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Talagas M, Lebonvallet N, Leschiera R, Elies P, Marcorelles P, Misery L. Intra-epidermal nerve endings progress within keratinocyte cytoplasmic tunnels in normal human skin. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:387-392. [PMID: 32003039 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intra-epidermal nerve endings, responsible for cutaneous perception of temperature, pain and itch, are conventionally described as passing freely between keratinocytes, from the basal to the granular layers of the epidermis. However, the recent discovery of keratinocyte contribution to cutaneous nociception implies that their anatomical relationships are much more intimate than what has been described so far. By studying human skin biopsies in confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that intra-epidermal nerve endings are not only closely apposed to keratinocytes, but can also be enwrapped by keratinocyte cytoplasms over their entire circumference and thus progress within keratinocyte tunnels. As keratinocytes must activate intra-epidermal nerve endings to transduce nociceptive information, these findings may help understanding the interactions between the keratinocytes and nervous system. The discovery of these nerve portions progressing in keratinocyte tunnels is a strong argument to consider that contacts between epidermal keratinocytes and intra-epidermal nerve endings are not incidental and argue for the existence of specific and rapid paracrine communication from keratinocytes to sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Talagas
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest, France
- Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Elies
- Univ Brest, Imagery and Microscopic Measures Facility, Brest, France
| | - Pascale Marcorelles
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest, France
- Department of Pathology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- Univ Brest, LIEN, Brest, France
- Department of Dermatology, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
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Liu CH, Chang HM, Tseng TJ, Lan CT, Chen LY, Youn SC, Lee JJ, Mai FD, Chou JF, Liao WC. Redistribution of Cav2.1 channels and calcium ions in nerve terminals following end-to-side neurorrhaphy: ionic imaging analysis by TOF-SIMS. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:599-608. [PMID: 27468821 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (Cav2.1) in the presynaptic membranes of motor nerve terminals plays an important role in regulating Ca2+ transport, resulting in transmitter release within the nervous system. The recovery of Ca2+-dependent signal transduction on motor end plates (MEPs) and innervated muscle may directly reflect nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Although the functional significance of calcium channels and the levels of Ca2+ signalling in nerve regeneration are well documented, little is known about calcium channel expression and its relation with the dynamic Ca2+ ion distribution at regenerating MEPs. In the present study, end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) was performed as an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury. The distribution of Ca2+ at regenerating MEPs following ESN was first detected by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the specific localization and expression of Cav2.1 channels were examined by confocal microscopy and western blotting. Compared with other fundamental ions, such as Na+ and K+, dramatic changes in the Ca2+ distribution were detected along with the progression of MEP regeneration. The re-establishment of Ca2+ distribution and intensity were correlated with the functional recovery of muscle in ESN rats. Furthermore, the re-clustering of Cav2.1 channels after ESN at the nerve terminals corresponded with changes in the Ca2+ distribution. These results indicated that renewal of the Cav2.1 distribution within the presynaptic nerve terminals may be necessary for initiating a proper Ca2+ influx and shortening the latency of muscle contraction during nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - To-Jung Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chyn-Tair Lan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Li-You Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chung Youn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jr Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, 10630, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Der Mai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Feng Chou
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec.1, Jianguo N. Rd, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.
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Cabrera JR, Viejo-Borbolla A, Martinez-Martín N, Blanco S, Wandosell F, Alcamí A. Secreted herpes simplex virus-2 glycoprotein G modifies NGF-TrkA signaling to attract free nerve endings to the site of infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004571. [PMID: 25611061 PMCID: PMC4303327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are highly prevalent viruses that cause a variety of diseases, from cold sores to encephalitis. Both viruses establish latency in peripheral neurons but the molecular mechanisms facilitating the infection of neurons are not fully understood. Using surface plasmon resonance and crosslinking assays, we show that glycoprotein G (gG) from HSV-2, known to modulate immune mediators (chemokines), also interacts with neurotrophic factors, with high affinity. In our experimental model, HSV-2 secreted gG (SgG2) increases nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent axonal growth of sympathetic neurons ex vivo, and modifies tropomyosin related kinase (Trk)A-mediated signaling. SgG2 alters TrkA recruitment to lipid rafts and decreases TrkA internalization. We could show, with microfluidic devices, that SgG2 reduced NGF-induced TrkA retrograde transport. In vivo, both HSV-2 infection and SgG2 expression in mouse hindpaw epidermis enhance axonal growth modifying the termination zone of the NGF-dependent peptidergic free nerve endings. This constitutes, to our knowledge, the discovery of the first viral protein that modulates neurotrophins, an activity that may facilitate HSV-2 infection of neurons. This dual function of the chemokine-binding protein SgG2 uncovers a novel strategy developed by HSV-2 to modulate factors from both the immune and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rubén Cabrera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Martinez-Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Blanco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Wang L, Li JM, Liu BG, Cui W, Kang WB. [Case-control study on the relationship of chronic low back pain of facet joint origin with the distribution of nerve endings and neuropeptide: a quantitative histological analysis]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2014; 27:663-667. [PMID: 25464592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the density and distribution of nerve endings and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in lumbar facet joints of patients with low back pain. METHODS Fifteen patients without low back pain were selected as control group (group A). Facet joint samples in group A were obtained during the operation or lumbar spinal canal tumor they suffered from. Those patients with low back pain were divided into three groups according to their different origins of pain, such as not from facet joint (group B, 15 patients) ,from facet joint only (group C, 20 patients), or from facet joint partially (group D, 20 patients). Different origins were determined by VAS after facet joint block. The density and distribution of nerve ending and neuropeptide in the capsular tissues were analyzed by a modified gold chloride staining and immunochemistry respectively. RESULTS Compared with the ones in group A and B, the fact joints in group C and D were more inclined to be degenerated and got more nerve endings. NPY was expressed mainly in the facet joint of patients with low back pain in group C and D. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the distribution of nerve endings and NPY expression,while none of them were related with MRI Fujiwara grade of facet joint. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the number of mechanoreceptors, neural sprouting and secreted peptides in the facet joint capsules vary with the change of mechanical or nociceptive stimulation, which may promote the development of low back pain in return.
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LoPachin RM, Gavin T. Molecular mechanism of acrylamide neurotoxicity: lessons learned from organic chemistry. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:1650-7. [PMID: 23060388 PMCID: PMC3548275 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrylamide (ACR) produces cumulative neurotoxicity in exposed humans and laboratory animals through a direct inhibitory effect on presynaptic function. OBJECTIVES In this review, we delineate how knowledge of chemistry provided an unprecedented understanding of the ACR neurotoxic mechanism. We also show how application of the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) theory led to the recognition that the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl structure of ACR is a soft electrophile that preferentially forms covalent bonds with soft nucleophiles. METHODS In vivo proteomic and in chemico studies demonstrated that ACR formed covalent adducts with highly nucleophilic cysteine thiolate groups located within active sites of presynaptic proteins. Additional research showed that resulting protein inactivation disrupted nerve terminal processes and impaired neurotransmission. DISCUSSION ACR is a type-2 alkene, a chemical class that includes structurally related electrophilic environmental pollutants (e.g., acrolein) and endogenous mediators of cellular oxidative stress (e.g., 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal). Members of this chemical family produce toxicity via a common molecular mechanism. Although individual environmental concentrations might not be toxicologically relevant, exposure to an ambient mixture of type-2 alkene pollutants could pose a significant risk to human health. Furthermore, environmentally derived type-2 alkenes might act synergistically with endogenously generated unsaturated aldehydes to amplify cellular damage and thereby accelerate human disease/injury processes that involve oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These possibilities have substantial implications for environmental risk assessment and were realized through an understanding of ACR adduct chemistry. The approach delineated here can be broadly applied because many toxicants of different chemical classes are electrophiles that produce toxicity by interacting with cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M LoPachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467 , USA.
