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Gorin G, Pachter L. Length biases in single-cell RNA sequencing of pre-mRNA. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 3:100097. [PMID: 36660179 PMCID: PMC9843228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing data can be modeled using Markov chains to yield genome-wide insights into transcriptional physics. However, quantitative inference with such data requires careful assessment of noise sources. We find that long pre-mRNA transcripts are over-represented in sequencing data. To explain this trend, we propose a length-based model of capture bias, which may produce false-positive observations. We solve this model and use it to find concordant parameter trends as well as systematic, mechanistically interpretable technical and biological differences in paired data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Gorin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Pasadena, California
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- Corresponding author
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2
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Hartl M, Schneider R. A Unique Family of Neuronal Signaling Proteins Implicated in Oncogenesis and Tumor Suppression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:289. [PMID: 31058089 PMCID: PMC6478813 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal proteins GAP43 (neuromodulin), MARCKS, and BASP1 are highly expressed in the growth cones of nerve cells where they are involved in signal transmission and cytoskeleton organization. Although their primary structures are unrelated, these signaling proteins share several structural properties like fatty acid modification, and the presence of cationic effector domains. GAP43, MARCKS, and BASP1 bind to cell membrane phospholipids, a process reversibly regulated by protein kinase C-phosphorylation or by binding to the calcium sensor calmodulin (CaM). GAP43, MARCKS, and BASP1 are also expressed in non-neuronal cells, where they may have important functions to manage cytoskeleton architecture, and in case of MARCKS and BASP1 to act as cofactors in transcriptional regulation. During neoplastic cell transformation, the proteins reveal differential expression in normal vs. tumor cells, and display intrinsic tumor promoting or tumor suppressive activities. Whereas GAP43 and MARCKS are oncogenic, tumor suppressive functions have been ascribed to BASP1 and in part to MARCKS depending on the cell type. Like MARCKS, the myristoylated BASP1 protein is localized both in the cytoplasm and in the cell nucleus. Nuclear BASP1 participates in gene regulation converting the Wilms tumor transcription factor WT1 from an oncoprotein into a tumor suppressor. The BASP1 gene is downregulated in many human tumor cell lines particularly in those derived from leukemias, which display elevated levels of WT1 and of the major cancer driver MYC. BASP1 specifically inhibits MYC-induced cell transformation in cultured cells. The tumor suppressive functions of BASP1 and MARCKS could be exploited to expand the spectrum of future innovative therapeutic approaches to inhibit growth and viability of susceptible human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hartl
- Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Schneider
- Center of Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), Institute of Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Tsutiya A, Nakano Y, Hansen-Kiss E, Kelly B, Nishihara M, Goshima Y, Corsmeier D, White P, Herman GE, Ohtani-Kaneko R. Human CRMP4 mutation and disrupted Crmp4 expression in mice are associated with ASD characteristics and sexual dimorphism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16812. [PMID: 29196732 PMCID: PMC5711804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are more common among boys than girls. The mechanisms responsible for ASD symptoms and their sex differences remain mostly unclear. We previously identified collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) as a protein exhibiting sex-different expression during sexual differentiation of the hypothalamic sexually dimorphic nucleus. This study investigated the relationship between the sex-different development of autistic features and CRMP4 deficiency. Whole-exome sequencing detected a de novo variant (S541Y) of CRMP4 in a male ASD patient. The expression of mutated mouse CRMP4 S540Y, which is homologous to human CRMP4 S541Y, in cultured hippocampal neurons derived from Crmp4-knockout (KO) mice had increased dendritic branching, compared to those transfected with wild-type (WT) Crmp4, indicating that this mutation results in altered CRMP4 function in neurons. Crmp4-KO mice showed decreased social interaction and several alterations of sensory responses. Most of these changes were more severe in male Crmp4-KO mice than in females. The mRNA expression levels of some genes related to neurotransmission and cell adhesion were altered in the brain of Crmp4-KO mice, mostly in a gender-dependent manner. These results indicate a functional link between a case-specific, rare variant of one gene, Crmp4, and several characteristics of ASD, including sexual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Tsutiya
- Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Itakura, Oura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yui Nakano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Itakura, Oura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Emily Hansen-Kiss
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin Kelly
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Don Corsmeier
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Ritsuko Ohtani-Kaneko
- Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Itakura, Oura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Itakura, Oura, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan.
