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Rossi S, Tatangelo V, Dichiara M, Butini S, Gemma S, Brogi S, Pasquini S, Cappello M, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Lopresti L, Malchiodi M, Carrara C, Gozzetti A, Bocchia M, Marotta G, Patrussi L, Carullo G, Baldari CT, Campiani G. A novel potent class I HDAC inhibitor reverses the STAT4/p66Shc apoptotic defect in B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116537. [PMID: 38579402 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) patients have a defective expression of the proapoptotic protein p66Shc and of its transcriptional factor STAT4, which evoke molecular abnormalities, impairing apoptosis and worsening disease prognosis and severity. p66Shc expression is epigenetically controlled and transcriptionally modulated by STAT4; epigenetic modifiers are deregulated in CLL cells and specific histone deacetylases (HDACs) like HDAC1, are overexpressed. Reactivation of STAT4/p66Shc expression may represent an attractive and challenging strategy to reverse CLL apoptosis defects. New selective class I HDAC inhibitors (HDACis, 6a-g) were developed with increased potency over existing agents and preferentially interfering with the CLL-relevant isoform HDAC1, to unveil the role of class I HDACs in the upregulation of STAT4 expression, which upregulates p66Shc expression and hence normalizes CLL cell apoptosis. 6c (chlopynostat) was identified as a potent HDAC1i with a superior profile over entinostat. 6c induces marked apoptosis of CLL cells compared with SAHA, which was associated with an upregulation of STAT4/p66Shc protein expression. The role of HDAC1, but not HDAC3, in the epigenetic upregulation of STAT4/p66Shc was demonstrated for the first time in CLL cells and was validated in siRNA-induced HDAC1/HDAC3 knock-down EBV-B cells. To sum up, HDAC1 inhibition is necessary to reactivate STAT4/p66Shc expression in patients with CLL. 6c is one of the most potent HDAC1is known to date and represents a novel pharmacological tool for reversing the impairment of the STAT4/p66Shc apoptotic machinery.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1/metabolism
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1/genetics
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase 1/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Male
- Aged
- Female
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Vanessa Tatangelo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Maria Dichiara
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Cappello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Ludovica Lopresti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Margherita Malchiodi
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Chiara Carrara
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzetti
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Monica Bocchia
- Haematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marotta
- Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit, University Hospital, Policlinico "Santa Maria alle Scotte", Viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy; Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-7346, Iran
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2
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P66Shc: A Pleiotropic Regulator of B Cell Trafficking and a Gatekeeper in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041006. [PMID: 32325830 PMCID: PMC7226591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients (CLL) have a profound deficiency in the expression of p66Shc, an adaptor protein with pro-apoptotic and pro-oxidant activities. This defect results in leukemic B cell resistance to apoptosis and additionally impinges on the balance between chemokine receptors that control B cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs and the sphingosine phosphate receptor S1PR1 that controls their egress therefrom, thereby favoring leukemic B cell accumulation in the pro-survival lymphoid niche. Ablation of the gene encoding p66Shc in the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model of human CLL enhances leukemogenesis and promotes leukemic cell invasiveness in both nodal and extranodal organs, providing in vivo evidence of the pathogenic role of the p66Shc defect in CLL pathogenesis. Here we present an overview of the functions of p66Shc in B lymphocytes, with a specific focus on the multiple mechanisms exploited by p66Shc to control B cell trafficking and the abnormalities in this process caused by p66Shc deficiency in CLL.