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Shang YF, Zhang J, Gong HQ, Chen X. [Palisade endings of extraocular muscles in eyes with congenital nystagmus]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2012; 48:781-788. [PMID: 23141571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the morphology, distribution and function of palisade endings (PE) in human extraocular muscles (EOM), and observe the alterations in eyes with congenital nystagmus (CN). The etiology and pathogenesis of CN were also investigated. METHODS It was a experimental study. The distal myotendinous junctions of the EOM were obtained during operation for CN (CN group) and concomitant strabismus (control group). The samples from patients with similar age and same extraction sites in the two groups were compared. The muscles cut during operation were immediately put into 4% glutaraldehyde fixative solution. And 1-2 transverse bands of tissue were cut every 1 mm from tendon insertion for specimens processing. The ultrastructure of EOM and PE in the two groups was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The distal parts of EOM cut during operation were put into 4% paraformaldehyde promptly. Myotendinous junction region whole mounts were labeled with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Muscle fibers were counterstained with phalloidin. And longitudinal and transverse cryostat serial sections were cut at 25 µm and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The ChAT expression, morphology and distribution of PE were observed. The same fragment of myotendinous junction in the two groups was selected. After the total protein was extracted, ChAT was detected by western blot. The expression level of ChAT was analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the ultrastructure in the CN group had considerable variations. The axon of PE was swelled and deformed partly. The electron density was increased and presented as addicted to osmic acid. In the muscle cells, mitochondria was swelled, and sarcoplasmic reticulum was dilated. All PE exhibited ChAT immunoreactivity in human EOM. In the longitudinal section, nerve fibers extended from the muscle into the tendon, looped back and divided into several terminal arborizations (palisade endings) around the muscle fiber tip. The PE of medial rectus were richest at the location 3 - 4 mm from tendon insertion. In the cross section, the amount of PE in the CN group was higher than the control group (t = -5.613, P < 0.05). The expression level of ChAT in the CN group was higher than the control group (t = -3.730, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Palisade endings in myotendinous junction of human EOM are cholinergic nerves, which might innervate the contraction of EOM. Significant changes of palisade endings in the EOM of the CN subjects may affect eye movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-feng Shang
- Shandong Eye Institute & Qingdao Eye Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Lee KW, Zhao X, Im JY, Grosso H, Jang WH, Chan TW, Sonsalla PK, German DC, Ichijo H, Junn E, Mouradian MM. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 mediates MPTP toxicity and regulates glial activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29935. [PMID: 22253830 PMCID: PMC3254627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 family, is activated by oxidative stress. The death-signaling pathway mediated by ASK1 is inhibited by DJ-1, which is linked to recessively inherited Parkinson's disease (PD). Considering that DJ-1 deficiency exacerbates the toxicity of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), we sought to investigate the direct role and mechanism of ASK1 in MPTP-induced dopamine neuron toxicity. In the present study, we found that MPTP administration to wild-type mice activates ASK1 in the midbrain. In ASK1 null mice, MPTP-induced motor impairment was less profound, and striatal dopamine content and nigral dopamine neuron counts were relatively preserved compared to wild-type littermates. Further, microglia and astrocyte activation seen in wild-type mice challenged with MPTP was markedly attenuated in ASK⁻/⁻ mice. These data suggest that ASK1 is a key player in MPTP-induced glial activation linking oxidative stress with neuroinflammation, two well recognized pathogenetic factors in PD. These findings demonstrate that ASK1 is an important effector of MPTP-induced toxicity and suggest that inhibiting this kinase is a plausible therapeutic strategy for protecting dopamine neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Woo Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Joo-Young Im
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hilary Grosso
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Won Hee Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Teresa W. Chan
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Patricia K. Sonsalla
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dwight C. German
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eunsung Junn
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - M. Maral Mouradian
- Center for Neurodegenerative and Neuroimmunologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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Mori K, Iwasaki Y, Ito M, Mimuro M, Yoshida M. [Decreased myocardial uptake of meta-iodobenzylguanidine in an autopsy-confirmed case of corticobasal degeneration with Lewy bodies restricted to the sympathetic ganglia]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2012; 52:405-410. [PMID: 22790801 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.52.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on an autopsy case of corticobasal degeneration (CBD) with Lewy bodies in only the sympathetic ganglia. A 79-year-old man showed walking disturbance as an initial symptom, and developed dementia and bradykinesia within the next 2 years. Neurological examination revealed parkinsonism-like akinesia and rigidity in the trunk and neck without resting tremor. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed frontal lobe atrophy predominantly on the right side. Cardiac uptake of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) was reduced (H/M ratio: 1.14). A diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) was made, but L-dopa treatment was not effective. Seven years later he died of pneumonia. On pathological examination, the frontal cortex and white matter were degenerated, predominantly on the right side. Gallyas-Braak silver staining and AT-8 immunostaining revealed neurofibrillary tangles, pretangles, argyrophilic threads, and astrocytic plaques in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, confirming the diagnosis of CBD. Lewy bodies, which were not seen in the central nervous system, were seen only in the sympathetic ganglia, and a severe loss of nerve fibers was apparent in the sympathetic nerve endings in the heart. MIBG is currently used to differentiate DLB from other parkinsonisms, such as CBD, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy, because reduced cardiac uptake of MIBG represents a pathological change in the sympathetic nerve endings in the heart. However, the distribution of Lewy bodies cannot be determined from this finding. Thus, MIBG should not be used alone to confirm a diagnosis of DLB; other neurodegenerative diseases with incidental Lewy body disease, as in the present case, must be also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Mori
- Department of Neurology, Oyamada Memorial Spa Hospital
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Moraes MRB, Cavalcante MLC, Leite JAD, Macedo JN, Sampaio MLB, Jamacaru VF, Santana MG. The characteristics of the mechanoreceptors of the hip with arthrosis. J Orthop Surg Res 2011; 6:58. [PMID: 22087603 PMCID: PMC3233501 DOI: 10.1186/1749-799x-6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanoreceptors have been extensively studied in different joints and distinct signals that convey proprioceptive information to the cortex. Several clinical reports have established a link between the number of mechanoreceptors and a deficient proprioceptive system; however, little or no literature suggest concentration of mechanoreceptors might be affected by hip arthrosis. The purpose of this study is first to determine the existence of mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings in the hip joint and to distinguish between their conditions: those with arthrosis and without arthrosis. Samples of 45 male hips were analyzed: 30 taken from patients with arthrosis that were submitted to total arthroplasty and 15 taken from male cadavers without arthrosis. The patients' ages ranged from 38 to75 years (average 56.5) and the cadavers' ages ranged from 21 to 50 years (average 35.5). The capsule, labrum, and femoral head ligament tissues were obtained during the arthroplasty procedure from 30 patients with arthrosis and from 15 male cadavers. The tissue was cut into fragments of around 3 mm. Each fragment was then immediately stained with gold chloride 1% solution and divided into sections of 6 μm thickness. The Mann-Whitney test was used for two groups and the ANOVA, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests for more than two groups. Results show the mechanoreceptors (Pacini, Ruffini and Golgi corpuscles) and free nerve endings are present in the capsule, femoral head ligament, and labrum of the hip joint. When all the densities of the nerve endings were examined with regard to those with arthrosis and those without arthrosis, the mechanoreceptors of cadavers without arthrosis were found to be more pronounced and an increase in free nerve endings could be observed (p = 0.0082). Further studies, especially electrophysiological studies, need to be carried out to clarify the functions of the mechanoreceptors in the joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel RB Moraes
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
| | - Maria LC Cavalcante
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
| | - José AD Leite
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
| | - José N Macedo
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
| | - Marianna LB Sampaio
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
| | - Vagnaldo F Jamacaru
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
| | - Mariana G Santana
- Post-Graduate Departament of Surgery, Federal University of Ceará, Faculty of Medicine, 1608, Costa Mendes Professor St., 3rd floor, Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, 60530-140, Brazil
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Torres-Benito L, Neher MF, Cano R, Ruiz R, Tabares L. SMN requirement for synaptic vesicle, active zone and microtubule postnatal organization in motor nerve terminals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26164. [PMID: 22022549 PMCID: PMC3192162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein produce Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), a severe monogenetic disease in infants characterized by muscle weakness and impaired synaptic transmission. We report here severe structural and functional alterations in the organization of the organelles and the cytoskeleton of motor nerve terminals in a mouse model of SMA. The decrease in SMN levels resulted in the clustering of synaptic vesicles (SVs) and Active Zones (AZs), reduction in the size of the readily releasable pool (RRP), and the recycling pool (RP) of synaptic vesicles, a decrease in active mitochondria and limiting of neurofilament and microtubule maturation. We propose that SMN is essential for the normal postnatal maturation of motor nerve terminals and that SMN deficiency disrupts the presynaptic organization leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Torres-Benito
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Margret Feodora Neher
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Raquel Cano
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocio Ruiz
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Lucia Tabares
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Kojima M, Suzuki T, Maekawa T, Ishii S, Sumi-Ichinose C, Nomura T, Ichinose H. Increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and anomalous neurites in catecholaminergic neurons of ATF-2 null mice. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:544-52. [PMID: 17896792 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ATF-2/CRE-BP1 was originally identified as a cAMP-responsive element (CRE) binding protein abundant in the brain. We previously reported that phosphorylation of ATF-2 increased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine biosynthesis, directly acting on the CRE in the promoter region of the TH gene in PC12D cells (Suzuki et al. [2002] J. Biol. Chem. 277:40768-40774). To examine the role of ATF-2 on transcriptional control of the TH gene in the brain, we investigated the TH expression in ATF-2-/- mice. We found that TH expression was greatly increased in medulla oblongata and locus ceruleus of the ATF-2-deficient embryos. Ectopic expression of TH was observed in the raphe magnus nucleus, where serotonergic neural cell bodies are located. Interestingly, A10 dorsal neurons were lost in the embryos of ATF-2-/- mice. There was no difference in the TH immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb. The data showed that alteration in TH expression by absence of ATF-2 gradually declined from caudal to rostral part of the brain. We also found anomalous neurite extension in catecholaminergic neurons of ATF-2 null mice, i.e., increased dendritic arborization and shortened axons. These data suggest that ATF-2 plays critical roles for proper expression of the TH gene and for neurite extension of catecholaminergic neurons, possibly through a repressor-like action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Kojima
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Ohana G, Myslovaty B, Ariche A, Dreznik Z, Koren R, Rath-Wolfson L. Mid-term results of stapled hemorrhoidopexy for third- and fourth-degree hemorrhoids--correlation with the histological features of the resected tissue. World J Surg 2007; 31:1336-42. [PMID: 17450437 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-007-9048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is used to remove a circumferential strip of mucosa and submucosa about 4 cm above the dentate line, in order to restore the correct anatomical relationships of the anal canal structures. We evaluated the histological features of the resected tissue obtained after stapled hemorrhoidopexy with correlation to the short-term and mid-term results. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated 234 cases of stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Data concerning postoperative bleeding, anal pain, incontinence, stenosis, and recurrence of hemorrhoids were collected from hospital and outpatient clinic records. Histologic slides were examined for the type of epithelium, presence of muscle fibers, nerve endings, and degree of vascular ectasia. RESULTS Some 52% of the biopsies revealed on the surface a combination of glandular with squamous epithelium, meaning a stapling line at the level of the transitional zone/dentate line. Smooth muscle fibers were more frequent as the stapling line approached the level of the dentate line/transitional zone (p = 0.0028). Internal sphincter fibers were present in 36% of the cases, yet there were no cases of anal incontinence. Inclusion of merely squamous epithelium in the resected tissue correlated with severe postoperative pain persisting one week after surgery (p < 0.0001), whereas the concurrent presence of squamous and glandular epithelium correlated only with severe pain on the first postoperative day (p = 0.018). Nerve endings were more frequent in patients with anal pain one week after surgery (p = 0.02). The rate of recurrence of symptoms was 3%, which did not correlate with any of the histological parameters tested. CONCLUSIONS Though stapled hemorrhoidopexy is performed according to well-established technical guidelines, it is too difficult to be standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Ohana
- Proctology Unit, Hasharon Hospital, 7 Keren Kayemet St., Petach Tikva, Israel.
