1
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Zhang H, Xu Z, Huo Y, Guo K, Wang Y, He G, Sun H, Li M, Li X, Xu N, Sun G. Overexpression of Trx CDSP32 gene promotes chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic electron transfer and alleviates cadmium-induced photoinhibition of PSII and PSI in tobacco leaves. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122899. [PMID: 32450465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium stress causes a decrease in chlorophyll content and inhibits photosynthesis in tobacco leaves. The role of thioredoxin-like protein CDSP32 expressed in plant chloroplasts is to alleviates the reduced enzymes expression involved in chlorophyll synthesis of tobacco leaves due to Cd exposure, effectively preventing chlorophyll degradation and promoting increased tobacco biomass. Overexpression of Trx CDSP32 can protect the oxygen-evolving complex on the PSII donor side and promote electron transfer on the PSII acceptor side of tobacco leaves under Cd stress. Trx CDSP32 not only significantly increase the PSI activity of tobacco leaves, but also alleviate cadmium-induced PSI photoinhibition. Although Trx CDSP32 has no significant effect on the expression of PC and FNR proteins in tobacco leaves under Cd stress, it can alleviate the decreased expression of protein subunits involved in photosynthetic electron transfer such as Cyt b6/f complex subunits, Fd, and ATP synthase subunits. Trx CDSP32 can promote the synthesis of chlorophyll, stabilize the electron transfer chain, and promote ATP synthase activity to alleviate cadmium-induced photoinhibition of PSII and PSI in tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zisong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuze Huo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoqiang He
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mabo Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Nan Xu
- Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Guangyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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2
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Si Z, Guan N, Zhou Y, Mei L, Li Y, Li Y. A Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B Is Required for the Establishment of Astragalus sinicus-Mesorhizobium Symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1631-1645. [PMID: 32618998 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) is involved in oxidative stress or defense responses in plants. However, little is known about its role in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In this study, an MsrB gene was identified from Astragalus sinicus and its function in symbiosis was characterized. AsMsrB was induced under phosphorus starvation and displayed different expression patterns under symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions. Hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen treatment enhanced the transcript level of AsMsrB in roots and nodules. Subcellular localization showed that AsMsrB was localized in the cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and co-localized with rhizobia in nodules. Plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, nodule nitrogenase activity and fresh weight of the aerial part, as well as an abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Statistical analysis of infection events showed that plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots had significant decreases in the number of root hair curling events, infection threads and nodule primordia compared with the control. The content of hydrogen peroxide increased in AsMsrB-RNAi roots but decreased in AsMsrB overexpression roots at the early stage of infection. The transcriptome analysis showed synergistic modulations of the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, defense and pathogenesis and early nodulation. In addition, a candidate protein interacting with AsMsrB was identified and confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, our results indicate that AsMsrB plays an essential role in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by affecting the redox homeostasis in roots and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Physiological Roles of Plant Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Redox Homeostasis and Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7090114. [PMID: 30158486 PMCID: PMC6162775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine (Met) leads to the formation of two S- and R-diastereoisomers of Met sulfoxide (MetO) that are reduced back to Met by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, respectively. Here, we review the current knowledge about the physiological functions of plant MSRs in relation with subcellular and tissue distribution, expression patterns, mutant phenotypes, and possible targets. The data gained from modified lines of plant models and crop species indicate that MSRs play protective roles upon abiotic and biotic environmental constraints. They also participate in the control of the ageing process, as shown in seeds subjected to adverse conditions. Significant advances were achieved towards understanding how MSRs could fulfil these functions via the identification of partners among Met-rich or MetO-containing proteins, notably by using redox proteomic approaches. In addition to a global protective role against oxidative damage in proteins, plant MSRs could specifically preserve the activity of stress responsive effectors such as glutathione-S-transferases and chaperones. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate that MSRs fulfil key signaling roles via interplays with Ca2+- and phosphorylation-dependent cascades, thus transmitting ROS-related information in transduction pathways.
