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Choi SC, Park YP, Roach T, Jimenez D, Fisher A, Zadeh M, Ma L, Sobel ES, Ge Y, Mohamadzadeh M, Morel L. Lupus susceptibility gene Pbx1 controls the development, stability, and function of regulatory T cells via Rtkn2 expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4310. [PMID: 38536923 PMCID: PMC10971436 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of regulatory T (Treg) cells critically prevents autoimmunity. Pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor 1 (Pbx1) variants are associated with lupus susceptibility, particularly through the expression of a dominant negative isoform Pbx1-d in CD4+ T cells. Pbx1-d overexpression impaired Treg cell homeostasis and promoted inflammatory CD4+ T cells. Here, we showed a high expression of Pbx1 in human and murine Treg cells, which is decreased in lupus patients and mice. Pbx1 deficiency or Pbx1-d overexpression reduced the number, stability, and suppressive activity of Treg cells, which increased murine responses to immunization and autoimmune induction. Mechanistically, Pbx1 deficiency altered the expression of genes implicated in cell cycle and apoptosis in Treg cells. Intriguingly, Rtkn2, a Rho-GTPase previously associated with Treg homeostasis, was directly transactivated by Pbx1. Our results suggest that the maintenance of Treg cell homeostasis and stability by Pbx1 through cell cycle progression prevent the expansion of inflammatory T cells that otherwise exacerbates lupus progression in the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Yuk Pheel Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Tracoyia Roach
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Damian Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Amanda Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Longhuan Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Eric S. Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Cinar MU, Oliveira RD, Hadfield TS, Lichtenwalner A, Brzozowski RJ, Settlemire CT, Schoenian SG, Parker C, Neibergs HL, Cockett NE, White SN. Genome-wide association with footrot in hair and wool sheep. Front Genet 2024; 14:1297444. [PMID: 38288162 PMCID: PMC10822918 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1297444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine footrot is an infectious disease with important contributions from Dichelobacter nodosus and Fusobacterium necrophorum. Footrot is characterized by separation of the hoof from underlying tissue, and this causes severe lameness that negatively impacts animal wellbeing, growth, and profitability. Large economic losses result from lost production as well as treatment costs, and improved genetic tools to address footrot are a valuable long-term goal. Prior genetic studies had examined European wool sheep, but hair sheep breeds such as Katahdin and Blackbelly have been reported to have increased resistance to footrot, as well as to intestinal parasites. Thus, footrot condition scores were collected from 251 U.S. sheep including Katahdin, Blackbelly, and European-influenced crossbred sheep with direct and imputed genotypes at OvineHD array (>500,000 single nucleotide polymorphism) density. Genome-wide association was performed with a mixed model accounting for farm and principal components derived from animal genotypes, as well as a random term for the genomic relationship matrix. We identified three genome-wide significant associations, including SNPs in or near GBP6 and TCHH. We also identified 33 additional associated SNPs with genome-wide suggestive evidence, including a cluster of 6 SNPs in a peak near the genome-wide significance threshold located near the glutamine transporter gene SLC38A1. These findings suggest genetic susceptibility to footrot may be influenced by genes involved in divergent biological processes such as immune responses, nutrient availability, and hoof growth and integrity. This is the first genome-wide study to investigate susceptibility to footrot by including hair sheep and also the first study of any kind to identify multiple genome-wide significant associations with ovine footrot. These results provide a foundation for developing genetic tests for marker-assisted selection to improve resistance to ovine footrot once additional steps like fine mapping and validation are complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ulas Cinar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Ryan D. Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Tracy S. Hadfield
- Department of Animal, Agricultural Experiment Station, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Anne Lichtenwalner
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Cooperative Extension, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | | | | | - Susan G. Schoenian
- Western Maryland Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Charles Parker
- Department of Animal Sciences, Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Holly L. Neibergs
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Noelle E. Cockett
- Department of Animal, Agricultural Experiment Station, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Stephen N. White