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13
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Abstract
A conflict exists on whether the ligamentum capitis femoris has the neuro-morphological structures required for nociception or proprioception of the hip joint. Therefore, we investigated the morphological features and the presence of mechanoreceptors in 24 ligamentum capitis femoris biopsies obtained at open reduction in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Of these 24 hips, 16 were completely dislocated and eight were subluxated. The mean age was 33.8 months (range 13-52 months) at the time of surgery. En bloc ligamentum capitis femoris and pulvinar were taken for biopsy specimen. Ligamentum capitis femoris was dissected and the weight of each ligament was determined using a highly sensitive balance. Specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome for routine histolopathological evaluation and examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody against S-100 protein. All specimens were graded on a four-grade system according to the amount of coarse-thick collagen bundles and hyalinization. The mean number and type of mechanoreceptors of each specimen were recorded. When the mean age, the patient's weight and the ligamentum capitis femoris weight of each group (completely dislocated vs. subluxated) were compared, there were no significant differences. In the ligamentum capitis femoris of the dislocated hips, the cells were irregularly distributed, had different shapes, and appeared to be in different stages of functional activity. The collagen fiber bundles were thicker than in the subluxated hips, distributed and of varied thickness. The elastic fibers of the dislocated hips were thicker and more numerous than those in the subluxated hips. We found a significant difference between the two groups with regard to the grade of collagen and hyalinization of ligamentum capitis femoris (P<0.004). We found type IVa, free nerve endings in 16 of 24 samples of ligamentum capitis femoris. The 66.6% presence of free nerve endings in the ligamentum capitis femoris suggests a role in nociception/proprioception of the hip in developmental dysplasia of the hip. Interestingly, the percentage and the mean numbers of free nerve endings containing ligamentum capitis femoris were similar in completely dislocated hip group and the subluxated group (62.5 vs. 75%, 12.13+/-9.07 vs. 9.37+/-9.24, respectively). We conclude that the morphological features of ligamentum capitis femoris are influenced by the severity of developmental dysplasia of the hip, whereas the distribution of free nerve endings are not influenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezgin Sarban
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey.
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Bigliardi-Qi M, Gaveriaux-Ruff C, Pfaltz K, Bady P, Baumann T, Rufli T, Kieffer BL, Bigliardi PL. Deletion of μ- and κ-Opioid Receptors in Mice Changes Epidermal Hypertrophy, Density of Peripheral Nerve Endings, and Itch Behavior. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1479-88. [PMID: 17185983 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mu- (MOR) and kappa- (KOR) opioid receptors have been implicated in the regulation of homeostasis of non-neuronal cells, such as keratinocytes, and sensations like pain and chronic pruritus. Therefore, we have studied the phenotype of skin after deletion of MOR and KOR. In addition, we applied a dry skin model in these knockout mice and compared the different mice before and after induction of the dermatitis in terms of epidermal thickness, epidermal peripheral nerve ending distribution, dermal inflammatory infiltrate (mast cells, CD4 positive lymphocytes), and scratching behavior. MOR knockout mice reveal as phenotype a significantly thinner epidermis and a higher density of epidermal fiber staining by protein gene product 9.5 than the wild-type counterparts. Epidermal hypertrophy, induced by the dry skin dermatitis, was significantly less developed in MOR knockout than in wild-type mice. Neither mast cells nor CD4 T(h)-lymphocytes are involved in the changes of epidermal nerve endings and epidermal homeostasis. Finally, behavior experiments revealed that MOR and KOR knockout mice scratch less after induction of dry skin dermatitis than wild-type mice. These results indicate that MOR and KOR are important in skin homeostasis, epidermal nerve fiber regulation, and pathophysiology of itching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Bigliardi-Qi
- Department of Dermatology, CHUV Hôpital Beaumont, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Kamińska B, Landowski P, Gonkowski S, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Majewski M, Dobosz M, Ismail H, Korzon M. [Analysis of enteral nervous system in children with drug resistant ulcerative colitis]. Med Wieku Rozwoj 2007; 11:117-22. [PMID: 17625279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases has been intensively investigated for many years. The role of enteric nervous system (ENS) and neuroprotective transmitters such as galanine (GAL), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenosine cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) has been underlined recently. Neuroprotective transmitters play a role in the regulation of intestinal contractions, ion transport in the intestinal epithelium and modulation of the proinflammatory cytokine production, which may result in diminuation of inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY was to investigate activity of ENS in children with drug resistant ulcerative colitis measured by the density of GAL, VIP and/or PACAP containing nervous fibres in mucosal membrane in course of pharmacological treatment and 12 months after colectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS 16 children were included in the study. Group I consisted of 7 children with drug resistant ulcerative colitis. Mucosal biopsy specimen was taken twice: colonoscopy before colectomy during (12 months earlier on average) and from resected colon. Group II (reference group) consisted of 9 children with excluded inflammatory bowel diseases based on colonoscopy and biopsy mucosal specimen assessment. Histology and immunochemistry of mucosal samples were analysed. RESULTS decreased density of GAL, VIP and/or PACAP containing nervous fibres in colon mucosal membrane of children with ulcerative colitis was found: GAL-IR (3.5 +/- 3.15), VIP-IR (19.7 +/- 2.7), PACAP-IR (6.3+/-2.52) as compared to the reference group: GAL-IR (11.2+/-5.58), VIP-IR (36.1 +/- 16.0) and PACAP-IR (15.7 +/- 9.95). Significant diminuation of the density of GAL, VIP and/or PACAP containing nervous fibres was found in the study. CONCLUSION 1. The density of VIP, PACAP and GAL containing nerve fibres diminishes in the course of ulcerative colitis, which may be a result of progressive degradation of colon mucosal membrane. 2. The hypothesis that absence of chemotaxis inhibition by low levels of neuroprotective transmitters might be a reason for drug resistance in ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kamińska
- Katedra i Klinika Pediatrii, Gastroenterologii i Onkologii Dzieciecej, Akademia Medyczna, ul. Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland.
