1
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Beck K, Nandy J, Hoernke M. Membrane permeabilization can be crucially biased by a fusogenic lipid composition - leaky fusion caused by antimicrobial peptides in model membranes. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2919-2931. [PMID: 37010846 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01691e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Induced membrane permeabilization or leakage is often taken as an indication for activity of membrane-active molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The exact leakage mechanism is often unknown, but important, because certain mechanisms might actually contribute to microbial killing, while others are unselective, or potentially irrelevant in an in vivo situation. Using an antimicrobial example peptide (cR3W3), we illustrate one of the potentially misleading leakage mechanisms: leaky fusion, where leakage is coupled to membrane fusion. Like many others, we examine peptide-induced leakage in model vesicles consisting of binary mixtures of anionic and zwitterionic phospholipids. In fact, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine (PG/PE) are supposed to reflect bacterial membranes, but exhibit a high propensity for vesicle aggregation and fusion. We describe the implications of this vesicle fusion and aggregation for the reliability of model studies. The ambiguous role of the relatively fusogenic PE-lipids becomes clear as leakage decreases significantly when aggregation and fusion are prevented by sterical shielding. Furthermore, the mechanism of leakage changes if PE is exchanged for phosphatidylcholine (PC). We thus point out that the lipid composition of model membranes can be biased towards leaky fusion. This can lead to discrepancies between model studies and activity in true microbes, because leaky fusion is likely prevented by bacterial peptidoglycan layers. In conclusion, choosing the model membrane might implicate the type of effect (here leakage mechanism) that is observed. In the worst case, as with leaky fusion of PG/PE vesicles, this is not directly relevant for the intended antimicrobial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beck
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
| | - Janina Nandy
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
| | - Maria Hoernke
- Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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2
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Modak B, Girkar S, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Mycobacterial Membranes as Actionable Targets for Lipid-Centric Therapy in Tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3046-3065. [PMID: 35133820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain significant health concerns worldwide, and resistance is particularly common in patients with tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of anti-infectives with novel modes of action may help overcome resistance. In this regard, membrane-active agents, which modulate membrane components essential for the survival of pathogens, present attractive antimicrobial agents. Key advantages of membrane-active compounds include their ability to target slow-growing or dormant bacteria and their favorable pharmacokinetics. Here, we comprehensively review recent advances in the development of membrane-active chemotypes that target mycobacterial membranes and discuss clinically relevant membrane-active antibacterial agents that have shown promise in counteracting bacterial infections. We discuss the relationship between the membrane properties and the synthetic requirements within the chemical scaffold, as well as the limitations of current membrane-active chemotypes. This review will lay the chemical groundwork for the development of membrane-active antituberculosis agents and will foster the discovery of more effective antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswabrata Modak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Siddhali Girkar
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403110, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Goa 403110, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.,Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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3
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Efficacy and mechanism of actions of natural antimicrobial drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107671. [PMID: 32916205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections have significantly increased over the last decades, and the mortality rates remain unacceptably high. The emergence of new resistance patterns and the spread of new viruses challenge the eradication of infectious diseases. The declining efficacy of antimicrobial drugs has become a global public health problem. Natural products derived from natural sources, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, have significant efficacy for the treatment of infectious diseases accompanied by less adverse effects, synergy, and ability to overcome drug resistance. As the Chinese female scientist Youyou Tu received the Nobel Prize for the antimalarial drug artemisinin, antimicrobial drugs developed from Traditional Chinese Medicine are expected to receive increasing attention again. This review summarizes the antimicrobial agents derived from natural products approved for nearly 20 years and describes their efficacy and mode of action. The aim of this unit is to review the current status of antimicrobial drugs from natural products in order to increase the value of natural products as a source of novel drug candidates for infectious diseases.
