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Pleiotrophin selectively binds to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and inhibits or stimulates cell migration depending on α νβ 3 integrin expression. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:621-636. [PMID: 32681389 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) has a moderate stimulatory effect on endothelial cell migration through ανβ3 integrin, while it decreases the stimulatory effect of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and inhibits cell migration in the absence of ανβ3 through unknown mechanism(s). In the present work, by using a multitude of experimental approaches, we show that PTN binds to VEGF receptor type 2 (VEGFR2) with a KD of 11.6 nM. Molecular dynamics approach suggests that PTN binds to the same VEGFR2 region with VEGFA through its N-terminal domain. PTN inhibits phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr1175 and still stimulates endothelial cell migration in the presence of a selective VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. VEGFR2 downregulation by siRNA or an anti-VEGFR2 antibody that binds to the ligand-binding VEGFR2 domain also induce endothelial cell migration, which is abolished by a function-blocking antibody against ανβ3 or the peptide PTN112-136 that binds ανβ3 and inhibits PTN binding. In cells that do not express ανβ3, PTN decreases both VEGFR2 Tyr1175 phosphorylation and cell migration in a VEGFR2-dependent manner. Collectively, our data identify VEGFR2 as a novel PTN receptor involved in the regulation of cell migration by PTN and contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of activation of endothelial cell migration through the interplay between VEGFR2 and ανβ3.
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2
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Clarke DT, Martin-Fernandez ML. A Brief History of Single-Particle Tracking of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2010012. [PMID: 31164594 PMCID: PMC6481046 DOI: 10.3390/mps2010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-particle tracking (SPT) has been used and developed over the last 25 years as a method to investigate molecular dynamics, structure, interactions, and function in the cellular context. SPT is able to show how fast and how far individual molecules move, identify different dynamic populations, measure the duration and strength of intermolecular interactions, and map out structures on the nanoscale in cells. In combination with other techniques such as macromolecular crystallography and molecular dynamics simulation, it allows us to build models of complex structures, and develop and test hypotheses of how these complexes perform their biological roles in health as well as in disease states. Here, we use the example of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which has been studied extensively by SPT, demonstrating how the method has been used to increase our understanding of the receptor’s organization and function, including its interaction with the plasma membrane, its activation, clustering, and oligomerization, and the role of other receptors and endocytosis. The examples shown demonstrate how SPT might be employed in the investigation of other biomolecules and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Clarke
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK.
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Wang W, LeBlanc ME, Chen X, Chen P, Ji Y, Brewer M, Tian H, Spring SR, Webster KA, Li W. Pathogenic role and therapeutic potential of pleiotrophin in mouse models of ocular vascular disease. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:479-492. [PMID: 28447229 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Pleiotrophin, a well-known angiogenic factor, was recently reported to be upregulated in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative DR (PDR). However, its pathogenic role and therapeutic potential in ocular vascular diseases have not been defined in vivo. Here using corneal pocket assays, we demonstrated that pleiotrophin induced angiogenesis in vivo. To investigate the pathological role of pleiotrophin we used neutralizing antibody to block its function in multiple in vivo models of ocular vascular diseases. In a mouse model of DR, intravitreal injection of pleiotrophin-neutralizing antibody alleviated diabetic retinal vascular leakage. In a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), which is a surrogate model of ROP and PDR, we demonstrated that intravitreal injection of anti-pleiotrophin antibody prevented OIR-induced pathological retinal neovascularization and aberrant vessel tufts. Finally, pleiotrophin-neutralizing antibody ameliorated laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, a mouse model of nAMD, suggesting that pleiotrophin is involved in choroidal vascular disease. These findings suggest that pleiotrophin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DR with retinal vascular leakage, ROP with retinal neovascularization and nAMD with choroidal neovascularization. The results also support pleiotrophin as a promising target for anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle E LeBlanc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital of Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Megan Brewer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hong Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Samantha R Spring
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Keith A Webster
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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4