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Zhang X, Wang J, Li H. RTKN2 knockdown alleviates the malignancy of breast cancer cells by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23023. [PMID: 38155217 PMCID: PMC10754922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RTKN2 is a new effector protein of Rho GTPase, and has been indicated to be a tumor inhibitor in colon cancer. In this article, we explored the function of RTKN2 in BC cell development. RTKN2 expression in BC tissues and BC cell lines was evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot assay. CCK-8, Wound-healing and Transwell assays were carried out to examine the role of RTKN2 knockdown on proliferation, the migratory ability and the invasive ability of BC cells. FCM and Western blot assay were performed to measure the function of RTKN2 silencing on BC cell apoptosis. In addition, the regulatory effect of RTKN2 on Wnt/β-catenin pathway was studied via Western blot assay. RTKN2 expression was elevated in BC tissues and BC cells. Down-regulation of RTKN2 restrained BC cell progression by suppressing cell proliferation, migratory ability, invasive ability, and inducing apoptosis. In addition, reduced of RTKN2 sharply reduced the expressing levels of Wnt3A, β-catenin, C-Myc, and Cyclin D1, suggesting that RTKN2 silencing blocked the motivation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in BC development. The in vivo experiment also confirmed the inhibitory effect of RTKN2 on BC tumors. Our study confirmed that RTKN2 was highly expressed in BC. Moreover, RTKN2 knockdown suppressed the development of BC through affecting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hence, we deduced that RTKN2 was a possible treatment target for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Province Coal Taishan Sanatorium, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong Univesity, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Rd., Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Zhang L, He S, Guan H, Zhao Y, Zhang D. Depletion of circ_0088046 suppressed cell growth and motility of hepatocellular carcinoma via circ_0088046-miR-1299-RTKN2 ceRNA pathway. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:819-829. [PMID: 37421213 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been verified to be important modulators and therapeutic targets of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of circ_0088046 in HCC progression. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry assays were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of circ_0088046, miR-1299, Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2), Bax, Bcl-2, E-cadherin and Ki-67. Cell proliferation was investigated by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay and cell colony formation assay. Cell apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry. Transwell migration and invasion assays were adopted to assess cell migration and invasion. The molecular target relationship between miR-1299 and circ_0088046 or RTKN2 were analysed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. An animal experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect of circ_0088046 on tumour formation in vivo. High levels of circ_0088046 and RTKN2, and low levels of miR-1299 were displayed in HCC tissues and cells. Circ_0088046 absence repressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but boosted apoptosis of HCC cells. MiR-1299 was a target of circ_0088046 and miR-1299 inhibitor restored circ_0088046 silencing-mediated inhibitory impacts on HCC cell malignancy. MiR-1299 could directly target RTKN2, and overexpressed RTKN2 rescued the suppressive effects caused by miR-1299 mimic. In addition, circ_0088046 silencing constrained tumour formation in vivo. Circ_0088046 contributed to HCC cell malignancy via modulating the miR-1299/RTKN2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai He
- Department of Breast Cancer, Shaanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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5
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Wang N, Wang J. RTKN2 Inhibits the Growth, Migration, Invasion and Glycolysis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by Inactivating the NF-κB Signalling Pathway. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:2135-2148. [PMID: 36952123 PMCID: PMC10517892 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant tumour that seriously threatens the life and health of people worldwide. This research was carried out to investigate the role of Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) in LUAD progression. METHODS AND RESULTS The GEPIA online database was used to analyse abnormally expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma and RTKN2 expression in various cancers. Cell proliferation was detected with CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Transwell assays were carried out to assess cell migration and invasion. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were evaluated by a Seahorse XFe96 analyser. The interaction between RTKN2 and p65 was confirmed using a coimmunoprecipitation assay. RTKN2 expression was detected with qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot assays. The p65 levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus were determined by western blot assays. RTKN2 levels were prominently decreased in LUAD tissues and cell lines. RTKN2 overexpression suppressed LUAD cell growth, invasion, migration, and glycolysis, while RTKN2 knockdown showed the opposite effects. Additionally, p65 could be negatively regulated by RTKN2. RTKN2 overexpression increased p65 levels in the cytoplasm but decreased p65 levels in the nucleus. Furthermore, blocking the NF-κB signalling pathway neutralized the effect of RTKN2 silencing in LUAD cells. CONCLUSION RTKN2 inhibited the malignant behaviour and glycolysis of LUAD cells by blocking the NF-κB signalling pathway, implying that RTKN2 could be a cancer suppressor in LUAD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xinhuananlu No. 82, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101101, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xinhuananlu No. 82, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101101, China.
