1
|
Douaisi M, Paskaleva EE, Fu L, Grover N, McManaman CL, Varghese S, Brodfuehrer PR, Gibson JM, de Joode I, Xia K, Brier MI, Simmons TJ, Datta P, Zhang F, Onishi A, Hirakane M, Mori D, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS. Synthesis of bioengineered heparin chemically and biologically similar to porcine-derived products and convertible to low MW heparin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315586121. [PMID: 38498726 PMCID: PMC10998570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315586121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparins have been invaluable therapeutic anticoagulant polysaccharides for over a century, whether used as unfractionated heparin or as low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) derivatives. However, heparin production by extraction from animal tissues presents multiple challenges, including the risk of adulteration, contamination, prion and viral impurities, limited supply, insecure supply chain, and significant batch-to-batch variability. The use of animal-derived heparin also raises ethical and religious concerns, as well as carries the risk of transmitting zoonotic diseases. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of animal-free heparin products would offer several advantages, including reliable and scalable production processes, improved purity and consistency, and the ability to produce heparin polysaccharides with molecular weight, structural, and functional properties equivalent to those of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) heparin, currently only sourced from porcine intestinal mucosa. We report a scalable process for the production of bioengineered heparin that is biologically and compositionally similar to USP heparin. This process relies on enzymes from the heparin biosynthetic pathway, immobilized on an inert support and requires a tailored N-sulfoheparosan with N-sulfo levels similar to those of porcine heparins. We also report the conversion of our bioengineered heparin into a LMWH that is biologically and compositionally similar to USP enoxaparin. Ultimately, we demonstrate major advances to a process to provide a potential clinical and sustainable alternative to porcine-derived heparin products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Douaisi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Elena E. Paskaleva
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Li Fu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Navdeep Grover
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Charity L. McManaman
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Sony Varghese
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Paul R. Brodfuehrer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - James M. Gibson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Ian de Joode
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Matthew I. Brier
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Trevor J. Simmons
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Payel Datta
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Akihiro Onishi
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Makoto Hirakane
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY12180
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Yu Y, Tang J, Gong B, Li W, Chen T, Zhou X. The construction of a dual-functional strain that produces both polysaccharides and sulfotransferases. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1831-1844. [PMID: 34176028 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heparosan is used as the starting polysaccharide sulfated using sulfotransferase to generate fully elaborate heparin, a widely used clinical drug. However, the preparation of heparosan and enzymes was considered tedious since such material must be prepared in separate fermentation batches. In this study, a commonly admitted probiotic, Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN), was engineered to intracellularly express sulfotransferases and, simultaneously, secreting heparosan into the culture medium. RESULTS The engineered strain EcN::T7M, carrying the λDE3 region of BL21(DE3) encoding T7 RNA polymerase, expressed the sulfotransferase domain (NST) of human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (NDST-1) and the catalytic domain of mouse 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (3-OST-1) in a flask. The fed-batch fermentation of EcN::T7M carrying the plasmid expressing NST was carried out, which brought the yield of NST to 0.21 g/L and the yield of heparosan to 0.85 g/L, respectively. Furthermore, the heparosan was purified, characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and sulfated by NST using 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as the sulfo donor. The analysis of element composition showed that over 80% of disaccharide repeats of heparosan were N-sulfated. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that EcN::T7M is capable of preparing sulfotransferase and heparosan at the same time. The EcN::T7M strain is also a suitable host for expressing exogenous proteins driven by tac promoter and T7 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yanying Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Bingxue Gong
