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Wang B, Lei S, Li Q, Luo Y. Production of lactulose from lactose using a novel cellobiose 2-epimerase from Clostridium disporicum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 179:110466. [PMID: 38889605 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lactulose is a semisynthetic nondigestive sugar derived from lactose, with wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Its biological production routes which use cellobiose 2-epimerase (C2E) as the key enzyme have attracted widespread attention. In this study, a set of C2Es from different sources were overexpressed in Escherichia coli to produce lactulose. We obtained a novel and highly efficient C2E from Clostridium disporicum (CDC2E) to synthesize lactulose from lactose. The effects of different heat treatment conditions, reaction pH, reaction temperature, and substrate concentrations were investigated. Under the optimum biotransformation conditions, the final concentration of lactulose was up to 1.45 M (496.3 g/L), with a lactose conversion rate of 72.5 %. This study provides a novel C2E for the biosynthesis of lactulose from low-cost lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohua Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Safety in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial 3R Food Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for General Universities, Changde 415000, PR China.
| | - Song Lei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing and Food Safety in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, PR China; Hunan Provincial 3R Food Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education Center for General Universities, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Qingqin Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Yushuang Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
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2
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Feng Y, Lyu X, Cong Y, Miao T, Fang B, Zhang C, Shen Q, Matthews M, Fisher AJ, Zhang JZH, Zhang L, Yang R. A precise swaying map for how promiscuous cellobiose-2-epimerase operate bi-reaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127093. [PMID: 37758108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Promiscuous enzymes play a crucial role in organism survival and new reaction mining. However, comprehensive mapping of the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms hasn't been well studied due to the characteristic complexity. The cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CsCE) with complex epimerization and isomerization was chosen to comprehensively investigate the promiscuous mechanisms. Here, the catalytic frame of ring-opening, cis-enediol mediated catalysis and ring-closing was firstly determined. To map the full view of promiscuous CE, the structure of CsCE complex with the isomerized product glucopyranosyl-β1,4-fructose was determined. Combined with computational calculation, the promiscuity was proved a precise cooperation of the double subsites, loop rearrangement, and intermediate swaying. The flexible loop was like a gear, whose structural reshaping regulates the sway of the intermediates between the two subsites of H377-H188 and H377-H247, and thus regulates the catalytic directions. The different protonated states of cis-enediol intermediate catalyzed by H188 were the key point for the catalysis. The promiscuous enzyme tends to utilize all elements at hand to carry out the promiscuous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Feng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yalong Cong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Tingwei Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bohuan Fang
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuanxi Zhang
- Department of Micro/Nano Electronics, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Melissa Matthews
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Lujia Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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3
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Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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Wang L, Gu J, Feng Y, Wang M, Tong Y, Liu Y, Lyu X, Yang R. Enhancement of the Isomerization Activity and Thermostability of Cellobiose 2-Epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus by Exchange of a Flexible Loop. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1907-1915. [PMID: 33541071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) offers a promising enzymatic approach to produce lactulose. However, its application is limited by the unsatisfactory isomerization activity and thermostability. Our study attempted to optimize the catalytic performances of CEs by flexible loop exchange, for which four mutants were constructed using CsCE (CE from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus) as a template. As a result, all mutants maintained the same catalytic directions as the templates. Mutant RmC displayed a 2.2- and 1.34-fold increase in the isomerization activity and catalytic efficiency, respectively. According to the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, it was revealed that the loop exchange in RmC enlarged the entrance of the active site for substrate binding and benefited proton transfer involved in the isomerization process. Besides, the t1/2 of mutant StC at 70 °C was increased from 29.07 to 38.29 h, owing to the abundance of rigid residues (proline) within the flexible loop of StC. Our work demonstrated that the isomerization activity and thermostability of CEs were closely related to the flexible loop surrounding the active site, which provides a new perspective to engineer CEs for higher lactulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yinghui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanjun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Feng Y, Hua X, Shen Q, Matthews M, Zhang Y, Fisher AJ, Lyu X, Yang R. Insight into the potential factors influencing the catalytic direction in cellobiose 2-epimerase by crystallization and mutagenesis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:1104-1113. [PMID: 33135681 