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Ross EM, Sanjana H, Nguyen LT, Cheng Y, Moore SS, Hayes BJ. Extensive Variation in Gene Expression is Revealed in 13 Fertility-Related Genes Using RNA-Seq, ISO-Seq, and CAGE-Seq From Brahman Cattle. Front Genet 2022; 13:784663. [PMID: 35401673 PMCID: PMC8990236 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.784663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility is a key driver of economic profitability in cattle production. A number of studies have identified genes associated with fertility using genome wide association studies and differential gene expression analysis; however, the genes themselves are poorly characterized in cattle. Here, we selected 13 genes from the literature which have previously been shown to have strong evidence for an association with fertility in Brahman cattle (Bos taurus indicus) or closely related breeds. We examine the expression variation of the 13 genes that are associated with cattle fertility using RNA-seq, CAGE-seq, and ISO-seq data from 11 different tissue samples from an adult Brahman cow and a Brahman fetus. Tissues examined include blood, liver, lung, kidney, muscle, spleen, ovary, and uterus from the cow and liver and lung from the fetus. The analysis revealed several novel isoforms, including seven from SERPINA7. The use of three expression characterization methodologies (5′ cap selected ISO-seq, CAGE-seq, and RNA-seq) allowed the identification of isoforms that varied in their length of 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, variation otherwise undetectable (collapsed as degraded RNA) in generic isoform identification pipelines. The combinations of different sequencing technologies allowed us to overcome the limitations of relatively low sequence depth in the ISO-seq data. The lower sequence depth of the ISO-seq data was also reflected in the lack of observed expression of some genes that were observed in the CAGE-seq and RNA-seq data from the same tissue. We identified allele specific expression that was tissue-specific in AR, IGF1, SOX9, STAT3, and TAF9B. Finally, we characterized an exon of TAF9B as partially nested within the neighboring gene phosphoglycerate kinase 1. As this study only examined two animals, even more transcriptional variation may be present in a genetically diverse population. This analysis reveals the large amount of transcriptional variation within mammalian fertility genes and illuminates the fact that the transcriptional landscape cannot be fully characterized using a single technology alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Ross
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth M. Ross,
| | - Hari Sanjana
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Loan T. Nguyen
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - YuanYuan Cheng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen S. Moore
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben J. Hayes
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Huang G, Liang M, Liu H, Huang J, Li P, Wang C, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Jiang X. CircRNA hsa_circRNA_104348 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through modulating miR-187-3p/RTKN2 axis and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1065. [PMID: 33311442 PMCID: PMC7734058 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have confirmed to participate in diverse biological functions in cancer. However, the expression patterns of circRNAs on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In the present study, we clarified that hsa_circRNA_104348 was dramatically upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Patients with HCC displaying high hsa_circRNA_104348 level possessed poor prognosis. Has_circ_104348 facilitated proliferation, migration, and invasion, meanwhile suppressed apoptosis of HCC cell. Furthermore, hsa_circRNA_104348 directly targeted miR-187-3p, could regulate miR-187-3p to affect proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of HCC cells, and may have effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, RTKN2 could be a direct target of miR-187-3p. In addition, knockdown of hsa_circRNA_104348 attenuated HCC tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in vivo. Taken together, these findings indicated that circular RNA hsa_circRNA_104348 might function as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to promotes HCC progression by targeting miR-187-3p/RTKN2 axis and activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Min Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianhong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peiqing Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xianhan Jiang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510700, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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8
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Ji L, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Peng A, Qin J, Lu S, Huang Y. RTKN2 is Associated with Unfavorable Prognosis and Promotes Progression in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10729-10738. [PMID: 33122912 PMCID: PMC7591235 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s260436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism of NSCLC remains unknown. Accumulating data show that Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) functions as a novel crucial regulator of diverse biological processes; however, its pathological role in NSCLC remains unclear. Methods In this study, we investigated the function of RTKN2 in NSCLC. The expression of RTKN2 mRNA was analyzed in tumor tissues and paired adjacent tissues from patients by qRT-PCR. The role of RTKN2 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion was investigated. The potential mechanisms were explored. Results We found that the level of RTKN2 mRNA was up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. RTKN2 knockout inhibited the proliferation of human NSCLC cell lines A549 via inducing apoptosis by increasing the level of Bax and decreasing the level of Bcl-2. Furthermore, silencing of RTKN2 reduced the migration and invasion of A549 cells through up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and MMP2 expression. Conclusion These data suggest that RTKN2 may not only be a prognostic biomarker candidate but also provide a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupeng Ji
- Department of Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucun Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai 519000, People's Republic of China
| | - Anping Peng
- South Campus Clinic, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilong Qin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofan Lu
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- Division 6 of East Ward (Respiratory), Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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Rhotekin 2 silencing inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181384. [PMID: 30389712 PMCID: PMC6246767 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary malignant of bone, and often occurs in adolescents. However, molecular mechanism of this disease remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the level of Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) was up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. In addition, silencing of RTKN2 of human osteosarcoma cell lines U2OS, inhibited proliferation, and induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest via reducing the level of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Furthermore, RTKN2 knockdown in the U2OS cells induced apoptosis by increasing the level of Bax and decreasing the level of Bcl2. These results suggested that RTKN2 is involved in the progression of human osteosarcoma, and may be a potential therapeutic target.
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10
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Shakeel M, Irfan M, Khan IA. Rare genetic mutations in Pakistani patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Gene 2018; 673:134-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Functions of Rhotekin, an Effector of Rho GTPase, and Its Binding Partners in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072121. [PMID: 30037057 PMCID: PMC6073136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhotekin is an effector protein for small GTPase Rho. This protein consists of a Rho binding domain (RBD), a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, two proline-rich regions and a C-terminal PDZ (PSD-95, Discs-large, and ZO-1)-binding motif. We, and other groups, have identified various binding partners for Rhotekin and carried out biochemical and cell biological characterization. However, the physiological functions of Rhotekin, per se, are as of yet largely unknown. In this review, we summarize known features of Rhotekin and its binding partners in neuronal tissues and cancer cells.