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4
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Chen S, Wu L, Ren J, Bemmer V, Zajicek R, Chen R. Comb-like Pseudopeptides Enable Very Rapid and Efficient Intracellular Trehalose Delivery for Enhanced Cryopreservation of Erythrocytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28941-28951. [PMID: 32496048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell cryopreservation plays a key role in the development of reproducible and cost-effective cell-based therapies. Trehalose accumulated in freezing- and desiccation-tolerant organisms in nature has been sought as an attractive nontoxic cryoprotectant. Herein, we report a coincubation method for very rapid and efficient delivery of membrane-impermeable trehalose into ovine erythrocytes through reversible membrane permeabilization using pH-responsive, comb-like pseudopeptides. The pseudopeptidic polymers containing relatively long alkyl side chains were synthesized to mimic membrane-anchoring fusogenic proteins. The intracellular trehalose delivery efficiency was optimized by manipulating the side chain length, degree of substitution, and concentration of the pseudopeptides with different hydrophobic alkyl side chains, the pH, temperature, and time of incubation, as well as the polymer-to-cell ratio and the concentration of extracellular trehalose. Treatment of erythrocytes with the comb-like pseudopeptides for only 15 min yielded an intracellular trehalose concentration of 177.9 ± 8.6 mM, which resulted in 90.3 ± 0.7% survival after freeze-thaw. The very rapid and efficient delivery was found to be attributed to the reversible, pronounced membrane curvature change as a result of strong membrane insertion of the comb-like pseudopeptides. The pseudopeptides can enable efficient intracellular delivery of not only trehalose for improved cell cryopreservation but also other membrane-impermeable cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Victoria Bemmer
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Richard Zajicek
- Cell & Gene Therapy Platform CMC, Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline plc R&D, Gunnels Wood, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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5
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Grissenberger S, Riedl S, Rinner B, Leber R, Zweytick D. Design of human lactoferricin derived antitumor peptides-activity and specificity against malignant melanoma in 2D and 3D model studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183264. [PMID: 32151609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop effective and specific anti-cancer drugs based on membrane active peptides. In previous studies we showed that human lactoferricin (hLFcin) derived peptides facilitate specific killing of cancer cells. These antitumor peptides were found by conventional melanoma two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures to induce apoptosis of cancer cells and to specifically target lipid phosphatidylserine located on the outside of cancer cell membranes. In order to have a more relevant in vitro model able to mimic the natural microenvironments of tumor tissues we established three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). We used a set of (retro) di-peptides derived from LF11, an 11 amino acid long fragment of hLFcin, which differed in peptide length, positive net charge and hydrophobicity and determined antitumor activity and non-specific toxicity on non-neoplastic cells using 2D and 3D model systems. 2D studies unveiled a correlation between length, positive net charge and hydrophobicity of peptides and their specific antitumor activity. (Retro) di-peptides as R-DIM-P-LF11-215 and DIM-LF11-322 with a net charge of +9 and moderate hydrophobicity exhibited the highest specific antitumor activity. Further evaluation of the peptides anticancer activity by 3D in vitro studies confirmed their higher activity and cancer specificity compared to their parent R-DIM-P-LF11, with the exception of DIM-LF11-339. This highly hydrophobic peptide caused cell death mainly at the border of tumor spheroids indicating that too high hydrophobicity may prevent peptides from reaching the center of the spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grissenberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Innovative Cancer Models, St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, A-1090 Wien, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Riedl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Leber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Dagmar Zweytick
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria.
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6
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Sun J, Jiang J, Liu L, Wang Z, Wei C. Expression of the hybrid antimicrobial peptide lactoferrin–lysozyme inPichia pastoris. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 66:202-208. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang ProvinceCollege of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang ProvinceCollege of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang ProvinceCollege of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang ProvinceCollege of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang ProvinceCollege of Biotechnology and BioengineeringZhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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7
