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Crane HM, Asher S, Conway L, Drivas TG, Kallish S. Unraveling a history of overlap: A phenotypic comparison of RBCK1-related disease and glycogen storage disease type IV. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63574. [PMID: 38436530 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
RBCK1-related disease is a rare, multisystemic disorder for which our current understanding of the natural history is limited. A number of individuals initially carried clinical diagnoses of glycogen storage disease IV (GSD IV), but were later found to harbor RBCK1 pathogenic variants, demonstrating challenges of correctly diagnosing RBCK1-related disease. This study carried out a phenotypic comparison between RBCK1-related disease and GSD IV to identify features that clinically differentiate these diagnoses. Literature review and retrospective chart review identified 25 individuals with RBCK1-related disease and 36 with the neuromuscular subtype of GSD IV. Clinical features were evaluated to assess for statistically significant differences between the conditions. At a system level, any cardiac, autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, growth, or dermatologic involvement were suggestive of RBCK1, whereas any respiratory involvement suggested GSD IV. Several features warrant further exploration as predictors of RBCK1, such as generalized weakness, heart transplant, and recurrent infections, among others. Distinguishing RBCK1-related disease will facilitate correct diagnoses and pave the way for accurately identifying affected individuals, as well as for developing management recommendations, treatment, and an enhanced understanding of the natural history. This knowledge may also inform which individuals thought to have GSD IV should undergo reevaluation for RBCK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Crane
- Master of Science in Genetic Counseling Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Asher
- Penn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Conway
- Master of Science in Genetic Counseling Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Theodore G Drivas
- Penn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Staci Kallish
- Penn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Lefèvre CR, Collardeau-Frachon S, Streichenberger N, Berenguer-Martin S, Clémenson A, Massardier J, Prieur F, Laurichesse H, Laffargue F, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, Froissart R, Pettazzoni M. Severe neuromuscular forms of glycogen storage disease type IV: Histological, clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in a large French case series. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:255-269. [PMID: 38012812 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), also called Andersen disease, or amylopectinosis, is a highly heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder caused by a glycogen branching enzyme (GBE, 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme) deficiency secondary to pathogenic variants on GBE1 gene. The incidence is evaluated to 1:600 000 to 1:800 000 of live births. GBE deficiency leads to an excessive deposition of structurally abnormal, amylopectin-like glycogen in affected tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, heart, nervous system, etc.). Diagnosis is often guided by histological findings and confirmed by GBE activity deficiency and molecular studies. Severe neuromuscular forms of GSD IV are very rare and of disastrous prognosis. Identification and characterization of these forms are important for genetic counseling for further pregnancies. Here we describe clinical, histological, enzymatic, and molecular findings of 10 cases from 8 families, the largest case series reported so far, of severe neuromuscular forms of GSD IV along with a literature review. Main antenatal features are: fetal akinesia deformation sequence or arthrogryposis/joint contractures often associated with muscle atrophy, decreased fetal movement, cystic hygroma, and/or hydrops fetalis. If pregnancy is carried to term, the main clinical features observed at birth are severe hypotonia and/or muscle atrophy, with the need for mechanical ventilation, cardiomyopathy, retrognathism, and arthrogryposis. All our patients were stillborn or died within 1 month of life. In addition, we identified five novel GBE1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Lefèvre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Collardeau-Frachon
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Soffoet (Société Française de Fœtopathologie), Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Streichenberger
- Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon - Université Claude Bernard Lyon1 - Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS UMR 5261 - INSERM U1315, France
| | | | - Alix Clémenson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Massardier
- Multidisciplinary Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Femme Mere Enfant University Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Department of Clinical, Chromosomal and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Fanny Laffargue