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4
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Shen W, Han J, Yan P, Zheng J, Zhang L, Li X, Tuo D, Zhou P. Soluble expression of biologically active methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (PaMsrB1) from Carica papaya in Escherichia coli and isolation of its protein targets. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 146:17-22. [PMID: 29373846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 (MsrB1) protects the photosynthetic apparatus from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species to repair Met-oxidized proteins in response to abiotic stresses and biotic attack. Papaya MsrB1 (PaMsrB1) was identified previously to interact with papaya ringspot virus NIa-Pro, and this interaction inhibits the import of PaMsrB1 into the chloroplast. Further functional characterization of PaMsrB1 requires the production of a biologically active purified recombinant protein. In this report, PaMsrB1 as a fusion protein containing an N-terminal maltose-binding protein (MBP) was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells and purified. Production of soluble fusion protein was greater when the cells were cultured at 16 °C than at 37 °C. The Factor Xa protease digested MBP-PaMsrB1 fusion protein and subsequently purified recombinant PaMsrB1 specifically reduced the R-diastereomer of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) and Dabsyl-MetSO to Met in the presence of dithiothreitol. Eight chloroplast-localized and five non-chloroplast-localized candidate proteins that interact with PaMsrB1 were isolated by affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results provide a platform to further understand the anti-oxidative defense mechanism of PaMsrB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiping Zheng
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
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Lin Q, Liang JR, Huang QQ, Luo CS, Anderson DM, Bowler C, Chen CP, Li XS, Gao YH. Differential cellular responses associated with oxidative stress and cell fate decision under nitrate and phosphate limitations in Thalassiosira pseudonana: Comparative proteomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184849. [PMID: 28910417 PMCID: PMC5599023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are important components of marine ecosystems and contribute greatly to the world's primary production. Despite their important roles in ecosystems, the molecular basis of how diatoms cope with oxidative stress caused by nutrient fluctuations remains largely unknown. Here, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic method was coupled with a series of physiological and biochemical techniques to explore oxidative stress- and cell fate decision-related cellular and metabolic responses of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to nitrate (N) and inorganic phosphate (P) stresses. A total of 1151 proteins were detected; 122 and 56 were significantly differentially expressed from control under N- and P-limited conditions, respectively. In N-limited cells, responsive proteins were related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, oxidative stress responses and cell death, corresponding to a significant decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, marked intracellular ROS accumulation, and caspase-mediated programmed cell death activation. None of these responses were identified in P-limited cells; however, a significant up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase proteins was observed, which could be the major contributor for P-limited cells to cope with ambient P deficiency. These findings demonstrate that fundamentally different metabolic responses and cellular regulations are employed by the diatom in response to different nutrient stresses and to keep the cells viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun-Rong Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chun-Shan Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris Bowler
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Section, CNRS UMR8197 INSERM U1024, Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d’Ulm, Paris, France
| | - Chang-Ping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue-Song Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ya-Hui Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
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6
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Zhu J, Ding P, Li Q, Gao Y, Chen F, Xia G. Molecular characterization and expression profile of methionine sulfoxide reductase gene family in maize (Zea mays) under abiotic stresses. Gene 2015; 562:159-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Liu L, Wang MH. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a methionine sulfoxide reductase B gene from Nicotiana tabacum. Protein J 2013; 32:543-50. [PMID: 24114470 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during normal aerobic metabolism and in plants exposed to environmental stress. Methionine (Met) residues are particularly sensitive to ROS-mediated oxidation, leading to the formation of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) under mild oxidative conditions. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) repairs oxidized Met and protects plants from oxidative damage. Herein, we identified a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) MSRB gene, referred to as NtMSRB3. Analysis of the sequence showed that the NtMSRB3 protein had four typical motifs in a SelR domain, which is known as the catalytic region of MSRBs. NtMSRB3 specifically reduced the R epimer of MetSO and converted either free MetSO or Dabsyl-MetSO in the presence of dithiothreitol. Escherichia coli cells harboring NtMSRB3 displayed relative high viability under H₂O₂ stress. Subcellular localization of NtMSRB3 revealed that it was a plastid-targeted protein. Furthermore, the semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay showed that NtMSRB3 was upregulated apparently by abscisic acid, salt, cold, and methyl viologen stress within 24 h of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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8
