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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liu X, Wang J, Li F, Li C, Shan B. Up-regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 by small activating RNA inhibits the in vitro and in vivo growth of pancreatic cancer cells. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:804-11. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aims and background To study the inhibitory effect of p21WAF1/CIP1 activation by saRNA on the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 in vitro and in vivo. Methods and study design A dsRNA (dsP21) targeting the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene promoter at position-322 relative to the transcription start site was transfected into PANC-1 cells. Expression of mRNA and protein was evaluated by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Proliferation of PANC-1 cells was measured by the MTT method, and the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. PANC-1 cells were transplanted subcutaneously in nude mice, and the inhibitory effect of dsP21 on tumor growth was observed. Results The introduction of dsP21 was shown to efficiently up-regulate expression of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene in PANC-1 cells according to the results of RT-PCR and Western blotting (P <0.01, compared with controls). The inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was confirmed by the MTT test (P <0.05, compared with controls). The apoptosis rate of PANC-1 cells treated with dsP21 was significantly higher than that of the control cells (P <0.01). Our experimental data showed that dsP21-mediated up-regulation of p21 expression exerted an apparent growth inhibitory effect on PANC-1 cells in vivo. Conclusions dsP21 targeting the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene promoter can specifically up-regulate expression of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene in PANC-1 cells. It therefore has a substantially inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and can be used as a new method and material for the gene therapy of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Changling Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baozhong Shan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Nishina K, Piao W, Yoshida-Tanaka K, Sujino Y, Nishina T, Yamamoto T, Nitta K, Yoshioka K, Kuwahara H, Yasuhara H, Baba T, Ono F, Miyata K, Miyake K, Seth PP, Low A, Yoshida M, Bennett CF, Kataoka K, Mizusawa H, Obika S, Yokota T. DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide for highly efficient gene silencing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7969. [PMID: 26258894 PMCID: PMC4918363 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are recognized therapeutic agents for the modulation of specific genes at the post-transcriptional level. Similar to any medical drugs, there are opportunities to improve their efficacy and safety. Here we develop a short DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide (HDO) with a structure different from double-stranded RNA used for short interfering RNA and single-stranded DNA used for ASO. A DNA/locked nucleotide acid gapmer duplex with an α-tocopherol-conjugated complementary RNA (Toc-HDO) is significantly more potent at reducing the expression of the targeted mRNA in liver compared with the parent single-stranded gapmer ASO. Toc-HDO also improves the phenotype in disease models more effectively. In addition, the high potency of Toc-HDO results in a reduction of liver dysfunction observed in the parent ASO at a similar silencing effect. HDO technology offers a novel concept of therapeutic oligonucleotides, and the development of this molecular design opens a new therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nishina
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wenying Piao
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kie Yoshida-Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sujino
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishina
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiko Nitta
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yoshioka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kuwahara
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yasuhara
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Baba
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ono
- The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, 1-16-2 Sakura, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0003, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Division of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koichi Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Punit P. Seth
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA
| | - Audrey Low
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Medical Ethics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - C. Frank Bennett
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Division of Clinical Biotechnology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Section of Molecular Technology, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Mollaie HR, Monavari SHR, Arabzadeh SAM, Shamsi-Shahrabadi M, Fazlalipour M, Afshar RM. RNAi and miRNA in viral infections and cancers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:7045-56. [PMID: 24460249 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of RNA interference (RNAi) less than a decade ago, this type of molecular intervention has been introduced to repress gene expression in vitro and also for in vivo studies in mammals. Understanding the mechanisms of action of synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) underlies use as therapeutic agents in the areas of cancer and viral infection. Recent studies have also promoted different theories about cell-specific targeting of siRNAs. Design and delivery strategies for successful treatment of human diseases are becomingmore established and relationships between miRNA and RNAi pathways have been revealed as virus-host cell interactions. Although both are well conserved in plants, invertebrates and mammals, there is also variabilityand a more complete understanding of differences will be needed for optimal application. RNA interference (RNAi) is rapid, cheap and selective in complex biological systems and has created new insight sin fields of cancer research, genetic disorders, virology and drug design. Our knowledge about the role of miRNAs and siRNAs pathways in virus-host cell interactions in virus infected cells is incomplete. There are different viral diseases but few antiviral drugs are available. For example, acyclovir for herpes viruses, alpha-interferon for hepatitis C and B viruses and anti-retroviral for HIV are accessible. Also cancer is obviously an important target for siRNA-based therapies, but the main problem in cancer therapy is targeting metastatic cells which spread from the original tumor. There are also other possible reservations and problems that might delay or even hinder siRNA-based therapies for the treatment of certain conditions; however, this remains the most promising approach for a wide range of diseases. Clearly, more studies must be done to allow efficient delivery and better understanding of unwanted side effects of siRNA-based therapies. In this review miRNA and RNAi biology, experimental design, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Mollaie