- Department of Genetics, University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Roseline Froissart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Magali Pettazzoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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3
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Urtizberea JA, Severa G, Malfatti E. Metabolic Myopathies in the Era of Next-Generation Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050954. [PMID: 37239314 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic myopathies are rare inherited disorders that deserve more attention from neurologists and pediatricians. Pompe disease and McArdle disease represent some of the most common diseases in clinical practice; however, other less common diseases are now better-known. In general the pathophysiology of metabolic myopathies needs to be better understood. Thanks to the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS), genetic testing has replaced more invasive investigations and sophisticated enzymatic assays to reach a final diagnosis in many cases. The current diagnostic algorithms for metabolic myopathies have integrated this paradigm shift and restrict invasive investigations for complicated cases. Moreover, NGS contributes to the discovery of novel genes and proteins, providing new insights into muscle metabolism and pathophysiology. More importantly, a growing number of these conditions are amenable to therapeutic approaches such as diets of different kinds, exercise training protocols, and enzyme replacement therapy or gene therapy. Prevention and management-notably of rhabdomyolysis-are key to avoiding serious and potentially life-threatening complications and improving patients' quality of life. Although not devoid of limitations, the newborn screening programs that are currently mushrooming across the globe show that early intervention in metabolic myopathies is a key factor for better therapeutic efficacy and long-term prognosis. As a whole NGS has largely increased the diagnostic yield of metabolic myopathies, but more invasive but classical investigations are still critical when the genetic diagnosis is unclear or when it comes to optimizing the follow-up and care of these muscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianmarco Severa
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Neurology-Neurophysiology Unit, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, Viale Bracci 1, 5310 Siena, Italy
- Université Paris Est, U955, IMRB, INSERM, APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord-Est-Ile-de-France, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Edoardo Malfatti
- Université Paris Est, U955, IMRB, INSERM, APHP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord-Est-Ile-de-France, Henri Mondor Hospital, 94000 Créteil, France
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4
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Koch RL, Soler-Alfonso C, Kiely BT, Asai A, Smith AL, Bali DS, Kang PB, Landstrom AP, Akman HO, Burrow TA, Orthmann-Murphy JL, Goldman DS, Pendyal S, El-Gharbawy AH, Austin SL, Case LE, Schiffmann R, Hirano M, Kishnani PS. Diagnosis and management of glycogen storage disease type IV, including adult polyglucosan body disease: A clinical practice resource. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:107525. [PMID: 36796138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in GBE1 which results in reduced or deficient glycogen branching enzyme activity. Consequently, glycogen synthesis is impaired and leads to accumulation of poorly branched glycogen known as polyglucosan. GSD IV is characterized by a remarkable degree of phenotypic heterogeneity with presentations in utero, during infancy, early childhood, adolescence, or middle to late adulthood. The clinical continuum encompasses hepatic, cardiac, muscular, and neurologic manifestations that range in severity. The adult-onset form of GSD IV, referred to as adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD), is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neurogenic bladder, spastic paraparesis, and peripheral neuropathy. There are currently no consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of these patients, resulting in high rates of misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, and lack of standardized clinical care. To address this, a group of experts from the United States developed a set of recommendations for the diagnosis and management of all clinical phenotypes of GSD IV, including APBD, to support clinicians and caregivers who provide long-term care for individuals with GSD IV. The educational resource includes practical steps to confirm a GSD IV diagnosis and best practices for medical management, including (a) imaging of the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, and spine, (b) functional and neuromusculoskeletal assessments, (c) laboratory investigations, (d) liver and heart transplantation, and (e) long-term follow-up care. Remaining knowledge gaps are detailed to emphasize areas for improvement and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Claudia Soler-Alfonso
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bridget T Kiely
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ariana L Smith
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deeksha S Bali