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832001222x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is commonly recognized as an epimerase as most CEs mainly exhibit an epimerization activity towards disaccharides. In recent years, several CEs have been found to possess bifunctional epimerization and isomerization activities. They can convert lactose into lactulose, a high-value disaccharide that is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the factors that determine the catalytic direction in CEs are still not clear. In this study, the crystal structures of three newly discovered CEs, CsCE (a bifunctional CE from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus), StCE (a bifunctional CE from Spirochaeta thermophila DSM 6578) and BtCE (a monofunctional CE from Bacillus thermoamylovorans B4166), were determined at 1.54, 2.05 and 1.80 Å resolution, respectively, in order to search for structural clues to their monofunctional/bifunctional properties. A comparative analysis of the hydrogen-bond networks in the active pockets of diverse CEs, YihS and mannose isomerase suggested that the histidine corresponding to His188 in CsCE is uniquely required to catalyse isomerization. By alignment of the apo and ligand-bound structures of diverse CEs, it was found that bifunctional CEs tend to have more flexible loops and a larger entrance around the active site, and that the flexible loop 148-181 in CsCE displays obvious conformational changes during ligand binding. It was speculated that the reconstructed molecular interactions of the flexible loop during ligand binding helped to motivate the ligands to stretch in a manner beneficial for isomerization. Further site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the flexible loop in CsCE indicated that the residue composition of the flexible loop did not greatly impact epimerization but affects isomerization. In particular, V177D and I178D mutants showed a 50% and 80% increase in isomerization activity over the wild type. This study provides new information about the structural characteristics involved in the catalytic properties of CEs, which can be used to guide future molecular modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Melissa Matthews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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6
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Insight into the significant roles of the Trp372 and flexible loop in directing the catalytic direction and substrate specificity in AGE superfamily enzymes. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Chen Q, Xiao Y, Zhang W, Stressler T, Fischer L, Jiang B, Mu W. Computer-aided search for a cold-active cellobiose 2-epimerase. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7730-7741. [PMID: 32684457 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is a promising industrial enzyme that can catalyze bioconversion of lactose to its high-value derivatives, namely epilactose and lactulose. A need exists in the dairy industry to catalyze lactose bioconversions at low temperatures to avoid microbial growth. We focused on the discovery of cold-active CE in this study. A genome mining method based on computational prediction was used to screen the potential genes encoding cold-active enzymes. The CE-encoding gene from Roseburia intestinalis, with a predicted high structural flexibility, was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli. The catalytic property of the recombinant enzyme was extensively studied. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 45°C and 7.0, respectively. The specific activity of this enzyme to catalyze conversion of lactose to epilactose was measured to be 77.3 ± 1.6 U/mg. The kinetic parameters, including turnover number (kcat), Michaelis constant (Km), and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) using lactose as a substrate were 117.0 ± 7.7 s-1, 429.9 ± 57.3 mM, and 0.27 mM-1s-1, respectively. In situ production of epilactose was carried out at 8°C: 20.9% of 68.4 g/L lactose was converted into epilactose in 4 h using 0.02 mg/mL (1.5 U/mL, measured at 45°C) of recombinant enzyme. The enzyme discovered by this in silico method is suitable for low-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yaqin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Xiao Y, Chen Q, Guang C, Zhang W, Mu W. An overview on biological production of functional lactose derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3683-3691. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chen Q, Xiao Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L, Mu W. Current research on cellobiose 2-epimerase: Enzymatic properties, mechanistic insights, and potential applications in the dairy industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Park AR, Kim JS, Jang SW, Park YG, Koo BS, Lee HC. Rational modification of substrate binding site by structure-based engineering of a cellobiose 2-epimerase in Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:224. [PMID: 29233137 PMCID: PMC5726027 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose, a synthetic disaccharide, has received increasing interest due to its role as a prebiotic, specifically proliferating Bifidobacilli and Lactobacilli and enhancing absorption of calcium and magnesium. The use of cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) is considered an interesting alternative for industrial production of lactulose. CE reversibly converts D-glucose residues into D-mannose residues at the reducing end of unmodified β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides, including β-1,4-mannobiose, cellobiose, and lactose. Recently, a few CE 3D structure were reported, revealing mechanistic details. Using this information, we redesigned the substrate binding site of CE to extend its activity from epimerization to isomerization. RESULTS Using superimposition with 3 known CE structure models, we identified 2 residues (Tyr114, Asn184) that appeared to play an important role in binding epilactose. We modified these residues, which interact with C2 of the mannose moiety, to prevent epimerization to epilactose. We found a Y114E mutation led to increased release of a by-product, lactulose, at 65 °C, while its activity was low at 37 °C. Notably, this phenomenon was observed only at high temperature and more reliably when the substrate was increased. Using Y114E, isomerization of lactose to lactulose was investigated under optimized conditions, resulting in 86.9 g/l of lactulose and 4.6 g/l of epilactose for 2 h when 200 g/l of lactose was used. CONCLUSION These results showed that the Y114E mutation increased isomerization of lactose, while decreasing the epimerization of lactose. Thus, a subtle modification of the active site pocket could extend its native activity from epimerization to isomerization without significantly impairing substrate binding. While additional studies are required to scale this to an industrial process, we demonstrated the potential of engineering this enzyme based on structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Park