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan.
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4
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Tsutiya A, Watanabe H, Nakano Y, Nishihara M, Goshima Y, Ohtani‐Kaneko R. Deletion of collapsin response mediator protein 4 results in abnormal layer thickness and elongation of mitral cell apical dendrites in the neonatal olfactory bulb. J Anat 2016; 228:792-804. [PMID: 26739921 PMCID: PMC4831339 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4), a member of the CRMP family, is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Here, we first compared layer thickness of the olfactory bulb between wild-type (WT) and CRMP4-knockout (KO) mice. The mitral cell layer (MCL) was significantly thinner, whereas the external plexiform layer (EPL) was significantly thicker in CRMP4-KO mice at postnatal day 0 (PD0) compared with WTs. However, differences in layer thickness disappeared by PD14. No apoptotic cells were found in the MCL, and the number of mitral cells (MCs) identified with a specific marker (i.e. Tbx21 antibody) did not change in CRMP4-KO neonates. However, DiI-tracing showed that the length of mitral cell apical dendrites was greater in CRMP4-KO neonates than in WTs. In addition, expression of CRMP4 mRNA in WT mice was most abundant in the MCL at PD0 and decreased afterward. These results suggest that CRMP4 contributes to dendritic elongation. Our in vitro studies showed that deletion or knockdown of CRMP4 resulted in enhanced growth of MAP2-positive neurites, whereas overexpression of CRMP4 reduced their growth, suggesting a new role for CRMP4 as a suppressor of dendritic elongation. Overall, our data suggest that disruption of CRMP4 produces a temporary alteration in EPL thickness, which is constituted mainly of mitral cell apical dendrites, through the enhanced growth of these dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life SciencesToyo UniversityOuraGunmaJapan
| | - Yui Nakano
- Graduate School of Life SciencesToyo UniversityOuraGunmaJapan
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- Department of Veterinary PhysiologyGraduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and NeurobiologyYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaKanazawa WardJapan
| | - Ritsuko Ohtani‐Kaneko
- Graduate School of Life SciencesToyo UniversityOuraGunmaJapan
- Bio‐Nano Electronic Research CentreToyo UniversityKawagoeSaitamaJapan
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5
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Kedracka-Krok S, Swiderska B, Jankowska U, Skupien-Rabian B, Solich J, Buczak K, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Clozapine influences cytoskeleton structure and calcium homeostasis in rat cerebral cortex and has a different proteomic profile than risperidone. J Neurochem 2015; 132:657-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Department of Structural Biology; Krakow Poland
| | - Bianka Swiderska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Department of Structural Biology; Krakow Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Department of Structural Biology; Krakow Poland
| | - Bozena Skupien-Rabian
- Department of Physical Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Department of Structural Biology; Krakow Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Krakow Poland
| | - Katarzyna Buczak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry; Faculty of Biochemistry; Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Krakow Poland
- Institute of Pharmacology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Krakow Poland
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6
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Hooper CM, Hawes SM, Kees UR, Gottardo NG, Dallas PB. Gene expression analyses of the spatio-temporal relationships of human medulloblastoma subgroups during early human neurogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112909. [PMID: 25412507 PMCID: PMC4239019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common form of malignant paediatric brain tumour and is the leading cause of childhood cancer related mortality. The four molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma that have been identified – WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4 - have molecular and topographical characteristics suggestive of different cells of origin. Definitive identification of the cell(s) of origin of the medulloblastoma subgroups, particularly the poorer prognosis Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma, is critical to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, and ultimately for the development of more effective treatment options. To address this issue, the gene expression profiles of normal human neural tissues and cell types representing a broad neuro-developmental continuum, were compared to those of two independent cohorts of primary human medulloblastoma specimens. Clustering, co-expression network, and gene expression analyses revealed that WNT and SHH medulloblastoma may be derived from distinct neural stem cell populations during early embryonic development, while the transcriptional profiles of Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastoma resemble cerebellar granule neuron precursors at weeks 10–15 and 20–30 of embryogenesis, respectively. Our data indicate that Group 3 medulloblastoma may arise through abnormal neuronal differentiation, whereas deregulation of synaptic pruning-associated apoptosis may be driving Group 4 tumorigenesis. Overall, these data provide significant new insight into the spatio-temporal relationships and molecular pathogenesis of the human medulloblastoma subgroups, and provide an important framework for the development of more refined model systems, and ultimately improved therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M. Hooper
