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The Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Major Human Diseases: Quo Vadis? Cells 2021; 10:cells10030650. [PMID: 33804069 PMCID: PMC7999456 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has arisen in recent years suggesting that a tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) is involved in the progression of various human diseases. This system contains two regulatory pathways: a pathological pro-inflammatory pathway containing the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II (AngII)/Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) axis and a protective anti-inflammatory pathway involving the Angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2)/ACE2/Ang1–7/MasReceptor axis. Numerous studies reported the positive effects of pathologic tRAS pathway inhibition and protective tRAS pathway stimulation on the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease and the progression of neuropathic pain. Cell senescence and aging are known to be related to RAS pathways. Further, this system directly interacts with SARS-CoV 2 and seems to be an important target of interest in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on the involvement of tRAS in the progression of the mentioned diseases from an interdisciplinary clinical perspective and highlights therapeutic strategies that might be of major clinical importance in the future.
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Jung GS, Jeon JH, Jung YA, Choi YK, Kim HS, Kim JG, Park KG, Kim MK, Lee IK. Clusterin/apolipoprotein J attenuates angiotensin II-induced renal fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105635. [PMID: 25148511 PMCID: PMC4141810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The blockade of angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. The main roles of Ang II in renal disease are mediated via the Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R). Upregulation of clusterin/apolipoprotein J has been reported in nephropathy models, suggesting it has a protective role in nephropathogenesis. Here, we studied how clusterin acts against Ang II-induced renal fibrosis. Levels of AT1R and fibrotic markers in clusterin-/- mice and Ang II infused rats transfected with an adenovirus encoding clusterin were evaluated by immunoblot analysis, real time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical staining. The effect of clusterin on renal fibrosis was evaluated in NRK-52E cells, a cultured renal tubular epithelial cell line, using immunoblot analysis and real time RT-PCR. Nuclear localization of NF-κB was evaluated using immunofluorecence and co-immunoprecipitation. Renal fibrosis and expression of AT1R was higher in the kidneys of clusterin-/- mice than in those of wild-type mice. Furthermore, loss of clusterin accelerated Ang II-stimulated renal fibrosis and AT1R expression. Overexpression of clusterin in proximal tubular epithelial cells decreased the levels of Ang II-stimulated fibrotic markers and AT1R. Moreover, intrarenal delivery of clusterin attenuated Ang II-mediated expression of fibrotic markers and AT1R in rats. Fluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation in conjunction with western blot revealed that clusterin inhibited Ang II-stimulated nuclear localization of p-NF-κB via a direct physical interaction and subsequently decreased the AT1R level in proximal tubular epithelial cells. These data suggest that clusterin attenuates Ang II-induced renal fibrosis by inhibition of NF-κB activation and subsequent downregulation of AT1R. This study raises the possibility that clusterin could be used as a therapeutic target for Ang II-induced renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwon-Soo Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-A Jung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Guk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IKL); (MKK)
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IKL); (MKK)
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Silveira KD, Barroso LC, Vieira AT, Cisalpino D, Lima CX, Bader M, Arantes RME, dos Santos RAS, Simões-e-Silva AC, Teixeira MM. Beneficial effects of the activation of the angiotensin-(1-7) MAS receptor in a murine model of adriamycin-induced nephropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66082. [PMID: 23762470 PMCID: PMC3676359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] is a biologically active heptapeptide that may counterbalance the physiological actions of angiotensin II (Ang II) within the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Here, we evaluated whether activation of the Mas receptor with the oral agonist, AVE 0991, would have renoprotective effects in a model of adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy. We also evaluated whether the Mas receptor contributed for the protective effects of treatment with AT1 receptor blockers. ADR (10 mg/kg) induced significant renal injury and dysfunction that was maximal at day 14 after injection. Treatment with the Mas receptor agonist AVE 0991 improved renal function parameters, reduced urinary protein loss and attenuated histological changes. Renoprotection was associated with reduction in urinary levels of TGF-β. Similar renoprotection was observed after treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist, Losartan. AT1 and Mas receptor mRNA levels dropped after ADR administration and treatment with losartan reestablished the expression of Mas receptor and increased the expression of ACE2. ADR-induced nephropathy was similar in wild type (Mas+/+) and Mas knockout (Mas−/−) mice, suggesting there was no endogenous role for Mas receptor activation. However, treatment with Losartan was able to reduce renal injury only in Mas+/+, but not in Mas−/− mice. Therefore, these findings suggest that exogenous activation of the Mas receptor protects from ADR-induced nephropathy and contributes to the beneficial effects of AT1 receptor blockade. Medications which target specifically the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis may offer new therapeutic opportunities to treat human nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Daniela Silveira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Corrêa Barroso