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Kim
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Jang
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyun Park
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seong Koo
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee
- ForBioKorea Co., Ltd., Gasan digital 2-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Q, Levin R, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L, Mu W. Characterisation of a novel cellobiose 2-epimerase from thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis for lactulose production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:3095-3105. [PMID: 27873314 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose, a bioactive lactose derivative, has been widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Isomerisation of lactose to lactulose by cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) has recently attracted increasing attention, since CE produces lactulose with high yield from lactose as a single substrate. In this study, a new lactulose-producing CE from Caldicellulosiruptor obsidiansis was extensively characterised. RESULTS The recombinant enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.5 and 70 °C. It displayed high thermostability with Tm of 86.7 °C. The half-life was calculated to be 8.1, 2.8 and 0.6 h at 75, 80, and 85 °C, respectively. When lactose was used as substrate, epilactose was rapidly produced in a short period, and afterwards both epilactose and lactose were steadily isomerised to lactulose, with a final ratio of 35:11:54 for lactose:epilactose:lactulose. When the reverse reaction was investigated using lactulose as substrate, both lactose and epilactose appeared to be steadily produced from the start. CONCLUSION The recombinant CE showed both epimerisation and isomerisation activities against lactose, making it an alternative promising biocatalyst candidate for lactulose production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Roman Levin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Timo Stressler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Garbenstr. 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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12
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Kuschel B, Riemer F, Pfost D, Conrad J, Losch C, Claaßen W, Beifuß U, Weiss J, Mu W, Jiang B, Stressler T, Fischer L. Large-scale purification of epilactose using a semi-preparative HPLC system. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Saburi W. Functions, structures, and applications of cellobiose 2-epimerase and glycoside hydrolase family 130 mannoside phosphorylases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1294-305. [PMID: 27031293 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1166934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate isomerases/epimerases are essential in carbohydrate metabolism, and have great potential in industrial carbohydrate conversion. Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) reversibly epimerizes the reducing end d-glucose residue of β-(1→4)-linked disaccharides to d-mannose residue. CE shares catalytic machinery with monosaccharide isomerases and epimerases having an (α/α)6-barrel catalytic domain. Two histidine residues act as general acid and base catalysts in the proton abstraction and addition mechanism. β-Mannoside hydrolase and 4-O-β-d-mannosyl-d-glucose phosphorylase (MGP) were found as neighboring genes of CE, meaning that CE is involved in β-mannan metabolism, where it epimerizes β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-mannose to β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-glucose for further phosphorolysis. MGPs form glycoside hydrolase family 130 (GH130) together with other β-mannoside phosphorylases and hydrolases. Structural analysis of GH130 enzymes revealed an unusual catalytic mechanism involving a proton relay and the molecular basis for substrate and reaction specificities. Epilactose, efficiently produced from lactose using CE, has superior physiological functions as a prebiotic oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Saburi
- a Research Faculty of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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14
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Saburi W, Tanaka Y, Muto H, Inoue S, Odaka R, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M, Mori H. Functional reassignment of Cellvibrio vulgaris EpiA to cellobiose 2-epimerase and an evaluation of the biochemical functions of the 4-O-β-d-mannosyl-d-glucose phosphorylase-like protein, UnkA. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:969-77. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1012146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aerobic soil bacterium Cellvibrio vulgaris has a β-mannan-degradation gene cluster, including unkA, epiA, man5A, and aga27A. Among these genes, epiA has been assigned to encode an epimerase for converting d-mannose to d-glucose, even though the amino acid sequence of EpiA is similar to that of cellobiose 2-epimerases (CEs). UnkA, whose function currently remains unknown, shows a high sequence identity to 4-O-β-d-mannosyl-d-glucose phosphorylase. In this study, we have investigated CE activity of EpiA and the general characteristics of UnkA using recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli. Recombinant EpiA catalyzed the epimerization of the 2-OH group of sugar residue at the reducing end of cellobiose, lactose, and β-(1→4)-mannobiose in a similar manner to other CEs. Furthermore, the reaction efficiency of EpiA for β-(1→4)-mannobiose was 5.5 × 104-fold higher than it was for d-mannose. Recombinant UnkA phosphorolyzed β-d-mannosyl-(1→4)-d-glucose and specifically utilized d-glucose as an acceptor in the reverse reaction, which indicated that UnkA is a typical 4-O-β-d-mannosyl-d-glucose phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Muto