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16
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Zhu J, Koelle DM, Cao J, Vazquez J, Huang ML, Hladik F, Wald A, Corey L. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells accumulate near sensory nerve endings in genital skin during subclinical HSV-2 reactivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:595-603. [PMID: 17325200 PMCID: PMC2137910 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells play a critical role in controlling herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and reactivation. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of CD8+ T cells during HSV lesion evolution or about their involvement in immune surveillance after lesion resolution. Using quantum dot–conjugated peptide–major histocompatibility complex multimers, we investigated the in vivo localization of HSV-2–specific CD8+ T cells in sequential biopsies of human genital skin during acute, resolving, and healed stages of HSV-2 reactivation. Our studies revealed that functionally active CD8+ T cells selectively infiltrated to the site of viral reactivation. After lesion healing in concert with complete reepithelialization and loss of HSV DNA from skin biopsies, HSV-2–specific CD8+ T cells persisted for more than two months at the dermal–epidermal junction, adjacent to peripheral nerve endings. In two out of the six sequentially studied individuals, HSV-2 DNA reappeared in clinically and histologically normal–appearing skin. Detection of viral DNA was accompanied by increased numbers of both HSV-specific and total CD8+ T cells in the dermis. These findings indicate that the frequency and clinical course of HSV-2 reactivation in humans is influenced by virus-specific CD8+ T cells that persist in peripheral mucosa and genital skin after resolution of herpes lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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17
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Abstract
Conditions described as "erythromelalgia" and "erythermalgia" are being formally specified by etiological diagnoses that enable the use of disease-modifying as well as symptomatic treatments. We describe an otherwise healthy 20-year-old man with acute-onset erythromelalgia. Severe bilateral distal limb pain and vasodilation persisted despite the use of many antihyperalgesics. Pathological examination of cutaneous nerve endings revealed severe small-fiber predominant axonopathy. Treatment of his apparent autoimmune polyneuropathy with high dose corticosteroids, 4 days of lidocaine infusion, and a prednisone taper cured him. Similarities to other cases allowed us to tentatively characterize a new treatable cause of erythromelalgia; acute adolescent autoimmune small-fiber axonopathy. In this report we evaluate various options for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Paticoff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Kuhn DM, Francescutti-Verbeem DM, Thomas DM. Dopamine quinones activate microglia and induce a neurotoxic gene expression profile: relationship to methamphetamine-induced nerve ending damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1074:31-41. [PMID: 17105901 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1369.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) intoxication leads to persistent damage of dopamine (DA) nerve endings of the striatum. Recently, we and others have suggested that the neurotoxicity associated with METH is mediated by extensive microglial activation. DA itself has been shown to play an obligatory role in METH neurotoxicity, possibly through the formation of quinone species. We show presently that DA-quinones (DAQ) cause a time-dependent activation of cultured microglial cells. Microarray analysis of the effects of DAQ on microglial gene expression revealed that 101 genes were significantly changed in expression, with 73 genes increasing and 28 genes decreasing in expression. Among those genes differentially regulated by DAQ were those often associated with neurotoxic conditions including inflammation, cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins. In addition, microglial genes associated with a neuronally protective phenotype were among those that were downregulated by DAQ. These results implicate DAQ as one species that could cause early activation of microglial cells in METH intoxication, manifested as an alteration in the expression of a broad biomarker panel of genes. These results also link oxidative stress, chemical alterations in DA to its quinone, and microglial activation as part of a cascade of glial-neuronal crosstalk that can amplify METH-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Kuhn
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Research & Development Service (11R), 4646 John R, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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19
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Aydin MD, Bayram E, Atalay C, Aydin N, Erdogan AR, Gundogdu C, Diyarbakirli S. The Role of Neuron Numbers of the Petrosal Ganglion in the Determination of Blood Pressure: An Experimental Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 49:359-61. [PMID: 17323264 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-955071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baroreceptor reflexes are regulated by nerve terminals of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. The body of pressure-sensitive neurons of these nerves is located in the petrosal ganglion of both nerves. We examined whether there is a relationship between the neuron numbers of the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and blood pressure values. METHODS Petrosal ganglions were examined in 18 male hybrid rabbits divided into three equal groups: Group A normotensive (TA=90-100 mmHg), Group B hypertensive (TA>100 mmHg); and Group C hypotensive (TA<90 mmHg). After examination of blood pressure for one week, all animals were sacrificed, and the petrosal ganglions extracted bilaterally and examined histopathologically using the physical dissector method. RESULTS The mean (+/-SD) neuronal density was: Group A 8700+/-200, Group B 7800+/-250 and Group C 9800+/-300, respectively. The difference between the groups B and C as compared to A was significant (p<0.01) while the difference between Groups B and C was highly significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS An inverse relationship was noticed between the neuronal density in the petrosal ganglion and blood pressure values with potential implications in the study of the etiology of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Aydin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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20
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Martinelli PM, Camargos ERDS, Azevedo AA, Chiari E, Morel G, Machado CRDS. Cardiac NGF and GDNF expression during Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rats. Auton Neurosci 2006; 130:32-40. [PMID: 16854632 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In rats, autonomic nerve endings are damaged during Trypanosoma cruzi-induced myocarditis. Gradual recovery occurs after the acute phase. The present work shows the cardiac levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), and their cellular sources during T. cruzi infection in rats. Atrial and ventricular NGF levels (ELISA) increased significantly at day 20 post inoculation, the time-point of maximal sympathetic denervation. ELISA failed to show significant increase of cardiac GDNF levels. However immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase of anti-GDNF gold particles over atrial granules at day 20. Light microscopy showed stronger NGF immunostaining in atrial cardiomyocytes and several blood capillaries. In situ hybridization showed NGF and GDNF mRNAs in atrial and ventricular myocytes of both infected and uninfected animals. Endothelial cells exhibited NGF mRNA and protein only in infected rats. No evidence of neurotrophic factor expression by the infiltrating mononuclear cells was found. This is the first report on neurotrophic factor expression during T. cruzi infection. Our findings indicate an important role for NGF in the regenerative phenomena subsequent to a myocarditis able to damage sympathetic nerve endings, with preservation of preterminals and nerve trunks. GDNF could have a minor or a more transient participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Massara Martinelli
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Kristen AV, Kreusser MM, Lehmann L, Kinscherf R, Katus HA, Haass M, Backs J. Preserved norepinephrine reuptake but reduced sympathetic nerve endings in hypertrophic volume-overloaded rat hearts. J Card Fail 2006; 12:577-83. [PMID: 16952792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In congestive heart failure (CHF), an activation of the cardiac sympathetic nervous system results in depleted cardiac norepinephrine (NE) stores. The underlying regulatory mechanisms are discussed controversially and were investigated in the present study in CHF resulting from volume overload. METHODS AND RESULTS Aorto-caval shunt (AVS) was performed in rats. Plasma NE levels were determined by radioenzymatic assay, left ventricular NE by high-performance liquid chromatography, endothelin-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)- and nerve growth factor (NGF)-mRNA was determined by Northern blot analysis and ribonuclease-assay. Cardiac [3H]-NE uptake was measured in isolated perfused hearts. Glyoxylic acid-induced histofluorescence was used to quantify cardiac sympathetic nerves. Compared with sham-operated animals (SH), AVS rats were characterized by depleted cardiac NE stores and enhanced NE plasma levels. Neither TH-mRNA levels in stellate ganglia, nor cardiac [3H]-NE-uptake were reduced in AVS. The left ventricular density of sympathetic nerves was markedly decreased. Gene expression of myocardial NGF (a positive regulator of NE reuptake and cardiac sympathetic nerve density) and left ventricular endothelin-1 (a negative regulator of NE reuptake and positive regulator of cardiac NGF expression) were unchanged. CONCLUSION In volume-overloaded hypertrophic hearts, depletion of cardiac NE stores is caused by a reduction of the sympathetic nerve density, whereas cardiac NE reuptake is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Epsztein J, Milh M, Id Bihi R, Jorquera I, Ben-Ari Y, Represa A, Crépel V. Ongoing epileptiform activity in the post-ischemic hippocampus is associated with a permanent shift of the excitatory-inhibitory synaptic balance in CA3 pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 2006; 26:7082-92. [PMID: 16807337 PMCID: PMC6673908 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1666-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes are often associated with late-onset epilepsy, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the hippocampus, which is one of the regions most sensitive to ischemic challenge, global ischemia induces a complete loss of CA1 pyramidal neurons, whereas the resistant CA3 pyramidal neurons display a long-term hyperexcitability several months after the insult. The mechanisms of this long-term hyperexcitability remain unknown despite its clinical implication. Using chronic in vivo EEG recordings and in vitro field recordings in slices, we now report spontaneous interictal epileptiform discharges in the CA3 area of the hippocampus from post-ischemic rats several months after the insult. Whole-cell recordings from CA3 pyramidal neurons, revealed a permanent reduction in the frequency of spontaneous and miniature GABAergic IPSCs and a parallel increase in the frequency of spontaneous and miniature glutamatergic postsynaptic currents. Global ischemia also induced a dramatic loss of GABAergic interneurons and terminals together with an increase in glutamatergic terminals in the CA3 area of the hippocampus. Altogether, our results show a morpho-functional reorganization in the CA3 network several months after global ischemia, resulting in a net shift in the excitatory-inhibitory balance toward excitation that may constitute a substrate for the generation of epileptiform discharges in the post-ischemic hippocampus.
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Pan J, Luk C, Kent G, Cutz E, Yeger H. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, airway innervation, and smooth muscle are altered in Cftr null mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:320-6. [PMID: 16614351 PMCID: PMC2643285 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0468oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amine- and peptide-producing pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) are widely distributed within the airway mucosa of mammalian lung as solitary cells and innervated clusters, neuroepithelial bodies (NEB), which function as airway O2 sensors. These cells express Cftr and hence could play a role in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. We performed confocal microscopy and morphometric analysis on lung sections from Cftr-/- (null), Cftr+/+, and Cftr+/- (control) mice at developmental stages E20, P5, P9, and P30 to determine the distribution, frequency, and innervation of PNEC/NEB, innervation and cell mass of airway smooth muscle, and neuromuscular junctions using synaptic vesicle protein 2, smooth muscle actin, and synaptophysin markers, respectively. The mean number of PNEC/NEB in Cftr-/- mice was significantly reduced compared with control mice at E20, whereas comparable or increased numbers were observed postnatally. NEB cells in Cftr null mice showed a significant reduction in intracorpuscular nerve endings compared with control mice, which is consistent with an intrinsic abnormality of the PNEC system. The airways of Cftr-/- mice showed reduced density (approximately 20-30%) of smooth muscle innervation, decreased mean airway smooth muscle mass (approximately 35%), and reduced density (approximately 20%) of nerve endings compared with control mice. We conclude that the airways of Cftr-/- mice exhibit heretofore unappreciated structural alterations affecting cellular and neural components of the PNEC system and airway smooth muscle and its innervation resulting in blunted O2 sensing and reduced airway tonus. Cftr could play a role in the development of the PNEC system, lung innervation, and airway smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kamińska B, Landowski P, Gonkowski S, Majewski M, Renke J, Korzon M. [Changes in the number of neuroprotective transmitter containing mucosal nerve fibres in children with ulcerative colitis]. Med Wieku Rozwoj 2006; 10:483-91. [PMID: 16825719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are two main disease entities that belong to the group of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Chronic inflammatory process concerning intestinal mucosal membrane causes structural and functional changes of intestinal nervous system. This phenomenon is called the plasticity of the nervous system and is due to the ability of nerve cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The resulting alterations of intestinal neurons' chemical code are augmentation, inhibition or initiation of the neurotransmitters' synthesis (synthesis "de novo"). The role of neuroprotective transmitters - galanine (GAL), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenosine cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) seems to be important in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. They are responsible for the regulation of intestinal contraction and modification of ions' transport in the intestinal epithelium. They also diminuate the inflammation by modulation of the proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines production. THE AIM of the study was to analyse the changes in the nerve fibres' containing GAL, VIP and/or PACAP, density in the mucosal membrane of children with ulcerative colitis (UC) with different Clinical activity index. MATERIAL AND METHODS the study included 33 children hospitalised due to UC with different activity and 9 children in the control group, after exclusion of IBD. All the studied patients underwent colonoscopic examination with colon mucosa biopsies. Histology and immunochemistry of mucosal samples were analysed. Those studies helped to assess the changes in the number of nerve fibres containing analysed transmitter substances in the mucosal membrane of the colon. RESULTS the results showed a statistically significant diminuation of nerve fibres containing analysed neurotransmitters number in colon mucosa samples of children with UC. There were no statistically significant changes in number of nerve fibres dependent on the clinical activity index of UC. CONCLUSIONS the process of degradation present in UC is accompanied by the important diminuation on neurotransmitter containing fibres number. However, their density is not dependent of the clinical activity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kamińska
- Klinika Pediatrii, Gastroenterologii i Onkologii Dzieciecej, Akademia Medyczna, ul. Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland.