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xianxuan Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pepi LE, Amster IJ. Electron-Activated Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Glycosaminoglycans. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e83. [PMID: 33798269 PMCID: PMC8034365 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides found in a variety of organisms. GAGs contribute to biochemical pathway regulation, cell signaling, and disease progression. GAG sequence information is imperative for determining structure-function relationships. Recent advances in electron-activation techniques paired with high-resolution mass spectrometry allow for full sequencing of GAG structures. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) are two electron-activation methods that have been utilized for GAG characterization. Both methods produce an abundance of informative glycosidic and cross-ring fragment ions without producing a high degree of sulfate decomposition. Here, we provide detailed protocols for using EDD and NETD to sequence GAG chains. In addition to protocols directly involving performing these MS/MS methods, protocols include sample preparation, method development, internal calibration, and data analysis. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of glycosaminoglycan samples Basic Protocol 2: FTICR method development Basic Protocol 3: Internal calibration with NaTFA Basic Protocol 4: Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 5: Negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) of GAG samples Basic Protocol 6: Analysis of MS/MS data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Pepi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan L, Brodfueher P, Fu L, Zhang F, Chen S, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Chemical O-sulfation of N-sulfoheparosan: a route to rare N-sulfo-3-O-sulfoglucosamine and 2-O-sulfoglucuronic acid. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:589-597. [PMID: 32778986 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparosan, the capsular polysaccharide of E. coli K5 is currently used as the starting material in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and the structurally related anticoagulant drug heparin. Base hydrolysis of N-acetyl groups and their subsequent N-sulfonation, are used to prepare N-sulfoheparosan an intermediate of biosynthesis. In the present study, when excess sulfonation reagent was used during N-sulfonation, some O-sulfation also took place in the N-sulfoheparosan product. After a nearly full digestion, a hexasaccharide fraction exhibited resistance to heparin lyase II. Excessive digestion by heparin lyase II and structural identification by NMR and mass spectroscopy indicated that the resistant hexasaccharide fraction has two structures, ΔUA-GlcNS-GlcA2S-GlcNS-GlcA-GlcNS and ΔUA-GlcNS-GlcA- GlcNS3S-GlcA-GlcNS in similar amounts. The 2-sulfated structure exhibited partial resistance to heparin lyase II; however the structure of ΔUA-GlcNS-GlcA-GlcNS3S was completely resistant to heparin lyase II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Yan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Paul Brodfueher
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Muñoz E, Sabín J. The Use of ITC and the Software AFFINImeter for the Quantification of the Anticoagulant Pentasaccharide in Low Molecular Weight Heparin. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1964:215-223. [PMID: 30929245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9179-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe an original protocol based on ITC experiments and data analysis with the software AFFINImeter to get information of heparin-AT interactions relevant for the elucidation of the anticoagulant activity of heparins. This protocol is used to confirm the presence of the bioactive pentasaccharide with anticoagulant activity in heparins and to determine the amount of this pentasaccharide in the sample. Here we have applied this protocol to the characterization of low molecular weight heparins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Muñoz
- AFFINImeter Scientific & Development Team, Software 4 Science Developments, S. L. Ed. Emprendia, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Juan Sabín
- AFFINImeter Scientific & Development Team, Software 4 Science Developments, S. L. Ed. Emprendia, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
High cell density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli strains expressing 2-O-sulfotransferase and C5-epimerase for the production of bioengineered heparin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2986-95. [PMID: 25586487 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered heparin is being investigated as a potential substitute for the animal-sourced anticoagulant drug. One step in the current process to prepare bioengineered heparin involves the conversion of N-sulfo heparosan, rich in → 4)GlcNS(1 → 4) GlcA(1 → sequences (where S is sulfo, GlcN is α-D-glucosamine, and GlcA is β-D-glucuronic acid), to a critical intermediate, rich in → 4)GlcNS(1 → 4) IdoA2S(1 → sequences (where S is sulfo and IdoA is α-L-iduronic acid), using 2-O-sulfotransferase (2-OST) and C5 epimerase (C5-epi). Until now, these heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes have been expressed in Escherichia coli grown in shake flask culture as fusion proteins. The current study is focused on the high cell density fed-batch cultivation of recombinant E. coli strains expressing both enzymes. We report the high productivity expression of active 2-OST and C5-epi enzymes of 6.0 and 2.2 mg/g dry cell weight, respectively.