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Riedl S, Rinner B, Schaider H, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Meditz K, Preishuber-Pflügl J, Grissenberger S, Lohner K, Zweytick D. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity of human lactoferricin derived antitumor peptide R-DIM-P-LF11-334 on human malignant melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71817-71832. [PMID: 29069749 PMCID: PMC5641092 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Di-peptides derived from the human host defense peptide lactoferricin were previously described to specifically interact with the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylserine exposed by cancer cells. In this study one further derivative, namely R-DIM-P-LF11-334 is shown to exhibit even increased cancer toxicity in vitro and in vivo while non-neoplastic cells are not harmed. In liposomal model systems composed of phosphatidylserine mimicking cancerous and phosphatidylcholine mimicking non-cancerous membranes the specific interaction with the cancer marker PS was confirmed by specific induction of membrane perturbation and permeabilization in presence of the peptide. In vitro studies with cell lines of human malignant melanoma, such as A375, or primary cells of human melanoma metastases to the brain, as MUG Mel1, and non-neoplastic human dermal fibroblasts NHDF revealed high cytotoxic effect of R-DIM-P-LF11-334 on melanoma cells of A375 and MUG Mel1, whereas only minor effect on the dermal fibroblasts NHDF was observed, yielding an about 20-fold killing-specificity for A375 and MUG-Mel1. The LC50 values for melanoma A375 and MUG Mel1 were about 10 μM. Analysis of secondary structure of the peptide revealed an increase in the proportion of β-sheets exclusively in presence of the cancer mimic. Stability studies further indicated a potential adequate stability in blood or under stringent conditions. Importantly the cytotoxic effect on cancer cells was also proven in vivo in mouse xenografts of human melanoma, where peptide treatment induced strong tumor regression and in average a tumor area reduction of 85% compared to tumors of control mice without peptide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Riedl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Schaider
- Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Cancer Biology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernadette Liegl-Atzwanger
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Southern Clinical Division, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Julia Preishuber-Pflügl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Grissenberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Zweytick
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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8
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Harrison PL, Heath GR, Johnson BR, Abdel-Rahman MA, Strong PN, Evans SD, Miller K. Phospholipid dependent mechanism of smp24, an α-helical antimicrobial peptide from scorpion venom. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2737-2744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Daptomycin inhibits cell envelope synthesis by interfering with fluid membrane microdomains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7077-E7086. [PMID: 27791134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611173113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin is a highly efficient last-resort antibiotic that targets the bacterial cell membrane. Despite its clinical importance, the exact mechanism by which daptomycin kills bacteria is not fully understood. Different experiments have led to different models, including (i) blockage of cell wall synthesis, (ii) membrane pore formation, and (iii) the generation of altered membrane curvature leading to aberrant recruitment of proteins. To determine which model is correct, we carried out a comprehensive mode-of-action study using the model organism Bacillus subtilis and different assays, including proteomics, ionomics, and fluorescence light microscopy. We found that daptomycin causes a gradual decrease in membrane potential but does not form discrete membrane pores. Although we found no evidence for altered membrane curvature, we confirmed that daptomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis. Interestingly, using different fluorescent lipid probes, we showed that binding of daptomycin led to a drastic rearrangement of fluid lipid domains, affecting overall membrane fluidity. Importantly, these changes resulted in the rapid detachment of the membrane-associated lipid II synthase MurG and the phospholipid synthase PlsX. Both proteins preferentially colocalize with fluid membrane microdomains. Delocalization of these proteins presumably is a key reason why daptomycin blocks cell wall synthesis. Finally, clustering of fluid lipids by daptomycin likely causes hydrophobic mismatches between fluid and more rigid membrane areas. This mismatch can facilitate proton leakage and may explain the gradual membrane depolarization observed with daptomycin. Targeting of fluid lipid domains has not been described before for antibiotics and adds another dimension to our understanding of membrane-active antibiotics.
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10
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Antimicrobial ε-poly-l-lysine induced changes in cell membrane compositions and properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Décout JL. Bacterial lipid membranes as promising targets to fight antimicrobial resistance, molecular foundations and illustration through the renewal of aminoglycoside antibiotics and emergence of amphiphilic aminoglycosides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane anionic lipids as attractive targets in the design of amphiphilic antibacterial drugs active against resistant bacteria: molecular foundations and examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Louvain Drug Research Institute
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire
- Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Décout
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS
- UMR 5063
- ICMG FR 2607
- F-38041 Grenoble
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12