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Abstract
Some physicians recommend treating tendinopathies with multiple sessions of shock waves. Some evidence, however, suggests shock wave application can induce nerve fiber degeneration. We questioned whether repeated shock wave application provides a cumulative effect on nerve fibers compared with the effect of one application. One thousand shock wave impulses of an energy flux density of 0.08 mJ/mm were applied to the foot pad of 32 rats. After 14 days, 16 rats received a second application. The foot pads were resected on Days 7, 14, 28, and 42. Sections were processed immunohistochemically using antibodies for sensory nerve. We compared the number of epidermal nerve fibers in rats that received one application of shock waves with the fibers in rats that received two applications. During the first 4 weeks, there was nearly complete degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers in both groups. By the end of 6 weeks, reinnervation of the epidermis began in the single-treatment group. Reinnervation occurred slower in the repeated-treatment group. These data show that a second application has a cumulative effect on nerve fibers. Our data suggest multiple applications of low-energy shock waves might a provide longer-lasting antinociceptive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Kreusser MM, Haass M, Buss SJ, Hardt SE, Gerber SH, Kinscherf R, Katus HA, Backs J. Injection of Nerve Growth Factor Into Stellate Ganglia Improves Norepinephrine Reuptake Into Failing Hearts. Hypertension 2006; 47:209-15. [PMID: 16380518 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000200157.25792.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An impairment of cardiac norepinephrine reuptake through the neuronal norepinephrine transporter promotes depletion of cardiac norepinephrine stores and local cardiac sympathetic activation in heart failure. Nerve growth factor regulates differentiation and survival of adult sympathetic cells and is decreased in failing hearts. We hypothesized that injection of nerve growth factor into stellate ganglia normalizes cardiac norepinephrine homeostasis in experimental heart failure. Rats with transverse aortic constriction characterized by heart failure, depleted cardiac norepinephrine stores, and impaired cardiac norepinephrine reuptake were used as an experimental model. Nerve growth factor (20 microg) or saline was directly injected into left stellate ganglia 4 weeks after transverse aortic constriction. Thirty-two hours after injection, determinants of cardiac norepinephrine homeostasis were measured. As compared with saline, nerve growth factor refilled depleted cardiac norepinephrine stores and improved cardiac [3H]-norepinephrine uptake into isolated perfused hearts of transverse aortic constricted rats. In addition, pharmacological blockade of the norepinephrine transporter led to a higher increase in the overflow of endogenous norepinephrine from hearts of nerve growth factor-injected than saline-injected transverse aortic constricted rats. Norepinephrine transporter mRNA levels and the density of cardiac sympathetic nerves were not changed. Thirty-two hours after nerve growth factor injection, echocardiography revealed an increase in fractional shortening as compared with 2 days before injection. In conclusion, nerve growth factor attenuates local cardiac sympathetic overdrive of hypertrophic hearts by improving cardiac norepinephrine reuptake and might represent a novel therapeutic principle in the treatment of heart failure.
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Abstract
The thalamus is an important modulator of seizures and is severely affected in cholinergic models of epilepsy. In the present study, chronically epileptic rats had their brains processed for neo-Timm and acetylcholinesterase two months after the induction of status epilepticus with pilocarpine. Both controls and pilocarpine-treated animals presented neo-Timm staining in the anterodorsal nucleus, laterodorsal nucleus, reticular nucleus, most intralaminar nuclei, nucleus reuniens, and rhomboid nucleus of the thalamus, as well as in the zona incerta. The intensity of neo-Timm staining was similar in control and pilocarpine-treated rats, except for the nucleus reuniens and the rhomboid nucleus, which had a lower intensity of staining in the epileptic group. In animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy, zinc seems to modulate glutamate release and to decrease seizure activity. In this context, a reduction of neo-Timm-stained terminals in the midline thalamus could ultimately result in an increased excitatory activity, not only within its related nuclei, but also in anatomical structures that receive their efferent connections. This might contribute to the pathological substrate observed in chronic pilocarpine-treated epileptic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hamani
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to give a short overview about the innervation of the intervertebral disc and the nerve connections between the somatosensible and autonomous nervous systems in the paravertebral region. METHODS A short review of the clinical and experimental literature including gross-anatomical, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies as well as functional studies after application of tracer substances has been made. We also present our own experimental immunohistochemical and molecular biological investigations on paravertebral muscle biopsies of a patient with post-discotomy syndrome. RESULTS The annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is innervated by myelinated nerve fibres. Neuronal markers for pain-leading fibres were found to be positive in the dorsal region of the annulus, and especially in the posterior longitudinal ligament. Nerve ingrowth into the diseased intervertebral disc was found in chronic back pain. The main innervation of the intervertebral disc is formed by the sinuvertebral nerves. The sinuvertebral nerves are recurrent branches of the ventral rami that re-enter the intervertebral foramina to be distributed within the vertebral canal. They are mixed polysegmental nerves and nerve plexuses, each being formed by a somatic root from a ventral ramus and an autonomic root from a grey ramus communicans. The number of nerve bundles was reduced by resection of sympathetic trunks. The expression of neuronal markers in the sarcolemma of the paravertebral muscles is reduced after discotomy. CONCLUSIONS The neuroanatomical basis of discogenic pain can be summarised as follows: 1. The intervertebral disc receives an extensive innervation, especially the annulus fibrosus. 2. Nerve extension was found into the nucleus pulposus of the degenerated disc. 3. The sinuvertebral nerve plexuses facilitate a polysegmental signal and pain spreading. 4. The innervation of the intervertebral disc is very high connected with the paravertebral muscles. 5. A local denervation of the paravertebral muscles was found in post-discotomy syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Faustmann
- Abteilung für Neuroanatomie und Molekulare Hirnforschung, Ruhr-Universität Bochum.