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sota Inoue
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rei Odaka
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nishimoto
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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15
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Krewinkel M, Kaiser J, Merz M, Rentschler E, Kuschel B, Hinrichs J, Fischer L. Novel cellobiose 2-epimerases for the production of epilactose from milk ultrafiltrate containing lactose. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3665-78. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Chen Q, Zhang W, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Characterization of an epilactose-producing cellobiose 2-epimerase from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Zhang Y, Zheng Q, Zhang J, Zhang H. Insights into the epimerization activities of RaCE and pAGE: the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminococcus albus cellobiose 2-epimerase (RaCE) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase from porcine kidney (pAGE) belong to the AGE superfamily and have a detectable AGE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jilong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
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18
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Wasaki J, Taguchi H, Senoura T, Akasaka H, Watanabe J, Kawaguchi K, Komata Y, Hanashiro K, Ito S. Identification and distribution of cellobiose 2-epimerase genes by a PCR-based metagenomic approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:4287-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Practical Preparation of Epilactose Produced with Cellobiose 2-Epimerase fromRuminococcus albusNE1. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:1736-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Krewinkel M, Gosch M, Rentschler E, Fischer L. Epilactose production by 2 cellobiose 2-epimerases in natural milk. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:155-61. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Kawaguchi K, Senoura T, Ito S, Taira T, Ito H, Wasaki J, Ito S. The mannobiose-forming exo-mannanase involved in a new mannan catabolic pathway in Bacteroides fragilis. Arch Microbiol 2013; 196:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Characterization of a recombinant mannobiose 2-epimerase from Spirochaeta thermophila that is suggested to be a cellobiose 2-epimerase. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1873-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Fujiwara T, Saburi W, Inoue S, Mori H, Matsui H, Tanaka I, Yao M. Crystal structure of Ruminococcus albus cellobiose 2-epimerase: structural insights into epimerization of unmodified sugar. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:840-6. [PMID: 23462136 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic epimerization is an important modification for carbohydrates to acquire diverse functions attributable to their stereoisomers. Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE) catalyzes interconversion between d-glucose and d-mannose residues at the reducing end of β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. Here, we solved the structure of Ruminococcus albus CE (RaCE). The structure of RaCE showed strong similarity to those of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase and aldose-ketose isomerase YihS with a high degree of conservation of residues around the catalytic center, although sequence identity between them is low. Based on structural comparison, we found that His184 is required for RaCE activity as the third histidine added to two essential histidines in other sugar epimerases/isomerases. This finding was confirmed by mutagenesis, suggesting a new catalytic mechanism for CE involving three histidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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24
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Mu W, Li Q, Fan C, Zhou C, Jiang B. Recent advances on physiological functions and biotechnological production of epilactose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1821-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Identification and characterization of cellobiose 2-epimerases from various aerobes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:189-93. [PMID: 23291764 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), found mainly in anaerobes, reversibly converts D-glucose residues at the reducing end of β-1,4-linked oligosaccharides to D-mannose residues. In this study, we characterized CE-like proteins from various aerobes (Flavobacterium johnsoniae NBRC 14942, Pedobacter heparinus NBRC 12017, Dyadobacter fermentans ATCC 700827, Herpetosiphon aurantiacus ATCC 23779, Saccharophagus degradans ATCC 43961, Spirosoma linguale ATCC 33905, and Teredinibacter turnerae ATCC 39867), because aerobes, more easily cultured on a large scale than anaerobes, are applicable in industrial processes. The recombinant CE-like proteins produced in Escherichia coli catalyzed epimerization at the C2 position of cellobiose, lactose, epilactose, and β-1,4-mannobiose, whereas N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, D-glucose, and D-mannose were inert as substrates. All the CEs, except for P. heparinus CE, the optimum pH of which was 6.3, showed highest activity at weakly alkaline pH. CEs from D. fermentans, H. aurantiacus, and S. linguale showed higher optimum temperatures and thermostability than the other enzymes analyzed. The enzymes from D. fermentans, S. linguale, and T. turnerae showed significantly high k(cat) and K(m) values towards cellobiose and lactose. Especially, T. turnerae CE showed a very high k(cat) value towards lactose, an attractive property for the industrial production of epilactose, which is carried out at high substrate concentrations.