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail :
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Manickam C, Reeves RK. Modeling HCV disease in animals: virology, immunology and pathogenesis of HCV and GBV-B infections. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:690. [PMID: 25538700 PMCID: PMC4259104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has become a global public health burden costing billions of dollars in health care annually. Even with rapidly advancing scientific technologies this disease still poses a significant threat due to a lack of vaccines and affordable treatment options. The immune correlates of protection and predisposing factors toward chronicity remain major obstacles to development of HCV vaccines and immunotherapeutics due, at least in part, to lack of a tangible infection animal model. This review discusses the currently available animal models for HCV disease with a primary focus on GB virus B (GBV-B) infection of New World primates that recapitulates the dual Hepacivirus phenotypes of acute viral clearance and chronic pathologic disease. HCV and GBV-B are also closely phylogenetically related and advances in characterization of the immune systems of New World primates have already led to the use of this model for drug testing and vaccine trials. Herein, we discuss the benefits and caveats of the GBV-B infection model and discuss potential avenues for future development of novel vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Li G, Feng B, Deng YC, Li DS, Julaiti·Ainiwaer, Zhang LW. Construction and identification of recombinant adenovirus expression vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs targeting HPV18 E6 and E7. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3608-3612. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i24.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct adenovirus expression vectors carrying short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 E6 and E7 to provide an experimental basis for gene therapy of HPV-associated esophageal cancer.
METHODS: The sequences of HPV18 E6 and E7 genes were retrieved from GenBank, and shRNAs for HPV18 E6 and E7 genes were designed, synthesized and cloned into an adenovirus plasmid (shpAd/PL-Dest) to result in the E6/-shRNA expression vectors shpAd-E6/E7-eGFP.The recombinant expression vectors were identified by restriction enzyme digestion, PCR and sequence analysis. After verification, the two vectors were transfected into HEK293A cells to obtain HPV18 E6 and E7 adenoviral expression vectors.
RESULTS: Enzyme digestion analysis of shpAd-E6-eGFP and shpAd-E7-eGFP adenovirus vectors showed positive results. The two adenovirus vectors were transfected into HEK293A cells successfully.
CONCLUSION: The adenoviral expression vectors carrying shRNAs targeting HPV18 E6 and E7 have been constructed successfully.
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Hirai T, Enomoto M, Kaburagi H, Sotome S, Yoshida-Tanaka K, Ukegawa M, Kuwahara H, Yamamoto M, Tajiri M, Miyata H, Hirai Y, Tominaga M, Shinomiya K, Mizusawa H, Okawa A, Yokota T. Intrathecal AAV serotype 9-mediated delivery of shRNA against TRPV1 attenuates thermal hyperalgesia in a mouse model of peripheral nerve injury. Mol Ther 2013; 22:409-419. [PMID: 24322332 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for neuropathic pain requires efficient gene delivery to both central and peripheral nervous systems. We previously showed that an adenoassociated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector expressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) could suppress target molecule expression in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord upon intrathecal injection. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of this approach, we constructed an AAV9 vector encoding shRNA against vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), which is an important target gene for acute pain, but its role in chronic neuropathic pain remains unclear. We intrathecally injected it into the subarachnoid space at the upper lumbar spine of mice 3 weeks after spared nerve injury (SNI). Delivered shTRPV1 effectively suppressed mRNA and protein expression of TRPV1 in the DRG and spinal cord, and it attenuated nerve injury-induced thermal allodynia 10-28 days after treatment. Our study provides important evidence for the contribution of TRPV1 to thermal hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain and thus establishes intrathecal AAV9-mediated gene delivery as an investigative and potentially therapeutic platform for the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Enomoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Kaburagi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sotome
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kie Yoshida-Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Ukegawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kuwahara
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Tajiri
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyata