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12
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Pang X, Li R, Shi D, Pan X, Ma C, Zhang G, Mu C, Chen W. Knockdown of Rhotekin 2 expression suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:8028-8034. [PMID: 29250187 PMCID: PMC5727621 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the human body, ranking second as a gastrointestinal tumor. It has a high incidence in Europe, America and China and more than 1 million new cases of colon cancer are reported worldwide each year. The incidence of colon cancer in China has increased from 12/0.1 million in the early 1970s to 56/0.1 million at present with an annual growth rate of 4.2%, which far exceeds the international level (2%). Rhotekin (RTKN) 2, a Rho-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) effector, has been reported to be anti-apoptotic. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of RTKN2 in colon cancer remains unknown. The present study investigated whether the mRNA expression level of RTKN2 was markedly higher in 30 human colon cancer specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The results showed that the protein expression level of RTKN2 was significantly higher in SW480 and HCT116 cells, compared with HIEC cells. Knockdown of RTKN2 in the SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cells, by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference led to the notable inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, by reducing the expression levels of the PCDA, Cyclin D1 and c-myc cell cycle-associated proteins. The inhibitory effect of RTKN2 silencing on the proliferation of colon cancer cells may be partially realized by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, the silencing of RTKN2 in the cells induced apoptosis by reducing the expression level of Bax and increasing the expression level of Bcl2. These results show that RTKN2 is involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of human colon cancer, indicating that RTKN2 may be a molecular target in colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dongtao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Chen Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Chuanyong Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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13
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Nicod J, Davies RW, Cai N, Hassett C, Goodstadt L, Cosgrove C, Yee BK, Lionikaite V, McIntyre RE, Remme CA, Lodder EM, Gregory JS, Hough T, Joynson R, Phelps H, Nell B, Rowe C, Wood J, Walling A, Bopp N, Bhomra A, Hernandez-Pliego P, Callebert J, Aspden RM, Talbot NP, Robbins PA, Harrison M, Fray M, Launay JM, Pinto YM, Blizard DA, Bezzina CR, Adams DJ, Franken P, Weaver T, Wells S, Brown SDM, Potter PK, Klenerman P, Lionikas A, Mott R, Flint J. Genome-wide association of multiple complex traits in outbred mice by ultra-low-coverage sequencing. Nat Genet 2016; 48:912-8. [PMID: 27376238 PMCID: PMC4966644 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two bottlenecks impeding the genetic analysis of complex traits in rodents are access to mapping populations able to deliver gene-level mapping resolution and the need for population-specific genotyping arrays and haplotype reference panels. Here we combine low-coverage (0.15×) sequencing with a new method to impute the ancestral haplotype space in 1,887 commercially available outbred mice. We mapped 156 unique quantitative trait loci for 92 phenotypes at a 5% false discovery rate. Gene-level mapping resolution was achieved at about one-fifth of the loci, implicating Unc13c and Pgc1a at loci for the quality of sleep, Adarb2 for home cage activity, Rtkn2 for intensity of reaction to startle, Bmp2 for wound healing, Il15 and Id2 for several T cell measures and Prkca for bone mineral content. These findings have implications for diverse areas of mammalian biology and demonstrate how genome-wide association studies can be extended via low-coverage sequencing to species with highly recombinant outbred populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Nicod
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Na Cai
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl Hassett
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Leo Goodstadt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | - Cormac Cosgrove
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin K Yee
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vikte Lionikaite
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Carol Ann Remme
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer S Gregory
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tertius Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Russell Joynson
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Hayley Phelps
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Barbara Nell
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Clare Rowe
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Joe Wood
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Alison Walling
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Nasrin Bopp
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jacques Callebert
- Department of Biochemistry, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, INSERM U942, Paris, France
| | - Richard M Aspden
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nick P Talbot
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Harrison
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Department of Biochemistry, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, INSERM U942, Paris, France
| | - Yigal M Pinto
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David A Blizard
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Weaver
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Paul K Potter
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Arimantas Lionikas
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Richard Mott
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Liao YX, Zeng JM, Zhou JJ, Yang GH, Ding K, Zhang XJ. Silencing of RTKN2 by siRNA suppresses proliferation, and induces G1 arrest and apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4872-8. [PMID: 27082503 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bladder cancer is the most common urological malignancy in China. One of the causes of carcinogenesis in the cancer may be gene mutation. Therefore, the present study investigated the expression levels of Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2), a Rho effector protein, in human bladder cancer tissues and cell lines, and examined the effect of RTKN2 on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and invasion of human bladder cancer cell lines. The mRNA expression levels of RTKN2 in 30 human bladder cancer tissue samples were significantly higher, compared with those in 30 normal human bladder tissue samples. The protein expression levels of RTKN2 was markedly higher in T24 and 5637 cells, compared with those in four other human bladder cancer cell lines. The silencing of RTKN2 by small interfering (si)RNA inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase, via reducing the expression levels of the MCM10, CDK2, CDC24A and CDC6 cell cycle‑associated proteins in the T24 and 5637 cells. Furthermore, RTKN2 knockdown in the cells led to cell apoptosis and the suppression of invasion. These results suggested that RTKN2 is involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of human bladder cancer, indicating that RTKN2 may be a molecular target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Liao