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26
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Kawahara R, Saburi W, Odaka R, Taguchi H, Ito S, Mori H, Matsui H. Metabolic mechanism of mannan in a ruminal bacterium, Ruminococcus albus, involving two mannoside phosphorylases and cellobiose 2-epimerase: discovery of a new carbohydrate phosphorylase, β-1,4-mannooligosaccharide phosphorylase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42389-99. [PMID: 23093406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminococcus albus is a typical ruminal bacterium digesting cellulose and hemicellulose. Cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE; EC 5.1.3.11), which converts cellobiose to 4-O-β-D-glucosyl-D-mannose, is a particularly unique enzyme in R. albus, but its physiological function is unclear. Recently, a new metabolic pathway of mannan involving CE was postulated for another CE-producing bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis. In this pathway, β-1,4-mannobiose is epimerized to 4-O-β-D-mannosyl-D-glucose (Man-Glc) by CE, and Man-Glc is phosphorolyzed to α-D-mannosyl 1-phosphate (Man1P) and D-glucose by Man-Glc phosphorylase (MP; EC 2.4.1.281). Ruminococcus albus NE1 showed intracellular MP activity, and two MP isozymes, RaMP1 and RaMP2, were obtained from the cell-free extract. These enzymes were highly specific for the mannosyl residue at the non-reducing end of the substrate and catalyzed the phosphorolysis and synthesis of Man-Glc through a sequential Bi Bi mechanism. In a synthetic reaction, RaMP1 showed high activity only toward D-glucose and 6-deoxy-D-glucose in the presence of Man1P, whereas RaMP2 showed acceptor specificity significantly different from RaMP1. RaMP2 acted on D-glucose derivatives at the C2- and C3-positions, including deoxy- and deoxyfluoro-analogues and epimers, but not on those substituted at the C6-position. Furthermore, RaMP2 had high synthetic activity toward the following oligosaccharides: β-linked glucobioses, maltose, N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, and β-1,4-mannooligosaccharides. Particularly, β-1,4-mannooligosaccharides served as significantly better acceptor substrates for RaMP2 than D-glucose. In the phosphorolytic reactions, RaMP2 had weak activity toward β-1,4-mannobiose but efficiently degraded β-1,4-mannooligosaccharides longer than β-1,4-mannobiose. Consequently, RaMP2 is thought to catalyze the phosphorolysis of β-1,4-mannooligosaccharides longer than β-1,4-mannobiose to produce Man1P and β-1,4-mannobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kawahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N-9, W-9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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27
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Enzymatic characteristics of cellobiose phosphorylase from Ruminococcus albus NE1 and kinetic mechanism of unusual substrate inhibition in reverse phosphorolysis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:812-8. [PMID: 22484959 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose phosphorylase (CBP) catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of cellobiose to produce α-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate (Glc1P) and D-glucose. It is an essential enzyme for the metabolism of cello-oligosaccharides in a ruminal bacterium, Ruminococcus albus. In this study, recombinant R. albus CBP (RaCBP) produced in Escherichia coli was characterized. It showed highest activity at pH 6.2 at 50 °C, and was stable in a pH range of 5.5-8.8 and at below 40 °C. It phosphorolyzed only cellobiose efficiently, and the reaction proceeded through a random-ordered bi bi mechanism, by which inorganic phosphate and cellobiose bind in random order and D-glucose is released before Glc1P. In the synthetic reaction, RaCBP showed highest activity to D-glucose, followed by 6-deoxy-D-glucose. D-Mannose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-xylose, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol, and gentiobiose also served as acceptors, although the activities for them were much lower than for D-glucose. D-Glucose acted as a competitive-uncompetitive inhibitor of the reverse synthetic reaction, which bound not only the Glc1P site (competitive) but also the ternary enzyme-Glc1P-D-glucose complex (uncompetitive).