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter B Kang
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Orhan Akman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - T Andrew Burrow
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Deberah S Goldman
- Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease Research Foundation, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Surekha Pendyal
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Areeg H El-Gharbawy
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie L Austin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura E Case
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Liu M, Sun LY. Liver Transplantation for Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:633822. [PMID: 33681109 PMCID: PMC7933444 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.633822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE) deficiency, leading to accumulation of amylopectin-like glycogen that may damage affected tissues. The clinical manifestations of GSD IV are heterogeneous; one of which is the classic manifestation of progressive hepatic fibrosis. There is no specific treatment available for GSD IV. Currently, liver transplantation is an option. It is crucial to evaluate long-term outcomes of liver transplantation. We reviewed the published literature for GSD IV patients undergoing liver transplantation. To date, some successful liver transplantations have increased the quantity and quality of life in patients. Although the extrahepatic manifestations of GSD IV may still progress after transplantation, especially cardiomyopathy. Patients with cardiac involvement are candidates for cardiac transplantation. Liver transplantation remains the only effective therapeutic option for treatment of GSD IV. However, liver transplantation may not alter the extrahepatic progression of GSD IV. Patients should be carefully assessed before liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- Department of Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Mares L, Vilchis F, Chávez B, Ramos L. Molecular genetic analysis of AKR1C2-4 and HSD17B6 genes in subjects 46,XY with hypospadias. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:689.e1-689.e12. [PMID: 32732174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of the male urethra depends to enzyme-mediated testosterone (T) conversion into 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Two metabolic pathways could be operating in the fetal testis to synthesize androgens: 1) the "classic" route (T→DHT) mediated by SRD5A2 and 2) a "backdoor" pathway in which DHT is synthesized by aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C2 (AKR1C2), AKR1C3, and AKR1C4 enzymes without formation of a T intermediate. OBJECTIVE We studied four genes of the "backdoor" pathway in karyotypic males with hypospadias to ascertain whether gene defects in AKRs impair urethral DHT formation that result in hypospadias. DESIGN AND PATIENTS The coding regions of the AKR1C2-4 and HSD17B6 genes were analyzed by PCR-SSCP and sequencing in a cohort of 25 Mexican patients (0.3-9 year-old-children) with 46,XY-hypospadias. Chi-squared tests was performed to evaluate the distribution of genotypes, alleles, and the Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium. The effect of the genetic variants was investigated by in silico studies. RESULTS Screening studies revealed distinct genotypic patterns at different exons of AKR1C2-4 whereas HSD17B6 presented a wild-type sequence. The DNA analyses detected two synonymous variants (c.327C>T, c.666T>C/unreported) in AKR1C2. The AKR1C3 had two variants (c.15C>G, c.230A>G), two unreported variants (c.538T>C, c.596G>A), and one silent variant (c.312G>A). Two variants (c.434C>G, c.931C>G) were identified in AKR1C4. All variants were in H-W equilibrium without structural changes. DISCUSSION Hypospadias have been associated with defects that alter androgen biosynthesis in the human fetal testis, specifically 5α-DHT. We selected four candidate genes involved in the "backdoor" pathway for the formation of 5α-DHT. Molecular assays of the AKR1C2, AKR1C3, and AKR1C4 genes revealed a total of nine genetic single nucleotide variants. Several variants in the AKR1C genes have been associated with a variety of human pathologies. However, our studies suggest that active steroid biosynthesis via AKR1C might not be involved in hypospadias. Additionally, genetic research suggests a low involvement in the "backdoor" 5α-DHT pathway during human sexual development, specifically, the differentiation of male external genitalia. CONCLUSION These results indicate that substitutions in AKR1C2-4 are polymorphisms and all genetic variants lacks deleterious significant association with hypospadias. The data suggest that inactivating mutations in the AKR1C2-4 and HSD17B6 genes are an infrequent cause of hypospadias, which might weaken the contribution of the "backdoor" pathway to embryonic urethral masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mares
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - F Vilchis
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - B Chávez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - L Ramos
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico.