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Riedl S, Leber R, Rinner B, Schaider H, Lohner K, Zweytick D. Human lactoferricin derived di-peptides deploying loop structures induce apoptosis specifically in cancer cells through targeting membranous phosphatidylserine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2918-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Finger S, Kerth A, Dathe M, Blume A. The efficacy of trivalent cyclic hexapeptides to induce lipid clustering in PG/PE membranes correlates with their antimicrobial activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2998-3006. [PMID: 26367060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various models have been proposed for the sequence of events occurring after binding of specific antimicrobial peptides to lipid membranes. The lipid clustering model arose by the finding that antimicrobial peptides can induce a segregation of certain negatively charged lipids in lipid model membranes. Anionic lipid segregation by cationic peptides is initially an effect of charge interaction where the ratio of peptide and lipid charges is thought to be the decisive parameter in the peptide induced lipid demixing. However, the sequence of events following this initial lipid clustering is more complex and can lead to deactivation of membrane proteins involved in cell division or perturbation of lipid reorganization essential for cell division. In this study we used DSC and ITC techniques to investigate the effect of binding different cyclic hexapeptides with varying antimicrobial efficacy, to phosphatidylglycerol (PG)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipid membranes and their ability to induce lipid segregation in these mixtures. We found that these cyclic hexapeptides consisting of three charged and three aromatic amino acids showed indeed different abilities to induce lipid demixing depending on their amino acid composition and their sequence. The results clearly showed that the cationic amino acids are essential for electrostatic binding but that the three hydrophobic amino acids in the peptides and their position in the sequence also contribute to binding affinity and to the extent of induction of lipid clustering. The efficacy of these different hexapeptides to induce PG clusters in PG/PE membranes was found to be correlated with their antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Finger
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Kerth
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Margitta Dathe
- Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfred Blume
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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14
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Soblosky L, Ramamoorthy A, Chen Z. Membrane interaction of antimicrobial peptides using E. coli lipid extract as model bacterial cell membranes and SFG spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 187:20-33. [PMID: 25707312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers are used as a convenient model cell membrane system to study biologically important molecule-lipid interactions in situ. However, the lipid bilayer models are often simple and the acquired results with these models may not provide all pertinent information related to a real cell membrane. In this work, we use sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy to study molecular-level interactions between the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) MSI-594, ovispirin-1 G18, magainin 2 and a simple 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (dDPPG)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (POPG) bilayer. We compared such interactions to those between the AMPs and a more complex dDPPG/Escherichia coli (E. coli) polar lipid extract bilayer. We show that to fully understand more complex aspects of peptide-bilayer interaction, such as interaction kinetics, a heterogeneous lipid composition is required, such as the E. coli polar lipid extract. The discrepancy in peptide-bilayer interaction is likely due in part to the difference in bilayer charge between the two systems since highly negative charged lipids can promote more favorable electrostatic interactions between the peptide and lipid bilayer. Results presented in this paper indicate that more complex model bilayers are needed to accurately analyze peptide-cell membrane interactions and demonstrates the importance of using an appropriate lipid composition to study AMP interaction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Soblosky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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15
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Koller D, Lohner K. The role of spontaneous lipid curvature in the interaction of interfacially active peptides with membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2250-9. [PMID: 24853655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Research on antimicrobial peptides is in part driven by urgent medical needs such as the steady increase in pathogens being resistant to antibiotics. Despite the wealth of information compelling structure-function relationships are still scarce and thus the interfacial activity model has been proposed to bridge this gap. This model also applies to other interfacially active (membrane active) peptides such as cytolytic, cell penetrating or antitumor peptides. One parameter that is strongly linked to interfacial activity is the spontaneous lipid curvature, which is experimentally directly accessible. We discuss different parameters such as H-bonding, electrostatic repulsion, changes in monolayer surface area and lateral pressure that affect induction of membrane curvature, but also vice versa how membrane curvature triggers peptide response. In addition, the impact of membrane lipid composition on the formation of curved membrane structures and its relevance for diverse mode of action of interfacially active peptides and in turn biological activity are described. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, Schmiedlstraße 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, Schmiedlstraße 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria.