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Dai C, Liu L, Wang MH. Characterization of a methionine sulfoxide reductase B from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and its protecting role in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein J 2013; 32:39-47. [PMID: 23283574 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated a methionine sulfoxide reductase B gene, termed SlMSRB1, from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In the organ-specific analysis, high expression levels of SlMSRB1 were detected in red mature fruits, leaves and flowers while low transcriptional levels of SlMSRB1 mRNA were observed in stems and roots. In the green fluorescence analysis of SlMSRB1- overexpressed Arabidopsis, signal corresponding to SlMSRB1 was merely detected in chloroplast, suggesting that tomato MSRB1 is a chloroplastial localization protein. Substrate specificity analysis of recombinant SlMSRB1 showed that the enzyme was only targeted to the R epimer of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) and was able to convert both free and protein-bound MetSO back to methionine in the presence of dithithreitol (DTT). In addition, SlMSRB1 exhibited no activity in thioredoxin dependent system or the substitution of cysteine at position 181 in the DTT-dependent reduction system. Finally, overexpression of SlMSRB1 in yeast revealed that the SlMSRB1 gene might play a critical role in protecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Dai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, South Korea
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9
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Le DT, Tarrago L, Watanabe Y, Kaya A, Lee BC, Tran U, Nishiyama R, Fomenko DE, Gladyshev VN, Tran LSP. Diversity of plant methionine sulfoxide reductases B and evolution of a form specific for free methionine sulfoxide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65637. [PMID: 23776515 PMCID: PMC3680461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine can be reversibly oxidized to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) under physiological conditions. Organisms evolved two distinct methionine sulfoxide reductase families (MSRA & MSRB) to repair oxidized methionine residues. We found that 5 MSRB genes exist in the soybean genome, including GmMSRB1 and two segmentally duplicated gene pairs (GmMSRB2 and GmMSRB5, GmMSRB3 and GmMSRB4). GmMSRB2 and GmMSRB4 proteins showed MSRB activity toward protein-based MetO with either DTT or thioredoxin (TRX) as reductants, whereas GmMSRB1 was active only with DTT. GmMSRB2 had a typical MSRB mechanism with Cys121 and Cys 68 as catalytic and resolving residues, respectively. Surprisingly, this enzyme also possessed the MSRB activity toward free Met-R-O with kinetic parameters similar to those reported for fRMSR from Escherichia coli, an enzyme specific for free Met-R-O. Overexpression of GmMSRB2 or GmMSRB4 in the yeast cytosol supported the growth of the triple MSRA/MSRB/fRMSR (Δ3MSRs) mutant on MetO and protected cells against H2O2-induced stress. Taken together, our data reveal an unexpected diversity of MSRBs in plants and indicate that, in contrast to mammals that cannot reduce free Met-R-O and microorganisms that use fRMSR for this purpose, plants evolved MSRBs for the reduction of both free and protein-based MetO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Tien Le
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Cell & Biotechnology and Agriculture Genetics Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lionel Tarrago
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yasuko Watanabe
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alaattin Kaya
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Uyen Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Nishiyama
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dmitri E. Fomenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Tarrago L, Gladyshev VN. Recharging oxidative protein repair: catalysis by methionine sulfoxide reductases towards their amino acid, protein, and model substrates. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1097-107. [PMID: 23157290 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur-containing amino acid methionine (Met) in its free and amino acid residue forms can be readily oxidized to the R and S diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (MetO). Methionine sulfoxide reductases A (MSRA) and B (MSRB) reduce MetO back to Met in a stereospecific manner, acting on the S and R forms, respectively. A third MSR type, fRMSR, reduces the R form of free MetO. MSRA and MSRB are spread across the three domains of life, whereas fRMSR is restricted to bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes. These enzymes protect against abiotic and biotic stresses and regulate lifespan. MSRs are thiol oxidoreductases containing catalytic redox-active cysteine or selenocysteine residues, which become oxidized by the substrate, requiring regeneration for the next catalytic cycle. These enzymes can be classified according to the number of redox-active cysteines (selenocysteines) and the strategies to regenerate their active forms by thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. For each MSR type, we review catalytic parameters for the reduction of free MetO, low molecular weight MetO-containing compounds, and oxidized proteins. Analysis of these data reinforces the concept that MSRAs reduce various types of MetO-containing substrates with similar efficiency, whereas MSRBs are specialized for the reduction of MetO in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tarrago
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Liu L, Wang MH. Expression and biological properties of a novel methionine sulfoxide reductase A in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Protein J 2013; 32:266-74. [PMID: 23552991 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) residues in proteins/peptides are extremely susceptible to oxidation mediated by reactive oxygen species, resulting in the formation of methionine sulfoxide, which could be inversely reduced back to Met by methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR). In the present study, an A-type MSR gene, termed NtMSRA4, was isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Sequence analysis of NtMSRA4 amino acid sequence indicated that the gene, encoded a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 21 kDa, possessed the highly conserved motif, 'GCFWG' in the N-terminus and 'KGCNDPIRCY' motif in the C-terminus respectively. Substrate specific analysis revealed that recombinant NtMSRA4 protein could reduce specifically S-isomer of Dabsyl-MetSO to Dabsyl-Met in vitro using dithiothreitol as an electron donor. Enzymatic properties analysis showed that the temperature of 42 °C and pH 9.0 were optimum for NtMSRA4 activity. The K m and K cat values of NtMSRA4 were determined to be 40.04 μM and 0.048 S(-1) in the thioredoxin dependent reduction system. Overexpression of NtMSRA4 in E. coli cells enhanced resistance to H2O2 toxicity. Subcellular localization result showed that NtMSRA4 was located in the chloroplast. The expression level of NtMSRA4 was affected differently after exposure to various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-701, South Korea
