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Shin HH, Jeon ES, Lim BK. Macrophage-Specific Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Deletion Enhances Macrophage M1 Polarity in CVB3-Induced Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065309. [PMID: 36982385 PMCID: PMC10049483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is very well known as an epithelial tight junction and cardiac intercalated disc protein; it mediates attachment and infection via the coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and type 5 adenovirus. Macrophages play important roles in early immunity during viral infections. However, the role of CAR in macrophages is not well studied in relation to CVB3 infection. In this study, the function of CAR was observed in the Raw264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. CAR expression was stimulated by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, the peritoneal macrophage was activated and CAR expression was increased. The macrophage-specific CAR conditional knockout mice (KO) were generated from lysozyme Cre mice. The expression of inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) was attenuated in the KO mice’s peritoneal macrophage after LPS treatment. In addition, the virus was not replicated in CAR-deleted macrophages. The organ virus replication was not significantly different in both wild-type (WT) and KO mice at days three and seven post-infection (p.i). However, the inflammatory M1 polarity genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1) were significantly increased, with increased rates of myocarditis in the heart of KO mice compared to those of WT mice. In contrast, type1 interferon (IFN-α and β) was significantly decreased in the heart of KO mice. Serum chemokine CXCL-11 was increased in the KO mice at day three p.i. compared to the WT mice. The attenuation of IFN-α and β in macrophage CAR deletion induced higher levels of CXCL-11 and more increased CD4 and CD8 T cells in KO mice hearts compared to those of WT mice at day seven p.i. These results demonstrate that macrophage-specific CAR deletion increased the macrophage M1 polarity and myocarditis in CVB3 infection. In addition, chemokine CXCL-11 expression was increased, and stimulated CD4 and CD8 T cell activity. Macrophage CAR may be important for the regulation of innate-immunity-induced local inflammation in CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon Dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-830-8605
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Kim SH, Shin HH, Kim JH, Park JH, Jeon ES, Lim BK. Protein Kinase B2 (PKB2/AKT2) Is Essential for Host Protection in CVB3-Induced Acute Viral Myocarditis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031489. [PMID: 35163412 PMCID: PMC8836114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B2 (AKT2) is involved in various cardiomyocyte signaling processes, including those important for survival and metabolism. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is one of the most common pathogens that cause myocarditis in humans. The role of AKT2 in CVB3 infection is not yet well understood. We used a cardiac-specific AKT2 knockout (KO) mouse to determine the role of AKT2 in CVB3-mediated myocarditis. CVB3 was injected intraperitoneally into wild-type (WT) and KO mice. The mice’s survival rate was recorded: survival in KO mice was significantly decreased compared with WT mice (WT vs. KO: 73.3 vs. 27.1%). Myocardial damage and inflammation were significantly increased in the hearts of KO mice compared with those of WT mice. Moreover, from surface ECG, AKT2 KO mice showed a prolonged atria and ventricle conduction time (PR interval, WT vs. KO: 47.27 ± 1.17 vs. 64.79 ± 7.17 ms). AKT2 deletion induced severe myocarditis and cardiac dysfunction due to CVB3 infection. According to real-time PCR, the mRNA level of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α decreased significantly in KO mice compared with WT mice on Days 5 after infection. In addition, innate immune response antiviral effectors, Type I interferon (interferon-α and β), and p62, were dramatically suppressed in the heart of KO mice. In particular, the adult cardiac myocytes isolated from the heart showed high induction of TLR4 protein in KO mice in comparison with WT. AKT2 deletion suppressed the activation of Type I interferon and p62 transcription in CVB3 infection. In cardiac myocytes, AKT2 is a key signaling molecule for the heart from damage through the activation of innate immunity during acute myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-H.S.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ha-Hyeon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-H.S.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jin-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-H.S.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea;
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 50 Irwon dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun 28024, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-H.S.); (J.-H.K.)