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7
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Novel pathogenic variants in GBE1 causing fetal akinesia deformation sequence and severe neuromuscular form of glycogen storage disease type IV. Clin Dysmorphol 2019; 28:17-21. [PMID: 30303820 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease IV (GSD IV), caused by a defect in GBE1, is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. A classical hepatic form and a neuromuscular form have been described. The severe neuromuscular form presents as a fetal akinesia deformation sequence or a congenital subtype. We ascertained three unrelated families with fetuses/neonates who presented with fetal akinesia deformation sequence to our clinic for genetic counseling. We performed a detailed clinical evaluation, exome sequencing, and histopathology examination of two fetuses and two neonates from three unrelated families presenting with these perinatally lethal neuromuscular forms of GSD IV. Exome sequencing in the affected fetuses/neonates identified four novel pathogenic variants (c.1459G>T, c.144-1G>A, c.1680C>G, and c.1843G>C) in GBE1 (NM_000158). Histopathology examination of tissues from the affected fetuses/neonate was consistent with the diagnosis. Here, we add three more families with the severe perinatally lethal neuromuscular forms of GSD IV to the GBE1 mutation spectrum.
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8
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Case of Neonatal Fatality from Neuromuscular Variant of Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV. JIMD Rep 2018. [PMID: 30311141 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2018_142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV), or Andersen disease, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results from the deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme (GBE). This in turn results in accumulation of abnormal glycogen molecules that have longer outer chains and fewer branch points. GSD-IV manifests in a wide spectrum, with variable phenotypes depending on the degree and type of tissues in which this abnormal glycogen accumulates. Typically, GSD-IV presents with rapidly progressive liver cirrhosis and death in early childhood. However, there is a severe congenital neuromuscular variant of GSD-IV that has been reported in the literature, with fewer than 20 patient cases thus far. We report an unusual case of GSD-IV neuromuscular variant in a late preterm female infant who was born to non-consanguineous healthy parents with previously healthy children. Prenatally, our patient was found to have decreased fetal movement and polyhydramnios warranting an early delivery. Postnatally, she had severe hypotonia and respiratory failure, with no hepatic or cardiac involvement. Extensive metabolic and neurological workup revealed no abnormalities. However, molecular analysis by whole-exome sequencing revealed two pathogenic variants in the GBE1 gene. Our patient was thus a compound heterozygote of the two pathogenic variants: one of these was inherited from the mother [p.L490WfsX5 (c.1468delC)], and the other pathogenic variant was a de novo change [p.E449X (c.1245G>T)]. As expected in GSD-IV, diffuse intracytoplasmic periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant inclusions were found in the cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, and skeletal muscle fibers of our patient.
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Iijima H, Iwano R, Tanaka Y, Muroya K, Fukuda T, Sugie H, Kurosawa K, Adachi M. Analysis of GBE1 mutations via protein expression studies in glycogen storage disease type IV: A report on a non-progressive form with a literature review. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2018; 17:31-37. [PMID: 30228975 PMCID: PMC6140619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), caused by GBE1 mutations, has a quite wide phenotypic variation. While the classic hepatic form and the perinatal/neonatal neuromuscular forms result in early mortality, milder manifestations include non-progressive form (NP-GSD IV) and adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD). Thus far, only one clinical case of a patient with compound heterozygous mutations has been reported for the molecular analysis of NP-GSD IV. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis in a NP-GSD IV patient via protein expression analysis and to obtain a clearer genotype-phenotype relationship in GSD IV. Case presentation A Japanese boy presented hepatosplenomegaly at 2 years of age. Developmental delay, neurological symptoms, and cardiac dysfunction were not apparent. Observation of hepatocytes with periodic acid-Schiff-positive materials resistant to diastase, coupled with resolution of hepatosplenomegaly at 8 years of age, yielded a diagnosis of NP-GSD IV. Glycogen branching enzyme activity was decreased in erythrocytes. At 13 years of age, he developed epilepsy, which was successfully controlled by carbamazepine. Molecular analysis In this study, we identified compound heterozygous GBE1 mutations (p.Gln46Pro and p.Glu609Lys). The branching activities of the mutant proteins expressed using E. coli were examined in a reaction with starch. The result showed that both mutants had approximately 50% activity of the wild type protein. Conclusion This is the second clinical report of a NP-GSD IV patient with a definite molecular elucidation. Based on the clinical and genotypic overlapping between NP-GSD IV and APBD, we suggest both are in a continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Iijima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Reiko Iwano