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12
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Lee S, Kim SM, Lee RT. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin target proteins: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1165-207. [PMID: 22607099 PMCID: PMC3579385 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx) system is one of the central antioxidant systems in mammalian cells, maintaining a reducing environment by catalyzing electron flux from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate through Trx reductase to Trx, which reduces its target proteins using highly conserved thiol groups. While the importance of protecting cells from the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species is clear, decades of research in this field revealed that there is a network of redox-sensitive proteins forming redox-dependent signaling pathways that are crucial for fundamental cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Trx participates in signaling pathways interacting with different proteins to control their dynamic regulation of structure and function. In this review, we focus on Trx target proteins that are involved in redox-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, Trx-dependent reductive enzymes that participate in classical redox reactions and redox-sensitive signaling molecules are discussed in greater detail. The latter are extensively discussed, as ongoing research unveils more and more details about the complex signaling networks of Trx-sensitive signaling molecules such as apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, Trx interacting protein, and phosphatase and tensin homolog, thus highlighting the potential direct and indirect impact of their redox-dependent interaction with Trx. Overall, the findings that are described here illustrate the importance and complexity of Trx-dependent, redox-sensitive signaling in the cell. Our increasing understanding of the components and mechanisms of these signaling pathways could lead to the identification of new potential targets for the treatment of diseases, including cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lee
- The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Chondrogianni N, Petropoulos I, Grimm S, Georgila K, Catalgol B, Friguet B, Grune T, Gonos ES. Protein damage, repair and proteolysis. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 35:1-71. [PMID: 23107776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are continuously affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Damaged proteins influence several intracellular pathways and result in different disorders and diseases. Aggregation of damaged proteins depends on the balance between their generation and their reversal or elimination by protein repair systems and degradation, respectively. With regard to protein repair, only few repair mechanisms have been evidenced including the reduction of methionine sulfoxide residues by the methionine sulfoxide reductases, the conversion of isoaspartyl residues to L-aspartate by L-isoaspartate methyl transferase and deglycation by phosphorylation of protein-bound fructosamine by fructosamine-3-kinase. Protein degradation is orchestrated by two major proteolytic systems, namely the lysosome and the proteasome. Alteration of the function for both systems has been involved in all aspects of cellular metabolic networks linked to either normal or pathological processes. Given the importance of protein repair and degradation, great effort has recently been made regarding the modulation of these systems in various physiological conditions such as aging, as well as in diseases. Genetic modulation has produced promising results in the area of protein repair enzymes but there are not yet any identified potent inhibitors, and, to our knowledge, only one activating compound has been reported so far. In contrast, different drugs as well as natural compounds that interfere with proteolysis have been identified and/or developed resulting in homeostatic maintenance and/or the delay of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Grimm
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Konstantina Georgila
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Betul Catalgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
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14
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Couturier J, Vignols F, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. Glutathione- and glutaredoxin-dependent reduction of methionine sulfoxide reductase A. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3894-9. [PMID: 23022439 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A natural fusion occurring between two tandemly repeated glutaredoxin (Grx) modules and a methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) has been detected in Gracilaria gracilis. Using an in vivo yeast complementation assay and in vitro activity measurements, we demonstrated that this fusion enzyme was able to reduce methionine sulfoxide into methionine using glutathione as a reductant. Consistently, a poplar cytosolic MsrA can be regenerated in vitro by glutaredoxins with an efficiency comparable to that of thioredoxins, but using a different mechanism. We hypothesize that the glutathione/glutaredoxin system could constitute an evolutionary conserved alternative regeneration system for MsrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Couturier
- UMR1136 Université de Lorraine-INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, IFR 110, Faculté des Sciences, 54500 Vandoeuvre, France.