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16
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Riedl S, Rinner B, Schaider H, Lohner K, Zweytick D. Killing of melanoma cells and their metastases by human lactoferricin derivatives requires interaction with the cancer marker phosphatidylserine. Biometals 2014; 27:981-97. [PMID: 24838743 PMCID: PMC4155172 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite favorable advancements in therapy cancer is still not curative in many cases, which is often due to inadequate specificity for tumor cells. In this study derivatives of a short cationic peptide derived from the human host defense peptide lactoferricin were optimized in their selective toxicity towards cancer cells. We proved that the target of these peptides is the negatively charged membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS), specifically exposed on the surface of cancer cells. We have studied the membrane interaction of three peptides namely LF11-322, its N-acyl derivative 6-methyloctanoyl-LF11-322 and its retro repeat derivative R(etro)-DIM-P-LF11-322 with liposomes mimicking cancerous and non-cancerous cell membranes composed of PS and phosphatidylcholine (PC), respectively. Calorimetric and permeability studies showed that N-acylation and even more the repeat derivative of LF11-322 leads to strongly improved interaction with the cancer mimic PS, whereas only the N-acyl derivative also slightly affects PC. Tryptophan fluorescence of selective peptide R-DIM-P-LF11-322 revealed specific peptide penetration into the PS membrane interface and circular dichroism showed change of its secondary structure by increase of proportion of β-sheets just in the presence of the cancer mimic. Data correlated with in vitro studies with cell lines of human melanomas, their metastases and melanocytes, revealing R-DIM-P-LF11-322 to exhibit strongly increased specificity for cancer cells. This indicates the need of high affinity to the target PS, a minimum length and net positive charge, an adequate but moderate hydrophobicity, and capability of adoption of a defined structure exclusively in presence of the target membrane for high antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Riedl
- Biophysics Division, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042, Graz, Austria
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Small cationic antimicrobial peptides delocalize peripheral membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1409-18. [PMID: 24706874 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Short antimicrobial peptides rich in arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) interact with membranes. To learn how this interaction leads to bacterial death, we characterized the effects of the minimal pharmacophore RWRWRW-NH2. A ruthenium-substituted derivative of this peptide localized to the membrane in vivo, and the peptide also integrated readily into mixed phospholipid bilayers that resemble Gram-positive membranes. Proteome and Western blot analyses showed that integration of the peptide caused delocalization of peripheral membrane proteins essential for respiration and cell-wall biosynthesis, limiting cellular energy and undermining cell-wall integrity. This delocalization phenomenon also was observed with the cyclic peptide gramicidin S, indicating the generality of the mechanism. Exogenous glutamate increases tolerance to the peptide, indicating that osmotic destabilization also contributes to antibacterial efficacy. Bacillus subtilis responds to peptide stress by releasing osmoprotective amino acids, in part via mechanosensitive channels. This response is triggered by membrane-targeting bacteriolytic peptides of different structural classes as well as by hypoosmotic conditions.
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Tenchov BG, MacDonald RC, Lentz BR. Fusion peptides promote formation of bilayer cubic phases in lipid dispersions. An x-ray diffraction study. Biophys J 2013; 104:1029-37. [PMID: 23473485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small angle x-ray diffraction revealed a strong influence of the N-terminal influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide on the formation of nonlamellar lipid phases. Comparative measurements were made on a series of three peptides, a 20-residue wild-type X-31 influenza virus fusion peptide, GLFGAIAGFIENGWEGMIDG, and its two point-mutant, fusion-incompetent peptides G1E and G13L, in mixtures with hydrated phospholipids, either dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPoPE), or monomethylated dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE-Me), at lipid/peptide molar ratios of 200:1 and 50:1. All three peptides suppressed the HII phase and shifted the L(α)-H(II) transition to higher temperatures, simultaneously promoting formation of inverted bicontinuous cubic phases, Q(II), which becomes inserted between the L(α) and H(II) phases on the temperature scale. Peptide-induced Q(II) had strongly reduced lattice constants in comparison to the Q(II) phases that form in pure lipids. Q(II) formation was favored at the expense of both L(α) and H(II) phases. The wild-type fusion peptide, WT-20, was distinguished from G1E and G13L by the markedly greater magnitude of its effect. WT-20 disordered the L(α) phase and completely abolished the HII phase in DOPE-Me/WT-20 50:1 dispersions, converted the Q(II) phase type from Im3m to Pn3m and reduced the unit cell size from ∼38 nm for the Im3m phase of DOPE-Me dispersions to ∼15 nm for the Pn3m phase in DOPE-Me/WT-20 peptide mixtures. The strong reduction of the cubic phase lattice parameter suggests that the fusion-promoting WT-20 peptide may function by favoring bilayer states of more negative gaussian curvature and promoting fusion along pathways involving Pn3m phase-like fusion pore intermediates rather than pathways involving H(II) phase-like intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Tenchov
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Silva T, Adão R, Nazmi K, Bolscher JG, Funari SS, Uhríková D, Bastos M. Structural diversity and mode of action on lipid membranes of three lactoferrin candidacidal peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1329-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Potential anticarcinogenic peptides from bovine milk. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2013; 2013:939804. [PMID: 23533710 PMCID: PMC3600311 DOI: 10.1155/2013/939804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BOVINE MILK POSSESSES A PROTEIN SYSTEM CONSTITUTED BY TWO MAJOR FAMILIES OF PROTEINS: caseins (insoluble) and whey proteins (soluble). Caseins ( α S1, α S2, β , and κ ) are the predominant phosphoproteins in the milk of ruminants, accounting for about 80% of total protein, while the whey proteins, representing approximately 20% of milk protein fraction, include β -lactoglobulin, α -lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, bovine serum albumin, bovine lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase, together with other minor components. Different bioactivities have been associated with these proteins. In many cases, caseins and whey proteins act as precursors of bioactive peptides that are released, in the body, by enzymatic proteolysis during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing. The biologically active peptides are of particular interest in food science and nutrition because they have been shown to play physiological roles, including opioid-like features, as well as immunomodulant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. In recent years, research has focused its attention on the ability of these molecules to provide a prevention against the development of cancer. This paper presents an overview of antitumor activity of caseins and whey proteins and derived peptides.