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica Thomáz Vieira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cisalpino
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Xavier Lima
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicin, Berlin Buch, Germany
| | - Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Cristina Simões-e-Silva
- Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ACSS); (MMT)
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Pediatria da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ACSS); (MMT)
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Rüster C, Wolf G. Angiotensin II as a morphogenic cytokine stimulating renal fibrogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1189-99. [PMID: 21719784 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system attenuate glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Although the mechanisms underlying their antifibrotic effects are complex, angiotensin II (Ang II) emerges as a major profibrogenic cytokine. Ang II modulates renal cell growth, extracellular matrix synthesis, and degradation by multiple fibrotic pathways. One of the main targets of Ang II in renal fibrosis is TGFβ. Many, but not all, of the stimulatory effects of Ang II on fibrogenesis depend on the induction of TGFβ and its downstream mediators of matrix accumulation, inflammation, and apoptosis. However because of the difficulty in targeting TGFβ, connective tissue growth factor β (CTGF), a downstream mediator of TGFβ, has become a more promising antifibrotic target. Ang II can directly induce expression of renal CTGF and mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Other profibrotic factors stimulated by Ang II include endothelin-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2. Finally, connections among Ang II, hypoxia, and the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α contribute to fibrogenesis. A better understanding of the multiple morphogenic effects of Ang II may be necessary to develop better strategies to halt the progression of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rüster
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Friedrich Schiller University, Erlanger-Allee 101, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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Abstract
The pathologic paradigm for renal progression is advancing tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Whereas mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis have grown in scope and understanding in recent decades, effective human treatment to directly halt or even reverse fibrosis remains elusive. Here, we examine key features mediating the molecular and cellular basis of tubulointerstitial fibrosis and highlight new insights that may lead to novel therapies. How to prevent chronic kidney disease from progressing to renal failure awaits even deeper biochemical understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zeisberg
- Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Ulmasov B, Xu Z, Tetri LH, Inagami T, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Protective role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling in a mouse model of pancreatic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G284-94. [PMID: 19033539 PMCID: PMC2643909 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90409.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system contributes to pathological processes in a variety of organs. In the pancreas, blocking the angiotensin II (AII) type 1 receptor (AT1) attenuates pancreatic fibrogenesis in animal models of pancreatitis. Because the role of the AII type 2 receptor (AT2) in modulating pancreatic injury is unknown we investigated the role of AT2 in pancreatic injury and fibrosis. Pancreatic fibrosis was induced by repetitive cerulein administration in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or AT2-deficient (AT2-/-) mice and assessed by morphology and gene expression at 10 days. There was no difference between WT and AT2-/- mice in the degree of acute pancreatic injury as assessed by amylase release at 9 and 12 h and by histological examination of the pancreas at 12 h. In contrast, parenchymal atrophy and fibrosis were more pronounced in AT2-/- mice compared with WT mice at 10 days. Fibrosis was accompanied by activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) evaluated by Western blot analysis for alpha-smooth muscle actin and by immunocytochemistry; PSC activation was further increased in AT2-/- mice compared with WT mice. The level of pancreatic transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA and protein after repetitive cerulein treatment was higher in AT2-/- mice than in WT mice. Our results demonstrate that, in contrast to AT1 receptor signaling, AT2 receptor signaling modulates protective antifibrogenic effects in a mouse model of cerulein-induced pancreatic fibrogenesis. We propose that the effects of AII on injury-induced pancreatic fibrosis may be determined by the balance between AT1 and AT2 receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ulmasov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Laura H. Tetri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tadashi Inagami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brent A. Neuschwander-Tetri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Waseda Y, Yasui M, Nishizawa Y, Inuzuka K, Takato H, Ichikawa Y, Tagami A, Fujimura M, Nakao S. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist reduces bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Respir Res 2008; 9:43. [PMID: 18500976 PMCID: PMC2409315 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) in pulmonary fibrosis is unknown. To evaluate the influence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) and AT2 antagonists in a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Methods We examined effects of the AT1 antagonist (AT1A) olmesartan medoxomil (olmesartan) and the AT2 antagonist (AT2A) PD-123319 on BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which was evaluated by Ashcroft's pathological scoring and hydroxyproline content of lungs. We also analyzed the cellular composition and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results With olmesartan, the lung fibrosis score and hydroxyproline level were significantly reduced, and lymphocyte and neutrophil counts and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in BALF were reduced on day 7. On day 14, macrophage and lymphocyte counts in BALF were reduced, accompanied by a reduction in the level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. With PD-123319, the lung fibrosis score and hydroxyproline level were reduced. On day 7, macrophage, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts in BALF were reduced, accompanied by reductions in TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels. On day 14, macrophage, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts in BALF were also reduced, accompanied by a reduction in the level of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 level but not TGF-β1. Conclusion Both AT1 and AT2 are involved in promoting interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis via different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Waseda
- Respiratory Medicine, Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
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Xia J, Seckin E, Xiang Y, Vranesic M, Mathews WB, Hong K, Bluemke DA, Lerman LO, Szabo Z. Positron-Emission Tomography Imaging of the Angiotensin II Subtype 1 Receptor in Swine Renal Artery Stenosis. Hypertension 2008; 51:466-73. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor (AT
1
R) has been linked to the development and progression of renovascular hypertension. In this study we applied a pig model of renovascular hypertension to investigate the AT
1
R in vivo with positron-emission tomography (PET) and in vitro with quantitative autoradiography. AT
1
R PET measurements were performed with the radioligand [
11
C]KR31173 in 11 control pigs and in 13 pigs with hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis; 4 were treated with lisinopril for 2 weeks before PET imaging. The radioligand impulse response function was calculated by deconvolution analysis of the renal time-activity curves. Radioligand binding was quantified by the 80-minute retention of the impulse response function. Median values and interquartile ranges were used to illustrate group statistics. Radioligand retention was significantly increased (
P
=0.044) in hypoperfused kidneys of untreated (0.225; range: 0.150 to 0.373) and lisinopril-treated (0.237; range:0.224 to 0.272) animals compared with controls (0.142; range:0.096 to 0.156). Increased binding of [
11
C]KR31173 documented by PET in vivo was confirmed by in vitro autoradiography. Both in vivo and in vitro binding measurements showed that the effect of renal artery stenosis on the AT
1
R was not abolished by lisinopril treatment. These studies provide insight into kidney biology as the first in vivo/in vitro experimental evidence about AT
1
R regulation in response to reduced perfusion of the kidney. The findings support the concept of introducing AT
1
R PET as a diagnostic biomarker of renovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xia
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - Esen Seckin
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - Yan Xiang
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - Melin Vranesic
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - William B. Mathews
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - Kelvin Hong
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - David A. Bluemke
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
| | - Zsolt Szabo
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.X., E.S., M.V., W.B.M., K.H., D.A.B., Z.S.) and Physiology (Y.X.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md; Department of Medicine (L.O.L.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minn