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15
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Ugarte N, Petropoulos I, Friguet B. Oxidized mitochondrial protein degradation and repair in aging and oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:539-49. [PMID: 19958171 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are main targets for oxidative damage that occurs during aging and in oxidative stress situations. Since the mitochondria is a major source of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial proteins are especially exposed to oxidative modification, and elimination of oxidized proteins is crucial for maintaining the integrity of this organelle. Hence, enzymatic reversal of protein oxidation and protein degradation is critical for protein homeostasis while protein maintenance failure has been implicated in the age-related accumulation of oxidized proteins. Within the mitochondrial matrix, the ATP-stimulated mitochondrial Lon protease is believed to play an important role in the degradation of oxidized protein, and age-associated impairment of Lon-like protease activity has been suggested to contribute to oxidized protein buildup in the mitochondria. Oxidized protein repair is limited to certain oxidation products of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine. Oxidized protein repair systems, thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase or glutaredoxin/glutathione/glutathione reductase that catalytically reduce disulfide bridges or sulfenic acids, and methionine sulfoxide reductase that reverses methionine sulfoxide back to methionine within proteins, are present in the mitochondrial matrix. Thus, the role of the mitochondrial Lon protease and the oxidized protein repair system methionine sulfoxide reductase is further addressed in the context of oxidative stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ugarte
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, Université Pierre et Marie Paris, France
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16
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Liang X, Fomenko DE, Hua D, Kaya A, Gladyshev VN. Diversity of protein and mRNA forms of mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductase B1 due to intronization and protein processing. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11497. [PMID: 20634897 PMCID: PMC2901347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) are repair enzymes that protect proteins from oxidative stress by catalyzing stereospecific reduction of oxidized methionine residues. MsrB1 is a selenocysteine-containing cytosolic/nuclear Msr with high expression in liver and kidney. Principal Findings Here, we identified differences in MsrB1 gene structure among mammals. Human MsrB1 gene consists of four, whereas the corresponding mouse gene of five exons, due to occurrence of an additional intron that flanks the stop signal and covers a large part of the 3′-UTR. This intron evolved in a subset of rodents through intronization of exonic sequences, whereas the human gene structure represents the ancestral form. In mice, both splice forms were detected in liver, kidney, brain and heart with the five-exon form being the major form. We found that both mRNA forms were translated and supported efficient selenocysteine insertion into MsrB1. In addition, MsrB1 occurs in two protein forms that migrate as 14 and 5 kDa proteins. We found that each mRNA splice form generated both protein forms. The abundance of the 5 kDa form was not influenced by protease inhibitors, replacement of selenocysteine in the active site or mutation of amino acids in the cleavage site. However, mutation of cysteines that coordinate a structural zinc decreased the levels of 5 and 14 kDa forms, suggesting importance of protein structure for biosynthesis and/stability of these forms. Conclusions This study characterized unexpected diversity of protein and mRNA forms of mammalian selenoprotein MsrB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dmitri E. Fomenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Deame Hua