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Systems Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susan M. Hawes
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ursula R. Kees
- Division of Children's Leukaemia and Cancer Research, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Gottardo
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter B. Dallas
- Brain Tumour Research Program, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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7
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Wang J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang G, Shang AJ, Zou LP. Proteomic analysis on infantile spasm and prenatal stress. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:1174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Niisato E, Nagai J, Yamashita N, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Goshima Y, Ohshima T. CRMP4 suppresses apical dendrite bifurcation of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampus. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1447-57. [PMID: 22234963 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are a family of cytosolic phosphoproteins that consist of 5 members (CRMP 1-5). CRMP2 and CRMP4 regulate neurite outgrowth by binding to tubulin heterodimers, resulting in the assembly of microtubules. CRMP2 also mediates the growth cone collapse response to the repulsive guidance molecule semaphorin-3A (Sema3A). However, the role of CRMP4 in Sema3A signaling and its function in the developing mouse brain remain unclear. We generated CRMP4-/- mice in order to study the in vivo function of CRMP4 and identified a phenotype of proximal bifurcation of apical dendrites in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of CRMP4-/- mice. We also observed increased dendritic branching in cultured CRMP4-/- hippocampal neurons as well as in cultured cortical neurons treated with CRMP4 shRNA. Sema3A induces extension and branching of the dendrites of hippocampal neurons; however, these inductions were compromised in the CRMP4-/- hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that CRMP4 suppresses apical dendrite bifurcation of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampus and that this is partly dependent on Sema3A signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Niisato
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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9
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Tsutiya A, Ohtani-Kaneko R. Postnatal alteration of collapsin response mediator protein 4 mRNA expression in the mouse brain. J Anat 2012; 221:341-51. [PMID: 22816653 PMCID: PMC3458253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) is a molecular marker for immature neurons but only limited information is available on the spatiotemporal gene expression changes of Crmp4 in the developing rodent. In the present study, the variation of CRMP4 mRNA expression in the mouse brain was investigated from postnatal day (PD) 0 (the day of birth) to adulthood by in situ hybridization. The hybridization signals were broadly detected on PD0 and regional changes in expression during development were noted. Expression patterns of CRMP4 mRNA were classified into the following three types: (i) signals that were strongest on PD0 or PD7, weak or undetectable on PD14, and absent in adulthood: this pattern was observed in most brain areas; (ii) signals that were first detected on PD0 or PD7 and persisted into adulthood: this pattern was seen in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of the olfactory bulb (OB); and (iii) signals that were strongest on PD0 and decreased gradually with age but were still detectable in adulthood: this pattern was identified for the first time in the mitral cell layer of the OB. Analysis using quantitative real-time RT-PCR confirmed higher expression of CRMP4 mRNA in the OB than in other adult brain regions. The persistence of CRMP4 mRNA in the adult OB, including the mitral cell layer, suggests the possibility of both neurogenetic and non-neurogenetic functional roles of CRMP4 in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Tsutiya
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo UniversityOura, Gunnma, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Ohtani-Kaneko
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo UniversityOura, Gunnma, Japan
- Bio-Nano Electronic Research Center, Toyo UniversityKawagoe, Saitama, Japan
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10
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Ryan T, Sharma P, Ignatchenko A, MacLennan DH, Kislinger T, Gramolini AO. Identification of novel ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) protein interaction with calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17060-8. [PMID: 21454501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.197186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1) is a homotetrameric Ca(2+) release channel located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle where it plays a role in the initiation of skeletal muscle contraction. A soluble, 6×-histidine affinity-tagged cytosolic fragment of RyR1 (amino acids 1-4243) was expressed in HEK-293 cells, and metal affinity chromatography under native conditions was used to purify the peptide together with interacting proteins. When analyzed by gel-free liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 703 proteins were identified under all conditions. This group of proteins was filtered to identify putative RyR interacting proteins by removing those proteins found in only 1 RyR purification and proteins for which average spectral counts were enriched by less than 4-fold over control values. This resulted in 49 potential RyR1 interacting proteins, and 4 were selected for additional interaction studies: calcium homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP), endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment 53-kDa protein (LMAN1), T-complex protein, and phosphorylase kinase. Western blotting showed that only CHERP co-purified with affinity-tagged RyR1 and was eluted with imidazole. Immunofluorescence showed that endogenous CHERP co-localizes with endogenous RyR1 in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat soleus muscle. A combination of overexpression of RyR1 in HEK-293 cells with siRNA-mediated suppression of CHERP showed that CHERP affects Ca(2+) release from the ER via RyR1. Thus, we propose that CHERP is an RyR1 interacting protein that may be involved in the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ryan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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11