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Hirai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Shinomiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shi B, Abrams M. Technologies for investigating the physiological barriers to efficient lipid nanoparticle-siRNA delivery. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:407-20. [PMID: 23504369 PMCID: PMC3715328 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413484152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics have advanced from bench to clinical trials in recent years, along with new tools developed to enable detection of siRNA delivered at the organ, cell, and subcellular levels. Preclinical models of siRNA delivery have benefitted from methodologies such as stem-loop quantitative polymerase chain reaction, histological in situ immunofluorescent staining, endosomal escape assay, and RNA-induced silencing complex loading assay. These technologies have accelerated the detection and optimization of siRNA platforms to overcome the challenges associated with delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides to the cytosol of specific target cells. This review focuses on the methodologies and their application in the biodistribution of siRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Department of RNA Therapeutics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Little things on which happiness depends: microRNAs as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:359-76. [PMID: 22182940 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are devastating mental illnesses that are a significant public health concern. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors are the first-line treatment strategy for these disorders, which despite being a significant advantage over older treatments, are hampered by a limited efficacy in a significant subset of patients, delayed onset of action and side effects that affect compliance. Thus, there is much impetus to develop novel therapeutic strategies. However, this goal can only be rationally realised with a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of these disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a newly discovered class of gene-expression regulators that may represent a novel class of therapeutic targets to treat a variety of disorders including psychiatric diseases. miRNAs are heavily involved in regulating many physiological processes including those fundamental to the functioning of the central nervous system. Evidence collected to date has already demonstrated that miRNA-expression levels are altered in patients suffering from depression and anxiety and in pre-clinical models of psychological stress. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that psychoactive agents including antidepressants and mood stabilisers utilise miRNAs as downstream effectors. Altering miRNA levels has been shown to alter behaviour in a therapeutically desirable manner in pre-clinical models. This review aims to outline the evidence collected to date demonstrating miRNAs role in anxiety and depression, the potential advantages of targeting these small RNA molecules as well as some of the hurdles that will have to be overcome to fully exploit their therapeutic potential.
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively employed for in vivo research since its use was first demonstrated in mammalian cells 10 years ago. Design rules have improved, and it is now routinely possible to obtain reagents that suppress expression of any gene desired. At the same time, increased understanding of the molecular basis of unwanted side effects has led to the development of chemical modification strategies that mitigate these concerns. Delivery remains the single greatest hurdle to widespread adoption of in vivo RNAi methods. However, exciting advances have been made and new delivery systems under development may help to overcome these barriers. This review discusses advances in RNAi biochemistry and biology that impact in vivo use and provides an overview of select publications that demonstrate interesting applications of these principles. Emphasis is placed on work with synthetic, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) published since the first installment of this review which appeared in 2006.
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Iwasaki Y, Mori KI, Ishii K, Maki N, Iijima S, Yoshida T, Okabayashi S, Katakai Y, Lee YJ, Saito A, Fukai H, Kimura N, Ageyama N, Yoshizaki S, Suzuki T, Yasutomi Y, Miyamura T, Kannagi M, Akari H. Long-Term Persistent GBV-B Infection and Development of a Chronic and Progressive Hepatitis C-Like Disease in Marmosets. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:240. [PMID: 22319510 PMCID: PMC3267178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that infection of GB virus B (GBV-B), which is closely related to hepatitis C virus, develops acute self-resolving hepatitis in tamarins. In this study we sought to examine longitudinally the dynamics of viral and immunological status following GBV-B infection of marmosets and tamarins. Surprisingly, two of four marmosets but not tamarins experimentally challenged with GBV-B developed long-term chronic infection with fluctuated viremia, recurrent increase of alanine aminotransferase and plateaued titers of the antiviral antibodies, which was comparable to chronic hepatitis C in humans. Moreover, one of the chronically infected marmosets developed an acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis as revealed by biochemical, histological, and immunopathological analyses. Of note, periodical analyses of the viral genomes in these marmosets indicated frequent and selective non-synonymous mutations, suggesting efficient evasion of the virus from antiviral immune pressure. These results demonstrated for the first time that GBV-B could induce chronic hepatitis C-like disease in marmosets and that the outcome of the viral infection and disease progression may depend on the differences between species and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwasaki
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Shah PS, Schaffer DV. Antiviral RNAi: translating science towards therapeutic success. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2966-82. [PMID: 21826573 PMCID: PMC5012899 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses continuously evolve to contend with an ever-changing environment that involves transmission between hosts and sometimes species, immune responses, and in some cases therapeutic interventions. Given the high mutation rate of viruses relative to the timescales of host evolution and drug development, novel drug classes that are readily screened and translated to the clinic are needed. RNA interference (RNAi)-a natural mechanism for specific degradation of target RNAs that is conserved from plants to invertebrates and vertebrates-can potentially be harnessed to yield therapies with extensive specificity, ease of design, and broad application. In this review, we discuss basic mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of RNAi, including design considerations and areas for future development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya S. Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biolmolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biolmolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
