1
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Wu Y, Bai Y, McEwan DG, Bentley L, Aravani D, Cox RD. Palmitoylated small GTPase ARL15 is translocated within Golgi network during adipogenesis. Biol Open 2021; 10:273707. [PMID: 34779483 PMCID: PMC8689486 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase ARF family member ARL15 gene locus is associated in population studies with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, lower adiponectin and higher fasting insulin levels. Previously, loss of ARL15 was shown to reduce insulin secretion in a human β-cell line and loss-of-function mutations are found in some lipodystrophy patients. We set out to understand the role of ARL15 in adipogenesis and showed that endogenous ARL15 palmitoylated and localised in the Golgi of mouse liver. Adipocyte overexpression of palmitoylation-deficient ARL15 resulted in redistribution to the cytoplasm and a mild reduction in expression of some adipogenesis-related genes. Further investigation of the localisation of ARL15 during differentiation of a human white adipocyte cell line showed that ARL15 was predominantly co-localised with a marker of the cis face of Golgi at the preadipocyte stage and then translocated to other Golgi compartments after differentiation was induced. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified potential interacting partners of ARL15, including the ER-localised protein ARL6IP5. Together, these results suggest a palmitoylation dependent trafficking-related role of ARL15 as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation via ARL6IP5 interaction. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: ARL15 (GTPase ARF family) is associated with adipose traits. ARL15 is palmitoylated, localised to Golgi in preadipocytes and translocated to other Golgi compartments during differentiation. ARL15 interacts with ER-localised ARL6IP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Wu
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Ying Bai
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - David G McEwan
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Liz Bentley
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Dimitra Aravani
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Roger D Cox
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
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2
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Arata Y, Watanabe A, Motosugi R, Iemura S, Natsume T, Mukai K, Taguchi T, Hirayama S, Hamazaki J, Murata S. FAM48A mediates compensatory autophagy induced by proteasome impairment. Genes Cells 2019; 24:559-568. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Arata
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayaka Watanabe
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryo Motosugi
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Shun‐ichiro Iemura
- Medical Industry Translational Research Center Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Miyagi Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Miyagi Japan
| | - Shoshiro Hirayama
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Hamazaki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Shigeo Murata
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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3
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Okamoto A, Morinaga T, Yamaguchi N, Yamaguchi N. Golgi Distribution of Lyn to Caveolin- and Giantin-Positive cis-Golgi Membranes and the Caveolin-Negative, TGN46-Positive trans-Golgi Network. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:142-146. [PMID: 29311477 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Src-family tyrosine kinases, classified as cytosolic enzymes, have crucial roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell-shape changes. Newly synthesized Lyn, a member of Src-family kinases, is biosynthetically accumulated at the cytoplasmic face of caveolin-containing Golgi membranes via posttranslational lipid modifications and then transported to the plasma membrane. However, the precise intra-Golgi localization of Lyn remains elusive. By means of a 19°C block-release technique and short-term brefeldin A treatment, we show here that the distribution of Lyn is not monotonously spread within the Golgi but selectively intensified in two distinct membrane compartments: giantin- and caveolin-positive membranes and trans-Golgi network protein (TGN)46-positive but caveolin-negative membranes. Furthermore, Lyn exits the Golgi from the caveolin-positive cis-Golgi cisternae or the caveolin-negative trans-Golgi network. These results suggest that Lyn moves apart from caveolin, a secretory protein, within the Golgi during Lyn's trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Okamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Takao Morinaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University.,Division of Pathology and Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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4