- Correspondence: author: ; Tel.: +82-43-830-8605; Fax: +82-43-830-8579
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Fung RCM, Hon KL, Leung AKC. Acute Myocarditis in Children: An Overview of Treatment and Recent Patents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 14:106-116. [PMID: 32013855 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x14666200204103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric myocarditis is rare but challenging. This overview summarized the current knowledge and recent patents on childhood myocarditis. METHODS Clinical queries and keywords of "myocarditis" and "childhood" were used as search engine. RESULTS Viral infections are the most common causes of acute myocarditis. Affected children often have a prodrome of fever, malaise, and myalgia. Clinical manifestations of acute myocarditis in children can be nonspecific. Some children may present with easy fatigability, poor appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress/tachypnea, dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, chronic cough with wheezing, chest pain, unexplained tachycardia, hypotension, syncope, and hepatomegaly. Supraventricular arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart block may be present. A subset of patients have fulminant myocarditis and present with cardiovascular collapse, which may progress to severe cardiogenic shock, and even death. A high index of suspicion is crucial to its diagnosis and timely management. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is important in aiding clinical diagnosis while, endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard. The treatment consists of supportive therapy, ranging from supplemental oxygen and fluid restriction to mechanical circulatory support. Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors, angio-tensin II receptor blockers, β-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists might be used for the treatment of heart failure while, immunosuppression treatments remain controversial. There are a few recent patents targeting prevention or treatment of viral myocarditis, including an immunogenic composition comprising a PCV-2 antigen, glutathione-S-transferase P1, neuregulins, NF-[kappa] B inhibitor, a pharmaceutical composition which contains 2-amino-2- (2- (4-octyl phenyl) - ethyl) propane 1,3-diol, a composition containing pycnojenol, Chinese herbal concoctions, and a Korean oral rapamycin. Evidence of their efficacy is still lacking. CONCLUSION This article reviews the current literature regarding etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of acute myocarditis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C M Fung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kam L Hon
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary and The Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ibrahim MA, Ramadan HH, Mohammed RN. Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus COVID-19 infections. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:131-143. [PMID: 33594843 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic invades the world. Public health evaluates the incidence of infections and death, which should be reduced and need desperately quarantines for infected individuals. This article review refers to the roles of Ginkgo Biloba to reduce the risk of infection in the respiratory tract, the details on the epidemiology of corona COVID-19 and influenza, and it highlights how the Ginko Biloba could have been used as a novel treatment.Ginkgo Biloba can reduce the risk of infection by several mechanisms; these mechanisms involve Ginkgo Biloba contains quercetin and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory and immune modulator effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations. Cytokines cause inflammation which have been induced the injuries in lung lining.Some observational studies confirmed that Ginkgo Biloba reduced the risk of asthma, sepsis and another respiratory disease as well as it reduced the risk of cigarette smoking on respiratory symptoms. While other evidences suggested the characters of Ginkgo Biloba as an antivirus agent through several mechanisms. Ginkgolic acid (GA) can inhibit the fusion and synthesis of viral proteins, thus, it inhibit the Herpes Simplex Virus type1 (HSV-1), genome replication in Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the infections of the Zika Virus (ZIKV). Also, it inhibits the wide spectrum of fusion by inhibiting the three types of proteins that have been induced fusion as (Influenza A Virus [IAV], Epstein Barr Virus [EBV], HIV and Ebola Virus [EBOV]).The secondary mechanism of GA targeting inhibition of the DNA and protein synthesis in virus, greatly have been related to its strong effects, even afterward the beginning of the infection, therefore, it potentially treats the acute viral contaminations like (Measles and Coronavirus COVID-19). Additionally, it has been used topically as an effective agent on vigorous lesions including (varicella-zoster virus [VZV], HSV-1 and HSV-2). Ginkgo Biloba may be useful for treating the infected people with coronavirus COVID-19 through its beneficial effect. To assess those recommendations should be conducted with random control trials and extensive population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Ibrahim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Hanan H Ramadan
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Rasha N Mohammed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
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Inhibition of RNA Helicase Activity Prevents Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Myocarditis in Human iPS Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093041. [PMID: 32344926 PMCID: PMC7246926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is known to be an important cause of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Enterovirus-2C (E2C) is a viral RNA helicase. It inhibits host protein synthesis. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that the inhibition of 2C may suppress virus replication and prevent enterovirus-mediated cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated a chemically modified enterovirus-2C inhibitor (E2CI). From the in vitro assay, E2CI was showed strong antiviral effects. For in vivo testing, mice were treated with E2CI intraperitoneally injected daily for three consecutive days at a dose of 8mg/kg per day, after CVB3 post-infection (p.i) (CVB3 + E2CI, n = 33). For the infected controls (CVB3 only, n = 35), mice were injected with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) in a DBA/2 strain to establish chronic myocarditis. The four-week survival rate of E2CI-treated mice was significantly higher than that of controls (92% vs. 71%; p < 0.05). Virus titers and myocardial damage were significantly reduced in the E2CI treated group. In addition, echocardiography indicated that E2CI administration dramatically maintained mouse heart function compared to control at day 28 p.i chronic stage (LVIDD, 3.1 ± 0.08 vs. 3.9 ± 0.09, p < 0.01; LVDS, 2.0 ± 0.07 vs. 2.5 ± 0.07, p < 0.001; FS, 34.8 ± 1.6% vs. 28.5 ± 1.5%; EF, 67. 9 ± 2.9% vs. 54.7 ± 4.7%, p < 0.05; CVB3 + E2CI, n = 6 vs. CVB3, n = 4). Moreover, E2CI is effectively worked in human iPS (induced pluripotent stem cell) derived cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION Enterovirus-2C inhibitor (E2CI) was significantly reduced viral replication, chronic myocardium damage, and CVB3-induced mortality in DBA/2 mice. These results suggested that E2CI is a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of enterovirus-mediated diseases.