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Min Zeng
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hua Yang
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Kun Ding
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jue Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
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15
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Wei W, Chen H, Liu S. Knockdown of Rhotekin 2 expression suppresses proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4865-71. [PMID: 27081789 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, has been ranked as the third leading cause of cancer‑associated mortality worldwide. Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2), a Rho‑guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) effector, has been reported to be anti‑apoptotic. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of RTKN2 in HCC is poorly defined. The current study reported that RTKN2 was overexpressed in 83% of HCC specimens compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues (n=30). Depletion of RTKN2 in HCC cells, HepG2 and BEL‑7404 by RNA interference led to marked inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression. Notably, RTKN2 silencing significantly reduced the levels of cell cycle‑associated proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin‑dependent kinase 1. Additionally, it was identified that downregulation of RTKN2 in HCC cells notably induced cell apoptosis, while significantly repressing cell invasion. These data suggest that RTKN2 may act as an oncogene and inhibition of RTKN2 may be part of a novel therapeutic strategy for targeted HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Radiology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Huabing Chen
- Department of Radiology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
| | - Sibin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, P.R. China
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16
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Bhairavabhotla R, Kim YC, Glass DD, Escobar TM, Patel MC, Zahr R, Nguyen CK, Kilaru GK, Muljo SA, Shevach EM. Transcriptome profiling of human FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:201-13. [PMID: 26686412 PMCID: PMC4761514 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major goal of this study was to perform an in depth characterization of the "gene signature" of human FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs). Highly purified Tregs and T conventional cells (Tconvs) from multiple healthy donors (HD), either freshly explanted or activated in vitro, were analyzed via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and gene expression changes validated using the nCounter system. Additionally, we analyzed microRNA (miRNA) expression using TaqMan low-density arrays. Our results confirm previous studies demonstrating selective gene expression of FoxP3, IKZF2, and CTLA4 in Tregs. Notably, a number of yet uncharacterized genes (RTKN2, LAYN, UTS2, CSF2RB, TRIB1, F5, CECAM4, CD70, ENC1 and NKG7) were identified and validated as being differentially expressed in human Tregs. We further characterize the functional roles of RTKN2 and LAYN by analyzing their roles in vitro human Treg suppression assays by knocking them down in Tregs and overexpressing them in Tconvs. In order to facilitate a better understanding of the human Treg gene expression signature, we have generated from our results a hypothetical interactome of genes and miRNAs in Tregs and Tconvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikiran Bhairavabhotla
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong C Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deborah D Glass
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thelma M Escobar
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mira C Patel
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rami Zahr
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuong K Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gokhul K Kilaru
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan A Muljo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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17
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Rao KN, Li L, Zhang W, Brush RS, Rajala RVS, Khanna H. Loss of human disease protein retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) differentially affects rod or cone-enriched retina. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1345-56. [PMID: 26908598 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how genes, such as RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa guanine triphosphatase regulator) that are expressed in both rods and cones, cause variable disease pathogenesis. Using transcriptomic analysis, we show that loss of RPGR in a rod-dominant mouse retina (Rpgr(ko)) results in predominant alterations in genes involved in actin cytoskeletal dynamics, prior to onset of degeneration. We validated these findings and found an increase in activated RhoA-GTP levels and polymerized F-actin in the Rpgr(ko) mouse retina. To assess the effect of the loss of RPGR in the all-cone region of the human retina, we used Nrl(-/-) (neural retina leucine zipper) mice, to generate Rpgr(ko)::Nrl(-/-) double-knock-out (Rpgr-DKO) mice. These mice exhibited supranormal cone response to light and substantially retained retinal architecture. Transcriptomic analysis revealed predominant up-regulation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)-specific genes associated with visual cycle, whereas fatty acid analysis showed mild decrease in docosahexaenoic acid in the retina of the Rpgr-DKO mice when compared with the Nrl(-/-) mice. Our data reveal new insights into distinct intracellular pathways that are involved in RPGR-associated rod and cone dysfunction and provide a platform to design new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kollu N Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Albert Sherman Center AS6-2043, Worcester, MA 01605, USA and
| | - Linjing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Albert Sherman Center AS6-2043, Worcester, MA 01605, USA and
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Albert Sherman Center AS6-2043, Worcester, MA 01605, USA and
| | - Richard S Brush
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Raju V S Rajala