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Sorrelle N, Dominguez ATA, Brekken RA. From top to bottom: midkine and pleiotrophin as emerging players in immune regulation. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:277-286. [PMID: 28356350 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1116-475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are pivotal in the generation and resolution of the inflammatory response. The midkine/pleiotrophin (MK/PTN) family of cytokines, composed of just two members, was discovered as heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factors. Since their discovery, expression of this cytokine family has been reported in a wide array of inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this minireview, we will discuss the emerging appreciation of the functions of the MK/PTN family in the immune system, which include promoting lymphocyte survival, sculpting myeloid cell phenotype, driving immune cell chemotaxis, and maintaining hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Sorrelle
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; and
| | - Adrian T A Dominguez
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; and
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; and .,Division of Surgical Oncology, Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Papadimitriou E, Pantazaka E, Castana P, Tsalios T, Polyzos A, Beis D. Pleiotrophin and its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta as regulators of angiogenesis and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:252-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fersini E, Messina E, Archetti F. A p-Median approach for predicting drug response in tumour cells. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:353. [PMID: 25359173 PMCID: PMC4222443 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-014-0353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complexity of biological data related to the genetic origins of tumour cells, originates significant challenges to glean valuable knowledge that can be used to predict therapeutic responses. In order to discover a link between gene expression profiles and drug responses, a computational framework based on Consensus p-Median clustering is proposed. The main goal is to simultaneously predict (in silico) anticancer responses by extracting common patterns among tumour cell lines, selecting genes that could potentially explain the therapy outcome and finally learning a probabilistic model able to predict the therapeutic responses. Results The experimental investigation performed on the NCI60 dataset highlights three main findings: (1) Consensus p-Median is able to create groups of cell lines that are highly correlated both in terms of gene expression and drug response; (2) from a biological point of view, the proposed approach enables the selection of genes that are strongly involved in several cancer processes; (3) the final prediction of drug responses, built upon Consensus p-Median and the selected genes, represents a promising step for predicting potential useful drugs. Conclusion The proposed learning framework represents a promising approach predicting drug response in tumour cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-014-0353-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Du CX, Wang L, Li Y, Xiao W, Guo QL, Chen F, Tan XT. Elevated expression of pleiotrophin in lymphocytic leukemia CD19+ B cells. APMIS 2014; 122:905-13. [PMID: 24698102 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) has been demonstrated to be strongly expressed in many fetal tissues, but seldom in healthy adult tissues. While PTN has been reported to be expressed in many types of tumors as well as at high serum concentrations in patients with many types of cancer, to date, there has been no report that PTN is expressed in leukemia, especially in lymphocytic leukemia. We isolated the CD19(+) subset of B cells from peripheral blood from healthy adults, B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL) patients, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patients and examined these cells for PTN mRNA and protein expression. We used immunocytochemistry, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to show that PTN protein is highly expressed in CD19(+) B cells from B-ALL and B-CLL patients, but barely expressed in B cells from healthy adults. We also examined PTN expression at the nucleic acid level using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and northern blotting and detected a high levels of PTN transcripts in the CD19(+) B cells from both groups of leukemia patients, but very few in the CD19(+) B cells from the healthy controls. Interestingly, the quantity of the PTN transcripts correlated with the severity of disease. Moreover, suppression of PTN activity with an anti-PTN antibody promoted apoptosis of cells from leukemia patients and cell lines SMS-SB and JVM-2. This effect of the anti-PTN antibody suggests that PTN may be a new target for the treatment of lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xian Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Rogers MS, Novak K, Zurakowski D, Cryan LM, Blois A, Lifshits E, Bø TH, Oyan AM, Bender ER, Lampa M, Kang SY, Naxerova K, Kalland KH, Straume O, Akslen LA, Watnick RS, Folkman J, Naumov GN. Spontaneous reversion of the angiogenic phenotype to a nonangiogenic and dormant state in human tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:754-64. [PMID: 24574516 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0532-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The angiogenic switch, a rate-limiting step in tumor progression, has already occurred by the time most human tumors are detectable. However, despite significant study of the