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Day KJ, Casler JC, Glick BS. Budding Yeast Has a Minimal Endomembrane System. Dev Cell 2018; 44:56-72.e4. [PMID: 29316441 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of the secretory and endocytic pathways, which communicate by transport to and from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In mammalian cells, the endocytic pathway includes early, late, and recycling endosomes. In budding yeast, different types of endosomes have been described, but the organization of the endocytic pathway has remained unclear. We performed a spatial and temporal analysis of yeast endosomal markers and endocytic cargoes. Our results indicate that the yeast TGN also serves as an early and recycling endosome. In addition, as previously described, yeast contains a late or prevacuolar endosome (PVE). Endocytic cargoes localize to the TGN shortly after internalization, and manipulations that perturb export from the TGN can slow the passage of endocytic cargoes to the PVE. Yeast apparently lacks a distinct early endosome. Thus, yeast has a simple endocytic pathway that may reflect the ancestral organization of the endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey J Day
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jason C Casler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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5
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Mukai K, Konno H, Akiba T, Uemura T, Waguri S, Kobayashi T, Barber GN, Arai H, Taguchi T. Activation of STING requires palmitoylation at the Golgi. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11932. [PMID: 27324217 PMCID: PMC4919521 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is essential for the type I interferon response against DNA pathogens. In response to the presence of DNA and/or cyclic dinucleotides, STING translocates from the endoplasmic reticulum to perinuclear compartments. However, the role of this subcellular translocation remains poorly defined. Here we show that palmitoylation of STING at the Golgi is essential for activation of STING. Treatment with palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) suppresses palmitoylation of STING and abolishes the type I interferon response. Mutation of two membrane-proximal Cys residues (Cys88/91) suppresses palmitoylation, and this STING mutant cannot induce STING-dependent host defense genes. STING variants that constitutively induce the type I interferon response were found in patients with autoimmune diseases. The response elicited by these STING variants is effectively inhibited by 2-BP or an introduction of Cys88/91Ser mutation. Our results may lead to new treatments for cytosolic DNA-triggered autoinflammatory diseases. STING is essential for the type I interferon immune response to foreign DNA. Here, the authors show that palmitoylation of STING at the Golgi is required for activating downstream signalling, and increased Golgi localization of certain STING variants may cause autoimmune disease in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Tatsuya Akiba
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takefumi Uemura
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Matsudaira T, Niki T, Taguchi T, Arai H. Transport of the cholera toxin B-subunit from recycling endosomes to the Golgi requires clathrin and AP-1. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3131-42. [PMID: 26136365 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrograde pathway is defined by the transport of proteins and lipids from the plasma membrane through endosomes to the Golgi complex, and is essential for a variety of cellular activities. Recycling endosomes are important sorting stations for some retrograde cargo. SMAP2, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf1 with a putative clathrin-binding domain, has previously been shown to participate in the retrograde transport of the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) from recycling endosomes. Here, we found that clathrin, a vesicle coat protein, and clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) were present at recycling endosomes and were needed for the retrograde transport of CTxB from recycling endosomes to the Golgi, but not from the plasma membrane to recycling endosomes. SMAP2 immunoprecipitated clathrin and AP-1 through a putative clathrin-binding domain and a CALM-binding domain, and SMAP2 mutants that did not interact with clathrin or AP-1 could not localize to recycling endosomes. Moreover, knockdown of Arf1 suppressed the retrograde transport of CTxB from recycling endosomes to the Golgi. These findings suggest that retrograde transport is mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles from recycling endosomes and that the role of the coat proteins is in the recruitment of Arf GAP to transport vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Niki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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7
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Lee S, Uchida Y, Wang J, Matsudaira T, Nakagawa T, Kishimoto T, Mukai K, Inaba T, Kobayashi T, Molday RS, Taguchi T, Arai H. Transport through recycling endosomes requires EHD1 recruitment by a phosphatidylserine translocase. EMBO J 2015; 34:669-88. [PMID: 25595798 PMCID: PMC4365035 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P4-ATPases translocate aminophospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine (PS), to the cytosolic leaflet of membranes. PS is highly enriched in recycling endosomes (REs) and is essential for endosomal membrane traffic. Here, we show that PS flipping by an RE-localized P4-ATPase is required for the recruitment of the membrane fission protein EHD1. Depletion of ATP8A1 impaired the asymmetric transbilayer distribution of PS in REs, dissociated EHD1 from REs, and generated aberrant endosomal tubules that appear resistant to fission. EHD1 did not show membrane localization in cells defective in PS synthesis. ATP8A2, a tissue-specific ATP8A1 paralogue, is associated with a neurodegenerative disease (CAMRQ). ATP8A2, but not the disease-causative ATP8A2 mutant, rescued the endosomal defects in ATP8A1-depleted cells. Primary neurons from Atp8a2-/- mice showed a reduced level of transferrin receptors at the cell surface compared to Atp8a2+/+ mice. These findings demonstrate the role of P4-ATPase in membrane fission and give insight into the molecular basis of CAMRQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoken Lee