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Wang W, Ma K, Liu J, Li F. Ginkgo bilobaextract may alleviate viral myocarditis by suppression of S100A4 and MMP‐3. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2083-2092. [PMID: 31359441 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Ke Ma
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Feng Li
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
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Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production improves viral elimination in CVB3-infected myocardium in mice. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:533-538. [PMID: 30670775 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To find whether administration of hydrogen sulfide has interaction with coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) replication and spread. METHODS Six-week-old inbred male Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with CVB3. Mice were randomized to four groups (n = 10 for each group): group N (sham infection + vehicle), group C (virus + vehicle), group P (virus + DL-proparglygylcine (PAG)), and group S (virus + sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS)). PAG and NaHS were administered intraperitoneally daily and mice were killed on day 4 after viral inoculation. Serum specimens were obtained to assay tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) level, and heart specimens were harvested for histological examination, 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The ratio of heart-weight to body-weight and inflammatory scores showed no significant difference between infected groups. The circulatory and local concentrations of TNFα, nitric oxide synthase 2 messenger RNA, and protein were higher in group P, and were lower in group S compared to those in group C. Mice treated with PAG and NaHS had significantly lower and higher viral stocks than those inoculated with CVB3 only, respectively. CONCLUSION Inhibition of endogenous hydrogen sulfide production contributed to viral clearance in acute viremia of CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Abstract
Viral myocarditis remains a prominent infectious-inflammatory disease for patients throughout the lifespan. The condition presents several challenges including varied modes of clinical presentation, a range of timepoints when patients come to attention, a diversity of approaches to diagnosis, a spectrum of clinical courses, and unsettled perspectives on therapeutics in different patient settings and in the face of different viral pathogens. In this review, we examine current knowledge about viral heart disease and especially provide information on evolving understanding of mechanisms of disease and efforts by investigators to identify and evaluate potential therapeutic avenues for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Fung
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce McManus
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation (G.F., H.L., Y.Q., D.Y., B.M.), Centre of Excellence for Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF Centre), and Institute for Heart + Lung Health, St. Paul's Hospital (B.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Li-Sha G, Jing-Lin Z, Guang-Yi C, Li L, De-Pu Z, Yue-Chun L. Dose-dependent protective effect of nicotine in a murine model of viral myocarditis induced by coxsackievirus B3. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15895. [PMID: 26507386 PMCID: PMC4623743 DOI: 10.1038/srep15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) was recently described as an anti-inflammatory target in various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-related effects of nicotine, an alpha7 nAChR agonist, in murine model of viral myocarditis. BALB/C mice were infected by an intraperitoneally injection with coxsackievirus B3. Nicotine was administered at doses of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg three times per day for 7 or 14 consecutive days. The effects of nicotine on survival, myocardial histopathological changes, cardiac function, and cytokine levels were studied. The survival rate on day 14 increased in a dose-dependent fashion and was markedly higher in the 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg nicotine groups than in the infected untreated group. Treatment with high-dose nicotine reduced the myocardial inflammation and improved the impaired left ventricular function in infected mice. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A were significantly downregulated in dose-dependent manners in the nicotine treatment groups compared to the infected untreated group. Nicotine dose-dependently reduced the severity of viral myocarditis through inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The findings suggest that alpha7 nAChR agonists may be a promising new strategy for patients with viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li-Sha
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhao Jing-Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Chen Guang-Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Liu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhou De-Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Li Yue-Chun