mechanisms controlling this switch, the kinetics and reversibility of the process have not been explored. The stability of the angiogenic phenotype was examined using an established human liposarcoma xenograft model. Nonangiogenic cells inoculated into immunocompromised mice formed microscopic tumors that remained dormant for approximately 125 days (vs. <40 days for angiogenic cells) whereupon the vast majority (>95%) initiated angiogenic growth with second-order kinetics. These original, clonally derived angiogenic tumor cells were passaged through four in vivo cycles. At each cycle, a new set of single-cell clones was established from the most angiogenic clone and characterized for in vivo for tumorigenic activity. A total of 132 single-cell clones were tested in the second, third, and fourth in vivo passage. Strikingly, at each passage, a portion of the single-cell clones formed microscopic, dormant tumors. Following dormancy, like the original cell line, these revertant tumors spontaneously switched to the angiogenic phenotype. Finally, revertant clones were transcriptionally profiled and their angiogenic output determined. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the angiogenic phenotype in tumors is malleable and can spontaneously revert to the nonangiogenic phenotype in a population of human tumor cells. IMPLICATIONS Leveraging the rate of reversion to the nonangiogenic phenotype and tumor dormancy may be a novel anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Rogers
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Surgery and 2Anesthesia; 3the Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital; 4Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; 5Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital; 6Section for Microbiology, The Gade Institute; 7Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine; and 8Section of Oncology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Diamantopoulou Z, Kitsou P, Menashi S, Courty J, Katsoris P. Loss of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ (RPTPβ/ζ) promotes prostate cancer metastasis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40339-49. [PMID: 23060448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of pleiotrophin and its receptors RPTPβ/ζ and Syndecan-3 during tumor metastasis remains unknown. RESULTS RPTPβ/ζ knockdown initiates EMT, promotes pleiotrophin-mediated migration and attachment through Syndecan-3 and induces in vivo metastasis. CONCLUSION RPTPβ/ζ plays a suppressor-like role in prostate cancer metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE Boosting RPTPβ/ζ or attenuating Syndecan-3 signaling pathways may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies in treating prostate cancer metastasis. Pleiotrophin is a growth factor that induces carcinogenesis. Despite the fact that many published reports focused on the role of pleiotrophin and its receptors, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTPβ/ζ), and syndecan-3 during tumor development, no information is available regarding their function in tumor metastasis. To investigate the mechanism through which pleiotrophin regulates tumor metastasis, we used two different prostate carcinoma cell lines, DU145 and PC3, in which the expression of RPTPβ/ζ or syndecan-3 was down-regulated by the RNAi technology. The loss of RPTPβ/ζ expression initiated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased the ability of the cells to migrate and invade. Importantly, the loss of RPTPβ/ζ expression increased metastasis in nude mice in an experimental metastasis assay. We also demonstrate that RPTPβ/ζ counterbalanced the pleiotrophin-mediated syndecan-3 pathway. While the inhibition of syndecan-3 expression inhibited the pleiotrophin-mediated cell migration and attachment through the Src and Fak pathway, the inhibition of RPTPβ/ζ expression increased pleiotrophin-mediated migration and attachment through an interaction with Src and the subsequent activation of a signal transduction pathway involving Fak, Pten, and Erk1/2. Taken together, these results suggest that the loss of RPTPβ/ζ may contribute to the metastasis of prostate cancer cells by inducing EMT and promoting pleiotrophin activity through the syndecan-3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Diamantopoulou
- Division of Genetics, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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10
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Sethi G, Pathak HB, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Einarson MB, Vathipadiekal V, Gunewardena S, Birrer MJ, Godwin AK. An RNA interference lethality screen of the human druggable genome to identify molecular vulnerabilities in epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47086. [PMID: 23056589 PMCID: PMC3467214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies have been used to combat many tumor types; however, few have effectively improved the overall survival in women with epithelial ovarian cancer, begging for a better understanding of this deadly disease and identification of essential drivers of tumorigenesis that can be targeted effectively. Therefore, we used a loss-of-function screening approach to help identify molecular vulnerabilities that may represent key points of therapeutic intervention. We employed an unbiased high-throughput lethality screen using a 24,088 siRNA library targeting over 6,000 druggable genes and studied their effects on growth and/or survival of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines. The top 300 “hits” affecting the viability of A1847 cells were rescreened across additional EOC cell lines and non-tumorigenic, human immortalized ovarian epithelial cell