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiao Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Centre for Macular Research University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-city Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi Saitama, Japan
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Robert S Molday
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Centre for Macular Research University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Taguchi T, Misaki R. Palmitoylation pilots ras to recycling endosomes. Small GTPases 2014; 2:82-84. [PMID: 21776406 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.2.15245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that palmitoylated Ras proteins (H-Ras and N-Ras) localize intracellularly at recycling endosomes (REs) and that REs act as a way-station for Ras proteins as they move along the post-Golgi exocytic pathway to the plasma membrane (PM). Palmitoylation is essential for H-Ras/N-Ras targeting to REs. H-Ras requires two palmitoyl groups for RE targeting. A lack of either or both palmitoyl groups causes H-Ras to be mislocalized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus, or the PM. In this commentary, we summarize recent progress about the Ras trafficking cycle between the endomembranes (endosomes/ER/Golgi) and the PM. We further discuss (1) the critical determinants of RE targeting of lipidated proteins and (2) possible Ras-mediated signaling pathways that originate from REs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Taguchi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; University of Queensland; Brisbane, Queensland Australia
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9
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Identification of human cytomegalovirus genes important for biogenesis of the cytoplasmic virion assembly complex. J Virol 2014; 88:9086-99. [PMID: 24899189 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01141-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has many effects on cells, including remodeling the cytoplasm to form the cytoplasmic virion assembly complex (cVAC), the site of final virion assembly. Viral tegument, envelope, and some nonstructural proteins localize to the cVAC, and cytoskeletal filaments radiate from a microtubule organizing center in the cVAC. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi intermediate compartment, Golgi apparatus, and trans-Golgi network form a ring that outlines the cVAC. The center of the cVAC ring is occupied by numerous vesicles that share properties with recycling endosomes. In prior studies, we described the three-dimensional structure and the extensive remodeling of the cytoplasm and shifts in organelle identity that occur during development of the cVAC. The objective of this work was to identify HCMV proteins that regulate cVAC biogenesis. Because the cVAC does not form in the absence of viral DNA synthesis, we employed HCMV-infected cells transfected with synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that targeted 26 candidate early-late and late protein-coding genes required for efficient virus replication. We identified three HCMV genes (UL48, UL94, and UL103) whose silencing had major effects on cVAC development, including failure to form the Golgi ring and dispersal of markers of early and recycling endosomes. To confirm and extend the siRNA results, we constructed recombinant viruses in which pUL48 and pUL103 are fused with a regulatable protein destabilization domain (dd-FKBP). In the presence of a stabilizing ligand (Shield-1), the cVAC appeared to develop normally. In its absence, cVAC development was abrogated, verifying roles for pUL48 and pUL103 in cVAC biogenesis. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen that causes disease and disability in immunocompromised individuals and in children infected before birth. Few drugs are available for treatment of HCMV infections. HCMV remodels the interior of infected cells to build a factory for assembling new infectious particles (virions), the cytoplasmic virion assembly complex (cVAC). Here, we identified three HCMV genes (UL48, UL94, and UL103) as important contributors to cVAC development. In addition, we found that mutant viruses that express an unstable form of the UL103 protein have defects in cVAC development and production of infectious virions and produce small plaques and intracellular virions with aberrant appearances. Of these, only the reduced production of infectious virions is not eliminated by chemically stabilizing the protein. In addition to identifying new functions for these HCMV genes, this work is a necessary prelude to developing novel antivirals that would block cVAC development.
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10
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Thomas AW, Henson ZB, Du J, Vandenberg CA, Bazan GC. Synthesis, characterization, and biological affinity of a near-infrared-emitting conjugated oligoelectrolyte. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3736-9. [PMID: 24575841 PMCID: PMC3985452 DOI: 10.1021/ja412695w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A near-IR-emitting
conjugated oligoelectrolyte (COE), ZCOE, was synthesized,
and its photophysical features were characterized.