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Kimura N, Yanagisawa K, Terao K, Ono F, Sakakibara I, Ishii Y, Kyuwa S, Yoshikawa Y. Age-related changes of intracellular Abeta in cynomolgus monkey brains. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2005; 31:170-80. [PMID: 15771710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To confirm the intracellular accumulation of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta), we carefully performed immunohistochemistry using brains of cynomolgus monkeys of various ages. Cortical neurones and their large neurites were immunostained with antibodies against Abeta in young monkey brains. In aged monkey brains, intracellular Abeta localized within cortical neurones; no clear association was found between the presence of intracellular Abeta and senile plaques (SPs). Interestingly, we did not observe Abeta-immunoreactive cortical neurones in brains fixed with neutral buffered formalin. Western blot analyses of microsomal and nerve ending fractions derived from the brains of young to aged monkeys revealed that intracellular Abeta generation changed with age. In the microsomal fraction, the amount of Abeta42 significantly increased in brains from older monkeys (>30 years of age), and the amount of Abeta43 significantly decreased with age in the microsomal fraction. The amount of Abeta40 remained the same regardless of age. Biochemical analyses also showed that intracellular levels of each of these Abeta molecules significantly increased with age in nerve ending fractions. As we previously observed that a similar accumulation of presenilin1, beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP C-terminal fragment cleaved by beta-secretase in the nerve ending fractions obtained from brains with SPs, the accumulation of intracellular Abeta in this fraction may be closely related to formation of spontaneous SPs with age. Taken together, these results suggest that intensive investigation of age-related changes in the nerve ending will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Bigliardi-Qi M, Lipp B, Sumanovski LT, Buechner SA, Bigliardi PL. Changes of Epidermal Mu-Opiate Receptor Expression and Nerve Endings in Chronic Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 2005; 210:91-9. [PMID: 15724090 DOI: 10.1159/000082563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that neuropeptides such as a substance P, neurotrophins or beta-endorphin, an endogenous agonist for mu-opioid receptor, are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in which mental stress and scratching deteriorate the disease. mu-Opioid receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, can be downregulated and internalized by agonists and other factors in vitro. In this study, we investigated the regulation of mu-opioid receptor and nerve endings in atopic dermatitis patients. Skin biopsies from atopic dermatitis patients revealed a significant downregulation of mu-opiate receptor expression in epidermis of atopic dermatitis. Permeabilization of the skin showed that the receptor in keratinocytes from atopic dermatitis is internalized. The mRNA expression pattern of the mu-opiate receptor is different in epidermis taken from patients with chronic atopic dermatitis compared to normal skin. In atopic dermatitis, the mRNA is concentrated in the subcorneal layers of the epidermis and in normal skin in the suprabasal layers. Staining of the nerve endings using protein gene product 9.5 shows a different pattern of epidermal nerve endings in normal skin compared to atopic dermatitis. In normal skin, the epidermal nerve endings are rather thick. However, in atopic dermatitis, the epidermal nerve endings are thin and run straight through the epidermis. Based on these observations and combining the 'intensity' and 'pattern' hypothesis, we propose a new theory especially for histamine-unrelated, peripheral induction of chronic pruritus. We suggest that 'itch' is elicited in the epidermal unmyelinated nerve C-fibers and 'pain' in the dermal unmyelinated nerve fibers. The downregulation of the opioid receptor in the epidermis contributes to the chronic itching. We call this new hypothesis the 'layer hypothesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bigliardi-Qi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been demonstrated to occur in response to high doses of substituted amphetamines such as methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methlyene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). This term represents a set of complex and multi-faceted precursor events that occur in both a parallel and serial manner, eventually converging to produce oxidative damage. This critical review goes beyond the compilation of previously well-documented evidence demonstrating that oxidative stress mediates METH and MDMA toxicity to dopamine and/or serotonin nerve terminals. The diverse causes, effects, and impact of pro-oxidative processes produced by these drugs are highlighted, integrated, and assembled into a proposed temporal sequence in an effort to explain the long-term neurochemical changes produced by amphetamines. Multiple factors are considered, including dopamine, glutamate, impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, and inflammatory processes, all of which converge and are necessary but alone may be insufficient to cause damage to dopamine and/or 5-HT terminals. In addition, the processes linking inflammation and oxidative stress are considered and described as a feedforward process. The self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and oxidative stress that is initiated by dopamine, glutamate, and mitochondrial dysfunction may extend well beyond the acute pharmacodynamic effects of the drugs and could represent an underlying and potentially progressive degenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Bobich JA, Zheng Q, Campbell A. Incubation of nerve endings with a physiological concentration of Abeta1-42 activates CaV2.2(N-Type)-voltage operated calcium channels and acutely increases glutamate and noradrenaline release. J Alzheimers Dis 2004; 6:243-55. [PMID: 15201479 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2004-6305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We wish to understand the normal function of amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta) and to see if they destabilize neuronal calcium homeostasis [Mattson et al., J. Neurosci. 12 (1992), 376-389]. We observed that a physiological concentration (10 nM) of Abeta1-42 increased both glutamate and noradrenaline exocytosis from rat cortical nerve endings at least in part by activation of N-type Ca2+ channels. Abeta oligomers rather than monomers or fibrils probably are the most active form. Three alternatively-proposed effects of Abeta (reactive oxygen species formation, membrane perforation, and disruption of Ca2+ stores) also were tested by incubating nerve endings with a relatively high (by this study's standards) concentration of Abeta1-42(100 nM). None of the three proposed effects were detected during these incubations. These results support the hypothesis that persistent elevations of Abeta, which normally operates as a modulator of N-type voltage gated calcium channels, could increase internal nerve ending Ca2+ and excitatory neurotransmitter release to produce the early neurotoxic effects that eventually lead to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Bobich
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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Sanchez V, O'shea E, Saadat KS, Elliott JM, Colado MI, Green AR. Effect of repeated ('binge') dosing of MDMA to rats housed at normal and high temperature on neurotoxic damage to cerebral 5-HT and dopamine neurones. J Psychopharmacol 2004; 18:412-6. [PMID: 15358986 DOI: 10.1177/026988110401800312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The technique of 'binge' dosing (several doses in one session) by recreational users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) requires evaluation in terms of its consequences on the acute hyperthermic response and long-term neurotoxicity. We examined the neurotoxic effects of this dosing schedule on 5-HT and dopamine neurones in the rat brain. When repeated (three) doses of MDMA (2, 4 and 6 mg/kg i.p.) were given 3 h apart to rats housed at 19 degrees C, a dose-dependent acute hyperthermia and long-term loss of 5-HT was observed in several brain regions (hippocampus, cortex and striatum), with an approximate 50% loss following 3 x 4 mg/kg and 65% decrease following 3 x 6 mg/kg. No decrease in striatal dopamine content was detected. When MDMA (4 mg/kg i.p.) was given repeatedly to rats housed at 30 degrees C, a larger acute hyperthermic response than that observed in rats treated at 19 degrees C environment was seen (maximum response 2.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C versus 1.3 +/- 0.2 degrees C). A long-term cerebral 5-HT loss of approximately 65% was also detected in both the cortex and hippocampus, but no loss in striatal dopamine content occurred. These data emphasize the increased acute hyperthermic response and neurotoxicity which occurs when MDMA is administered in a hot room environment compared to normal room temperature conditions, and support the view that MDMA is a selective 5-HT neurotoxin, even when a binge dosing schedule is employed and the rats are present in a hot environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Bekhtereva IA. [Histo-architectonic features of the autonomic nerve terminals and their cellular microenvironment in breast cancer tissues before and after radiotherapy]. Arkh Patol 2004; 66:31-4. [PMID: 15055107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The difference in the histoarchitectonics of structures of vegetative nervous terminals (VNT) before and after radiotherapy (RT) indicates the existence of VNT fragments sensitive and resistant to radiation damage. Heterogeneity of the local neuromediator background in tumor morphogenesis before and after RT can be clarified through studying the VNT cellular microenvironment.
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35
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Sitdikova GF, Yakovlev AV, Zefirov AL, Arkhipova OV. The Effects of L- and D-Stereoisomers on the Transmitter Secretion and Ionic Currents in the Motor Nerve Ending. Doklady Biological Sciences 2003; 393:523-6. [PMID: 14994540 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobs.0000010313.65536.1f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G F Sitdikova
- Kazan State University, ul. Lenina 18, Kazan, 420008 Tatarstan, Russia
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36
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Boĭtsov SA, Kuchmin AN, Beozertseva IV, Karetkina EI, Iudina OV, Medvedeva EV. [Use of metaiodobenzylguanidine for assessing status of ends of myocardial sympathetic nerves in myocardium of patients with bronchial asthma]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2003; 75:15-8. [PMID: 12718212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate sympathetic nervous system activity of the heart in patients with bronchial asthma (BA) given beta-adrenomimetics (BAM). MATERIAL AND METHODS 27 patients with moderate BA (13 patients in an acute phase and 14 patients in remission) treated with BAM and 13 healthy people were examined by using 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial planar scintigraphy and estimating the washout rate, early (15-min) and late (240-min) uptake; single-photon emission computed tomography; assessment of MIBG distribution in the left ventricular myocardium, catecholamine excretion with urine. RESULTS It was found that the MIBG washout rate was significantly higher in asthmatic patients especially in the acute period. The cardiac MIBG uptake was significantly lower in the group of patients with impaired cardiac sympathetic activity. More inhomogeneous myocardial MIBG uptake also occurred in the asthmatic group. Norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion was significantly higher in patients with bronchial asthma and cathecholamine and MIBG excretions correlated. CONCLUSION Cardiac functional sympathetic activity impairment in asthmatic patients was shown by increased MIBG washout rate and reduced myocardial MIBG uptake, more inhomogeneous substance distribution in the left ventricular myocardium and higher catecholamine excretion levels reflecting sympathetic nervous activity intensification.