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Xiao Y, Xia J, Cheng J, Huang H, Zhou Y, Yang X, Su X, Ke Y, Ling W. Inhibition of S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Induces Endothelial Dysfunction via Epigenetic Regulation of p66shc-Mediated Oxidative Stress Pathway. Circulation 2020; 139:2260-2277. [PMID: 30773021 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.036336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), the precursor of homocysteine, are positively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and with the development and progression of atherosclerosis. However, the role of SAH in endothelial dysfunction is unclear. METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient ( apoE-/-) mice received dietary supplementation with the SAH hydrolase (SAHH) inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde or were intravenously injected with a retrovirus expressing SAHH shRNA. These 2 approaches, along with the heterozygous SAHH gene knockout ( SAHH+/-) mouse model, were used to elevate plasma SAH levels and to examine the role of SAH in aortic endothelial dysfunction. The relationship between plasma SAH levels and endothelial dysfunction was also investigated in human patients with coronary artery disease and healthy control subjects. RESULTS Plasma SAH levels were increased in SAHH+/- mice and in apoE-/- mice after dietary administration of adenosine dialdehyde or intravenous injection with SAHH shRNA. SAHH+/- mice or apoE-/- mice with SAHH inhibition showed impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability after treatment with acetylcholine; this was completely abolished by the administration of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Furthermore, SAHH inhibition induced production of reactive oxygen species and p66shc expression in the mouse aorta and human aortic endothelial cells. Antioxidants and p66shc siRNA prevented SAHH inhibition-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and attenuated the impaired endothelial vasomotor responses in high-SAH mice. Moreover, inhibition of SAHH induced hypomethylation in the p66shc gene promoter and inhibited expression of DNA methyltransferase 1. Overexpression of DNA methyltransferase 1, induced by transduction of an adenovirus, was sufficient to abrogate SAHH inhibition-induced upregulation of p66shc expression. Finally, plasma SAH levels were inversely associated with flow-mediated dilation and hypomethylation of the p66shc gene promoter and positively associated with oxidative stress levels in patients with coronary artery disease and healthy control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that inhibition of SAHH results in elevated plasma SAH levels and induces endothelial dysfunction via epigenetic upregulation of the p66shc-mediated oxidative stress pathway. Our study provides novel molecular insight into mechanisms of SAH-associated endothelial injury that may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03345927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology (Y.X., J.X., J.C., Y.Z., YK.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology (Y.X., J.X., J.C., Y.Z., YK.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology (Y.X., J.X., J.C., Y.Z., YK.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen (H.H., X.Y.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Yani Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology (Y.X., J.X., J.C., Y.Z., YK.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen (H.H., X.Y.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefen Su
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China (X.S.)
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology (Y.X., J.X., J.C., Y.Z., YK.), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (W.L.)
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4
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Onnis A, Cassioli C, Finetti F, Baldari CT. Regulation of Selective B Cell Autophagy by the Pro-oxidant Adaptor p66SHC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:193. [PMID: 32274384 PMCID: PMC7113388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
p66SHC is a pro-oxidant member of the SHC family of protein adaptors that acts as a negative regulator of cell survival. In lymphocytes p66SHC exploits both its adaptor and its reactive oxygen species (ROS)-elevating function to antagonize mitogenic and survival signaling and promote apoptosis. As a result, p66SHC deficiency leads to the abnormal expansion of peripheral T and B cells and lupus-like autoimmunity. Additionally, a defect in p66SHC expression is a hallmark of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, where it contributes to the accumulation of long-lived neoplastic cells. We have recently provided evidence that p66SHC exerts a further layer of control on B cell homeostasis by acting as a new mitochondrial LC3-II receptor to promote the autophagic demise of dysfunctional mitochondria. Here we discuss this finding in the context of the autophagic control of B cell homeostasis, development, and differentiation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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5