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Jang SY, Shin YK, Jung J, Lee SH, Seo SY, Suh DJ, Park HT. Injury-induced CRMP4 expression in adult sensory neurons; a possible target gene for ciliary neurotrophic factor. Neurosci Lett 2010; 485:37-42. [PMID: 20800647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic cytokines, such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) play an important role in the development and regeneration of the nervous system. In the present study, we screened gene expression induced by CNTF in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using the Illumina microarray. We found that the expression of both short and long forms of collapsin response-mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) was increased in cultured primary sensory neurons by CNTF. In addition, sciatic nerve injury induced the expression of CRMP4 mRNA and protein in DRG neurons. Finally, the increased CRMP4 protein was transported into peripheral axons following nerve injury. These findings indicate that CRMP4 may be a target gene for CNTF in the regenerative axon growth of DRG neurons after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Jang
- Department of Physiology, Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, South Korea
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12
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Royland JE, Parker JS, Gilbert ME. A genomic analysis of subclinical hypothyroidism in hippocampus and neocortex of the developing rat brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:1319-38. [PMID: 19094080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy and the early postnatal period has severe neurological consequences for the developing offspring. The impact of milder degrees of perturbation of the thyroid axis as encompassed in conditions of subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia, however, has not been established. The present investigation examined the effects of graded levels of hypothyroidism, from subclinical to severe, on global gene expression in the developing rodent brain. Thyroid hormone insufficiency was induced by administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) to pregnant rats via drinking water from gestational day 6 until sacrifice of pups prior to weaning. In the first study a specialised microarray, the Affymetrix Rat Neurobiology array RN_U34, was used to contrast gene expression in the hippocampus of animals exposed to 0 or 10 ppm (10 mg/l) PTU, a treatment producing severe hypothyroidism. In the second study, a more complete genome array (Affymetrix Rat 230A) was used to compare gene expression in the neocortex and hippocampus of postnatal day (PN) 14 animals experiencing graded degrees of thyroid hormone insufficiency induced by delivery of 0, 1, 2 or 3 ppm PTU to the dam. Dose-dependent up- and down-regulation were observed for gene transcripts known to play critical roles in brain development and brain function. Expression levels of a subset of approximately 25 genes in each brain region were altered at a dose of PTU (1 ppm) that induced mild hypothyroxinemia in dams and pups. These data indicate that genes driving important developmental processes are sensitive to relatively modest perturbations of the thyroid axis, and that the level of gene expression is related to the degree of hormone reduction. Altered patterns of gene expression during critical windows of brain development indicate that thyroid disease must be viewed as a continuum and that conditions typically considered 'subclinical' may induce structural and functional abnormalities in the developing central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Royland
- Neurotoxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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De Bartolo L, Rende M, Morelli S, Giusi G, Salerno S, Piscioneri A, Gordano A, Di Vito A, Canonaco M, Drioli E. Influence of membrane surface properties on the growth of neuronal cells isolated from hippocampus. J Memb Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Association of Gap-43 (neuromodulin) with microtubule-associated protein MAP-2 in neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:679-83. [PMID: 18455509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gap-43 (B-50, neuromodulin) is a presynaptic protein implicated in axonal growth, neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and regeneration. Its activities are regulated by its dynamic interactions with various neuronal proteins, including actin and brain spectrin. Recently we have shown that Gap-43 co-localizes with an axonal protein DPYSL-3 in primary cortical neurons. In the present study we provide evidence that Gap-43 co-localizes and potentially interacts with microtubule-associated protein MAP-2 in adult and fetal rat brain, as well as in primary neuronal cultures. Our studies suggest that this interaction may be developmentally regulated.
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