The biological affinity of ZCOE is compared to that of
an established lipid-membrane-intercalating COE, DSSN+, which has blue-shifted optical properties making it compatible
for tracking preferential sites of accumulation. ZCOE exhibits diffuse staining of E. coli cells, whereas
it displays internal staining of select yeast cells which also show
propidium iodide staining, indicating ZCOE is a “dead”
stain for this organism. Staining of mammalian cells reveals complete
internalization of ZCOE through endocytosis, as supported
by colocalization with LysoTracker and late endosome markers. In all
cases DSSN+ persists in the outer membranes, most likely
due to its chemical structure more closely resembling a lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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11
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Matsudaira T, Uchida Y, Tanabe K, Kon S, Watanabe T, Taguchi T, Arai H. SMAP2 regulates retrograde transport from recycling endosomes to the Golgi. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69145. [PMID: 23861959 PMCID: PMC3704519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport is where proteins and lipids are transported back from the plasma membrane (PM) and endosomes to the Golgi, and crucial for a diverse range of cellular functions. Recycling endosomes (REs) serve as a sorting station for the retrograde transport and we recently identified evection-2, an RE protein with a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, as an essential factor of this pathway. How evection-2 regulates retrograde transport from REs to the Golgi is not well understood. Here, we report that evection-2 binds to SMAP2, an Arf GTPase-activating protein. Endogenous SMAP2 localized mostly in REs and to a lesser extent, the trans-Golgi network (TGN). SMAP2 binds evection-2, and the RE localization of SMAP2 was abolished in cells depleted of evection-2. Knockdown of SMAP2, like that of evection-2, impaired the retrograde transport of cholera toxin B subunit (CTxB) from REs. These findings suggest that evection-2 recruits SMAP2 to REs, thereby regulating the retrograde transport of CTxB from REs to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tanabe
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Nara-shi, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT) (HA)
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Pathological Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT) (HA)
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12
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Nakagawa T, Asahi M. β1-adrenergic receptor recycles via a membranous organelle, recycling endosome, by binding with sorting nexin27. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:571-9. [PMID: 23780416 PMCID: PMC3695668 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In cardiomyocytes, β1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) plays an important role in regulating cardiac functions. Upon continuous ligand stimulation, β1-AR is internalized and mostly recycled back to the plasma membrane (PM). The recycling endosome (RE) is one of the membranous organelles involved in the protein recycling pathway. To determine whether RE is involved in the internalization of β1-AR upon ligand stimulation, we evaluated the localization of β1-AR after stimulation with a β-agonist, isoproterenol (Iso), in β1-AR-transfected COS-1 cells. After 30 min of Iso treatment and cell surface labeling with the appropriate antibodies, β1-AR was internalized from PM and translocated into the perinuclear region, the same location as the transferrin receptor, an RE marker. We then evaluated whether sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) participated in the β1-AR recycling pathway. When β1-AR and SNX27 were coexpressed, β1-AR coimmunoprecipitated with SNX27. In addition, shRNA-mediated silencing of SNX27 compromised β1-AR recycling and enhanced its delivery into lysosome. Overall, β1-AR on PM was internalized into RE upon Iso stimulation and recycled by RE through binding with SNX27 in COS-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686 Japan
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13
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Abstract
Cells internalize extracellular solutes, ligands and proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane (PM) by endocytosis. The removal of membrane from the PM is counteracted by endosomal recycling pathways that return the endocytosed proteins and lipids back to the PM. Recycling to the PM can occur from early endosomes. However, many cells have a distinct subpopulation of endosomes that have a mildly acidic pH of 6.5 and are involved in the endosomal recycling. These endosomes are dubbed recycling endosomes (REs). In recent years, studies have begun to reveal that function of REs is not limited to the endosomal recycling. In this review, I summarize the nature of membrane trafficking pathways that pass through REs and the cell biological roles of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Pathological Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Hieda M, Koizumi M, Higashi C, Tachibana T, Taguchi T, Higashiyama S. The cytoplasmic tail of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor regulates bidirectional intracellular trafficking between the plasma membrane and ER. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:339-44. [PMID: 23650612 PMCID: PMC3642169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)- like growth factor (HB-EGF) is synthesized in the ER, transported along the exocytic pathway, and expressed on the plasma membrane as a type I transmembrane protein. Upon extracellular stimulation, HB-EGF, either proHB-EGF or the shed form HB-EGF-CTF, undergoes endocytosis and is then transported retrogradely to the ER. In this study, we showed the essential contribution of the short cytoplasmic tail of HB-EGF (HB-EGF-cyto) to the bidirectional intracellular trafficking between the ER and plasma membrane and revealed several critical amino acids residues that are responsible for internalization from the plasma membrane and ER targeting. We suggest that these anterograde and retrograde sorting signals within HB-EGF-cyto are strictly regulated by protein modification and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hieda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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15