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37
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Tang B, Fan XL, Wu SD, Li M. [Influence of simulated weightlessness on the morphology of nerve endings of muscle spindle in rat soleus muscle]. Space Med Med Eng (Beijing) 2003; 16:162-4. [PMID: 12934606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study changes in structure and innervation of soleus muscle spindle in rats induced by simulated weightlessness. METHOD Weightlessness was simulated by tail suspension in female rats. The technique of Fawosky's Staining was used to detect the morphology of nerve endings of soleus muscle spindle in 7 d, 14 d, 21 d tail-suspended and control rats. RESULT The intrafusal muscle fibers were regular and nerve endings were intact and clear in the soleus spindles of control rats. No obvious change was observed in muscle spindles of 7 d tail-suspended rats. Intrafusal muscle fibers became irregular, with rough and vague nerve endings in 14 d tail-suspended rats. The distinct retrograde change of muscle spindles and nerve endings were observed in 21 d tail-suspended rats. Degeneration and rupture were found in nerve endings, which made it unclear and pale in staining. CONCLUSION Simulated weightlessness could induce time-related changes in structure and innervation of soleus muscle spindle in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- Department of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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38
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to define the age-related changes in sensory and secretomotor nerve endings in the larynx of F344/N rats. For this purpose, laryngeal tissue sections obtained from 12-, 24- and 35-month-old F344/N rats were compared with respect to the density, distribution and morphology of various types of sensory and secretomotor nerve endings immunoreactive for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Two distinct forms of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive motor end-plates were noted; the large sized motor end-plates localized in thyroarytenoid and cricoarytenoid muscles were degenerated in aged rats, while the small sized motor end-plates, localized predominantly in vocal muscles, did not show any age-related changes. CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres of the laryngeal glands did not show any age-related changes. Subepithelial laminar nerve endings immunoreactive to PGP 9.5 showed degeneration with ageing. Aggregates of terminal arborisations in the subepithelial region were smaller in aged animals. PGP 9.5-immunostained taste cells and well-developed subgemmal network were abundant in 12- and 24-month-old rats, but only a few were noted in aged rats. The total number of taste buds decreased significantly with ageing. CGRP- and SP-immunostained taste bud-nerve endings were noted in 12- and 24-month-old rats, but only rarely in 35-month-old rats. The laryngeal epithelium contained PGP 9.5-, CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive thin free nerve endings with many varicosities; their number and distribution were similar between 12- and 24-month-old rats, while only a few endings were observed in 35-month-old rats. Our results indicated that ageing is associated with the reduction of laryngeal sensory and secretomotor nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Knipping S, Holzhausen HJ, Riederer A, Berghaus A. [NPY in human nasal mucosa -- an immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopical study]. Laryngorhinootologie 2003; 82:109-13. [PMID: 12624839 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-37726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functions of the nasal mucosa are regulated by numerous endogenous and exogenous influences. The innervation patterns are important for the control of the physiological nasal functions. In addition to the classic neurotransmitters different neuropeptides might play a regulating and modulating role in the nasal mucosa. Both the significance and the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have not been fully elucidated. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tissue samples of human inferior turbinates from 42 patients were taken during nasal surgery and preserved in phosphate-buffered paraformaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. Serial sections were incubated with antibodies against NPY and the ABC method was applied. In order to identify immunoelectron microscopic reactions a streptavidin-gold-marker was used. The findings were photodocumented by using a light- and transmission-electron microscope. RESULTS NPY-positive terminals were mainly located in the adventitia of arterial vessels. There were also NPY-immunoreactive arterioles near to the glands. Periglandular a lower density of immunoreactions could be observed. NPY-positive fibers could be detected in the subepithelial connective tissue and at the glandular ducts. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed NPY within periglandular axons. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopical methods allow a detailed identification of the sympathetic cotransmitter NPY in arterial vessels of nasal mucosa in man. These results indicate that NPY-containing nerve fibers innervate arteries as well as nasal glands. These findings suggest that NPY play a significant role as a neuromodulator in the control of both vasculature and glandular secretion. The localisation of NPY in periglandular and periductal nerves confirms the direct influence of glandular functions. NPY-agonists may be a beneficial additional treatment of rhinopathies to reduce nasal obstruction and mucus secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- St Knipping
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie der Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale.
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Gibran NS, Jang YC, Isik FF, Greenhalgh DG, Muffley LA, Underwood RA, Usui ML, Larsen J, Smith DG, Bunnett N, Ansel JC, Olerud JE. Diminished neuropeptide levels contribute to the impaired cutaneous healing response associated with diabetes mellitus. J Surg Res 2002; 108:122-8. [PMID: 12443724 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background. Patients with diabetic sensory neuropathy have significant risk of chronic ulcers. Insufficient nerve-derived mediators such as substance P (SP) may contribute to the impaired response to injury. Mutant diabetic mice (db/db), which develop neuropathy and have delayed healing, may provide a model to study the role of nerves in cutaneous injury.Methods. Skin from human chronic nonhealing ulcers and age-matched control skin was immunohistochemically evaluated for nerves. Nerve counts were also compared in murine diabetic (C57BL/KsJ-m+/+ Lepr(db); db/db) and nondiabetic (db/-) skin. Excisional wounds on the backs of db/db and db/- mice were grouped as: (a) untreated db/- mice; (b) untreated db/db mice; (c) db/db mice with polyethylene glycol (PEG); (d) db/db mice with PEG and SP 10(-9) M; or (e) db/db mice with PEG and SP 10(-6) M.Results. We demonstrated fewer nerves in the epidermis and papillary dermis of skin from human subjects with diabetes. Likewise, db/db murine skin had significantly fewer epidermal nerves than nondiabetic littermates. We confirmed increased healing times in db/db mice (51.7 days) compared to db/- littermates (19.8 days; P </= 0.001). SP 10(-6) M (44 days; P = 0.02) and SP 10(-9) M (45 days; P = 0.03) shortened time to closure compared to PEG treatment alone (68 days). Since there was no difference in the percentage contraction in these treatment groups, SP may favorably promote wound epithelization.Conclusions. Our data support the use of db/db murine excisional wounds to evaluate the role of nerves in healing. We have demonstrated that exogenous SP improves wound healing kinetics in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Gibran
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle 98104, USA.
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Abstract
Previous studies have established the neurotoxicity and pathology of acrylamide to large-diameter nerves. It remains unclear (1) whether small-diameter sensory nerves are vulnerable to acrylamide and (2) if so, how the pathology evolves during intoxication. We investigated the influence of acrylamide on small-diameter sensory nerves by studying the pathology of sensory nerve terminals in the skin. The neurotoxic effects of acrylamide (400 ppm in drinking water) on mice were assessed by immunostaining the skin with protein gene product 9.5, a ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, particularly useful for demonstrating cutaneous nerve terminals. Within 5 days of acrylamide administration (the initial stage), epidermal nerves showed two major changes: (1) terminal swelling and (2) increased branching. There was a progressive reduction in epidermal nerve density (END) thereafter. Fifteen days after acrylamide intoxication (the late stage), reduction in END became evident (25.22 +/- 2.19 fibers/mm vs 41.74 +/- 2.60 fibers/mm in control mice, P < 0.003). At this stage, there was significant dermal nerve degeneration with ultrastructural demonstrations of vacuolar changes. These findings establish the pathological consequences of acrylamide neurotoxicity in cutaneous sensory nerves with far-reaching implications: (1) providing an animal system to study "dying-back" pathology of nociceptive nerves and (2) forming the ultrastructural foundation for interpreting the pathology of cutaneous nerve degeneration in skin biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miau-Hwa Ko
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10018, Taiwan
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42
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Abstract
Impaired sensory perception is a well-established stigma of aging and whereas loss of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons is marginal there is a specific pattern of reduced peripheral sensory innervation. To resolve if similar regressive processes occur in the central innervation, peripheral nerves were injected with markers for unmyelinated (isolectin B4) or myelinated (cholera toxin B subunit; CTB) DRG neurons. The results were a dramatic decrease of primary sensory endings in the spinal cord of aged rats following transganglionic labeling with CTB, and also to a lesser degree with B4. Profile counting and frequency estimates showed that the reduction of CTB labeled profiles not was caused by impaired axonal uptake, slowed axonal transport of CTB, or by a loss of myelinated fibers in the peripheral nerve. At the ultrastructural level, peripheral nerves showed the classical hallmarks of aging, with more pronounced alterations in myelinated than unmyelinated axons. Taken together, sensory deprivation in senescence appears to be a distal process in DRG neurons involving both peripheral and central target disconnection. Finally, preliminary data indicates that the substantial reduction in mechanoreceptive input to the central nervous system co-varies with the degree of sensorimotor impairment of the aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esbjörn Bergman
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bani D, Bergamini M. Ultrastructural abnormalities of muscle spindles in the rat masseter muscle with malocclusion-induced damage. Histol Histopathol 2002; 17:45-54. [PMID: 11813885 DOI: 10.14670/hh-17.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human temporomandibular disorders due to disturbed occlusal mechanics are characterized by sensory, motor and autonomic symptoms, possibly related to muscle overwork and fatigue. Our previous study in rats with experimentally-induced malocclusion due to unilateral molar cusp amputation showed that the ipsilateral masseter muscles undergo morphological and biochemical changes consistent with muscle hypercontraction and ischemia. In the present study, the masseter muscle spindles of the same malocclusion-bearing rats were examined by electron microscopy. Sham-operated rats were used as controls. In the treated rats, clear-cut alterations of the muscle spindles were observed 26 days after surgery, when the extrafusal muscle showed the more severe damage. The fusal alterations affected predominantly capsular cells, intrafusal muscle fibers and sensory nerve endings. These results suggest that in the malocclusion-bearing rats, an abnormal reflex regulation of the motor activity of the masticatory muscles may take place. They also allow us to hypothesize that muscle spindle alterations might be involved in the pathogenesis of human temporomandibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bani
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Italy.