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Okada H, Inoue T, Kikuta T, Watanabe Y, Kanno Y, Ban S, Sugaya T, Horiuchi M, Suzuki H. A possible anti-inflammatory role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis during type 1 receptor blockade. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1577-89. [PMID: 17071582 PMCID: PMC1780194 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade attenuates renal inflammation/fibrogenesis in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis via angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). In the present study, further in vivo experiments revealed that AT2R was expressed in tubular epithelial cells of nephritic kidneys in mice, and feedback activation of the renin-angiotensin system during AT1R blockade significantly reduced p-ERK, but not intranuclear nuclear factor-kappaB, levels via AT2R. This led to reduction in mRNA levels of the proinflammatory mediator monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and overall interstitial inflammation and subsequent fibrogenesis. Specific blockade of ERK expression in tubular epithelium by anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides also attenuated interstitial inflammation, mimicking the anti-inflammatory action of AT2R in nephritic kidneys. Alternatively, we succeeded in confirming such an AT(2)R function by demonstrating that AT1R blockade did not confer renoprotection in nephritic, AT2R gene-deficient mice. Additional in vitro experiments revealed that AT2R activation did not affect nuclear factor-kappaB activation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cultured tubular epithelial cells, although it inhibited ERK phosphorylation, which reduced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that feedback activation of AT2Rs in tubular epithelium of nephritic kidneys plays an important role in attenuating interstitial inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/immunology
- Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/pathology
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Epithelium/drug effects
- Epithelium/pathology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Inflammation/immunology
- Kidney Tubules/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/deficiency
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical School, 38 Morohongo, Irumagun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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Takenaka T, Mimura T, Kanno Y, Suzuki H. Qualification of arterial stiffness as a risk factor to the progression of chronic kidney diseases. Am J Nephrol 2005; 25:417-24. [PMID: 16110203 DOI: 10.1159/000087605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reflection pressure may influence the clinical course of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). The relationship between the augmentation index (AI) and progression of non-diabetic CKDs was characterized. METHODS Ninety-nine patients were enrolled into the study. Pulse wave form analysis was performed to determine AI that assesses arterial stiffness. RESULTS In a cross-sectional study, a multiple regression analysis found that AI correlated positively to age and weight, and negatively to height and heart rate (R(2) = 0.50). Furthermore, echocardiography was performed in 51 patients who gave their consent. In male patients under angiotensin inhibition, left ventricular mass index increased as AI was elevated (r = 0.33, slope = 0.85 +/- 0.30 g/m(2)/%, p < 0.05, n = 23). A prospective study was performed in 41 patients who consented to having their creatinine clearance measured repeatedly. In the patients with angiotensin inhibition a higher basal AI resulted in a greater annual decrease in creatinine clearance (r = -0.52, slope = -0.43 +/- 0.14 ml/min/year/%, p < 0.01, n = 27). CONCLUSION The present data indicate that AI as well as angiotensin contribute to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Furthermore, our results suggest that in addition to angiotensin, AI is a risk factor of progression of non-diabetic CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Takenaka
- Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical College, 38 Moro-hongo Moroyama, Iruma Saitama 350-0495, Japan
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Liu Y, Li JQ. Preventive and therapeutic effects of enalapril on liver fibrosis in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2119-2122. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, on the extent of liver fibrosis in experimental fibrotic rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
METHODS: Liver fibrosis in rats was induced by CCl4. Rats were assigned into control group, model group, prevention groups and treatment groups. Except for rats in control group, all rats were given subcutaneous injection of 400 mL/L CCl4, once every 3 days for 10 weeks. Rats in prevention groups were also given enalapril via gastrogavage. But rats in treatment groups were given enalapril from the fifth week to the end via gastrogavage. At the end of tenth week, livers and spleens were measured and specimens of liver were stored. The extent of liver inflammation and fibrosis was evaluated with HE and Masson staining. We also observed the ultrastructures of hepatocytes under electron microscope.
RESULTS: After using enalapril, the body weights of model group, enalapril prevention groups and enalapril treatment groups decreased significantly as compared with that of control group (P <0.01). Compared with model group, the liver and spleen indexes of enalapril prevention and treatment groups decreased significantly (P <0.01), enalapril prevention and treatment groups of higher dose considerablely attenuated the extent of liver inflammation and fibrosis (P <0.01). The extent of hepatotic injury in enalapril prevention and treatment groups of higher dose decreased significantly than that of model group under electron microscope.
CONCLUSION: Enalapril has better preventive and therapeutic effects on experimental liver fibrosis in rats induced by CCl4.
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