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kailemia MJ, Patel AB, Johnson DT, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Differentiating chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans using collision-induced dissociation; uronic acid cross-ring diagnostic fragments in a single stage of tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:275-85. [PMID: 26307707 PMCID: PMC4552082 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of the hexuronic acid residues of the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a key feature that affects their interactions with proteins and other biological functions. Electron based tandem mass spectrometry methods, in particular electron detachment dissociation (EDD), have been able to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA) residues in some heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides by producing epimer-specific fragments. Similarly, the relative abundance of glycosidic fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID) or EDD has been shown to correlate with the type of hexuronic acid present in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. The present work examines the effect of charge state and degree of sodium cationization on the CID fragmentation products that can be used to distinguish GlcA and IdoA containing chondroitin sulfate A and dermatan sulfate chains. The cross-ring fragments (2,4)A(n) and (0,2)X(n) formed within the hexuronic acid residues are highly preferential for chains containing GlcA, distinguishing it from IdoA. The diagnostic capability of the fragments requires the selection of a molecular ion and fragment ions with specific ionization characteristics, namely charge state and number of ionizable protons. The ions with the appropriate characteristics display diagnostic properties for all the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains (degree of polymerization of 4-10) studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anish B Patel
- De partment of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dane T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kailemia MJ, Park M, Kaplan DA, Venot A, Boons GJ, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry and electron detachment dissociation of isobaric mixtures of glycosaminoglycans. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:258-68. [PMID: 24254578 PMCID: PMC3946938 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is shown to be capable of resolving isomeric and isobaric glycosaminoglycan negative ions and to have great utility for the analysis of this class of molecules when combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry. Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and other ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry can be used to determine the sites of labile sulfate modifications and for assigning the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, mixtures with overlapping mass-to-charge values present a challenge, as their precursor species cannot be resolved by a mass analyzer prior to ion activation. FAIMS is shown to resolve two types of mass-to-charge overlaps. A mixture of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) oligomers with 4-10 saccharides units produces ions of a single mass-to-charge by electrospray ionization, as the charge state increases in direct proportion to the degree of polymerization for these sulfated carbohydrates. FAIMS is shown to resolve the overlapping charge. A more challenging type of mass-to-charge overlap occurs for mixtures of diastereomers. FAIMS is shown to separate two sets of epimeric GAG tetramers. For the epimer pairs, the complexity of the separation is reduced when the reducing end is alkylated, suggesting that anomers are also resolved by FAIMS. The resolved components were activated by EDD and the fragment ions were analyzed by FTICR-MS. The resulting tandem mass spectra were able to distinguish the two epimers from each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- Address for correspondence: Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Phone: (706) 542-2001, Fax: (706) 542-9454,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chappell EP, Liu J. Use of biosynthetic enzymes in heparin and heparan sulfate synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:4786-92. [PMID: 23313092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units of glucuronic acid or iduronic acid that is linked to glucosamine. Heparan sulfate displays a range of biological functions, and heparin is a widely used anticoagulant drug in hospitals. It has been known to organic chemists that the chemical synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin oligosaccharides is extremely difficult. Recent advances in the study of the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate/heparin offer a chemoenzymatic approach to synthesize heparan sulfate and heparin. Compared to chemical synthesis, the chemoenzymatic method shortens the synthesis and improves the product yields significantly, providing an excellent opportunity to advance the understanding of the structure and function relationships of heparan sulfate. In this review, we attempt to summarize the progress of the chemoenzymatic synthetic method and its application in heparan sulfate and heparin research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Chappell
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leach FE, Ly M, Laremore TN, Wolff JJ, Perlow J, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Hexuronic acid stereochemistry determination in chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides by electron detachment dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1488-97. [PMID: 22825742 PMCID: PMC3875141 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron detachment dissociation (EDD) has previously provided stereo-specific product ions that allow for the assignment of the acidic C-5stereochemistry in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but application of the same methodology to an epimer pair in the chondroitin sulfate glycoform class does not provide the same result. A series of experiments have been conducted in which glycosaminoglycan precursor ions are independently activated by electron detachment dissociation (EDD), electron induced dissociation (EID), and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) to