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Yachi R, Uchida Y, Balakrishna BH, Anderluh G, Kobayashi T, Taguchi T, Arai H. Subcellular localization of sphingomyelin revealed by two toxin-based probes in mammalian cells. Genes Cells 2012; 17:720-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Yachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo; 113-0033; Japan
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16
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Hayashi H, Naoi S, Nakagawa T, Nishikawa T, Fukuda H, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Kondo A, Kubo K, Yabuki T, Hattori A, Hirouchi M, Sugiyama Y. Sorting nexin 27 interacts with multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) and mediates internalization of MRP4. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15054-65. [PMID: 22411990 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) makes a vital contribution to the bodily distribution of drugs and endogenous compounds because of its cellular efflux abilities. However, little is known about the mechanism regulating its cell surface expression. MRP4 has a PDZ-binding motif, which is a potential sequence that modulates the membrane expression of MRP4 via interaction with PDZ adaptor proteins. To investigate this possible relationship, we performed GST pull-down assays and subsequent analysis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. This method identified sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) as the interacting PDZ adaptor protein with a PDZ-binding motif of MRP4. Its interaction was confirmed by a coimmunoprecipitation study using HEK293 cells. Knockdown of SNX27 by siRNA in HEK293 cells raised MRP4 expression on the plasma membrane, increased the extrusion of 6-[(14)C]mercaptopurine, an MRP4 substrate, and conferred resistance against 6-[(14)C]mercaptopurine. Cell surface biotinylation studies indicated that the inhibition of MRP4 internalization was responsible for these results. Immunocytochemistry and cell surface biotinylation studies using COS-1 cells showed that SNX27 localized to both the early endosome and the plasma membrane. These data suggest that SNX27 interacts with MRP4 near the plasma membrane and promotes endocytosis of MRP4 and thereby negatively regulates its cell surface expression and transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Department of Medical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Fukuda S, Nishida-Fukuda H, Nakayama H, Inoue H, Higashiyama S. Monoubiquitination of pro-amphiregulin regulates its endocytosis and ectodomain shedding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:315-20. [PMID: 22425981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
All members of epidermal growth factor (EGF) family are expressed as transmembrane precursors on cell surfaces and then proteolytically converted to soluble ligands for EGF receptor (EGFR) by a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs). As enzyme-substrate complex formation is essential for this "ectodomain shedding", alteration of cell surface retention could affect their physical interaction with ADAMs and eventually contribute to shedding efficiency. Here, we showed that monoubiquitination of pro-amphiregulin (pro-AREG, an EGFR ligand) accelerated its half-life on cell surface. Monoubiquitination occurred at lysine 240 of pro-AREG as the primary acceptor site. Using a chimeric protein of pro-AREG and a monomeric ubiquitin mutant (pro-AREGmUb), immunocytochemical analysis and a cell surface biotinylation assay revealed that a significant portion of pro-AREGmUb was expressed on the cell surface, immediately endocytosed, and predominantly localized to early endosomes. Importantly, ectodomain shedding of pro-AREGmUb induced by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate was significantly reduced in comparison to wild-type pro-AREG. These results suggested that pro-AREG monoubiquitination and the subsequent trafficking to intracellular organelles is a novel shedding regulatory mechanism that contributes to the secretion of EGFR ligands in growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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18
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Intracellular phosphatidylserine is essential for retrograde membrane traffic through endosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15846-51. [PMID: 21911378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a relatively minor constituent of biological membranes. Despite its low abundance, PS in the plasma membrane (PM) plays key roles in various phenomena such as the coagulation cascade, clearance of apoptotic cells, and recruitment of signaling molecules. PS also localizes in endocytic organelles, but how this relates to its cellular functions remains unknown. Here we report that PS is essential for retrograde membrane traffic at recycling endosomes (REs). PS was most concentrated in REs among intracellular organelles, and evectin-2 (evt-2), a protein of previously unknown function, was targeted to REs by the binding of its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain to PS. X-ray analysis supported the specificity of the binding of PS to the PH domain. Depletion of evt-2 or masking of intracellular PS suppressed membrane traffic from REs to the Golgi. These findings uncover the molecular basis that controls the RE-to-Golgi transport and identify a unique PH domain that specifically recognizes PS but not polyphosphoinositides.