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Lim BK, Yun SH, Ju ES, Kim BK, Lee YJ, Yoo DK, Kim YC, Jeon ES. Soluble coxsackievirus B3 3C protease inhibitor prevents cardiomyopathy in an experimental chronic myocarditis murine model. Virus Res 2015; 199:1-8. [PMID: 25485472 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common cause of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. CVB3 3C protease (3CP) cleaves the viral polyprotein during replication. We tested whether a water soluble 3CP inhibitor (3CPI) had antiviral effects in a chronic myocarditis model. METHODS Chronic myocarditis was established using DBA/2 strain mice. Starting on post-infection (p.i) day 3, CVB3-infected mice (n=41) were treated with 3CPI by daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at a concentration of 50 μM (1.7 mg/kg/day) per day for 3 consecutive days. Additional mice (n=49) were injected with PBS as a control. RESULTS The 5-week survival rate was significantly higher with 3CPI treatment (82.3% versus 47.9%; P<0.05). Organ virus titers at day 3 and 7 and myocardial damage were significantly lower in 3CPI-treated mice. Echocardiography at day 31 indicated strong protection of heart function by 3CPI (FS, 51.2±1.5 versus 26.1±1.5%; P<0.001). Hemodynamic measurements indicated that 3CPI treatment markedly reduced CVB3-induced LV dysfunction on day 31 (dP/dTmax, 5302±352 versus 4103±408 mmHg/s, P<0.05; dP/dTmin, -3798±212 versus -2814±206 mmHg/s, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Water soluble 3CPI was delivered through i.p. injection after CVB3 infection. This agent preserved heart function and decreased organ viral titers and myocardial damage. Soluble 3CPI may be beneficial in the treatment of cardiomyopathy associated with enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, South Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Yun
- Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Ju
- Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - You-Jung Lee
- Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyeom Yoo
- Center for Molecular & Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Chul Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Reddy J. Intricacies of cardiac damage in coxsackievirus B3 infection: implications for therapy. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:330-339. [PMID: 25449464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in humans, and myocarditis is one predominant cause of heart failure in young adults. Patients affected with myocarditis can develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common reason for heart transplantation, which to date is the only viable option for combatting DCM. Myocarditis/DCM patients show antibodies to coxsackievirus B (CVB)3 and cardiac antigens, suggesting a role for CVB-mediated autoimmunity in the disease pathogenesis; however, a direct causal link remains to be determined clinically. Experimentally, myocarditis can be induced in susceptible strains of mice using the human isolates of CVB3, and the disease pathogenesis of postinfectious myocarditis resembles that of human disease, making the observations made in animals relevant to humans. In this review, we discuss the complex nature of CVB3-induced myocarditis as it relates to the damage caused by both the virus and the host's response to infection. Based on recent data we obtained in the mouse model of CVB3 infection, we provide evidence to suggest that CVB3 infection accompanies the generation of cardiac myosin-specific CD4 T cells that can transfer the disease to naïve recipients. The therapeutic implications of these observations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583
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Lim BK, Kim JH. ORI2 inhibits coxsackievirus replication and myocardial inflammation in experimental murine myocarditis. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1650-4. [PMID: 25273388 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We purified ORI2 [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid 1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxycarbonylethyl ester] from an extract of the plant Isodon excisus. We tested the antiviral effect of ORI2 in a coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis model. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common cause of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling in virus-infected cells is essential for CVB3 replication. Antiviral compounds were screened by HeLa cell survival assay. Several purified natural compounds were added to HeLa cells cultured in 96-well plates for 30 min after 1 multiplicity of infection (m.o.i) CVB3 infection. ORI2 significantly improved HeLa cell survival in a dose-dependent manner. For in vivo studies, BALB/c mice (n=20) were infected with CVB3, then 10 of the mice were treated by daily intraperitoneal injections of ORI2 (100 mM) for 3 consecutive days. ORI2 treatment significantly improved early survival in the treated mice compared to untreated mice (85% vs. 50%, respectively). Organ virus titers and myocardial damage were significantly lower in the ORI2-treated mice than in untreated mice. These results demonstrate that ORI2, delivered by intraperitoneal injection after CVB3 infection, has a significant antiviral effect by markedly inhibiting virus replication, resulting in a decrease in organ virus titer and myocardial damage. ORI2 may be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of CVB3 infections.