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Yukichi Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Tokiko Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, 1-20-1 Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideo Sugie
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Tokoha University, Sena, 1-22-1 Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-0911, Japan
| | - Kenji Kurosawa
- Division of Medical Genetics, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Mutsukawa 2-138-4, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-8555, Japan
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10
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Malfatti E, Barnerias C, Hedberg-Oldfors C, Gitiaux C, Benezit A, Oldfors A, Carlier RY, Quijano-Roy S, Romero NB. A novel neuromuscular form of glycogen storage disease type IV with arthrogryposis, spinal stiffness and rare polyglucosan bodies in muscle. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:681-687. [PMID: 27546458 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is an autosomal recessive disorder causing polyglucosan storage in various tissues. Neuromuscular forms present with fetal akinesia deformation sequence, lethal myopathy, or mild hypotonia and weakness. A 3-year-old boy presented with arthrogryposis, motor developmental delay, weakness, and rigid spine. Whole body MRI revealed fibroadipose muscle replacement but sparing of the sartorius, gracilis, adductor longus and vastus intermedialis muscles. Polyglucosan bodies were identified in muscle, and GBE1 gene analysis revealed two pathogenic variants. We describe a novel neuromuscular GSD IV phenotype and confirm the importance of muscle morphological studies in early onset neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Malfatti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Unité de Morphologie Neuromusculaire, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France
| | - Christine Barnerias
- Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France; AP-HP, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye (GNMH), Paris, France
| | - Carola Hedberg-Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France; Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye (GNMH), Paris, France; AP-HP Service des Explorations Foctionnelles Neurologiques, Höpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Benezit
- Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France; AP-HP, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye (GNMH), Paris, France
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert-Yves Carlier
- Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France; Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye (GNMH), Paris, France; U1179 INSERM-UVSQ, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Montigny, France; AP-HP, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Paris, France
| | - Susana Quijano-Roy
- Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France; Centre de Référence Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye (GNMH), Paris, France; AP-HP, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Paris, France
| | - Norma B Romero
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center for Research in Myology, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Unité de Morphologie Neuromusculaire, Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Centre de référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Paris-Est, Institut de Myologie, GHU La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Filière Nationale de Maladies Neuromusculaires (FILNEMUS), Marseille, France.
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11
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Biochemical and Crystallographic Characterization of the Starch Branching Enzyme I (BEI) fromOryza sativaL. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:2858-66. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Traverso M, Assereto S, Gazzerro E, Savasta S, Abdalla EM, Rossi A, Baldassari S, Fruscione F, Ruffinazzi G, Fassad MR, El Beheiry A, Minetti C, Zara F, Biancheri R. Novel FAM126A mutations in hypomyelination and congenital cataract disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:369-72. [PMID: 23998934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypomyelination and congenital cataract (HCC, OMIM #610532) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to FAM126A mutations characterized by congenital cataract, progressive neurologic impairment, and myelin deficiency in the central and peripheral nervous system. We have identified two novel mutations in three affected members of two unrelated families. Two sibs harbouring a microdeletion causing a premature stop in the protein showed the classical clinical and neuroradiologic HCC picture. The third patient carrying a missense mutation showed a relatively mild clinical picture without peripheral neuropathy. A residual amount of hyccin protein in primary fibroblasts was demonstrated by functional studies indicating that missense mutations are likely to have less detrimental effects if compared with splice-site mutations or deletions that cause the full-blown HCC phenotype, including peripheral nervous system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Traverso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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13