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Chavarha M, Loney RW, Kumar K, Rananavare SB, Hall SB. Differential effects of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins on the formation of inverse bicontinuous cubic phases. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16596-604. [PMID: 23140329 PMCID: PMC3514604 DOI: 10.1021/la3025364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that the biological mixture of the two hydrophobic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, produces faster adsorption of the surfactant lipids to an air/water interface, and that they induce 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) to form inverse bicontinuous cubic phases. Previous studies have shown that SP-B has a much greater effect than SP-C on adsorption. If the two proteins induce faster adsorption and formation of the bicontinuous structures by similar mechanisms, then they should also have different abilities to form the cubic phases. To test this hypothesis, we measured small-angle X-ray scattering on the individual proteins combined with POPE. SP-B replicated the dose-related ability of the combined proteins to induce the cubic phases at temperatures more than 25 °C below the point at which POPE alone forms the curved inverse-hexagonal phase. With SP-C, diffraction from cubic structures was either absent or present at very low intensities only with larger amounts of protein. The correlation between the structural effects of inducing curved structures and the functional effects on the rate of adsorption fits with the model in which SP-B promotes adsorption by facilitating formation of an inversely curved, rate-limiting structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Chavarha
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Ryan W. Loney
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Kamlesh Kumar
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | | | - Stephen B. Hall
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medicine, and Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Stephen B. Hall, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Mail Code UHN-67, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, Telephone: (503) 494-6667,
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22
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Membrane-active peptides and the clustering of anionic lipids. Biophys J 2012; 103:265-74. [PMID: 22853904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is some overlap in the biological activities of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). We compared nine AMPs, seven CPPs, and a fusion peptide with regard to their ability to cluster anionic lipids in a mixture mimicking the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. We also studied their bacteriostatic effect on several bacterial strains, and examined their conformational changes upon membrane binding using circular dichroism. A remarkable correlation was found between the net positive charge of the peptides and their capacity to induce anionic lipid clustering, which was independent of their secondary structure. Among the peptides studied, six AMPs and four CPPs were found to have strong anionic lipid clustering activity. These peptides also had bacteriostatic activity against several strains (particularly Gram-negative Escherichia coli) that are sensitive to lipid clustering agents. AMPs and CPPs that did not cluster anionic lipids were not toxic to E. coli. As shown previously for several types of AMPs, anionic lipid clustering likely contributes to the mechanism of antibacterial action of highly cationic CPPs. The same mechanism could explain the escape of CPPs from intracellular endosomes that are enriched with anionic lipids.