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Li-Sha G, Yi-He C, Na-Dan Z, Teng Z, Yue-Chun L. Effects of carvedilol treatment on cardiac cAMP response element binding protein expression and phosphorylation in acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013; 13:100. [PMID: 24225056 PMCID: PMC3840656 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of β-adrenergic stimulation on viral myocarditis has been investigated in animal models of viral myocarditis. Excess stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors by catecholamines causes phosphorylation/activation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) by the cAMP signaling pathway. CREB as an important regulator of gene expression mediates the cardiovascular remodeling process and promotes anti-inflammatory immune responses. However, the CREB expression and phosphorylation have not been studied, and the effects of carvedilol (a nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist) on the CREB has not been investigated in the setting of acute viral myocarditis. Methods This study was therefore designed to examine the effects of carvedilol on the transcriptional factor CREB in a murine model of acute viral myocarditis. In a coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis model (Balb/c), effects of carvedilol on plasma noradrenaline, heart rate and blood pressure, myocardial histopathological changes and fibrosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac CREB and phosphorylated CREB, cytokine levels, and viral RNA were studied. Results The expression and phosphorylation of CREB were decreased with concomitant increase of IL-6 and TNF-α in murine coxsackievirus-induced acute viral myocarditis. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were correlated with the expression of CREB or phosphorylated CREB. Carvedilol increased the cardiac CREB expression and phosphorylation and decreased the plasma catecholamine levels and the production of IL-6 and TNF-α with amelioration of acute viral myocarditis. Conclusion These results show that CREB may be involved in the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis and carvedilol exerts some of its beneficial effects by increasing the CREB expression and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Yue-Chun
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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14
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Park HR, Lee MS, Jo SY, Won HJ, Lee HS, Lee H, Shin KS. Immuno-stimulating Activities of Polysaccharides Isolated from Commercial Soy Sauce and Traditional Korean Soy Sauce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2012.44.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Dyachok O, Zhabyeyev P, McDonald TF. Electroporation-induced inward current in voltage-clamped guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Membr Biol 2010; 238:69-80. [PMID: 21104181 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation induced by high-strength electrical fields has long been used to investigate membrane properties and facilitate transmembrane delivery of molecules and genes for research and clinical purposes. In the heart, electric field-induced passage of ions through electropores is a factor in defibrillation and postshock dysfunction. Voltage-clamp pulses can also induce electroporation, as exemplified by findings in earlier studies on rabbit ventricular myocytes: Long hyperpolarizations to ≤-110 mV induced influx of marker ethidium and irregular inward currents that were as large with external NMDG(+) as Na(+). In the present study, guinea pig ventricular myocytes were bathed with NMDG(+), Na(+) or NMDG(+) + La(3+) solution (36°C) and treated with five channel blockers. Hyperpolarization of myocytes in NMDG(+) solution elicited an irregular inward current (I (ep)) that reversed at -21.5 ± 1.5 mV. In myocytes hyperpolarized with 200-ms steps every 30 s, I (ep) occurred in "episodes" that lasted for one to four steps. Boltzmann fits to data on the incidence of I (ep) per experiment indicate 50% incidence at -129.7 ± 1.4 mV (Na(+)) and -146.3 ± 1.6 mV (NMDG(+)) (slopes ≈-7.5 mV). I (ep) amplitude increased with negative voltage and was larger with Na(+) than NMDG(+) (e.g., -2.83 ± 0.34 vs. -1.40 ± 0.22 nA at -190 mV). La(3+) (0.2 mM) shortened episodes, shifted 50% incidence by -35 mV and decreased amplitude, suggesting that it inhibits opening/promotes closing of electropores. We compare our findings with earlier ones, especially in regard to electropore selectivity. In the Appendix, relative permeabilities and modified excluded-area theory are used to derive estimates of electropore diameters consistent with reversal potential -21.5 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Dyachok
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 1X5, Canada
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16