assign the stereochemistry in chondroitin sulfate (CS) epimers and investigate the mechanisms for product ion formation during EDD in CS glycoforms. This approach allows for the assignment of electronic excitation products formed by EID and detachment products to radical pathways in NETD, both of which occur simultaneously during EDD. The uronic acid stereochemistry in electron detachment spectra produces intensity differences when assigned glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages are compared. The variations in the intensities of the doubly deprotonated (0,2)X(3) and Y(3) ions have been shown to be indicative of CS-A/DS composition during the CID of binary mixtures. These ions can provide insight into the uronic acid composition of binary mixtures in EDD, but the relative abundances, although reproducible, are low compared with those in a CID spectrum acquired on an ion trap. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) presents a multivariate approach to determining the uronic acid stereochemistry spectra of these GAGs by taking advantage of the reproducible peak distributions produced by electron detachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Jacob Perlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zulueta MML, Lin SY, Lin YT, Huang CJ, Wang CC, Ku CC, Shi Z, Chyan CL, Irene D, Lim LH, Tsai TI, Hu YP, Arco SD, Wong CH, Hung SC. α-Glycosylation by d-Glucosamine-Derived Donors: Synthesis of Heparosan and Heparin Analogues That Interact with Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8988-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302640p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Medel Manuel L. Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
1101, Philippines
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jui Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chih Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chu Ku
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhonghao Shi
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Ta-Hsueh
Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Ta-Hsueh
Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Hin Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Ta-Hsueh
Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Susan D. Arco
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
1101, Philippines
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou X, O'Leary TR, Xu Y, Sheng J, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.681852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
13
|
Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
Fox SC, Li B, Xu D, Edgar KJ. Regioselective esterification and etherification of cellulose: a review. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1956-72. [PMID: 21524055 DOI: 10.1021/bm200260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deep understanding of the structure-property relationships of polysaccharide derivatives depends on the ability to control the position of the substituents around the monosaccharide ring and along the chain. Equally important is the ability to analyze position of substitution. Historically, both synthetic control and analysis of regiochemistry have been very difficult for cellulose derivatives, as for most other polysaccharide derivatives. With the advent of cellulose solvents that are suitable for chemical transformations, it has become possible to carry out cellulose derivatization under conditions sufficiently mild to permit increasingly complete regiochemical control, particularly with regard to the position of the substituents around the anhydroglucose ring. In addition, new techniques for forming cellulose and its derivatives from monomers, either by enzyme-catalyzed processes or chemical polymerization, permit us to address new frontiers in regiochemical control. We review these exciting developments in regiocontrolled synthesis of cellulose derivatives and their implications for in-depth structure-property studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Carter Fox
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yabe T, Hosoda-Yabe R, Kanamaru Y, Kiso M. A peptide found by phage display discriminates a specific structure of a trisaccharide in heparin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12397-406. [PMID: 21335559 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.172155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have shown that heparan sulfate can control several important biological events on the cell surface through changes in sulfation pattern. The in vivo modification of sugar chains with sulfates, however, is complicated, and the discrimination of different sulfation patterns is difficult. Heparin, which is primarily produced by mast cells, is closely approximated by the structural analog heparan sulfate. Screening of heparin-associating peptides using phage display and antithrombin-bound affinity chromatography identified a peptide, heparin-associating peptide Y (HappY), that acts as a target of immobilized heparin. The peptide consists of 12 amino acid residues with characteristic three arginines and exclusively binds to heparin and heparan sulfate but does not associate with other glycosaminoglycans. HappY recognizes three consecutive monosaccharide residues in heparin through its three arginine residues. HappY should be a useful probe to detect heparin and heparan sulfate in studies of glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Yabe