lines. Fifty-three gene candidates were found to exhibit effects in all tumorigenic cell lines tested. Extensive validation of these hits refined the list to four high quality candidates (HSPA5, NDC80, NUF2, and PTN). Mechanistic studies show that silencing of three genes leads to increased apoptosis, while HSPA5 silencing appears to alter cell growth through G1 cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, two independent gene expression studies show that NDC80, NUF2 and PTN were significantly aberrantly overexpressed in serous adenocarcinomas. Overall, our functional genomics results integrated with the genomics data provide an important unbiased avenue towards the identification of prospective therapeutic targets for drug discovery, which is an urgent and unmet clinical need for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sethi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Harsh B. Pathak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margret B. Einarson
- Translational Core Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vinod Vathipadiekal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Birrer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lau FH, Xia F, Kaplan A, Cerrato F, Greene AK, Taghinia A, Cowan CA, Labow BI. Expression analysis of macrodactyly identifies pleiotrophin upregulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40423. [PMID: 22848377 PMCID: PMC3407187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrodactyly is a rare family of congenital disorders characterized by the diffuse enlargement of 1 or more digits. Multiple tissue types within the affected digits are involved, but skeletal patterning and gross morphological features are preserved. Not all tissues are equally involved and there is marked heterogeneity with respect to clinical phenotype. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these growth disturbances offer unique insight into normal limb growth and development, in general. To date, no genes or loci have been implicated in the development of macrodactyly. In this study, we performed the first transcriptional profiling of macrodactyly tissue. We found that pleiotrophin (PTN) was significantly overexpressed across all our macrodactyly samples. The mitogenic functions of PTN correlate closely with the clinical characteristics of macrodactyly. PTN thus represents a promising target for further investigation into the etiology of overgrowth phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H. Lau
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fang Xia
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam Kaplan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felecia Cerrato
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arin K. Greene
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amir Taghinia
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chad A. Cowan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian I. Labow
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Weng T, Liu L. The role of pleiotrophin and beta-catenin in fetal lung development. Respir Res 2010; 11:80. [PMID: 20565841 PMCID: PMC2901351 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lung development is a complex biological process, which is temporally and spatially regulated by growth factors, hormones, and extracellular matrix proteins. Abnormal changes of these molecules often lead to impaired lung development, and thus pulmonary diseases. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are crucial for fetal lung development. This paper reviews two interconnected pathways, pleiotrophin and Wnt/β-catenin, which are involved in fibroblast and epithelial cell communication during fetal lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Horvat-Gordon M, Praul C, Ramachandran R, Bartell P, Leach, R. Use of microarray analysis to study gene expression in the avian epiphyseal growth plate. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2010; 5:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Expression of pleiotrophin and its receptors in human placenta suggests roles in trophoblast life cycle and angiogenesis. Placenta 2009; 30:649-53. [PMID: 19481257 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding protein with multiple activities in cell growth, migration and differentiation mediated through multiple receptors. In mammals, PTN expression in trophoblast is found exclusively in the human and in some of the apes in which an endogenous retrovirus upstream of the first coding exon generates a phylogenetically new trophoblast-specific promoter associated with exon UV3. To understand the functions of ERV promoter-mediated trophoblastic PTN expression in pregnancy, we correlated the expression of PTN and its receptors anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPbeta/zeta), and Syndecan-1 and Syndecan-3 (SDC1 and SDC3) with key developmental processes in first-trimester human placentation. In an extensive survey of cell lines and primary tissues, we found that trophoblastic transcription of PTN is initiated exclusively from the ERV promoter, whereas decidual expression is initiated at the phylogenetically ancient U1 exon-associated promoter. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that different patterns of overlapping expression of PTN and its receptors occur in different trophoblast subtypes. Notably, a role in angiogenesis is supported by expression of PTN and its receptors in villous mesenchyme, fetal macrophages and villus core fetal vessels. PTN staining of extravillous cytotrophoblasts and the syncytial microvillous membrane is consistent with increasing levels of PTN, as measured by ELISA, in the maternal bloodstream as pregnancy progresses.