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Rácz Z, Godó M, Révész C, Hamar P. Immune activation and target organ damage are consequences of hydrodynamic treatment but not delivery of naked siRNAs in mice. Nucleic Acid Ther 2011; 21:215-24. [PMID: 21749298 PMCID: PMC3198622 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2010.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), key mediators of RNA interference comprise a promising therapeutic tool, although side effects such as interferon (IFN) response are still not perfectly understood. Further, delivery to target organs is a major challenge, possibly associated with side effects including immune activation or organ damage. We investigated whether immune activation as a consequence of double-stranded RNA induced IFN response (Jak/STAT pathway activation or cytokine production) or target organ damage is induced by in vivo low-volume (LV) or high-volume (HV) hydrodynamic delivery or treatment with naked siRNA. NMRI mice were injected with naked siRNAs or saline by hydrodynamic injection (HDI) and positive control mice received polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C). LV (1 mL/mouse) and HV (10% of body weight) HDI were compared. After LV HDI, STAT1 and OAS1 gene expression inflammatory cytokine plasma levels and target organ injury were assessed. LV HDI induced slight alanine aminotransferase elevation and mild hepatocyte injury, whereas HV HDI resulted in high ALAT level and extensive hepatocyte necrosis. STAT1 or OAS1 was not induced by LV siRNA; however, HV saline led to a time-dependent slight increase in gene expression. Inflammatory cytokine plasma level and organ histology and functional parameters demonstrated no damage following LV HDI with or without siRNA. Our data demonstrate that naked siRNAs may be harnessed, without the induction of IFN response or immune activation, and that LV HDI is preferable, because HV HDI may cause organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Rácz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
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Monaghan M, Pandit A. RNA interference therapy via functionalized scaffolds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:197-208. [PMID: 21241760 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to provide structural and biomolecular cues to compromised tissues through scaffolds. An emerging biomolecular cue is that of RNA interference by which the expression of genes can be silenced through a potent endogenous pathway. Recombinant viral-based approaches in RNAi delivery exist; however non-viral strategies offer many opportunities to exploit this mechanism of regulation in a safer way. Current RNAi therapies in clinical trials are without a vector (naked) or have slightly modified structures. Modification of these molecules with efficient backbone moieties for improved stability and potency, protecting and buffering them with delivery vehicles, and using scaffolds as reservoirs of delivery is at the frontier of current research. However, to enable an efficient sustained therapeutic effect scaffolds have a potentially significant role to play. This review presents non-viral delivery of RNAi that have been attempted via tissue engineered scaffolds. For RNAi to have a clinical impact, it is imperative to evaluate optimal delivery systems to ensure that the efficacy of this promising technology can be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Monaghan
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials, National University of Ireland-Galway, Ireland
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Geisbert TW, Lee ACH, Robbins M, Geisbert JB, Honko AN, Sood V, Johnson JC, de Jong S, Tavakoli I, Judge A, Hensley LE, Maclachlan I. Postexposure protection of non-human primates against a lethal Ebola virus challenge with RNA interference: a proof-of-concept study. Lancet 2010; 375:1896-905. [PMID: 20511019 PMCID: PMC7138079 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) RNA polymerase L protein formulated in stable nucleic acid-lipid particles (SNALPs) completely protected guineapigs when administered shortly after a lethal ZEBOV challenge. Although rodent models of ZEBOV infection are useful for screening prospective countermeasures, they are frequently not useful for prediction of efficacy in the more stringent non-human primate models. We therefore assessed the efficacy of modified non-immunostimulatory siRNAs in a uniformly lethal non-human primate model of ZEBOV haemorrhagic fever. METHODS A combination of modified siRNAs targeting the ZEBOV L polymerase (EK-1 mod), viral protein (VP) 24 (VP24-1160 mod), and VP35 (VP35-855 mod) were formulated in SNALPs. A group of macaques (n=3) was given these pooled anti-ZEBOV siRNAs (2 mg/kg per dose, bolus intravenous infusion) after 30 min, and on days 1, 3, and 5 after challenge with ZEBOV. A second group of macaques (n=4) was given the pooled anti-ZEBOV siRNAs after 30 min, and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 after challenge with ZEBOV. FINDINGS Two (66%) of three rhesus monkeys given four postexposure treatments of the pooled anti-ZEBOV siRNAs were protected from lethal ZEBOV infection, whereas all macaques given seven postexposure treatments were protected. The treatment regimen in the second study was well tolerated with minor changes in liver enzymes that might have been related to viral infection. INTERPRETATION This complete postexposure protection against ZEBOV in non-human primates provides a model for the treatment of ZEBOV-induced haemorrhagic fever. These data show the potential of RNA interference as an effective postexposure treatment strategy for people infected with Ebola virus, and suggest that this strategy might also be useful for treatment of other emerging viral infections. FUNDING Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Geisbert