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martínez-Martínez I, Ordóñez A, Pedersen S, de la Morena-Barrio M, Navarro-Fernández J, Kristensen S, Miñano A, Padilla J, Vicente V, Corral J. Heparin affinity of factor VIIa: Implications on the physiological inhibition by antithrombin and clearance of recombinant factor VIIa. Thromb Res 2011; 127:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Leach FE, Wolff JJ, Xiao Z, Ly M, Laremore TN, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Negative electron transfer dissociation Fourier transform mass spectrometry of glycosaminoglycan carbohydrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:167-76. [PMID: 21719917 PMCID: PMC3347043 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer through gas phase ion-ion reactions has led to the widespread application of electron- based techniques once only capable in ion trapping mass spectrometers. Although any mass analyzer can in theory be coupled to an ion-ion reaction device (typically a 3-D ion trap), some systems of interest exceed the capabilities of most mass spectrometers. This case is particularly true in the structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides. To adequately characterize highly sulfated GAGs or oligosaccharides above the tetrasaccharide level, a high resolution mass analyzer is required. To extend previous efforts on an ion trap mass spectrometer, negative electron transfer dissociation coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer has been applied to increasingly sulfated heparan sulfate and heparin tetrasaccharides as well as a dermatan sulfate octasaccharide. Results similar to those obtained by electron detachment dissociation are observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Zhongping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine and Drug and Food, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wolff JJ, Leach FE, Laremore TN, Kaplan DA, Easterling ML, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Negative electron transfer dissociation of glycosaminoglycans. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3460-6. [PMID: 20380445 PMCID: PMC2869289 DOI: 10.1021/ac100554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has been a challenge in the field of mass spectrometry, and the application of electron detachment dissociation (EDD) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) has shown great promise to GAG oligosaccharide characterization in a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment. In this work, we apply the technique of negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) to GAGs on a commercial ion trap mass spectrometer. NETD of GAGs, using fluoranthene or xenon as the reagent gas, produces fragmentation very similar to previously observed EDD fragmentation. Using fluoranthene or xenon, both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages are observed, as well as even- and odd-electron products. The loss of SO(3) can be minimized and an increase in cross-ring cleavages is observed if a negatively charged carboxylate is present during NETD, which can be controlled by the charge state or the addition of sodium. NETD effectively dissociates GAGs up to eight saccharides in length, but the low resolution of the ion trap makes assigning product ions difficult. Similar to EDD, NETD is also able to distinguish the epimers iduronic acid from glucuronic acid in heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides and suggests that a radical intermediate plays an important role in distinguishing these epimers. These results demonstrate that NETD is effective at characterizing GAG oligosaccharides in a single tandem mass spectrometry experiment on a widely available mass spectrometry platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY 12180
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, NY 12180
- Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li K, Bethea HN, Liu J. Using engineered 2-O-sulfotransferase to determine the activity of heparan sulfate C5-epimerase and its mutants. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11106-13. [PMID: 20118238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is involved in essential physiological and pathophysiological functions. HS is a highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of glucuronic acid (or iduronic acid) linked to glucosamine carrying various sulfo groups. Biosynthesis of HS involves sulfotransferases and an epimerase. The HS C(5)-epimerase converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid. The method for determining the activity has been cumbersome due to the use of a site-specifically (3)H-labeled polysaccharide substrate. Here, we report a two-enzyme coupling assay to determine the activity of C(5)-epimerase. HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the 2-OH-position of glucuronic or iduronic acid. Unlike the wild type protein, 2-O-sulfotransferase mutant (2OST Y94I) transfers sulfate to the iduronic acid but not to the glucuronic acid. Thus, 2OST Y94I cannot sulfate N-sulfated heparosan, a polysaccharide containing glucuronic acid. Incubating N-sulfated heparosan with C(5)-epimerase converts some of the glucuronic acid to iduronic acid, thus becoming a substrate for 2OST Y94I. The susceptibility of the C(5)-epimerase-treated N-sulfated heparosan to 2OST Y94I modification directly correlates to the amount of the activity of C(5)-epimerase, proving that this two-enzyme coupling system can be used to assay for C(5)-epimerase. The method was further used to determine the activities of various C(5)-epimerase mutants. Our approach will significantly reduce the complexity for assaying the activity of C(5)-epimerase and facilitate the structural and functional analysis of C(5)-epimerase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Glycosaminoglycans from earthworms (Eisenia andrei). Glycoconj J 2009; 27:249-57. [PMID: 20013352 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The whole tissue of the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) was