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19
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Beaumont KA, Hamilton NA, Moores MT, Brown DL, Ohbayashi N, Cairncross O, Cook AL, Smith AG, Misaki R, Fukuda M, Taguchi T, Sturm RA, Stow JL. The recycling endosome protein Rab17 regulates melanocytic filopodia formation and melanosome trafficking. Traffic 2011; 12:627-43. [PMID: 21291502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases including Rab27a, Rab38 and Rab32 function in melanosome maturation or trafficking in melanocytes. A screen to identify additional Rabs involved in these processes revealed the localization of GFP-Rab17 on recycling endosomes (REs) and melanosomes in melanocytic cells. Rab17 mRNA expression is regulated by microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a characteristic of known pigmentation genes. Rab17 siRNA knockdown in melanoma cells quantitatively increased melanosome concentration at the cell periphery. Rab17 knockdown did not inhibit melanosome maturation nor movement, but it caused accumulation of melanin inside cells. Double knockdown of Rab17 and Rab27a indicated that Rab17 acts on melanosomes downstream of Rab27a. Filopodia are known to play a role in melanosome transfer, and in Rab17 knockdown cells filopodia formation was inhibited. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of melanoma cells with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone induces filopodia formation, supporting a role for filopodia in melanosome release. Cell stimulation also caused redistribution of REs to the periphery, and knockdown of additional RE-associated Rabs 11a and 11b produced a similar accumulation of melanosomes and melanin to that seen after loss of Rab17. Our findings reveal new functions for RE and Rab17 in pigmentation through a distal step in the process of melanosome release via filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Beaumont
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 QLD, Australia
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20
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Räägel H, Säälik P, Langel U, Pooga M. Mapping of protein transduction pathways with fluorescent microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 683:165-179. [PMID: 21053129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-919-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The number of various cargo delivered into cells by CPPs demonstrates the effective transport abilities of these short-peptidic sequences. Over the years of research, the translocation process of CPP-cargo complexes has been mapped to being of mostly endocytic nature, however, there is still no consensus on which of the endocytic routes is prevalent and to which extent the interplay between different modes of endocytosis is taking place. The intracellular trafficking of CPPs attached to a cargo molecule is even less understood. Therefore, the internalization and the subsequent intracellular targeting of complexes need clarification in order to define cellular destinations and improve the targeting of the cargo molecule to specific cellular compartments depending on the cargo attached to the transporting vector. This chapter focuses on describing the methods for visualizing the CPP-protein complexes in relation to different endocytic markers, for example transferrin (marker for clathrin-mediated endocytosis) and cholera toxin (ambiguous marker for clathrin-, caveolin-, and flotillin-mediated, but also clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis) to determine the role of the respective pathways during entry to cells, and to different intracellular targets, for instance the lysosomal organelles or the Golgi apparatus. Additionally, antibody staining of respective endocytic vesicles following the internalization of CPP-protein complexes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Räägel
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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21
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Funaki T, Kon S, Ronn RE, Henmi Y, Kobayashi Y, Watanabe T, Nakayama K, Tanabe K, Satake M. Localization of SMAP2 to the TGN and its Function in the Regulation of TGN Protein Transport. Cell Struct Funct 2011; 36:83-95. [DOI: 10.1247/csf.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Funaki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Roger E. Ronn
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yuji Henmi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
| | | | - Kenji Tanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University
| | - Masanobu Satake
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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22