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Coley W, Kehn-Hall K, Van Duyne R, Kashanchi F. Novel HIV-1 therapeutics through targeting altered host cell pathways. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:1369-82. [PMID: 19732026 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903257781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains presents a challenge for the design of new drugs. Anti-HIV compounds currently in use are the subject of advanced clinical trials using either HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, viral protease or integrase inhibitors. Recent studies show an increase in the number of HIV-1 variants resistant to anti-retroviral agents in newly infected individuals. Targeting host cell factors involved in the regulation of HIV-1 replication might be one way to combat HIV-1 resistance to the currently available anti-viral agents. A specific inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression could be expected from the development of compounds targeting host cell factors that participate in the activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Here we discuss how targeting the host can be accomplished either by using small molecules to alter the function of the host's proteins such as p53 or cdk9, or by utilizing new advances in siRNA therapies to knock down essential host factors such as CCR5 and CXCR4. Finally, we will discuss how the viral protein interactomes should be used to better design therapeutics against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Coley
- George Washington University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Wu SY, McMillan NAJ. Lipidic systems for in vivo siRNA delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:639-52. [PMID: 19757082 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence specific target genes not only offers a tool to study gene function but also represents a novel approach for the treatment of various human diseases. Its clinical use, however, has been severely hampered by the lack of delivery of these molecules to target cell populations in vivo due to their instability, inefficient cell entry, and poor pharmacokinetic profile. Various delivery vectors including liposomes, polymers, and nanoparticles have thus been developed in order to circumvent these problems. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the barriers and recent progress for both local and systemic delivery of therapeutic siRNA using lipidic vectors. Different strategies for formulating these siRNA-loaded lipid particles as well as the general concern about their safe use in vivo will also be discussed. Finally, current advances in the targeted delivery of siRNA and their impacts on the field of RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapy will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Y Wu
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Level 4, R-Wing, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Rd, Buranda, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Akari H, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida T, Iijima S. Non-human primate surrogate model of hepatitis C virus infection. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:53-7. [PMID: 19161559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
More than 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected by HCV, which is the causative agent of chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis, and finally liver cancer. Although animal models of viral hepatitis are a prerequisite for the evaluation of antiviral and vaccine efficacy, the restricted host range of HCV has hampered the development of a suitable small animal model of HCV infection. Use of the chimpanzee, the only animal known to be susceptible to HCV infection, is limited by ethical and financial restrictions. In this regard GBV-B, being closely related to HCV, appears to be a promising non-human surrogate model for the study of HCV infection. This review describes the characteristic of GBV-B infection of New World monkeys, and discusses current issues concerning the GBV-B model and its future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Akari
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan.
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural mechanism in cells that suppresses or silences the expression of aberrant or foreign genes. This activity is being developed as a potential antiviral therapeutic strategy. Studies in vitro, and some in vivo, appear to show the feasibility of using RNAi to treat virus infection. Therapeutic use of RNAi seems to be promising when directed against viruses that cause localized acute infections in accessible target cells. Therapeutic strategies using RNAi against viruses that cause chronic infections, such as HIV, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus, are more difficult to design, but studies have begun to address identifiable problems. Two clinical trials using RNAi have recently been initiated--one phase II trial against respiratory syncytial virus and a phase I trial against HIV. It will be of much interest to see whether nucleic acid therapies can offer another route to treating viral infection.
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Efficient In Vivo Delivery of siRNA to the Liver by Conjugation of α-Tocopherol. Mol Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Efficient in vivo delivery of siRNA to the liver by conjugation of alpha-tocopherol. Mol Ther 2008; 16:734-740. [PMID: 18362929 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is a powerful tool for target-specific knockdown of gene expression. However, efficient and safe in vivo delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) to the target organ, which is essential for therapeutic applications, has not been established. In this study we used alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), which has its own physiological transport pathway to most of the organs, as a carrier molecule of siRNA in vivo. The alpha-tocopherol was covalently bound to the antisense strand of 27/29-mer siRNA at the 5'-end (Toc-siRNA). The 27/29-mer Toc-siRNA was designed to be cleaved by Dicer, producing a mature form of 21/21-mer siRNA after releasing alpha-tocopherol. The C6 hydroxyl group of alpha-tocopherol, associated with antioxidant activity, was abolished. Using this new vector, intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg of Toc-siRNA, targeting apolipoprotein B (apoB), achieved efficient reduction of endogenous apoB messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver. The downregulation of apoB mRNA was confirmed by the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver as a phenotype. Neither induction of interferons (IFNs) nor other overt side effects were revealed by biochemical and pathological analyses. These findings indicate that Toc-siRNA is effective and safe for RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in vivo.
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