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Use of X-ray scattering to aid the design and delivery of membrane-active drugs. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2012; 41:915-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-012-0821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Teixeira V, Feio MJ, Bastos M. Role of lipids in the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with membranes. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:149-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Bastos M, Silva T, Teixeira V, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Funari SS, Uhríková D. Lactoferrin-derived antimicrobial peptide induces a micellar cubic phase in a model membrane system. Biophys J 2011; 101:L20-2. [PMID: 21806917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of a micellar cubic phase is reported for a mixture of an antimicrobial peptide from the Lactoferrin family, LFampin 265-284, and a model membrane system of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (3:1), as derived from small-angle x-ray diffraction (SAXD) measurements. The system shows remarkable thermotropic polymorphism: the peptide disrupts the lipid bilayer, forming a cubic phase of the space group Pm3n (t < 28°C), and as the temperature increases it shows a complex phase behavior (not fully clarified by SAXD). The onset, volume fraction of each phase, and phase parameters are seen to vary with peptide/lipid ratio and temperature. The obtained SAXD data represent the first experimental evidence, to our knowledge, of a micellar cubic phase in the context of antimicrobial peptide/membrane interaction. We propose that the micellization of the membrane according to the carpet model, for long proposed as a possible mechanism of action, can go through the formation of a cubic micellar phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Bastos
- Centro de Investigação em Química (UP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Expression, purification, and antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrampin-lactoferricin in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:640-51. [PMID: 22109740 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrampin (LFA) and bovine lactoferricin (LFC) are two antimicrobial peptides located in the N(1) domain of bovine lactoferrin. The bactericidal activity of the fused peptide LFA-LFC is stronger than that of either LFA or LFC. The high cost of peptide production from either native digestion or chemical synthesis limits the clinical application of antimicrobial peptides. The expression of recombinant peptides in yeast may be an effective alternative. In the current study, the expression, purification, and antibacterial activity of LFA-LFC using the Pichia pastoris expression system are reported. The linearized expression vector pPICZaA-LFA-LFC was transformed into P. pastoris KM71 by electroporation, and positive colonies harboring the target genes were screened out and used for fermentation. The recombinant LFA-LFC peptide was purified via two-step column chromatography and identified by tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results indicate that P. pastoris is a suitable system for secreting LFA-LFC. The fermentation supernate and the purified LFA-LFC show high antimicrobial activities. The current study is the first to report on the expression and purification of LFA-LFC in P. pastoris and may have potential practical applications in microbial peptide production.
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27
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Riedl S, Zweytick D, Lohner K. Membrane-active host defense peptides--challenges and perspectives for the development of novel anticancer drugs. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:766-81. [PMID: 21945565 PMCID: PMC3220766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although much progress has been achieved in the development of cancer therapies in recent decades, problems continue to arise particularly with respect to chemotherapy due to resistance to and low specificity of currently available drugs. Host defense peptides as effector molecules of innate immunity represent a novel strategy for the development of alternative anticancer drug molecules. These cationic amphipathic peptides are able to discriminate between neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells interacting specifically with negatively charged membrane components such as phosphatidylserine (PS), sialic acid or heparan sulfate, which differ between cancer and non-cancer cells. Furthermore, an increased number of microvilli has been found on cancer cells leading to an increase in cell surface area, which may in turn enhance their susceptibility to anticancer peptides. Thus, part of this review will be devoted to the differences in membrane composition of non-cancer and cancer cells with a focus on the exposure of PS on the outer membrane. Normally, surface exposed PS triggers apoptosis, which can however be circumvented by cancer cells by various means. Host defense peptides, which selectively target differences between cancer and non-cancer cell membranes, have excellent tumor tissue penetration and can thus reach the site of both primary tumor and distant metastasis. Since these molecules kill their target cells rapidly and mainly by perturbing the integrity of the plasma membrane, resistance is less likely to occur. Hence, a chapter will also describe studies related to the molecular mechanisms of membrane damage as well as alternative non-membrane related mechanisms. In vivo studies have demonstrated that host defense peptides display anticancer activity against a number of cancers such as e.g. leukemia, prostate, ascite and ovarian tumors, yet so far none of these peptides has made it on the market. Nevertheless, optimization of host defense peptides using various strategies to enhance further selectivity and serum stability is expected to yield novel anticancer drugs with improved properties in respect of cancer cell toxicity as well as reduced development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Riedl
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, Graz, Austria
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28