lyophilized and extracted to purify glycosaminoglycans. Fractions, eluting from an anion-exchange column at 1.0 M and 2.0 M NaCl, showed the presence of acidic polysaccharides on agarose gel electrophoresis. Monosaccharide compositional analysis showed that galactose and glucose were most abundant monosaccharides in both fractions. Depolymerization of the polysaccharide mixture with glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes confirmed the presence of chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the 2.0 M NaCl fraction. The content of GAGs (uronic acid containing polysaccharide) in the 2.0 M NaCl fraction determined by carbazole assay was 2%. Disaccharide compositional analysis using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis after chondroitinase digestion (ABC and ACII), showed that the chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate contained a 4-O-sulfo (76%), 2,4-di-O-sulfo (15%), 6-O-sulfo (6%), and unsulfated (4%) uronic acid linked N-acetylgalactosamine residues. LC-ESI-MS analysis of heparin lyase I/II/III digests demonstrated the presence of N-sulfo (69%), N-sulfo-6-O-sulfo (25%) and 2-O-sulfo-N-sulfo-6-O-sulfo (5%) uronic acid linked N-acetylglucosamine residues.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Z, Xie J, Liu H, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Quantification of heparan sulfate disaccharides using ion-pairing reversed-phase microflow high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4349-55. [PMID: 19402671 DOI: 10.1021/ac9001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family of biomacromolecules is composed acidic and linear chains of repeating disaccharide units. Quantitative disaccharide composition analysis is essential for the study and characterization of GAGs. Heparan sulfate and heparin consist of multiple disaccharide units and can be well-separated by ion-pairing reversed-phase microflow high-performance liquid chromatography (IPRP-Mf-HPLC). Each disaccharide can be detected and its mass confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Isotopically enriched disaccharides were prepared chemoenzymatically from a uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labeled N-acetylheparosan (-GlcA(1-->4)GlcNAc-) obtained from the fermentation of E. coli K5. These isotopically enriched disaccharides have identical HPLC retention times and mass spectra as their unlabeled counterparts and were used in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as internal standards. The ratio of intensities between each pair of enriched and nonenriched disaccharides showed a linear relationship as a function of concentration. With the use of these calibration curves, the amount of each disaccharide (> or = 2 ng/disaccharide) could be quantified in four heparan sulfate samples analyzed by this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Heparin is unique as one of the oldest drugs currently still in widespread clinical use as an anticoagulant, a natural product, one of the first biopolymeric drugs, and one of the few carbohydrate drugs. Recently, certain batches of heparin have been associated with anaphylactoid-type reactions, some leading to hypotension and death. These reactions were traced to contamination with a semi-synthetic oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). This Highlight reviews the heparin contamination crisis, its resolution, and the lessons learned. Pharmaceutical scientists now must consider dozens of natural and synthetic heparinoids as potential heparin contaminants. Effective assays, which can detect both known and unknown contaminants, are required to monitor the quality of heparin. Safer and better-regulated processes are needed for heparin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA. Fax: +1 518-276-3405; Tel: +1 518-276-3404
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA. Fax: +1 518-276-3405; Tel: +1 518-276-3404
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA. Fax: +1 518-276-3405; Tel: +1 518-276-3404
- Department of Chemical Biological Engineering and Department Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA
- Center for of Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Peterson S, Frick A, Liu J. Design of biologically active heparan sulfate and heparin using an enzyme-based approach. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:610-27. [DOI: 10.1039/b803795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
25
|
Redirecting the substrate specificity of heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase by structurally guided mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18724-9. [PMID: 19022906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806975105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a polysaccharide involved in essential physiological functions from regulating cell growth to blood coagulation. HS biosynthesis involves multiple specialized sulfotransferases such as 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) that transfers the sulfo group to the 2-OH position of iduronic acid (IdoA) or glucuronic acid (GlcA) within HS. Here, we report the homotrimeric crystal structure of 2OST from chicken, in complex with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. Structural based mutational analysis has identified amino acid residues that are responsible for substrate specificity. The mutant R189A only transferred sulfates to GlcA moieties within the polysaccharide whereas mutants Y94A and H106A preferentially transferred sulfates to IdoA units. Our results demonstrate the feasibility for manipulating the substrate specificity of 2OST to synthesize HS with unique sulfation patterns. This work will aid the development of an enzymatic approach to synthesize heparin-based therapeutics.