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alaattin Kaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Zhang XH. Article Commentary: Regulation of Protein Function by Residue Oxidation. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/pri.s3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A majority of extant life forms require O2 to survive and thrive. Oxidation is inevitably one of the most active cellular processes and one constant challenge that living organisms must face. Generation of oxidants including reactive oxygen species is a natural consequence of cellular metabolism of all biological systems during normal life cycle under different environments. These oxidants oxidize many biological macromolecules such as proteins and affect their functions. Oxidation of specific amino acids in proteins may cause damage to protein structure and impair function, or may also activate protein activities and promote cellular metabolism. As an example, the reversible oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues has a profound impact on protein function and cellular process. A recent study that examines the effect of Met oxidation on Ser phosphorylation in a mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase, provides another demonstration that protein oxidation is an important regulatory mechanism for organisms to deal with developmental and environmental challenges throughout life processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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18
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Tarrago L, Laugier E, Zaffagnini M, Marchand CH, Le Maréchal P, Lemaire SD, Rey P. Plant thioredoxin CDSP32 regenerates 1-cys methionine sulfoxide reductase B activity through the direct reduction of sulfenic acid. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14964-14972. [PMID: 20236937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are ubiquitous enzymes catalyzing the reduction of disulfide bonds, thanks to a CXXC active site. Among their substrates, 2-Cys methionine sulfoxide reductases B (2-Cys MSRBs) reduce the R diastereoisomer of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) and possess two redox-active Cys as follows: a catalytic Cys reducing MetSO and a resolving one, involved in disulfide bridge formation. The other MSRB type, 1-Cys MSRBs, possesses only the catalytic Cys, and their regeneration mechanisms by Trxs remain unclear. The plant plastidial Trx CDSP32 is able to provide 1-Cys MSRB with electrons. CDSP32 includes two Trx modules with one potential active site (219)CGPC(222) and three extra Cys. Here, we investigated the redox properties of recombinant Arabidopsis CDSP32 and delineated the biochemical mechanisms of MSRB regeneration by CDSP32. Free thiol titration and 4-acetamido-4'-maleimidyldistilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid alkylation assays indicated that the Trx possesses only two redox-active Cys, very likely the Cys(219) and Cys(222). Protein electrophoresis analyses coupled to mass spectrometry revealed that CDSP32 forms a heterodimeric complex with MSRB1 via reduction of the sulfenic acid formed on MSRB1 catalytic Cys after MetSO reduction. MSR activity assays using variable CDSP32 amounts revealed that MSRB1 reduction proceeds with a 1:1 stoichiometry, and redox titrations indicated that CDSP32 and MSRB1 possess midpoints potentials of -337 and -328 mV at pH 7.9, respectively, indicating that regeneration of MSRB1 activity by the Trx through sulfenic acid reduction is thermodynamically feasible in physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tarrago
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternative, (Cadarache), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille II, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex
| | - Edith Laugier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternative, (Cadarache), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille II, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8619, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Le Maréchal
- Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8619, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | | | - Pascal Rey
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternative, (Cadarache), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6191 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique/CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille II, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex.