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hemant Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Albert Sherman Center AS6-2043, Worcester, MA 01605, USA and
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18
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Steele MP, Luna LG, Coldren CD, Murphy E, Hennessy CE, Heinz D, Evans CM, Groshong S, Cool C, Cosgrove GP, Brown KK, Fingerlin TE, Schwarz MI, Schwartz DA, Yang IV. Relationship between gene expression and lung function in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:869. [PMID: 26503507 PMCID: PMC4621862 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of heterogeneous, somewhat unpredictable diseases characterized by progressive scarring of the interstitium. Since lung function is a key determinant of survival, we reasoned that the transcriptional profile in IIP lung tissue would be associated with measures of lung function, and could enhance prognostic approaches to IIPs. Results Using gene expression profiling of 167 lung tissue specimens with IIP diagnosis and 50 control lungs, we identified genes whose expression is associated with changes in lung function (% predicted FVC and % predicted DLCO) modeled as categorical (severe vs mild disease) or continuous variables while adjusting for smoking status and IIP subtype; false discovery rate (FDR) approach was used to correct for multiple comparisons. This analysis identified 58 transcripts that are associated with mild vs severe disease (categorical analysis), including those with established role in fibrosis (ADAMTS4, ADAMTS9, AGER, HIF-1α, SERPINA3, SERPINE2, and SELE) as well as novel IIP candidate genes such as rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) and peptidase inhibitor 15 (PI15). Protein-protein interactome analysis of 553 genes whose expression is significantly associated with lung function when modeled as continuous variables demonstrates that more severe presentation of IIPs is characterized by an increase in cell cycle progression and apoptosis, increased hypoxia, and dampened innate immune response. Our findings were validated in an independent cohort of 131 IIPs and 40 controls at the mRNA level and for one gene (RTKN2) at the protein level by immunohistochemistry in a subset of samples. Conclusions We identified commonalities and differences in gene expression among different subtypes of IIPs. Disease progression, as characterized by lower measures of FVC and DLCO, results in marked changes in expression of novel and established genes and pathways involved in IIPs. These genes and pathways represent strong candidates for biomarker studies and potential therapeutic targets for IIP severity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2102-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Steele
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leah G Luna
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Elissa Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Corinne E Hennessy
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David Heinz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steve Groshong
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Carlyne Cool
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gregory P Cosgrove
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marvin I Schwarz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David A Schwartz
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.
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19
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RhoGTPases - A novel link between cytoskeleton organization and cisplatin resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 19:22-32. [PMID: 25660168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than three decades, platinum compounds have been the first line treatment for a wide spectrum of solid tumors. Yet, cisplatin resistance is a major impediment in cancer therapy, and deciphering the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance is crucial for the development of novel therapies with enhanced efficacy. The Rho subfamily of small GTPases plays a significant role in cancer progression, and a growing body of evidence points toward the involvement of these proteins in anticancer drug resistance, including cisplatin resistance. The cycling between active and inactive states, governed by the balance between their GEFs, GAPs and GDIs, RhoGTPases, acts as molecular switches with a pivotal role in actin cytoskeleton organization. The Rho subfamily of proteins is involved in many key cellular processes including adhesion, vesicular trafficking, proliferation, survival, cell morphology and cell-matrix interactions. Although RhoA, RhoB and RhoC are highly homologous and share some upstream regulators and downstream effectors, they each have different roles in cancer progression and chemoresistance. While RhoA and RhoC are upregulated in many tumors and can stimulate transformation, RhoB appears to exhibit tumor suppressor characteristics with proapoptotic effects. In the current review, we discuss the role of Rho subfamily of proteins in cancer, and focus on their involvement in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance.
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20
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miR-1246 releases RTKN2-dependent resistance to UVB-induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 394:299-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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The enhancer and promoter landscape of human regulatory and conventional T-cell subpopulations. Blood 2014; 123:e68-78. [PMID: 24671953 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-486944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) human regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Here, we describe the promoterome of CD4(+)CD25(high)CD45RA(+) naïve and CD4(+)CD25(high)CD45RA(-) memory Tregs and their CD25(-) conventional T-cell (Tconv) counterparts both before and after in vitro expansion by cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) adapted to single-molecule sequencing (HeliScopeCAGE). We performed comprehensive comparative digital gene expression analyses and revealed novel transcription start sites, of which several were validated as alternative promoters of known genes. For all in vitro expanded subsets, we additionally generated global maps of poised and active enhancer elements marked by histone H3 lysine 4 monomethylation and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation, describe their cell type-specific motif signatures, and evaluate the role of candidate transcription factors STAT5, FOXP3, RUNX1, and ETS1 in both Treg- and Tconv-specific enhancer architectures. Network analyses of gene expression data revealed additional candidate transcription factors contributing to cell type specificity and a transcription factor network in Tregs that is dominated by FOXP3 interaction partners and targets. In summary, we provide a comprehensive and easily accessible resource of gene expression and gene regulation in human Treg and Tconv subpopulations.