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Chang CW, Huang SF. Varied clinical patterns, physical activities, muscle enzymes, electromyographic and histologic findings in patients with post-polio syndrome in Taiwan. Spinal Cord 2001; 39:526-31. [PMID: 11641796 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A study of the clinical features, physical activity, muscle enzyme, electromyography and histopathological alternations of muscles in patients with post-polio syndrome (PPS). OBJECTIVE To assess the varied patterns of PPS in Taiwan. SETTING Taiwan. METHODS Thirty-one patients who fulfill the inclusion criteria of PPS were selected for study. Clinical features, physical activity scale, serum concentrations of creatine kinase, electromyography and histopathological alterations of muscles were assessed and correlated to the causes of PPS patients. RESULTS Patients with PPS in Taiwan are relatively young, with a mean age of 39.3 years. Elevated concentration of creatine kinase was found predominantly in male patients with higher physical activities. Electromyographic examinations as well as histological tests of affected muscles revealed prominent evidence of chronic and active denervation with reinnervation in PPS patients. CONCLUSION Patients with PPS in Taiwan are young. Thus, PPS should not be attributed to aging. Physical attrition with degradation of nerve terminals is considered the main cause of this disease. SPONSORSHIP This study was supported by the National Science Council, Republic of China under grant no. NSC-83-0412-B002-302.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Sanchez V, Camarero J, Esteban B, Peter MJ, Green AR, Colado MI. The mechanisms involved in the long-lasting neuroprotective effect of fluoxetine against MDMA ('ecstasy')-induced degeneration of 5-HT nerve endings in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:46-57. [PMID: 11522596 PMCID: PMC1572928 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. It has been reported that co-administration of fluoxetine with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') prevents MDMA-induced degeneration of 5-HT nerve endings in rat brain. The mechanisms involved have now been investigated. 2. MDMA (15 mg kg(-1), i.p.) administration produced a neurotoxic loss of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cortex, hippocampus and striatum and a reduction in cortical [3H]-paroxetine binding 7 days later. 3. Fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1), i.p., x2, 60 min apart) administered concurrently with MDMA or given 2 and 4 days earlier provided complete protection, and significant protection when given 7 days earlier. Fluvoxamine (15 mg kg(-1), i.p., x2, 60 min apart) only produced neuroprotection when administered concurrently. Fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1), x2) markedly increased the K(D) and reduced the B(max) of cortical [3H]-paroxetine binding 2 and 4 days later. The B(max) was still decreased 7 days later, but the K(D) was unchanged. [3H]-Paroxetine binding characteristics were unchanged 24 h after fluvoxamine (15 mg kg(-1), x2). 4. A significant cerebral concentration of fluoxetine plus norfluoxetine was detected over the 7 days following fluoxetine administration. The fluvoxamine concentration had decreased markedly by 24 h. 5. Pretreatment with fluoxetine (10 mg kg(-1), x2) failed to alter cerebral MDMA accumulation compared to saline pretreated controls. 6. Neither fluoxetine or fluvoxamine altered MDMA-induced acute hyperthermia. 7. These data demonstrate that fluoxetine produces long-lasting protection against MDMA-induced neurodegeneration, an effect apparently related to the presence of the drug and its active metabolite inhibiting the 5-HT transporter. Fluoxetine does not alter the metabolism of MDMA or its rate of cerebral accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanchez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J Camarero
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - B Esteban
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - M J Peter
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - A R Green
- Pharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH
| | - M I Colado
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Gaspersic R, Koritnik B, Erzen I, Sketelj J. Muscle activity-resistant acetylcholine receptor accumulation is induced in places of former motor endplates in ectopically innervated regenerating rat muscles. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:339-46. [PMID: 11337203 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(01)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the extrajunctional muscle regions, but not in the neuromuscular junctions, is repressed by propagated electric activity in muscle fibers. During regeneration, subsynaptic-like specializations accumulating AChRs are induced in new myotubes by agrin attached to the synaptic basal lamina at the places of former motor endplates even in the absence of innervation. We examined whether AChRs still accumulated at these places when the regenerating muscles were ectopically innervated and the former synaptic places became extrajunctional. Rat soleus muscles were injured by bupivacaine and ischemia to produce complete myofiber degeneration. The soleus muscle nerve was permanently severed and the muscle was ectopically innervated by the peroneal nerve a few millimeters away from the former junctional region. After 4 weeks of regeneration, the muscles contracted upon nerve stimulation, showed little atrophy and the cross-section areas of their fibers were completely above the range in non-innervated regenerating muscles, indicating successful innervation. Subsynaptic-like specializations in the former junctional region still accumulated AChRs (and acetylcholinesterase) although no motor nerve endings were observed in their vicinity and the cross-section area of their fibers clearly demonstrated that they were ectopically innervated. We conclude that the expression of AChRs at the places of the former neuromuscular junctions in the ectopically innervated regenerated soleus muscles is activity-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gaspersic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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White F, Nicoll JA, Horsburgh K. Alterations in ApoE and ApoJ in Relation to Degeneration and Regeneration in a Mouse Model of Entorhinal Cortex Lesion. Exp Neurol 2001; 169:307-18. [PMID: 11358444 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2001.7655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are primarily involved in the transport of lipid and cholesterol within the central nervous system (CNS) and are thought to play a role in synaptic remodeling, repair, and regeneration after brain injury. In the present study, alterations in apolipoproteins E (apoE) and J (apoJ) were examined in the molecular layers of the dentate gyrus after unilateral chemical lesioning of the entorhinal cortex (ECL), at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days following injury. Alterations in immunostaining for these proteins were assessed in relation to accumulation of silver-labeled degeneration products and alterations in synaptophysin and GAP-43 immunoreactivity. Quantitative analysis of synaptophysin and GAP-43 immunostaining highlighted synaptic loss and fiber degeneration initially (3-7 days post-ECL), with subsequent terminal sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis occurring at longer survival periods (28-90 days post-ECL). Increased apoE and apoJ immunoreactivity was evident first within the neuropil (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01) followed by intense glial staining by day 7 post-ECL. By day 28 apoE and apoJ immunostaining had returned almost to baseline levels. However, at day 90 post-ECL, neuropil apoE and apoJ immunoreactivity was dramatically increased compared to contralateral levels (**P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.0001, respectively). Silver-labeled degeneration products were found to be in abundance at day 3 postlesion; however, by day 7 this was reduced leaving only a thin band of material within the MML and at day 90 post-ECL, dentate silver staining was similar to that of controls. The results indicate that apoE and apoJ are upregulated after injury and parallel clearance of cholesterol and lipid debris from the site of injury. This coordinated alteration in apolipoproteins may redistribute lipid material to sprouting fibers to promote neurite extension and may play an important role in long-term plasticity changes following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- F White
- Wellcome Surgical Institute, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The mechanisms of chronic neuropathic pain are not well understood. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), which occurs in some patients after shingles (herpes zoster), was used to investigate the neural determinants of chronic pain. Skin biopsies were obtained from 38 adults with or without PHN at least 3 months after healing of shingles on the torso. Vertical sections were immunolabeled against PGP9.5, a pan-axonal marker, to measure the density of remaining nerve endings in skin previously affected by shingles. All axons that end in the epidermis are nociceptors, neurons that transmit pain messages. The densities ranged between 2 and 3976 neurites/mm2 skin surface, but the overlap between subjects and without PHN was small. Of 19 subjects without PHN, 17 had more than 670 neurites/mm2 skin surface area (mean +/- SEM = 1569 +/- 230), and 18 of 19 subjects with PHN had 640 or fewer neurites/mm2 (mean +/- SEM = 367 +/- 92). PHN may be a 'phantom-skin' pain associated with loss of nociceptors. This threshold of approximately 650 neurites/mm2 skin surface was not detected in previous studies that used summary statistics. It implies that the absence of pain after shingles may require the preservation of a minimum density of primary nociceptive neurons, and that the density of epidermal innervation may provide an objective correlate for the presence or absence of PHN pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Oaklander
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Boston, MA, USA.
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Miura H, Baba M, Matsunaga M, Oda K. Changes in motor nerve terminals following proximal constriction by a ligature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2000; 2:70-6. [PMID: 10975738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of proximal constriction on motor nerve terminals, silk ligations were placed around the tibial nerve in the thigh of rabbits. The ligatures were tight enough to cause Wallerian degeneration in most of the large myelinated fibers; we studied those which remained unaffected. A week after operation, 9 animals showed a fall in amplitude of medial plantar muscle action potential to less than 30% of the pre-operative value on tibial nerve stimulation at the ankle. They were killed after keeping the constriction from 10 to 100 days, and the medial plantar muscles were removed for histological studies on the motor terminals of the medial plantar nerve. AChE-silver staining showed many nerve endings without terminal axons, and "junctional" terminals showing preservation of the continuity proximal to complete degeneration from 10 days to the 40 days after ligation. A few terminal and nodal sproutings were found 10 days after ligation. Transverse sections of the intramuscular portion of the medial plantar nerve showed a decrease in number of the large myelinated fibers. While the ratio of axonal caliber/external diameter of large myelinated fibers (g-ratio) was reduced, g-ratio of small myelinated fibers were varied but as high as that in normal controls from 40 days after ligation. These results indicate distal axonal degeneration (dying back) of the terminal fibers besides the Wallerian degeneration at the level of the ligature and inhibited distal sproutings, which are probably caused by a local disturbance of axonal transport resulting from proximal constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miura
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Diseases, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE Several methods of neurophysiologic assessment exist in the investigation of patients with fecal incontinence. However, the clinical significance of the information gained is uncertain. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the results of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency and fiber density in relation to clinical variables and manometric measurements. METHODS Seventy-two patients with fecal incontinence (63 women; mean age, 62; range, 24-81 years) responded to a bowel questionnaire and underwent anorectal manovolumetry, anal ultrasonography, defecography, and electromyography, including pudendal nerve terminal motor latency and fiber density. RESULTS Pudendal neuropathy (pudendal nerve terminal motor latency > 2.5 ms) was found in 46 percent and increased fiber density (> 1.7) in 82 percent. Pudendal neuropathy and increased fiber density were most common in patients with rectal prolapse or intra-anal intussusception. No difference was seen concerning anal resting and incremental pressures, rectal compliance, rectal sensibility or severity of incontinence in patients with unilateral, bilateral, or marked (> 4 ms) pudendal neuropathy vs. patients with normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. In contrast, patients with increased fiber density had lower incremental pressures (P < 0.05) and stated decreased rectal sensibility (P < 0.05) compared with those with normal fiber density. These differences were most pronounced in patients with neurogenic or idiopathic incontinence. CONCLUSIONS Pudendal neuropathy and increased fiber density are common in patients with fecal incontinence. Fiber density but not pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was correlated with clinical and manometric variables. The severity of nerve injury correlated with anal motor and sensory function in patients with neurogenic or idiopathic incontinence. The routine use of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency in the assessment of patients with fecal incontinence can be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Osterberg
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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