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28
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Kim YS, Oh DK. Lactulose production from lactose as a single substrate by a thermostable cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 104:668-672. [PMID: 22123300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The conditions for maximum lactulose production from lactose, as a single substrate, by a thermostable recombinant cellobiose-2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus were determined to be pH 7.5, 80 °C, 700 g l(-1) lactose, and 150 U ml(-1) of enzyme. Under the conditions, the enzyme produced the two bifidus factors lactulose at 408 g l(-1) and epilactose at 107 g l(-1) after 2 h. The yields of lactulose and epilactose from lactose and the productivities of lactulose and epilactose were 58%, 15%, 204 g l(-1) h(-1), and 54 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. The yield and productivity of both lactulose and epilactose from lactose were 74% and 258 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. The yield, concentration, and productivity of lactulose in the present study are the highest among enzymatic syntheses. This is the first trial of enzymatic synthesis of lactulose using the single substrate lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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29
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Characterization of a recombinant cellobiose 2-epimerase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and its application in the production of mannose from glucose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:1187-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Senoura T, Ito S, Taguchi H, Higa M, Hamada S, Matsui H, Ozawa T, Jin S, Watanabe J, Wasaki J, Ito S. New microbial mannan catabolic pathway that involves a novel mannosylglucose phosphorylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:701-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Effect of growth temperature, induction, and molecular chaperones on the solubilization of over-expressed cellobiose phosphorylase from Cellvibrio Gilvus under in vivo conditions. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Ito S. Catalysis, Structures, and Applications of Carbohydrate Epimerases. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2010. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.57.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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33
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Ito S. Features and applications of microbial sugar epimerases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:1053-60. [PMID: 19697019 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sugar (carbohydrate) epimerases catalyze the reversible conversion of a sugar epimer into its counterpart form. More than 20 types of sugar epimerase have been reported to date, and their biological properties, catalytic mechanisms, and 3D structures are very diverse among them. Recently, microbial sugar epimerases have been characterized in detail. This review surveys the catalytic aspects of microbial epimerases, which are relevant for production of bioactive mono- and oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, Japan.
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34
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Ito S, Hamada S, Ito H, Matsui H, Ozawa T, Taguchi H, Ito S. Site-directed mutagenesis of possible catalytic residues of cellobiose 2-epimerase from Ruminococcus albus. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1065-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Watanabe J, Nishimukai M, Taguchi H, Senoura T, Hamada S, Matsui H, Yamamoto T, Wasaki J, Hara H, Ito S. Prebiotic Properties of Epilactose. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:4518-26. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Nishimukai M, Watanabe J, Taguchi H, Senoura T, Hamada S, Matsui H, Yamamoto T, Wasaki J, Hara H, Ito S. Effects of epilactose on calcium absorption and serum lipid metabolism in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10340-10345. [PMID: 18837503 DOI: 10.1021/jf801556m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Epilactose (4-O-beta-galactopyranosyl-D-mannnose) is a rare disaccharide in cow milk that can be synthesized from lactose by the cellobiose 2-epimerase of Ruminococcus albus. In this study, we examined the biological activities of epilactose using male Wistar-ST rats. The apparent rates of calcium and magnesium absorption of rats fed epilactose and fructooligosaccharide diets were greater than those fed control and lactose diets, accompanied by greater weight gain of the cecal wall and higher levels of short-chain fatty acids and other organic acids. Epilactose also increased the calcium absorption in everted small intestinal sacs. In addition, the levels of plasma total cholesterol and nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower in epilactose-fed rats. These results indicate that epilactose promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine and possibly lowers the risk of arteriosclerosis. Cecal microbes may efficiently utilize epilactose and contribute to these biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Nishimukai
- Creative Research Initiative Sousei, Hokkaido University, N21W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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37
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Taguchi H, Senoura T, Hamada S, Matsui H, Kobayashi Y, Watanabe J, Wasaki J, Ito S. Cloning and sequencing of the gene for cellobiose 2-epimerase from a ruminal strain ofEubacterium cellulosolvens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 287:34-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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38
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Ito S, Taguchi H, Hamada S, Kawauchi S, Ito H, Senoura T, Watanabe J, Nishimukai M, Ito S, Matsui H. Enzymatic properties of cellobiose 2-epimerase from Ruminococcus albus and the synthesis of rare oligosaccharides by the enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:433-41. [PMID: 18392616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Crystal Structure of YihS in Complex with d-Mannose: Structural Annotation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica yihS-encoded Proteins to an Aldose–Ketose Isomerase. J Mol Biol 2008; 377:1443-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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