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Kakhlon O, Glickstein H, Feinstein N, Liu Y, Baba O, Terashima T, Akman HO, Dimauro S, Lossos A. Polyglucosan neurotoxicity caused by glycogen branching enzyme deficiency can be reversed by inhibition of glycogen synthase. J Neurochem 2013; 127:101-13. [PMID: 23607684 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled elongation of glycogen chains, not adequately balanced by their branching, leads to the formation of an insoluble, presumably neurotoxic, form of glycogen called polyglucosan. To test the suspected pathogenicity of polyglucosans in neurological glycogenoses, we have modeled the typical glycogenosis Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease (APBD) by suppressing glycogen branching enzyme 1 (GBE1, EC 2.4.1.18) expression using lentiviruses harboring short hairpin RNA (shRNA). GBE1 suppression in embryonic cortical neurons led to polyglucosan accumulation and associated apoptosis, which were reversible by rapamycin or starvation treatments. Further analysis revealed that rapamycin and starvation led to phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase (GS, EC 2.4.1.11), dephosphorylated and activated in the GBE1-suppressed neurons. These protective effects of rapamycin and starvation were reversed by overexpression of phosphorylation site mutant GS only if its glycogen binding site was intact. While rapamycin and starvation induce autophagy, autophagic maturation was not required for their corrective effects, which prevailed even if autophagic flux was inhibited by vinblastine. Furthermore, polyglucosans were not observed in any compartment along the autophagic pathway. Our data suggest that glycogen branching enzyme repression in glycogenoses can cause pathogenic polyglucosan buildup, which might be corrected by GS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Kakhlon
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Ravenscroft G, Thompson EM, Todd EJ, Yau KS, Kresoje N, Sivadorai P, Friend K, Riley K, Manton ND, Blumbergs P, Fietz M, Duff RM, Davis MR, Allcock RJ, Laing NG. Whole exome sequencing in foetal akinesia expands the genotype-phenotype spectrum of GBE1 glycogen storage disease mutations. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 23:165-9. [PMID: 23218673 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinically and genetically heterogenous foetal akinesias have low rates of genetic diagnosis. Exome sequencing of two siblings with phenotypic lethal multiple pterygium syndrome identified compound heterozygozity for a known splice site mutation (c.691+2T>C) and a novel missense mutation (c.956A>G; p.His319Arg) in glycogen branching enzyme 1 (GBE1). GBE1 mutations cause glycogen storage disease IV (GSD IV), including a severe foetal akinesia sub-phenotype. Re-investigating the muscle pathology identified storage material, consistent with GSD IV, which was confirmed biochemically. This study highlights the power of exome sequencing in genetically heterogeneous diseases and adds multiple pterygium syndrome to the phenotypic spectrum of GBE1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ravenscroft
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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15
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Magoulas PL, El-Hattab AW, Roy A, Bali DS, Finegold MJ, Craigen WJ. Diffuse reticuloendothelial system involvement in type IV glycogen storage disease with a novel GBE1 mutation: a case report and review. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:943-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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16
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Dimauro S, Garone C. Metabolic disorders of fetal life: glycogenoses and mitochondrial defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 16:181-9. [PMID: 21620786 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two major groups of inborn errors of energy metabolism are reviewed -glycogenoses and defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain - to see how often these disorders present in fetal life or neonatally. After some general considerations on energy metabolism in the pre- and postnatal development of the human infant, different glycogen storage diseases and mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are surveyed. General conclusions are that: (i) disorders of glycogen metabolism are more likely to cause 'fetal disease' than defects of the respiratory chain; (ii) mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, especially those due to defects of the nuclear genome, are frequent causes of neonatal or infantile diseases, typically Leigh syndrome, but usually do not cause fetal distress; (iii) notable exceptions include mutations in the complex III assembly gene BCS1L resulting in the GRACILE syndrome (growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis, and early death), and defects of mitochondrial protein synthesis, which are the 'new frontier' in mitochondrial translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Noguchi J, Chaen K, Vu NT, Akasaka T, Shimada H, Nakashima T, Nishi A, Satoh H, Omori T, Kakuta Y, Kimura M. Crystal structure of the branching enzyme I (BEI) from Oryza sativa L with implications for catalysis and substrate binding. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Li SC, Chen CM, Goldstein JL, Wu JY, Lemyre E, Burrow TA, Kang PB, Chen YT, Bali DS. Glycogen storage disease type IV: novel mutations and molecular characterization of a heterogeneous disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S83-90. [PMID: 20058079 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-9026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV; Andersen disease) is caused by a deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme (GBE), leading to excessive deposition of structurally abnormal, amylopectin-like glycogen in affected tissues. The accumulated glycogen lacks multiple branch points and thus has longer outer branches and poor solubility, causing irreversible tissue and organ damage. Although classic GSD IV presents with early onset of hepatosplenomegaly with progressive liver cirrhosis, GSD IV exhibits extensive clinical heterogeneity with respect to age at onset and variability in pattern and extent of organ and tissue involvement. With the advent of cloning and determination of the genomic structure of the human GBE gene (GBE1), molecular analysis and characterization of underlying disease-causing mutations is now possible. A variety of disease-causing mutations have been identified in the GBE1 gene in GSD IV patients, many of whom presented with diverse clinical phenotypes. Detailed biochemical and genetic analyses of three unrelated patients suspected to have GSD IV are presented here. Two novel missense mutations (p.Met495Thr and p.Pro552Leu) and a novel 1-bp deletion mutation (c.1999delA) were identified. A variety of mutations in GBE1 have been previously reported, including missense and nonsense mutations, nucleotide deletions and insertions, and donor and acceptor splice-site mutations. Mutation analysis is useful in confirming the diagnosis of GSD IV--especially when higher residual GBE enzyme activity levels are seen and enzyme analysis is not definitive--and allows for further determination of potential genotype/phenotype correlations in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Chung Li
- School of Nutrition and Health Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Taratuto AL, Akman HO, Saccoliti M, Riudavets M, Arakaki N, Mesa L, Sevlever G, Goebel H, DiMauro S. Branching enzyme deficiency/glycogenosis storage disease type IV presenting as a severe congenital hypotonia: muscle biopsy and autopsy findings, biochemical and molecular genetic studies. Neuromuscul Disord 2010; 20:783-90. [PMID: 20833045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2010.07.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatal infantile neuromuscular presentation of branching enzyme deficiency (glycogen storage disease type IV) due to mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen branching enzyme, is a rare but probably underdiagnosed cause of congenital hypotonia. We report an infant girl with severe generalized hypotonia, born at 33 weeks gestation who required ventilatory assistance since birth. She had bilateral ptosis, mild knee and foot contractures and echocardiographic evidence of cardiomyopathy. A muscle biopsy at 1 month of age showed typical polyglucosan storage. The autopsy at 3.5 months of age showed frontal cortex polymicrogyria and polyglucosan bodies in neurons of basal ganglia, thalamus, substantia innominata, brain stem, and myenteric plexus, as well as liver involvement. Glycogen branching enzyme activity in muscle was virtually undetectable. Sequencing of the GBE1 gene revealed a homozygous 28 base pair deletion and a single base insertion at the same site in exon 5. This case confirms previous observations that GBE deficiency ought to be included in the differential diagnosis of congenital hypotonia and that the phenotype correlates with the 'molecular severity' of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Taratuto
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Neurological Research, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Fernandez C, Halbert C, De Paula AM, Lacroze V, Froissart R, Figarella-Branger D, Chabrol B, Pellissier JF. Non-lethal neonatal neuromuscular variant of glycogenosis type IV with novel GBE1 mutations. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:269-71. [PMID: 19813197 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a recent case of the severe congenital variant of glycogen storage disease type IV with prolonged survival. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for two novel mutations, a missense mutation in exon 5 (p.H188P, c.563A>C) and a severe mutation in intron 5 (c.691+2T>C). We propose that the genotype and the quality of medical care may account for the severe but non-lethal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandez