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19
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Laugier E, Tarrago L, Vieira Dos Santos C, Eymery F, Havaux M, Rey P. Arabidopsis thaliana plastidial methionine sulfoxide reductases B, MSRBs, account for most leaf peptide MSR activity and are essential for growth under environmental constraints through a role in the preservation of photosystem antennae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:271-82. [PMID: 19874542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Methionine oxidation to methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) is reversed by two types of methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, specific to MetSO S- and R-diastereomers, respectively. Two MSRB isoforms, MSRB1 and MSRB2, are present in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. To assess their physiological role, we characterized Arabidopsis mutants knockout for the expression of MSRB1, MSRB2 or both genes. Measurements of MSR activity in leaf extracts revealed that the two plastidial MSRB enzymes account for the major part of leaf peptide MSR capacity. Under standard conditions of light and temperature, plants lacking one or both plastidial MSRBs do not exhibit any phenotype, regarding growth and development. In contrast, we observed that the concomitant absence of both proteins results in a reduced growth for plants cultivated under high light or low temperature. In contrast, double mutant lines restored for MSRB2 expression display no phenotype. Under environmental constraints, the MetSO level in leaf proteins is higher in plants lacking both plastidial MSRBs than in Wt plants. The absence of plastidial MSRBs is associated with an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio, a reduced content of Lhca1 and Lhcb1 proteins and an impaired photosynthetic performance. Finally, we show that MSRBs are able to use as substrates, oxidized cpSRP43 and cpSRP54, the two main components involved in the targeting of Lhc proteins to the thylakoids. We propose that plastidial MSRBs fulfil an essential function in maintaining vegetative growth of plants during environmental constraints, through a role in the preservation of photosynthetic antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Laugier
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, SBVME, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Cedex, France
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20
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Tarrago L, Laugier E, Zaffagnini M, Marchand C, Le Maréchal P, Rouhier N, Lemaire SD, Rey P. Regeneration mechanisms of Arabidopsis thaliana methionine sulfoxide reductases B by glutaredoxins and thioredoxins. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:18963-71. [PMID: 19457862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.015487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine oxidation leads to the formation of S- and R-diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO), which are reduced back to methionine by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) A and B, respectively. MSRBs are classified in two groups depending on the conservation of one or two redox-active Cys; 2-Cys MSRBs possess a catalytic Cys-reducing MetSO and a resolving Cys, allowing regeneration by thioredoxins. The second type, 1-Cys MSRBs, possess only the catalytic Cys. The biochemical mechanisms involved in activity regeneration of 1-Cys MSRBs remain largely elusive. In the present work we used recombinant plastidial Arabidopsis thaliana MSRB1 and MSRB2 as models for 1-Cys and 2-Cys MSRBs, respectively, to delineate the Trx- and glutaredoxin-dependent reduction mechanisms. Activity assays carried out using a series of cysteine mutants and various reductants combined with measurements of free thiols under distinct oxidation conditions and mass spectrometry experiments show that the 2-Cys MSRB2 is reduced by Trx through a dithiol-disulfide exchange involving both redox-active Cys of the two partners. Regarding 1-Cys MSRB1, oxidation of the enzyme after substrate reduction leads to the formation of a stable sulfenic acid on the catalytic Cys, which is subsequently glutathionylated. The deglutathionylation of MSRB1 is achieved by both mono- and dithiol glutaredoxins and involves only their N-terminal conserved catalytic Cys. This study proposes a detailed mechanism of the regeneration of 1-Cys MSRB activity by glutaredoxins, which likely constitute physiological reductants for this type of MSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tarrago
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (Cadarache, France), Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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21
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Functions and evolution of selenoprotein methionine sulfoxide reductases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1471-7. [PMID: 19406207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) are thiol-dependent enzymes which catalyze conversion of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Three Msr families, MsrA, MsrB, and fRMsr, are known. MsrA and MsrB are responsible for the reduction of methionine-S-sulfoxide and methionine-R-sulfoxide residues in proteins, respectively, whereas fRMsr reduces free methionine-R-sulfoxide. Besides acting on proteins, MsrA can additionally reduce free methionine-S-sulfoxide. Some MsrAs and MsrBs evolved to utilize catalytic selenocysteine. This includes MsrB1, which is a major MsrB in cytosol and nucleus in mammalian cells. Specialized machinery is used for insertion of selenocysteine into MsrB1 and other selenoproteins at in-frame UGA codons. Selenocysteine offers catalytic advantage to the protein repair function of Msrs, but also makes these proteins dependent on the supply of selenium and requires adjustments in their strategies for regeneration of active enzymes. Msrs have roles in protecting cellular proteins from oxidative stress and through this function they may regulate lifespan in several model organisms.