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Li YC, Ge LS, Yang PL, Tang JF, Lin JF, Chen P, Guan XQ. Carvedilol treatment ameliorates acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis associated with oxidative stress reduction. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 640:112-6. [PMID: 20457150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myocarditis. The imbalance between the occurrence of reactive oxygen species and the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism plays a key role in myocardial injury of viral myocarditis. Carvedilol, a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with additional alpha1-adrenergic blocking and antioxidant properties, has been shown to be cardioprotective in experimental myocarditis. However, the expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), the most reliable marker of lipid peroxidation, has not been studied, and the antioxidative effects of carvedilol have not been investigated in the setting of acute viral myocarditis. This study was therefore designed to determine whether levels of lipid peroxides are elevated in the myocardium and whether carvedilol reduces the lipid peroxidation level and increases antioxidant enzyme activities. In a coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis model (Balb/c), effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on 14-day survival rate, myocardial histopathological changes, cardiac function, the expression of 4-HNE, virus titers, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px) activities were studied. Lipid peroxidations including 4-HNE and MDA, were elevated in murine coxsackievirus-induced acute viral myocarditis. Carvedilol, but not metoprolol, improved survival, reduced lipid peroxidations including 4-HNE and MDA, and increased antioxidant enzyme activities including SOD and GSH-Px with amelioration of acute viral myocarditis. These results show that carvedilol but not metoprolol exerts some of its beneficial effects by inhibiting peroxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Chun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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17
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Esfandiarei M, Boroomand S, Suarez A, Si X, Rahmani M, McManus B. Coxsackievirus B3 activates nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor via a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B-dependent pathway to improve host cell viability. Cell Microbiol 2008; 9:2358-71. [PMID: 17848167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the most common viral infectant of heart muscle. CVB3 directly injures cardiomyocytes. We have previously reported on a regulatory role for the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway during CVB3 infection. Yet, the mechanism underlying this regulatory role has not been elucidated. The PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in various cellular processes and exerts its function through the activation of several downstream effectors. Among them, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) transcription factor is involved in inflammation, survival and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of NFkappaB as a potential downstream mediator of signals through the PI3K/Akt cascade, in regulating CVB3-induced cellular injury. We report that CVB3 infection induces the translocation of NFkappaB into the nucleus of infected cells. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway markedly decreases virus-induced NFkappaB activation. Further, NFkappaB inhibition significantly suppresses host viability, suggesting a pro-survival role for NFkappaB. Short-term treatment of cells with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a potent activator of NFkappaB, promotes host cell viability without affecting virus replication. However, a prolonged treatment has a detrimental effect on cells, indicating the existence of a delicate balance between the anti- and pro-apoptotic roles of TNF-alpha in the setting of CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Esfandiarei
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Providence Health Care Research Institute/St. Paul's Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Shin JO, Ju ES, Song HM, Yun SH, Lim BK, Choi JH, Kim DK, Jeon ES. Effects of Cardiotrophin-1 on Adriamycin-Induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts. Korean Circ J 2008. [DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2008.38.5.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ok Shin
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Ju
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Song
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Yun
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Lim
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Jeon
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Cardiac and Vascular Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Defibrillation shocks are commonly used to terminate life-threatening arrhythmias. According to the excitation theory of defibrillation, such shocks are aimed at depolarizing the membranes of most cardiac cells, resulting in resynchronization of electrical activity in the heart. If shock-induced transmembrane potentials are large enough, they can cause transient tissue damage due to electroporation. In this review, evidence is presented that electroporation of the heart tissue can occur during clinically relevant intensities of the external electrical field and that electroporation can affect the outcome of defibrillation therapy, being both pro- and antiarrhythmic.Here, we present experimental evidence for electroporation in cardiac tissue, which occurs above a threshold of 25 V/cm as evident from propidium iodide uptake, transient diastolic depolarization, and reductions of action potential amplitude and its derivative. These electrophysiological changes can induce tachyarrhythmia, due to conduction block and possibly triggered activity; however, our findings provide the foundation for future design of effective methods to deliver genes and drugs to cardiac tissues, while avoiding possible side effects such as arrhythmia and mechanical stunning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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