cells could both stimulate and guide nerve growth. As sensory nerves grow along new blood vessels in osteoarthritic joints, they eventually penetrate noncalcified articular cartilage, osteophytes and the inner regions of menisci. Angiogenesis could, therefore, contribute to structural damage and pain in OA and provide potential targets for new treatments.
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Chang EJ, Im YS, Kay EP, Kim JY, Lee JE, Lee HK. The role of nerve growth factor in hyperosmolar stress induced apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:69-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nico B, Mangieri D, Benagiano V, Crivellato E, Ribatti D. Nerve growth factor as an angiogenic factor. Microvasc Res 2007; 75:135-41. [PMID: 17764704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin that plays a crucial role in promoting neurotrophic and neurotropic effects in sympathetic neurons, has recently been identified as a novel angiogenic molecule, which exerts a variety of effects in the cardiovascular system and on endothelial cells. In fact, NGF may contribute to maintenance, survival, and function of endothelial cells by autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. This review summarizes the involvement of NGF in the regulation of angiogenesis in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Nico
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
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16
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Martinelli PM, Camargos ERDS, Azevedo AA, Chiari E, Morel G, Machado CRDS. Cardiac NGF and GDNF expression during Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rats. Auton Neurosci 2006; 130:32-40. [PMID: 16854632 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In rats, autonomic nerve endings are damaged during Trypanosoma cruzi-induced myocarditis. Gradual recovery occurs after the acute phase. The present work shows the cardiac levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), and their cellular sources during T. cruzi infection in rats. Atrial and ventricular NGF levels (ELISA) increased significantly at day 20 post inoculation, the time-point of maximal sympathetic denervation. ELISA failed to show significant increase of cardiac GDNF levels. However immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase of anti-GDNF gold particles over atrial granules at day 20. Light microscopy showed stronger NGF immunostaining in atrial cardiomyocytes and several blood capillaries. In situ hybridization showed NGF and GDNF mRNAs in atrial and ventricular myocytes of both infected and uninfected animals. Endothelial cells exhibited NGF mRNA and protein only in infected rats. No evidence of neurotrophic factor expression by the infiltrating mononuclear cells was found. This is the first report on neurotrophic factor expression during T. cruzi infection. Our findings indicate an important role for NGF in the regenerative phenomena subsequent to a myocarditis able to damage sympathetic nerve endings, with preservation of preterminals and nerve trunks. GDNF could have a minor or a more transient participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Massara Martinelli
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Tanaka A, Muto S, Jung K, Itai A, Matsuda H. Topical application with a new NF-kappaB inhibitor improves atopic dermatitis in NC/NgaTnd mice. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:855-63. [PMID: 17068475 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated the crucial role of NF-kappaB activation on disease severity in allergic disorders. In this study, we examined the clinical relevance of a novel NF-kappaB inhibitor, IMD-0354, for atopic dermatitis (AD) by its topical application. To investigate the in vivo efficacy, 1% IMD-0354 ointment was applied daily to NC/NgaTnd mice with severe dermatitis, which served as a model for human AD. During 2 weeks of treatment, scratching behavior decreased and severity of dermatitis reduced in mice treated with IMD-0354 as well as FK506 without diverse effects. Based on histological examinations, the hyperplasia of keratinocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells were significantly reduced in the skin of IMD-0354-treated mice. The expressions of T-helper 2 cytokines and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at the affected skin sites were downregulated in IMD-0354-treated mice. Furthermore, IMD-0354 suppressed the proliferation of various immunocompetent cells, neurite outgrowth of nerve growth factor-stimulated pheochromocytoma cells, IgE production from splenic B cells, and IgE-mediated activation of mast cells in vitro. IMD-0354 effectively reduced the allergic inflammation in NC/NgaTnd mice in vivo. Thus, a drug that interferes with NF-kappaB activity may provide an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Molecular Pathology and Therapeutics, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Lazarovici P, Gazit A, Staniszewska I, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI. Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes angiogenesis in the quail chorioallantoic membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:51-9. [PMID: 16885067 DOI: 10.1080/10623320600669053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is tightly regulated by growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The authors hypothesize that nerve growth factor (NGF), a well known neurotrophin, may play a direct angiogenic role. To test this hypothesis, the authors measured the effects of NGF on the natural vascularization of the quail chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The angiogenic effect of NGF was compared to that of human recombinant VEGF165 (rhVEGF) and basic FGF (rhbFGF). In comparison to phosphate-buffered saline-treated controls, NGFs from different biological sources (mouse, viper, and cobra) increased the rate of angiogenesis in a dose-dependent fashion from 0.5 to 5 microg. For quantitative morphometry, grayscale images of the blood vessels end points of the CAM arteries were binarized for visualization and skeletonized for quantization by fractal analysis. In mouse NGF-treated embryos the fractal dimension (Df), indicative of arterial vessel length and density, increased to 1.266 +/- 0.021 compared to 1.131 +/- 0.018 (p < .001) for control embryos. This effect was similar to that of 0.5 microg rhVEGF (1.290 +/- 0.021, p < .001) and 1.5 microg rhbFGF (1.264 +/- 0.028, p < .001). The mouse NGF-induced angiogenic effect was blocked by 1 microM K252a (1.149 +/- 0.018, p < .001), an antagonist of the NGF/trkA receptor, but not by 1 microM SU-5416 (1.263 +/- 0.029, p < .001), the VEGF/Flk1 receptor antagonist, indicating a direct, selective angiogenic effect of NGF via quail embryo trkA receptor activation. These results confirm previous observations that NGF has angiogenic activity and suggest that this neurotrophin may also play an important role in the cardiovascular system, besides its well-known effects in the nervous system. The angiogenic properties of NGF may be beneficial in engineering new blood vessels and for developing novel antiangiogenesis therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lazarovici
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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The multiple interactions between growth factors and microenvironment in vivo. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-0761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dollé JP, Rezvan A, Allen FD, Lazarovici P, Lelkes PI. Nerve growth factor-induced migration of endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:1220-7. [PMID: 16123305 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a well known neurotropic and neurotrophic agonist in the nervous system, which recently was shown to also induce angiogenic effects in endothelial cells (ECs). To measure NGF effects on the migration of cultured ECs, an important step in neoangiogenesis, we optimized an omnidirectional migration assay using human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and validated the assay with human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) and human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF). The potencies of nerve growth factor purified from various species (viper, mouse, and recombinant human) to stimulate HAEC migration was similar to that of VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (EC50 of approximately 0.5 ng/ml). Recombinant human bFGF was significantly more efficacious than either viper NGF or rhVEGF, both of which stimulated HAEC migration by approximately 30% over basal spontaneous migration. NGF-mediated stimulation of HAEC migration was completely blocked by the NGF/TrkA receptor antagonist K252a [(8R*,9S*,11S*)-(/)-9-hydroxy-9-methoxycarbonyl-8-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-8,11-epoxy-1H,-8H,11H-2,7b,11a-triazadibenzo(a,g)cycloocta(c,d,e)trindene-1-one] (30 nM) but not by the VEGF/Flk receptor antagonist SU-5416 [3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl) methylidenyl]-indolin-2-one] (250 nM), indicating a direct effect of NGF via TrkA receptor activation on HAEC migration. Viper NGF stimulation of HAEC migration was additively increased by either rhVEGF or rhbFGF, suggesting a potentiating interaction between their tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathways. Viper NGF represents a novel pharmacological tool to investigate possible TrkA receptor subtypes in endothelial cells. The ability of NGF to stimulate migration of HAEC cells in vitro implies that this factor may play an important role in the cardiovascular system besides its well known effects in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Dollé
- Calhoun Chair Professor of Cellular Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bracci-Laudiero L, Aloe L, Caroleo MC, Buanne P, Costa N, Starace G, Lundeberg T. Endogenous NGF regulates CGRP expression in human monocytes, and affects HLA-DR and CD86 expression and IL-10 production. Blood 2005; 106:3507-14. [PMID: 16099883 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent results on autocrine nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in B lymphocytes, which directly regulates the expression and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide known to down-regulate immune response, led us to propose an anti-inflammatory action of NGF. In the present work, we investigated whether the endogenous synthesis of NGF can regulate the expression of CGRP in other antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes, and whether this may have a functional effect. Our data indicate that human monocytes synthesize basal levels of NGF and CGRP and that, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, NGF and CGRP expression are both up-regulated. When endogenous NGF is neutralized, the up-regulation of CGRP expression induced by LPS is inhibited. The expression of membrane molecules involved in T-cell activation such as human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and CD86 is affected by endogenous NGF, and similar effects were obtained using a CGRP(1) receptor antagonist. In addition, NGF deprivation in LPS-treated monocytes significantly decreases interleukin 10 (IL-10) synthesis. Our findings indicate that endogenous NGF synthesis has a functional role and may represent a physiologic mechanism to down-regulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86 expression and alter the development of immune responses.