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22
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Tarrago L, Laugier E, Rey P. Protein-repairing methionine sulfoxide reductases in photosynthetic organisms: gene organization, reduction mechanisms, and physiological roles. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:202-17. [PMID: 19825608 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methionine oxidation to methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) is reversed by two types of methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), A and B, specific to the S- and R-diastereomers of MetSO, respectively. MSR genes are found in most organisms from bacteria to human. In the current review, we first compare the organization of the MSR gene families in photosynthetic organisms from cyanobacteria to higher plants. The analysis reveals that MSRs constitute complex families in higher plants, bryophytes, and algae compared to cyanobacteria and all non-photosynthetic organisms. We also perform a classification, based on gene number and structure, position of redox-active cysteines and predicted sub-cellular localization. The various catalytic mechanisms and potential physiological electron donors involved in the regeneration of MSR activity are then described. Data available from higher plants reveal that MSRs fulfill an essential physiological function during environmental constraints through a role in protein repair and in protection against oxidative damage. Taking into consideration the expression patterns of MSR genes in plants and the known roles of these genes in non-photosynthetic cells, other functions of MSRs are discussed during specific developmental stages and ageing in photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tarrago
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Bâtiment 161, SBVME, CEA-Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, Cedex, France
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23
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Zhang XH, Weissbach H. Origin and evolution of the protein-repairing enzymes methionine sulphoxide reductases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:249-57. [PMID: 18557976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of extant life forms thrive in an O2-rich environment, which unavoidably induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular activities. ROS readily oxidize methionine (Met) residues in proteins/peptides to form methionine sulphoxide [Met(O)] that can lead to impaired protein function. Two methionine sulphoxide reductases, MsrA and MsrB, catalyse the reduction of the S and R epimers, respectively, of Met(O) in proteins to Met. The Msr system has two known functions in protecting cells against oxidative damage. The first is to repair proteins that have lost activity due to Met oxidation and the second is to function as part of a scavenger system to remove ROS through the reversible oxidation/reduction of Met residues in proteins. Bacterial, plant and animal cells lacking MsrA are known to be more sensitive to oxidative stress. The Msr system is considered an important cellular defence mechanism to protect against oxidative stress and may be involved in ageing/senescence. MsrA is present in all known eukaryotes and eubacteria and a majority of archaea, reflecting its essential role in cellular life. MsrB is found in all eukaryotes and the majority of eubacteria and archaea but is absent in some eubacteria and archaea, which may imply a less important role of MsrB compared to MsrA. MsrA and MsrB share no sequence or structure homology, and therefore probably emerged as a result of independent evolutionary events. The fact that some archaea lack msr genes raises the question of how these archaea cope with oxidative damage to proteins and consequently of the significance of msr evolution in oxic eukaryotes dealing with oxidative stress. Our best hypothesis is that the presence of ROS-destroying enzymes such as peroxiredoxins and a lower dissolved O2 concentration in those msr-lacking organisms grown at high temperatures might account for the successful survival of these organisms under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton 33431, USA.
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24
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Lee TH, Kim HY. An anaerobic bacterial MsrB model reveals catalytic mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages provided by selenocysteine and cysteine in reduction of methionine-R-sulfoxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 478:175-80. [PMID: 18722338 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We verified and generalized the catalytic features that selenocysteine (Sec) and cysteine (Cys) contribute to the reduction of methionine-R-sulfoxide using an anaerobic bacterial MsrB from Clostridium sp. OhILA as a model protein. The Sec-containing Clostridium MsrB form exhibited 100-fold higher activity than its Cys-containing form, revealing that Sec provided the catalytic advantage of higher activity. However, a resolving Cys was required for the thioredoxin (Trx)-dependent recycling process of the Sec-containing form. Thus, Trx could reduce the selenenylsulfide bond, but its Trx-dependent recycling process was much less efficient compared to that for the disulfide bond in the Cys-containing form, demonstrating an obvious catalytic disadvantage. These data agreed well with our previous data on mammalian MsrBs, and therefore suggested that the catalytic mechanisms, as well as the catalytic advantages and disadvantages provided by the Sec and Cys residues, are most likely conserved from anaerobic bacteria to mammals. Taken together, we propose that the use of Sec in MsrB may depend on a balance between the catalytic advantage of higher activity and the disadvantage of a less efficient regeneration process provided by this residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 317-1 Daemyung-dong, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
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25
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Kim HY, Kim JR. Thioredoxin as a reducing agent for mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductases B lacking resolving cysteine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:490-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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