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Husebye H, Aune MH, Stenvik J, Samstad E, Skjeldal F, Halaas Ø, Nilsen NJ, Stenmark H, Latz E, Lien E, Mollnes TE, Bakke O, Espevik T. The Rab11a GTPase controls Toll-like receptor 4-induced activation of interferon regulatory factor-3 on phagosomes. Immunity 2010; 33:583-96. [PMID: 20933442 PMCID: PMC10733841 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is indispensable for recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. We described a trafficking pathway for TLR4 from the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) to E. coli phagosomes. We found a prominent colocalization between TLR4 and the small GTPase Rab11a in the ERC, and Rab11a was involved in the recruitment of TLR4 to phagosomes in a process requiring TLR4 signaling. Also, Toll-receptor-associated molecule (TRAM) and interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) localized to E. coli phagosomes and internalization of E. coli was required for a robust interferon-β induction. Suppression of Rab11a reduced TLR4 in the ERC and on phagosomes leading to inhibition of the IRF3 signaling pathway induced by E. coli, whereas activation of the transcription factor NF-κB was unaffected. Moreover, Rab11a silencing reduced the amount of TRAM on phagosomes. Thus, Rab11a is an important regulator of TLR4 and TRAM transport to E. coli phagosomes thereby controlling IRF3 activation from this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Husebye
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Marie Hjelmseth Aune
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Eivind Samstad
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frode Skjeldal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Halaas
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nadra J. Nilsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eicke Latz
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Egil Lien
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
- St. Olavs Hospital, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Misaki R, Morimatsu M, Uemura T, Waguri S, Miyoshi E, Taniguchi N, Matsuda M, Taguchi T. Palmitoylated Ras proteins traffic through recycling endosomes to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 191:23-9. [PMID: 20876282 PMCID: PMC2953436 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation directs Ras proteins to the correct intracellular organelles for trafficking and activity. Ras proteins regulate cell growth, death, and differentiation, and it is well established that this functional versatility is accomplished through their different subcellular localizations. Palmitoylated H- and N-Ras are believed to localize at the perinuclear Golgi and plasma membrane (PM). Notably, however, recycling endosomes (REs) also localize to a perinuclear region, which is often indistinguishable from the Golgi. In this study, we show that active palmitoylated Ras proteins mainly localize intracellularly at REs and that REs act as a way station along the post-Golgi exocytic pathway to the PM. H-Ras requires two palmitoyl groups for RE targeting. The lack of either or both palmitoyl groups leads to the mislocalization of the mutant proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or the PM. Therefore, we demonstrate that palmitoylation directs Ras proteins to the correct intracellular organelles for trafficking and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Misaki
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Woodcroft BJ, Hammond L, Stow JL, Hamilton NA. Automated organelle-based colocalization in whole-cell imaging. Cytometry A 2009; 75:941-50. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Park K. Intracellular trafficking of cell-penetrating peptide-avidin complexes. J Control Release 2009; 139:87. [PMID: 19683552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, West lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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26
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Räägel H, Säälik P, Hansen M, Langel U, Pooga M. CPP-protein constructs induce a population of non-acidic vesicles during trafficking through endo-lysosomal pathway. J Control Release 2009; 139:108-17. [PMID: 19577599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The major limitation in the application of bioactive molecules is their low permeation across plasma membrane. Effective transporters - cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) - are utilized to enhance uptake of various cargo upon attachment to its sequences. Still, information about relevance of different endocytic routes during CPP-cargo internalization is ambiguous and underlying mechanism(s) of intracellular trafficking is even less understood. We first defined involvement of recycling pathway in trafficking of 3 different CPPs - transportan, oligoarginine and Tat - complexed to avidin-TexasRed in Cos-7 cells in relation to trans-Golgi network spatially constraining recycling endosomes. By confocal microscopy, only a negligible fraction of complexes-containing vesicles were found inside trans-Golgi ring suggesting its marginal role in CPP-mediated delivery. Secondly, we characterized engagement of endo-lysosomal pathway to assess acidity of complexes-containing vesicles. CPPs induced 3 different populations of complexes-containing vesicles which size and proportion depended on CPP, time and concentration. In time, more complexes were targeted to low-pH structures. However, a population of complexes-containing vesicles was observed to retain rather neutral pH. Induction of vesicles with non-acidic pH generated i.e. by caveolin-dependent endocytosis or by CPPs themselves during intracellular trafficking could be the key step in inducement of escape of complexes from endosomal structures, a limiting step in effective cargo delivery by CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin Räägel