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique et Neuropathologie, Hôpital de la Timone Adultes, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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21
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Lamperti C, Salani S, Lucchiari S, Bordoni A, Ripolone M, Fagiolari G, Fruguglietti ME, Crugnola V, Colombo C, Cappellini A, Prelle A, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Moggio M. Neuropathological study of skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and brain in a neonatal form of glycogen storage disease type IV associated with a new mutation in GBE1 gene. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32 Suppl 1:S161-8. [PMID: 19357989 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV, or Andersen disease) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to the deficiency of 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme (or glycogen branching enzyme, GBE1), resulting in an accumulation of amylopectin-like polysaccharide in muscle, liver, heart and central and peripheral nervous system. Typically, the presentation is in childhood with liver involvement up to cirrhosis. The neuromuscular form varies in onset (congenital, perinatal, juvenile and adult) and in severity. Congenital cases are rare, and fewer than 20 cases have been described and genetically determined so far. This form is characterized by polyhydramnios, neonatal hypotonia, and neuronal involvement; hepatopathy is uncommon, and the babies usually die between 4 weeks and 4 months of age. We report the case of an infant who presented severe hypotonia, dilatative cardiomyopathy, mild hepatopathy, and brain lateral ventricle haemorrhage, features consistent with the congenital form of GSD IV. He died at one month of life of cardiorespiratory failure. Muscle biopsy and heart and liver autoptic specimens showed many vacuoles filled with PAS-positive diastase-resistant materials. Electron-microscopic analysis showed mainly polyglucosan accumulations in all the tissues examined. Postmortem examination showed the presence of vacuolated neurons containing this abnormal polysaccharide. GBE1 biochemical activity was virtually absent in muscle and fibroblasts, and totally lacking in liver and heart as well as glycogen synthase activity. GBE1 gene sequence analysis revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation, p.E152X, in exon 4, correlating with the lack of enzyme activity and with the severe neonatal involvement. Our findings contribute to increasing the spectrum of mutation associated with congenital GSD IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lamperti
- Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Maniagalli and Regina Elena, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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22
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Nolte KW, Janecke AR, Vorgerd M, Weis J, Schröder JM. Congenital type IV glycogenosis: the spectrum of pleomorphic polyglucosan bodies in muscle, nerve, and spinal cord with two novel mutations in the GBE1 gene. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:491-506. [PMID: 18661138 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A diagnosis of GSD-IV was established in three premature, floppy infants based on characteristic, however unusually pleomorphic polyglucosan bodies at the electron microscopic level, glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in two cases, and the identification of GBE1 mutations in two cases. Pleomorphic polyglucosan bodies in muscle fibers and macrophages, and less severe in Schwann cells and microglial cells were noted. Most of the inclusions were granular and membrane-bound; others had an irregular contour, were more electron dense and were not membrane bound, or homogenous ('hyaline'). A paracrystalline pattern of granules was repeatedly noted showing a periodicity of about 10 nm with an angle of about 60 degrees or 120 degrees at sites of changing linear orientation. Malteser crosses were noted under polarized light in the larger inclusions. Some inclusions were PAS positive and others were not. Severely atrophic muscle fibers without inclusions, but with depletion of myofibrils in the plane of section studied indicated the devastating myopathic nature of the disease. Schwann cells and peripheral axons were less severely affected as was the spinal cord. Two novel protein-truncating mutations (c.1077insT, p.V359fsX16; g.101517_127067del25550insCAGTACTAA, DelExon4-7) were identified in these families. The present findings extend previous studies indicating that truncating GBE1 mutations cause a spectrum of severe diseases ranging from generalized intrauterine hydrops to fatal perinatal hypotonia and fatal cardiomyopathy in the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay W Nolte
- Department of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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