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Patrussi L, Capitani N, Ulivieri C, Manganaro N, Granai M, Cattaneo F, Kabanova A, Mundo L, Gobessi S, Frezzato F, Visentin A, Finetti F, Pelicci PG, D'Elios MM, Trentin L, Semenzato G, Leoncini L, Efremov DG, Baldari CT. p66Shc deficiency in the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia enhances leukemogenesis by altering the chemokine receptor landscape. Haematologica 2019; 104:2040-2052. [PMID: 30819907 PMCID: PMC6886430 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.209981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shc family adaptor p66Shc acts as a negative regulator of proliferative and survival signals triggered by the B-cell receptor and, by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species, promotes oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, p66Shc controls the expression and function of chemokine receptors that regulate lymphocyte traffic. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells have a p66Shc expression defect which contributes to their extended survival and correlates with poor prognosis. We analyzed the impact of p66Shc ablation on disease severity and progression in the Eμ-TCL1 mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We showed that Eμ-TCL1/p66Shc-/- mice developed an aggressive disease that had an earlier onset, occurred at a higher incidence and led to earlier death compared to that in Eμ-TCL1 mice. Eμ-TCL1/p66Shc-/- mice displayed substantial leukemic cell accumulation in both nodal and extranodal sites. The target organ selectivity correlated with upregulation of chemokine receptors whose ligands are expressed therein. This also applied to chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, where chemokine receptor expression and extent of organ infiltration were found to correlate inversely with these cells' level of p66Shc expression. p66Shc expression declined with disease progression in Eμ-TCL1 mice and could be restored by treatment with the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. Our results highlight p66Shc deficiency as an important factor in the progression and severity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and underscore p66Shc expression as a relevant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence
| | | | | | - Massimo Granai
- Department of Human Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena
| | | | - Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Department of Human Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena
| | - Stefania Gobessi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua
| | | | | | - Mario M D'Elios
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence
| | - Livio Trentin
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua.,Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua
| | | | - Dimitar G Efremov
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste
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6
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Cattaneo F, Patrussi L, Capitani N, Frezzato F, D'Elios MM, Trentin L, Semenzato G, Baldari CT. Expression of the p66Shc protein adaptor is regulated by the activator of transcription STAT4 in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57086-57098. [PMID: 27494881 PMCID: PMC5302975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
p66Shc attenuates mitogenic, prosurvival and chemotactic signaling and promotes apoptosis in lymphocytes. Consistently, p66Shc deficiency contributes to the survival and trafficking abnormalities of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells. The mechanism of p66shc silencing in CLL B cells is methylation-independent, at variance with other cancer cell types. Here we identify STAT4 as a novel transcriptional regulator of p66Shc in B cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays showed that STAT4 binds to and activates the p66shc promoter. Silencing or overexpression of STAT4 resulted in a co-modulation of p66Shc. IL-12-dependent STAT4 activation caused a coordinate increase in STAT4 and p66Shc expression, which correlated with enhanced B cell apoptosis. Treatment with the STAT4 inhibitor lisofylline reverted partly this effect, suggesting that STAT4 phosphorylation is not essential for but enhances p66shc transcription. Additionally, we demonstrate that CLL B lymphocytes have a STAT4 expression defect which partly accounts for their p66Shc deficiency, as supported by reconstitution experiments. Finally, we show that p66Shc participates in a positive feedback loop to promote STAT4 expression. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of p66Shc expression in B cells and its defect in CLL, identifying the STAT4/IL-12 pathway as a potential therapeutic target in this neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Patrussi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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7
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Capitani N, Ariani F, Amedei A, Pezzicoli A, Matucci A, Vultaggio A, Troilo A, Renieri A, Baldari CT, D' Elios MM. Vav1 haploinsufficiency in a common variable immunodeficiency patient with defective T-cell function. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:811-7. [PMID: 23058036 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immune disorder characterized by impaired antibody production, which is in many instances secondary to defective T cell function (T-CVID). We previously identified a subset of T-CVID patients characterized by defective expression of Vav1, a guanine nucleotide exchanger which couples the T-cell antigen receptor to reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here we have addressed the possibility that an intrinsic defect in the Vav1 gene might underlie the reduction in Vav protein observed in T cells from these patients. We report the identification in one T-CVID patient of a heterozygous deletion in Vav1. The gene deletion, spanning exons 2-27, accounts for the reduction in Vav1 mRNA and protein in T cells from this patient. The disease-related pedigree of this patient suggests a de novo origin of the Vav1 deletion. The findings highlights Vav1 as an autosomal dominant disease gene associated with CVID with defective T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Capitani