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15
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Jin L, Jianghai C, Juan L, Hao K. Pleiotrophin and peripheral nerve injury. Neurosurg Rev 2009; 32:387-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-009-0202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pleiotrophin produced by multiple myeloma induces transdifferentiation of monocytes into vascular endothelial cells: a novel mechanism of tumor-induced vasculogenesis. Blood 2008; 113:1992-2002. [PMID: 19060246 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-133751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is an angiogenic factor that is produced by many different human cancers and stimulates tumor blood vessel formation when it is expressed in malignant cancer cells. Recent studies show that monocytes may give rise to vascular endothelium. In these studies, we show that PTN combined with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) induces expression of vascular endothelial cell (VEC) genes and proteins in human monocyte cell lines and monocytes from human peripheral blood (PB). Monocytes induce VEC gene expression and develop tube-like structures when they are exposed to serum or cultured with bone marrow (BM) from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) that express PTN, effects specifically blocked with antiPTN antibodies. When coinjected with human MM cells into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-marked human monocytes were found incorporated into tumor blood vessels and expressed human VEC protein markers and genes that were blocked by anti-PTN antibody. Our results suggest that vasculogenesis in human MM may develop from tumoral production of PTN, which orchestrates the transdifferentiation of monocytes into VECs.
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Dineen SP, Lynn KD, Holloway SE, Miller AF, Sullivan JP, Shames DS, Beck AW, Barnett CC, Fleming JB, Brekken RA. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 mediates macrophage infiltration into orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4340-6. [PMID: 18519694 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are an abundant inflammatory cell type in the tumor microenvironment that can contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Macrophage recruitment into tumors is mediated by multiple cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is thought to function primarily through VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 expressed on macrophages. Macrophage infiltration is affected by VEGF inhibition. We show that selective inhibition of VEGFR2 reduced macrophage infiltration into orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Our studies show that tumor-associated macrophages express VEGFR2. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages from tumor-bearing animals express VEGFR2, whereas peritoneal macrophages from non-tumor-bearing animals do not. To our knowledge, this is the first time that tumor-associated macrophages have been shown to express VEGFR2. Additionally, we found that the cytokine pleiotrophin is sufficient to induce VEGFR2 expression on macrophages. Pleiotrophin has previously been shown to induce expression of endothelial cell markers on macrophages and was present in the microenvironment of orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Finally, we show that VEGFR2, when expressed by macrophages, is essential for VEGF-stimulated migration of tumor-associated macrophages. In summary, tumor-associated macrophages express VEGFR2, and selective inhibition of VEGFR2 reduces recruitment of macrophages into orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Our results show an underappreciated mechanism of action that may directly contribute to the antitumor activity of angiogenesis inhibitors that block the VEGFR2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Dineen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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18
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Pleiotrophin, a multifunctional angiogenic factor: mechanisms and pathways in normal and pathological angiogenesis. Curr Opin Hematol 2008; 15:210-4. [PMID: 18391787 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3282fdc69e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study seeks to integrate recent studies that identify new critical mechanisms through which the 136 amino acid secreted heparin-binding cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN, Ptn) stimulates both normal and pathological angiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Pleiotrophin is directly angiogenic; it initiates an angiogenic switch in different cancer models in vivo. It acts as an angiogenic factor through multiple mechanisms that include a unique signaling pathway that activates newly identified downstream tyrosine kinases through a unique mechanism, an interaction with endothelial cells to initiate proliferation, migration, and tube formation, the regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, the remodeling of the stromal microenvironment, and induction of transdifferentiation of monocytes into endothelial cells. Recently also, domains of PTN that stimulate angiogenesis and peptides that function to inhibit PTN signaling have been identified. SUMMARY Recent studies have identified new mechanisms dependent on activation of the PTN signaling pathway that regulate angiogenesis and new targets to use PTN to both stimulate angiogenesis and block its activity to control pathological angiogenesis.