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22
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Thumkeo D, Watanabe S, Narumiya S. Physiological roles of Rho and Rho effectors in mammals. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 92:303-15. [PMID: 24183240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPase is a master regulator controlling cytoskeleton in multiple contexts such as cell migration, adhesion and cytokinesis. Of several Rho GTPases in mammals, the best characterized is the Rho subfamily including ubiquitously expressed RhoA and its homologs RhoB and RhoC. Upon binding GTP, Rho exerts its functions through downstream Rho effectors, such as ROCK, mDia, Citron, PKN, Rhophilin and Rhotekin. Until recently, our knowledge about functions of Rho and Rho effectors came mostly from in vitro studies utilizing cultured cells, and their physiological roles in vivo were largely unknown. However, gene-targeting studies of Rho and its effectors have now unraveled their tissue- and cell-specific roles and provide deeper insight into the physiological function of Rho signaling in vivo. In this article, we briefly describe previous studies of the function of Rho and its effectors in vitro and then review and discuss recent studies on knockout mice of Rho and its effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Thumkeo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Innovation Center for Immunoregulation, Technologies and Drugs (AK Project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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23
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Yang W, Tang H, Zhang Y, Tang X, Zhang J, Sun L, Yang J, Cui Y, Zhang L, Hirankarn N, Cheng H, Pan HF, Gao J, Lee TL, Sheng Y, Lau CS, Li Y, Chan TM, Yin X, Ying D, Lu Q, Leung AMH, Zuo X, Chen X, Tong KL, Zhou F, Diao Q, Tse NKC, Xie H, Mok CC, Hao F, Wong SN, Shi B, Lee KW, Hui Y, Ho MHK, Liang B, Lee PPW, Cui H, Guo Q, Chung BHY, Pu X, Liu Q, Zhang X, Zhang C, Chong CY, Fang H, Wong RWS, Sun Y, Mok MY, Li XP, Avihingsanon Y, Zhai Z, Rianthavorn P, Deekajorndej T, Suphapeetiporn K, Gao F, Shotelersuk V, Kang X, Ying SKY, Zhang L, Wong WHS, Zhu D, Fung SKS, Zeng F, Lai WM, Wong CM, Ng IOL, Garcia-Barceló MM, Cherny SS, Shen N, Tam PKH, Sham PC, Ye DQ, Yang S, Zhang X, Lau YL. Meta-analysis followed by replication identifies loci in or near CDKN1B, TET3, CD80, DRAM1, and ARID5B as associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Asians. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:41-51. [PMID: 23273568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype autoimmune disease with a strong genetic involvement and ethnic differences. Susceptibility genes identified so far only explain a small portion of the genetic heritability of SLE, suggesting that many more loci are yet to be uncovered for this disease. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on SLE in Chinese Han populations and followed up the findings by replication in four additional Asian cohorts with a total of 5,365 cases and 10,054 corresponding controls. We identified genetic variants in or near CDKN1B, TET3, CD80, DRAM1, and ARID5B as associated with the disease. These findings point to potential roles of cell-cycle regulation, autophagy, and DNA demethylation in SLE pathogenesis. For the region involving TET3 and that involving CDKN1B, multiple independent SNPs were identified, highlighting a phenomenon that might partially explain the missing heritability of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong
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Myouzen K, Kochi Y, Okada Y, Terao C, Suzuki A, Ikari K, Tsunoda T, Takahashi A, Kubo M, Taniguchi A, Matsuda F, Ohmura K, Momohara S, Mimori T, Yamanaka H, Kamatani N, Yamada R, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K. Functional variants in NFKBIE and RTKN2 involved in activation of the NF-κB pathway are associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Japanese. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002949. [PMID: 23028356 PMCID: PMC3441678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease with a complex etiology, leading to inflammation of synovial tissue and joint destruction. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and two replication studies in the Japanese population (7,907 cases and 35,362 controls), we identified two gene loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility (NFKBIE at 6p21.1, rs2233434, odds ratio (OR) = 1.20, P = 1.3×10−15; RTKN2 at 10q21.2, rs3125734, OR = 1.20, P = 4.6×10−9). In addition to two functional non-synonymous SNPs in NFKBIE, we identified candidate causal SNPs with regulatory potential in NFKBIE and RTKN2 gene regions by integrating in silico analysis using public genome databases and subsequent in vitro analysis. Both of these genes are known to regulate the NF-κB pathway, and the risk alleles of the genes were implicated in the enhancement of NF-κB activity in our analyses. These results suggest that the NF-κB pathway plays a role in pathogenesis and would be a rational target for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting approximately 1% of the general adult population. More than 30 susceptibility loci for RA have been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but the disease-causal variants at most loci remain unknown. Here, we performed replication studies of the candidate loci of our previous GWAS using Japanese cohorts and identified variants in NFKBIE and RTKN2 gene loci that were associated with RA. To search for causal variants in both gene regions, we first examined non-synonymous (ns)SNPs that alter amino-acid sequences. As NFKBIE and RTKN2 are known to be involved in the NF-κB pathway, we evaluated the effects of nsSNPs on NF-κB activity. Next, we screened in silico variants that may regulate gene transcription using publicly available epigenetic databases and subsequently evaluated their regulatory potential using in vitro assays. As a result, we identified multiple candidate causal variants in NFKBIE (2 nsSNPs and 1 regulatory SNP) and RTKN2 (2 regulatory SNPs), indicating that our integrated in silico and in vitro approach is useful for the identification of causal variants in the post–GWAS era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Myouzen
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, CGM, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akari Suzuki
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikari
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, CGM, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsuo Taniguchi