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Italy
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8
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Kim YR, Kim CS, Naqvi A, Kumar A, Kumar S, Hoffman TA, Irani K. Epigenetic upregulation of p66shc mediates low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H189-96. [PMID: 22661506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01218.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia characterized by elevation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. p66shc mediates hypercholesterolemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and atheromatous plaque formation. We asked if LDL upregulates endothelial p66shc via changes in the epigenome and examined the role of p66shc in LDL-stimulated endothelial cell dysfunction. Human LDL stimulates human p66shc promoter activity and p66shc expression in human endothelial cells. LDL leads to hypomethylation of two CpG dinucleotides and acetylation of histone 3 in the human p66shc promoter. These two CpG dinucleotides mediate LDL-stimulated p66shc promoter activity. Inhibition or knock down of DNA methyltransferases negates LDL-induced endothelial p66shc expression. p66shc mediates LDL-stimulated increase in expression of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and decrease in expression of thrombomodulin (TM). Mirroring these changes in ICAM1 and TM expression, p66shc mediates LDL-stimulated adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and plasma coagulation on endothelial cells. These findings indicate that LDL cholesterol upregulates human endothelial p66shc expression via hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in the p66shc promoter. Moreover, they show that LDL-stimulated p66shc expression mediates a dysfunctional endothelial cell surface, with proadhesive and procoagulant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Rae Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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9
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Kim CS, Kim YR, Naqvi A, Kumar S, Hoffman TA, Jung SB, Kumar A, Jeon BH, McNamara DM, Irani K. Homocysteine promotes human endothelial cell dysfunction via site-specific epigenetic regulation of p66shc. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:466-75. [PMID: 21933910 PMCID: PMC3211975 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease and is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. Homocysteine modulates cellular methylation reactions. P66shc is a protein that promotes oxidative stress whose expression is governed by promoter methylation. We asked if homocysteine induces endothelial p66shc expression via hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in the p66shc promoter, and whether p66shc mediates homocysteine-stimulated endothelial cell dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS Homocysteine stimulates p66shc transcription in human endothelial cells and hypomethylates specific CpG dinucleotides in the human p66shc promoter. Knockdown of p66shc inhibits the increase in reactive oxygen species, and decrease in nitric oxide, elicited by homocysteine in endothelial cells and prevents homocysteine-induced up-regulation of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1. In addition, knockdown of p66shc mitigates homocysteine-induced adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity or knockdown of DNA methyltransferase 3b abrogates homocysteine-induced up-regulation of p66shc. Comparison of plasma homocysteine in humans with coronary artery disease shows a significant difference between those with highest and lowest p66shc promoter CpG methylation in peripheral blood leucocytes. CONCLUSION Homocysteine up-regulates human p66shc expression via hypomethylation of specific CpG dinucleotides in the p66shc promoter, and this mechanism is important in homocysteine-induced endothelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuk-Seong Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Young-Rae Kim
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Asma Naqvi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Timothy A. Hoffman
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Saet-Byel Jung
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Byeong-Hwa Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennis M. McNamara
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kaikobad Irani
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Scaife S620, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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10
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Ulivieri C. Cell death: Insights into the ultrastructure of mitochondria. Tissue Cell 2010; 42:339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Finetti F, Savino MT, Baldari CT. Positive and negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling by the Shc family of protein adapters. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:115-34. [PMID: 19909360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Shc adapter family includes four members that are expressed as multiple isoforms and participate in signaling by a variety of cell-surface receptors. The biological relevance of Shc proteins as well as their variegated function, which relies on their highly conserved modular structure, is underscored by the distinct and dramatic phenotypic alterations resulting from deletion of individual Shc isoforms both in the mouse and in two model organisms, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. The p52 isoform of ShcA couples antigen and cytokine receptors to Ras activation in both lymphoid and myeloid cells. However, the recognition of the spectrum of activities of p52ShcA in the immune system has been steadily expanding in recent years to other fundamental processes both at the cell and organism levels. Two other Shc family members, p66ShcA and p52ShcC/Rai, have been identified recently in T and B lymphocytes, where they antagonize survival and attenuate antigen receptor signaling. These developments reveal an unexpected and complex interplay of multiple Shc proteins in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Impaired expression of p66Shc, a novel regulator of B-cell survival, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2010; 115:3726-36. [PMID: 20061561 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-239244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis defects underlie to a large extent the extended survival of malignant B cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here, we show that the Shc family adapter p66Shc uncouples the B-cell receptor (BCR) from the Erk- and Akt-dependent survival pathways, thereby enhancing B-cell apoptosis. p66Shc expression was found to be profoundly impaired in CLL B cells compared with normal peripheral B cells. Moreover, significant differences in p66Shc expression were observed in patients with favorable or unfavorable prognosis, based on the mutational status of IGHV genes, with the lowest expression in the unfavorable prognosis group. Analysis of the expression of genes implicated in apoptosis defects of CLL showed an alteration in the balance of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family in patients with CLL. Reconstitution experiments in CLL B cells, together with data obtained on B cells from p66Shc(-/-) mice, showed that p66Shc expression correlates with a bias in the Bcl-2 family toward proapoptotic members. The data identify p66Shc as a novel regulator of B-cell apoptosis which attenuates BCR-dependent survival signals and modulates Bcl-2 family expression. They moreover provide evidence that the p66Shc expression defect in CLL B cells may be causal to the imbalance toward the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members in these cells.
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The proapoptotic and antimitogenic protein p66SHC acts as a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity. Blood 2008; 111:5017-27. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-12-130856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The ShcA locus encodes 3 protein isoforms that differ in tissue specificity, subcellular localization, and function. Among these, p66Shc inhibits TCR coupling to the Ras/MAPK pathway and primes T cells to undergo apoptotic death. We have investigated the outcome of p66Shc deficiency on lymphocyte development and homeostasis. We show that p66Shc−/− mice develop an age-related lupus-like autoimmune disease characterized by spontaneous peripheral T- and B-cell activation and proliferation, autoantibody production, and immune complex deposition in kidney and skin, resulting in autoimmune glomerulonephritis and alopecia. p66Shc−/− lymphocytes display enhanced proliferation in response to antigen receptor engagement in vitro and more robust immune responses both to vaccination and to allergen sensitization in vivo. The data identify p66Shc as a negative regulator of lymphocyte activation and show that loss of this protein results in breaking of immunologic tolerance and development of systemic autoimmunity.
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Geisel J, Schorr H, Heine GH, Bodis M, Hübner U, Knapp JP, Herrmann W. Decreased p66Shc promoter methylation in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 45:1764-70. [PMID: 18067454 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p66Shc is a stress response protein and partially regulated by epigenetic modifications. Mice lacking p66Shc have reduced atherosclerosis, increased resistance to oxidative stress and a prolonged life time. The aim of the present study was to compare promoter methylation of the p66Shc gene between healthy controls and patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There are two reasons for studying patients with ESRD. First, patients with ESRD have a disturbed homocysteine metabolism, and second an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease is a constant finding in these patients. METHODS In our study, we measured fasting levels of homocysteine, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and 8-isoprostane in 22 patients and in 26 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. The methylation of the p66Shc promoter and Line-1, as surrogate marker of whole genome methylation was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS In comparison to the control group, homocysteine, SAM, SAH, 8-isoprostane and whole genome methylation were significantly elevated in ESRD patients, while the p66Shc promoter methylation was significantly reduced. A significant correlation was found between SAH and p66Shc promoter methylation in the patient group. This observation underlines the role of SAH as a potent inhibitor of methyltransferases. Using backward regression analysis, we demonstrated that 8-isoprostane has a significant influence on p66Shc promoter methylation. In the control group and in patients with ESRD, increasing 8-isoprostane levels were linked to an elevated promoter methylation. CONCLUSIONS Under physiological conditions, based on the results of the control group, the p66Shc expression is more silenced through epigenetic modifications. The atherosclerotic risk is dramatically increased in ESRD patients; therefore, our experimental results of methylation are in accordance with the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Geisel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
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