Collapse
|
26
|
Weïwer M, Sherwood T, Green DE, Chen M, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Synthesis of uridine 5'-diphosphoiduronic acid: a potential substrate for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7631-7. [PMID: 18759479 PMCID: PMC2639712 DOI: 10.1021/jo801409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved understanding of the biological activities of heparin requires structurally defined heparin oligosaccharides. The chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides relies on glycosyltransferases that use UDP-sugar nucleotides as donors. Uridine 5'-diphosphoiduronic acid (UDP-IdoA) and uridine 5'-diphosphohexenuronic acid (UDP-HexUA) have been synthesized as potential analogues of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) for enzymatic incorporation into heparin oligosaccharides. Non-natural UDP-IdoA and UDP-HexUA were tested as substrates for various glucuronosyltransferases to better understand enzyme specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Weïwer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Trevor Sherwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Dixy E. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Miao Chen
- University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, CB no. 7360 Beard Hall, Room 309, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Paul L. DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jian Liu
- University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, CB no. 7360 Beard Hall, Room 309, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ghosh T, Chattopadhyay K, Marschall M, Karmakar P, Mandal P, Ray B. Focus on antivirally active sulfated polysaccharides: from structure-activity analysis to clinical evaluation. Glycobiology 2008; 19:2-15. [PMID: 18815291 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many compounds having potent antiviral activity in cell culture have been detected and some of these compounds are currently undergoing either preclinical or clinical evaluation. Among these antiviral substances, naturally occurring sulfated polysaccharides and those from synthetic origin are noteworthy. Recently, several controversies over the molecular structures of sulfated polysaccharides, viral glycoproteins, and cell-surface receptors have been resolved, and many aspects of their antiviral activity have been elucidated. It has become clear that the antiviral properties of sulfated polysaccharides are not only a simple function of their charge density and chain length but also their detailed structural features. The in vivo efficacy of these compounds mostly corresponds to their ability to inhibit the attachment of the virion to the host cell surface although in some cases virucidal activity plays an additional role. This review summarizes experimental evidence indicating that sulfated polysaccharides might become increasingly important in drug development for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, University of Burdwan, WB 713 104, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Copeland R, Balasubramaniam A, Tiwari V, Zhang F, Bridges A, Linhardt RJ, Shukla D, Liu J. Using a 3-O-sulfated heparin octasaccharide to inhibit the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5774-83. [PMID: 18457417 PMCID: PMC2504729 DOI: 10.1021/bi800205t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide and is present in large quantities on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) utilizes a specialized cell surface HS, known as 3-O-sulfated HS, as an entry receptor to establish infection. Here, we exploit an approach to inhibiting HSV-1 infection by using a 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide, mimicking the active domain of the entry receptor. The 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide was synthesized by incubating a heparin octasaccharide (3-OH octasaccharide) with HS 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 3. The resultant 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide has a structure of Delta UA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS3S6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S (where Delta UA is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosyluronic acid, GlcN is D-glucosamine, and IdoUA is L-iduronic acid). Results from cell-based assays revealed that the 3-O-sulfated octasaccharide has stronger activity in blocking HSV-1 infection than that of the 3-OH octasaccharide, suggesting that the inhibition of HSV-1 infection requires a unique sulfation moiety. Our results suggest the feasibility of inhibiting HSV-1 infection by blocking viral entry with a specific oligosaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Copeland
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Arun Balasubramaniam
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Arlene Bridges
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bouças RI, Trindade ES, Tersariol ILS, Dietrich CP, Nader HB. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like fluorescence assay to investigate the interactions of glycosaminoglycans to cells. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 618:218-26. [PMID: 18513543 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans were labeled with biotin to study their interaction with cells in culture. Thus, heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate were labeled using biotin-hydrazide, under different conditions. The structural characteristics of the biotinylated products were determined by chemical (molar ratios of hexosamine, uronic acid, sulfate and biotin) and enzymatic methods (susceptibility to degradation by chondroitinases and heparitinases). The binding of biotinylated glycosaminoglycans was investigated both in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in culture, using a novel time resolved fluorometric method based on interaction of europium-labeled streptavidin with the biotin covalently linked to the compounds. The interactions of glycosaminoglycans were saturable and number of binding sites could be obtained for each individual compound. The apparent dissociation constant varied among the different glycosaminoglycans and between the two cell lines. The interactions of the biotinylated glycosaminoglycans with the cells were also evaluated using confocal microscopy. We propose a convenient and reliable method for the preparation of biotinylated glycosaminoglycans, as well as a sensitive non-competitive fluorescence-based assay for studies of the interactions and binding of these compounds to cells in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ippolito Bouças