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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27
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Akita K, Takahashi Y, Kataoka M, Saito K, Kaneko H. Subcellular localization of a novel G protein XLGalpha(olf). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:582-6. [PMID: 19245791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
XLGalpha(olf) was identified as a transcriptional variant of the heterotrimeric G protein, Galpha(olf). Previous work showed that XLGalpha(olf) couples with adenosine A2a receptor and dopamine D1 receptor in vitro. However, physiological functions of XLGalpha(olf) remain to be elucidated. In this study, we performed indirect immunofluorescence confocal analyses to examine the subcellular localization of XLGalpha(olf). With overexpression, surprisingly, many large endosomes resulted. We also observed that XLGalpha(olf) localizes at the Golgi apparatus. The N-terminal region of XLGalpha(olf) appears necessary for both endosome formation and the Golgi localization. The results indicate that XLGalpha(olf) and Galpha(olf) play distinctly separate roles. Moreover, XLGalpha(olf) colocalized with Rab3A and Rab8A, as well as partially with Rab11A, but not with other endocytotic endosomes. We could confirm the interaction between XLGalpha(olf) and Rab3A/Rab8A by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Our study provides important clues toward understanding physiological functions of XLGalpha(olf).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Akita
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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28
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Uechi Y, Bayarjargal M, Umikawa M, Oshiro M, Takei K, Yamashiro Y, Asato T, Endo S, Misaki R, Taguchi T, Kariya KI. Rap2 function requires palmitoylation and recycling endosome localization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 378:732-7. [PMID: 19061864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rap2A, Rap2B, and Rap2C are Ras-like small G proteins. The role of their post-translational processing has not been investigated due to the lack of information on their downstream signaling. We have recently identified the Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK), a member of the STE20 group of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinases, as a specific Rap2 effector. Here we report that, in HEK293T cells, Rap2A (farnesylated) and Rap2C (likely farnesylated), but not Rap2B (geranylgeranylated), require palmitoylation for membrane-association and TNIK activation, whereas all Rap2 proteins, including Rap2B, require palmitoylation for induction of TNIK-mediated phenotype, the suppression of cell spreading. Furthermore, we report for the first time that, in COS-1 cells, Rap2 proteins localize, and recruit TNIK, to the recycling endosomes, but not the Golgi nor the endoplasmic reticulum, in a palmitoylation-dependent manner. These observations implicate the involvement of palmitoylation and recycling endosome localization in cellular functions of Rap2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uechi
- Division of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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29
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Hieda M, Isokane M, Koizumi M, Higashi C, Tachibana T, Shudou M, Taguchi T, Hieda Y, Higashiyama S. Membrane-anchored growth factor, HB-EGF, on the cell surface targeted to the inner nuclear membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 180:763-9. [PMID: 18299347 PMCID: PMC2373455 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200710022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is synthesized as a type I transmembrane protein (proHB-EGF) and expressed on the cell surface. The ectodomain shedding of proHB-EGF at the extracellular region on the plasma membrane yields a soluble EGF receptor ligand and a transmembrane-cytoplasmic fragment (HB-EGF-CTF). The cytoplasmic domain of proHB-EGF (HB-EGF-cyto) interacts with transcriptional repressors to reverse their repressive activities. However, how HB-EGF-cyto accesses transcriptional repressors is yet unknown. The present study demonstrates that, after exposure to shedding stimuli, both HB-EGF-CTF and unshed proHB-EGF translocate to the nuclear envelope. Immunoelectron microscopy and digitonin-permeabilized cells showed that HB-EGF-cyto signals are at the inner nuclear membrane. A short sequence element within the HB-EGF-cyto allows a transmembrane protein to localize to the nuclear envelope. The dominant-active form of Rab5 and Rab11 suppressed nuclear envelope targeting. Collectively, these data demonstrate that membrane-anchored HB-EGF is targeted to the inner nuclear membrane via a retrograde membrane trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hieda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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