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Manni L, Antonelli A, Costa N, Aloe L. Stress alters vascular?endothelial growth factor expression in rat arteries: Role of nerve growth factor. Basic Res Cardiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-004-502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Manni L, Antonelli A, Costa N, Aloe L. Stress alters vascular?endothelial growth factor expression in rat arteries: Role of nerve growth factor. Basic Res Cardiol 2004; 100:121-30. [PMID: 15739121 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-004-0502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of stress and nerve growth factor (NGF) on the expression of vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and NGF high-affinity receptor (tyrosine kinase A, TrKA) in the ascending and abdominal aorta.Adult male rats were exposed to immobilization stress for one hour or injected with purified murine NGF. Four hours after treatments, rats were sacrificed and VEGF, NGF and TrkA expression in ascending and abdominal aorta evaluated. The effects of anti-NGF treatment on arterial VEGF expression and on stress-induced arterial cell proliferation were also studied in control and stressed rats.The data indicated that both stress and NGF injection induced a rapid increase of arterial VEGF associated with an elevated level of NGF and TrkA in arterial tissues. Blocking NGF action by neutralizing NGF-antibodies, results in down-regulation of stress-induced VEGF expression by arteries and in the blockade of stress-induced proliferation of cells from the arterial wall.Overall our data demonstrated that NGF is involved in the regulation of VEGF and in cardiac vessels response after emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Manni
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurobiology, CNR, Roma, Italy
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Salis MB, Graiani G, Desortes E, Caldwell RB, Madeddu P, Emanueli C. Nerve growth factor supplementation reverses the impairment, induced by Type 1 diabetes, of hindlimb post-ischaemic recovery in mice. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1055-63. [PMID: 15184980 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 03/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes increases the risk of peripheral ischaemia and impairs recovery once ischaemia occurs, probably because the healing process is hampered by diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. In normoglycaemic mice subjected to limb ischaemia, blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF) compromises reparative angiogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated if expressional alterations of endogenous NGF system components are associated with diabetes-related impairment in neovascularisation. In addition, we tested whether the correction of NGF liabilities benefits post-ischaemic healing of Type 1 diabetic animals. METHODS Unilateral hindlimb ischaemia was produced in streptozotocin-induced Type 1 diabetic mice. Purified murine NGF (20 microg daily for 14 days) or PBS were injected into ischaemic adductors. Non-diabetic mice given PBS served as controls. Hindlimb blood flow was analysed sequentially for up to 14 days. At necroscopy, adductors were removed for quantification of microvessel density, endothelial cell apoptosis and NGF receptor expression. NGF content was determined by ELISA three days after ischaemia. In vitro, we tested whether NGF protects endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by high glucose and whether vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is involved in this beneficial effect. RESULTS Muscles removed from Type 1 diabetic mice showed reduced NGF content and up-regulation of the NGF p75 receptor. NGF supplementation promoted capillarisation and arteriogenesis, reduced apoptosis, and accelerated blood flow recovery. NGF stimulated VEGF-A production by human endothelial cells incubated in high-glucose medium and conferred resistance against high-glucose-induced apoptosis via a VEGF-A-mediated mechanism. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION NGF protects endothelial cells from apoptosis induced by Type 1 diabetes and facilitates reparative neovascularisation. The findings may open up new therapeutic options for the treatment of diabetic complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/pathology
- Capillaries/physiopathology
- Cell Survival
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Gene Expression
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Hindlimb/drug effects
- Hindlimb/injuries
- Ischemia/complications
- Ischemia/drug therapy
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factor/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Reperfusion
- Retinal Vessels/physiology
- Retinal Vessels/ultrastructure
- Umbilical Veins/cytology
- Umbilical Veins/drug effects
- Umbilical Veins/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Salis
- Experimental Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo and Alghero, Italy
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