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen J, Jones CL, Liu J. Using an enzymatic combinatorial approach to identify anticoagulant heparan sulfate structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:986-93. [PMID: 17884631 PMCID: PMC4809194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) represents a major class of glycans that perform central physiological functions. Emerging HS and glycosaminoglycan microarray techniques are used to interrogate the structure and function relationship to develop novel therapeutic agents. Availability of HS with specific sulfation patterns has been a limiting factor and impedes the accuracy of HS glycomics studies. Although organic synthesis provides oligosaccharides, these may not fully represent the biological functions of polysaccharides. Here, we present a study for developing an enzyme-based approach to synthesize a polysaccharide library with different sulfation patterns. Using different combinations of biosynthetic enzymes, we synthesized eight unique polysaccharides. We discovered that polysaccharides without the iduronic acid residue displayed strong binding affinity to antithrombin and high anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities. The enzyme-based synthetic approach could become a general method for discovering new HS structures with unique biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Corresponding author: Jian Liu, Rm 309, Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Tel.: 919-843-6511; Fax: 919-843-5432;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Escherichia coli K5 heparosan was enzymatically modified by Chen and colleagues to construct a library of heparan sulfate polysaccharides for evaluation, leading to the discovery that a 2-O-sulfoiduronic acid residue is not essential for antithrombin-mediated anticoagulant activity in larger oligosaccharide and polysaccharide structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Heparin and its low molecular weight heparin derivatives, widely used as clinical anticoagulants, are acidic polysaccharide members of a family of biomacromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Heparin and the related heparan sulfate are biosynthesized in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells. Heparin is a polycomponent drug that currently is prepared for clinical use by extraction from animal tissues. A heparin pentasaccharide, fondaparinux, has also been prepared through chemical synthesis for use as a homogenous anticoagulant drug. Recent enabling technologies suggest that it may now be possible to synthesize heparin and its derivatives enzymatically. Moreover, new technologies including advances in synthetic carbohydrate synthesis, enzyme-based GAG synthesis, micro- and nano-display of GAGs, rapid on-line structural analysis, and microarray/microfluidic technologies might be applied to the enzymatic synthesis of heparins with defined structures and exhibiting selected activities. The advent of these new technologies also makes it possible to consider the construction of an artificial Golgi to increase our understanding of the cellular control of GAG biosyntheses in this organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wolff JJ, Chi L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Distinguishing glucuronic from iduronic acid in glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides by using electron detachment dissociation. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2015-22. [PMID: 17253657 PMCID: PMC2586617 DOI: 10.1021/ac061636x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing the epimers iduronic acid (IdoA) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) has been a long-standing challenge for the mass spectrometry analysis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides. In this work, electron detachment dissociation (EDD) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is shown to provide mass spectral features that can distinguish GlcA from IdoA in heparan sulfate (HS) tetrasaccharides. EDD of HS tetrasaccharide dianions produces a radical species that fragments to produce information-rich glycosidic and cross-ring product ions which can be used to determine the sites of acetylation/sulfation. More significantly, EDD of HS tetrasaccharide epimers produces diagnostic product ions that can be used to distinguish IdoA from GlcA. These diagnostic product ions are not observed in the tandem mass spectra obtained by collisionally activated dissociation or infrared multiphoton dissociation of the tetrasaccharides, suggesting a radical-initiated mechanism for their formation. Differences in the observed product ions obtained by EDD of the tetrasaccharide epimers can be rationalized by simple alpha-cleavage of an oxy radical located at C2 or C3 or a radical at C3 or C4. These radicals are proposed to arise from a hydrogen rearrangement in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from the C2 or C3 hydroxyl group or C3 or C4 to a carboxy radical at C5. This hydrogen transfer depends on the proximity of the carboxy radical to the hydroxyl group on C2 or C3 or the hydrogen on C3 or C4 and is thus influenced by C5 stereochemistry. These epimer-sensitive fragmentations should allow this approach to be applied to the structural analysis of a wide variety of GAG oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Lianli Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wolff JJ, Chi L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Electron detachment dissociation of glycosaminoglycan tetrasaccharides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:234-44. [PMID: 17074503 PMCID: PMC1784114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The first application of electron detachment dissociation (EDD) to carbohydrates is presented. The structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides by mass spectrometry is a longstanding problem because of the lability of these acidic, polysulfated carbohydrates. Doubly-charged negative ions of four GAG tetrasaccharides are examined by EDD, collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). EDD is found to produce information-rich mass spectra with both cross ring and glycosidic cleavage product ions. In contrast, most of the product ions produced by CAD and IRMPD result from glycosidic cleavage. EDD shows great potential as a tool for locating the sites of sulfation and other modifications in glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Wolff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Lianli Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
- * Address for correspondence, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, Phone: (706) 542-2001, FAX: (706) 542-9454,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|