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- CREST Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM), Unit? U852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ohmura
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Momohara
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamanaka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kamatani
- Laboratory for International Alliance, CGM, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Unit of Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine (CGM), RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Fortes MR, Reverter A, Hawken RJ, Bolormaa S, Lehnert SA. Candidate Genes Associated with Testicular Development, Sperm Quality, and Hormone Levels of Inhibin, Luteinizing Hormone, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Brahman Bulls1. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:58. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Büchse T, Horras N, Lenfert E, Krystal G, Körbel S, Schümann M, Krause E, Mikkat S, Tiedge M. CIN85 interacting proteins in B cells-specific role for SHIP-1. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.006239. [PMID: 21725061 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.006239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cbl-interacting 85-kDa protein (CIN85) plays an important role as a negative regulator of signaling pathways induced by receptor tyrosine kinases. By assembling multiprotein complexes this versatile adaptor enhances receptor tyrosine kinase-activated clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reduces phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-induced phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate production. Here we report the expression of CIN85 in primary splenic B lymphocytes and the B-lymphoma cell lines WEHI 231 and Ba/F3. Cross-linking of the B cell antigen receptor resulted in an increased association of CIN85 with the ubiquitin ligase Cbl. Through a systematic pull-down proteomics approach we identified 51 proteins that interact with CIN85 in B cells, including proteins not shown previously to be CIN85-associated. Among these proteins, the SH2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) co-precipitated with both the full-length CIN85 and each of its three SH3 domains. We also showed that this association is constitutive and depends on a region of 79 amino acids near the carboxyl terminus of SHIP-1, a region rich in potential SH3 domain binding sites. Because SHIP-1 is a major negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway in lymphocytes, we hypothesize that the interaction between SHIP-1 and CIN85 might synergistically facilitate the down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Büchse
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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27
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Collier FM, Loving A, Baker AJ, McLeod J, Walder K, Kirkland MA. RTKN2 Induces NF-KappaB Dependent Resistance to Intrinsic Apoptosis in HEK Cells and Regulates BCL-2 Genes in Human CD4(+) Lymphocytes. J Cell Death 2009; 2:9-23. [PMID: 26124677 PMCID: PMC4474337 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s2891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for Rhotekin 2 (RTKN2) was originally identified in a promyelocytic cell line resistant to oxysterol-induced apoptosis. It is differentially expressed in freshly isolated CD4+ T-cells compared with other hematopoietic cells and is down-regulated following activation of the T-cell receptor. However, very little is known about the function of RTKN2 other than its homology to Rho-GTPase effector, rhotekin, and the possibility that they may have similar roles. Here we show that stable expression of RTKN2 in HEK cells enhanced survival in response to intrinsic apoptotic agents; 25-hydroxy cholesterol and camptothecin, but not the extrinsic agent, TNFα. Inhibitors of NF-KappaB, but not MAPK, reversed the resistance and mitochondrial pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bim, were down regulated. In these cells, there was no evidence of RTKN2 binding to the GTPases, RhoA or Rac2. Consistent with the role of RTKN2 in HEK over-expressing cells, suppression of RTKN2 in primary human CD4+ T-cells reduced viability and increased sensitivity to 25-OHC. The expression of the pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and Bim were increased while BCL-2 was decreased. In both cell models RTKN2 played a role in the process of intrinsic apoptosis and this was dependent on either NF-KappaB signaling or expression of downstream BCL-2 genes. As RTKN2 is a highly expressed in CD4+ T-cells it may play a role as a key signaling switch for regulation of genes involved in T-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Collier
- Barwon Biomedical Research, Geelong Hospital, Barwon Health, Ryrie St, Geelong, Victoria, 3227, Australia. ; Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia
| | - Andrea Loving
- Barwon Biomedical Research, Geelong Hospital, Barwon Health, Ryrie St, Geelong, Victoria, 3227, Australia
| | - Adele J Baker
- Department of Malignant Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Janet McLeod
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia
| | - Mark A Kirkland
- Barwon Biomedical Research, Geelong Hospital, Barwon Health, Ryrie St, Geelong, Victoria, 3227, Australia
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28
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Cole SL, Vassar R. Isoprenoids and Alzheimer's disease: a complex relationship. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:209-22. [PMID: 16406223 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, which is characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation. Indeed, the use of statins, which inhibit cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, as potential AD therapeutics is under investigation. Whether statins offer benefit for AD will be determined by the outcome of large, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. However, their use as pharmacological tools has delineated novel roles for isoprenoids in AD. Protein isoprenylation regulates multiple cellular and molecular events and here we review the complex roles of isoprenoids in AD-relevant processes and carefully evaluate isoprenoid pathways as potential AD therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Cole
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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