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Magnusson PU, Dimberg A, Mellberg S, Lukinius A, Claesson-Welsh L. FGFR-1 regulates angiogenesis through cytokines interleukin-4 and pleiotrophin. Blood 2007; 110:4214-22. [PMID: 17875810 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-067314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in blood vessel formation has remained unclear. We used differentiating stem-cell cultures (embryoid bodies) and teratomas to show that FGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1) exerts a negative regulatory effect on endothelial cell function in these models. Embryoid bodies lacking expression of FGFR-1 as a result of gene targeting (Fgfr-1−/−) displayed increased vascularization and a distinct, elongated vessel morphology. Teratomas derived from FGFR-1–deficient stem cells were characterized by an increased growth rate and abundant, morphologically distinct vessels. Transmission electron microscopy of the Fgfr-1−/− teratomas showed a compact and voluminous but functional endothelium, which anastomosed with the host circulation. The increased vascularization and altered endothelial cell morphology was dependent on secreted factor(s), based on the transfer of the Fgfr-1−/− vascular phenotype by conditioned medium to Fgfr-1+/− embryoid bodies. Antibody and transcript arrays showed down-regulation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and up-regulation of pleiotrophin in Fgfr-1−/− embryoid bodies, compared with the heterozygous cultures. We used neutralizing antibodies to show that IL-4 and pleiotrophin act as negative and positive angiogenic regulators, respectively. We conclude that FGFR-1 negatively regulates endothelial cell function by altering the balance of modulatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Perez-Pinera P, Zhang W, Chang Y, Vega JA, Deuel TF. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase is activated through the pleiotrophin/receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta signaling pathway: an alternative mechanism of receptor tyrosine kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28683-28690. [PMID: 17681947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704505200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) first discovered as the constitutively active nucleophosmin-ALK oncoprotein in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL). Full-length ALK has a critical role in normal development and differentiation. Activated full-length ALK also is found in different malignant cancers. Nevertheless, the ligand to activate ALK remained unknown until recently, when ALK was proposed to be the physiological receptor of the cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN, Ptn). However, earlier studies had demonstrated that receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) beta/zeta is a physiological PTN receptor. We now demonstrate that phosphorylation of ALK in PTN-stimulated cells is mediated through the PTN/RPTPbeta/zeta signaling pathway. ALK is phosphorylated independently of a direct interaction of PTN with ALK. The data thus support a unique model of ALK activation. In cells not stimulated by PTN, RPTPbeta/zeta dephosphorylates ALK at the site(s) in ALK that is undergoing autophosphorylation through autoactivation. In contrast, when RPTPbeta/zeta is inactivated in PTN-stimulated cells, the sites that are autophosphorylated in ALK no longer can be dephosphorylated by RPTPbeta/zeta; thus, autoactivation and tyrosine phosphorylation of ALK rapidly increase. The data indicate that the PTN/RPTPbeta/zeta signaling pathway is a critical regulator of the steady state levels of tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of ALK; the data support the conclusion that ALK phosphorylation and activation in PTN-stimulated cells are increased through a unique "alternative mechanism of RTK activation."
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Yunchao Chang
- Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Chang Y, Zuka M, Perez-Pinera P, Astudillo A, Mortimer J, Berenson JR, Deuel TF. Secretion of pleiotrophin stimulates breast cancer progression through remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10888-93. [PMID: 17578909 PMCID: PMC1904160 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704366104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN, Ptn) is an 18-kDa secretory cytokine expressed in many breast cancers; however, the significance of Ptn expression in breast cancer has not been established. We have now tested three models to determine the role of inappropriate expression of Ptn in breast cancer. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter-driven Ptn expressed in MMTV-polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyMT)-Ptn mouse breast cancers was first shown to induce rapid growth of morphologically identified foci of "scirrhous" carcinoma and to extensively remodel the microenvironment, including increased tumor angiogenesis and striking increases in mouse protocollagens Ialpha2, IValpha5, and XIalpha1, and elastin. Ectopic Ptn expression in MCF-7 (human breast cancer)-Ptn cell xenografts also was shown to markedly increase MCF-7-Ptn cell xenograft growth in nude mice; furthermore, it induced extensive remodeling of the microenvironment and tumor angiogenesis. In a coculture model of equal numbers of NIH 3T3 stromal fibroblasts and MCF-7-Ptn cells, PTN secreted from MCF-7-Ptn cells was then shown to induce a more malignant MCF-7-Ptn breast cancer cell phenotype and extensive remodeling of the MCF-7-Ptn/NIH 3T3 cell microenvironment; it up-regulated expression of markers of aggressive breast cancers, including PKCdelta and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in both MCF-7-Ptn and NIH 3T3 cells. The morphological phenotypes of MCF-7-Ptn cell xenografts and MCF-7-Ptn cell/NIH 3T3 cell cocultures closely resembled breast cancers in MMTV-PyMT-Ptn mice. Inappropriate expression of Ptn thus promotes breast cancer progression in mice; the data suggest that secretion of PTN through stimulation of the stromal cell microenvironment alone may be sufficient to account for significant features of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Chang
- *Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Masahiko Zuka
- *Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pablo Perez-Pinera
- *Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Aurora Astudillo
- Moore's Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joanne Mortimer
- Department of Pathology II, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain 33006; and
| | - James R. Berenson
- Institute for Myeloma and Bone Cancer Research, 9201 West Sunset Boulevard, West Hollywood, CA 90069
| | - Thomas F. Deuel
- *Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine and Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Peria FM, Neder L, Marie SKN, Rosemberg S, Oba-Shinjo SM, Colli BO, Gabbai AA, Malheiros SMF, Zago MA, Panepucci RA, Moreira-Filho CA, Okamoto OK, Carlotti CG. Pleiotrophin expression in astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors and it’s correlation with histological diagnosis, microvascular density, cellular proliferation and overall survival. J Neurooncol 2007; 84:255-61. [PMID: 17443289 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-007-9379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a secreted cytokine with several properties related with tumor development, including differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion, apoptosis and metastasis. There is evidence that PTN has also a relevant role in primary brain neoplasms and its inactivation could be important to treatment response. Astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors are the most frequent primary brain neoplasms. Astrocytic tumors are classified as pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), diffuse astrocytoma (DA), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma (GBM). Oligodendroglial tumors are classified as oligodendroglioma (O) and anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO). The aim of the present study was to compare PTN expression, in astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas and its association with the histological diagnosis, microvascular density, proliferate potential and clinical outcome. METHODS Seventy-eight central nervous system tumors were analyzed. The histological diagnosis in accordance with WHO classification was: 13PA, 18DA, 8AA, 15GBM, 16O and 8AO. Immunohistochemistry was realized with these specific antibodies: pleiotrophin, CD31 to microvascular density and Ki-67 to cell proliferation. RESULTS PTN expression was significantly higher in GBM and AA when compared to PA and higher in GBM compared to DA. PTN expression did not differ between O and AO. Proliferate index and microvascular density were evaluated only in high grade tumors (AA, GBM and AO) divided in three groups according to PTN expression (low, intermediate and high). These results showed no statistical difference between PTN expression and index of cellular proliferation and neither to PTN expression and microvascular density. Overall survival (OS) analysis (months) showed similar results in high grade gliomas with different levels of PTN expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PTN expression is associated with histopathological grade of astrocytomas. Proliferation rate, microvascular density and overall survival do not seem to be associated with PTN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Peria
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo (USP), Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP, Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Dorrell M, Uusitalo-Jarvinen H, Aguilar E, Friedlander M. Ocular neovascularization: basic mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Surv Ophthalmol 2007; 52 Suppl 1:S3-19. [PMID: 17240254 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of diseases that cause catastrophic loss of vision do so as a result of ocular neovascularization. During normal retinal vascular development, vascular endothelial cells proliferate and migrate through the extracellular matrix in response to a variety of cytokines, leading to the formation of new blood vessels in a highly ordered fashion. During abnormal neovascularization of the iris, retina, or choroid, angiogenesis is unregulated and usually results in the formation of dysfunctional blood vessels. When these newly formed vessels leak fluid, hemorrhage, or are associated with fibrous proliferation, retinal edema, retinal/vitreous hemorrhage, or traction retinal detachments may occur resulting in potentially catastrophic loss of vision. In this review, we will briefly discuss the scope of the clinical problem and the general underlying principles of angiogenesis. We will focus on recent laboratory advances that have led to the development of therapeutics useful in the treatment of neovascular eye diseases. We will describe compounds currently in pre-clinical development stages as well as the results of clinical trials involving the use of these drugs as treatments for ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92014, USA
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