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Weghuber J, Aichinger MC, Brameshuber M, Wieser S, Ruprecht V, Plochberger B, Madl J, Horner A, Reipert S, Lohner K, Henics T, Schütz GJ. Cationic amphipathic peptides accumulate sialylated proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic host cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:2581-90. [PMID: 21718688 PMCID: PMC3161180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) selectively target bacterial membranes by electrostatic interactions with negatively charged lipids. It turned out that for inhibition of microbial growth a high CAMP membrane concentration is required, which can be realized by the incorporation of hydrophobic groups within the peptide. Increasing hydrophobicity, however, reduces the CAMP selectivity for bacterial over eukaryotic host membranes, thereby causing the risk of detrimental side-effects. In this study we addressed how cationic amphipathic peptides—in particular a CAMP with Lysine–Leucine–Lysine repeats (termed KLK)—affect the localization and dynamics of molecules in eukaryotic membranes. We found KLK to selectively inhibit the endocytosis of a subgroup of membrane proteins and lipids by electrostatically interacting with negatively charged sialic acid moieties. Ultrastructural characterization revealed the formation of membrane invaginations representing fission or fusion intermediates, in which the sialylated proteins and lipids were immobilized. Experiments on structurally different cationic amphipathic peptides (KLK, 6-MO-LF11-322 and NK14-2) indicated a cooperation of electrostatic and hydrophobic forces that selectively arrest sialylated membrane constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Weghuber
- Biophysics Institute, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstr 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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29
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Tang Z, Sun Z, Tang X, Feng Z, Zhou D, Xiao D, Zhang B, Li L. Dietary bovine lactoferricin improved gut microflora, benefited intestinal mucosal morphology and inhibited circular cytokines delivery in 21-day weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.565570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zweytick D, Deutsch G, Andrä J, Blondelle SE, Vollmer E, Jerala R, Lohner K. Studies on lactoferricin-derived Escherichia coli membrane-active peptides reveal differences in the mechanism of N-acylated versus nonacylated peptides. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21266-76. [PMID: 21515687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.195412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the low antimicrobial activity of LF11, an 11-mer peptide derived from human lactoferricin, mutant sequences were designed based on the defined structure of LF11 in the lipidic environment. Thus, deletion of noncharged polar residues and strengthening of the hydrophobic N-terminal part upon adding a bulky hydrophobic amino acid or N-acylation resulted in enhanced antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, which correlated with the peptides' degree of perturbation of bacterial membrane mimics. Nonacylated and N-acylated peptides exhibited different effects at a molecular level. Nonacylated peptides induced segregation of peptide-enriched and peptide-poor lipid domains in negatively charged bilayers, although N-acylated peptides formed small heterogeneous domains resulting in a higher degree of packing defects. Additionally, only N-acylated peptides perturbed the lateral packing of neutral lipids and exhibited increased permeability of E. coli lipid vesicles. The latter did not correlate with the extent of improvement of the antimicrobial activity, which could be explained by the fact that elevated binding of N-acylated peptides to lipopolysaccharides of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria seems to counteract the elevated membrane permeabilization, reflected in the respective minimal inhibitory concentration for E. coli. The antimicrobial activity of the peptides correlated with an increase of membrane curvature stress and hence bilayer instability. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that only the N-acylated peptides induced tubular protrusions from the outer membrane, whereas all peptides caused detachment of the outer and inner membrane of E. coli bacteria. Viability tests demonstrated that these bacteria were dead before onset of visible cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Zweytick
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria
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Mishra A, Tai KP, Schmidt NW, Ouellette AJ, Wong GC. Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies of Peptide–Lipid Interactions Using the Mouse Paneth Cell α-Defensin Cryptdin-4. Methods Enzymol 2011; 492:127-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381268-1.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Induction of non-lamellar lipid phases by antimicrobial peptides: a potential link to mode of action. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:82-93. [PMID: 19799887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are naturally produced by numerous organisms including insects, plants and mammals. Their non-specific mode of action is thought to involve the transient perturbation of bacterial membranes but the molecular mechanism underlying the rearrangement of the lipid molecules to explain the formation of pores and micelles is still poorly understood. Biological membranes mostly adopt planar lipid bilayers; however, antimicrobial peptides have been shown to induce non-lamellar lipid phases which may be intimately linked to their proposed mechanisms of action. This paper reviews antimicrobial peptides that alter lipid phase behavior in three ways: peptides that induce positive membrane curvature, peptides that induce negative membrane curvature and peptides that induce cubic lipid phases. Such structures can coexist with the bilayer structure, thus giving rise to lipid polymorphism induced upon addition of antimicrobial peptides. The discussion addresses the implications of induced lipid phases for the mode of action of various antimicrobial peptides.
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Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1806-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Hickel A, Danner-Pongratz S, Amenitsch H, Degovics G, Rappolt M, Lohner K, Pabst G. Influence of antimicrobial peptides on the formation of nonlamellar lipid mesophases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2325-33. [PMID: 18582435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of four antimicrobial peptides of different secondary and ternary structure--melittin (Mel), protegrin-1 (PG-1), peptidyl-glycylleucine-carboxyamide (PGLa), and gramicidin S (GS)--on the lamellar-to-nonlamellar transition of palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) applying differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray diffraction. None of the peptides studied led to the formation of an inverted hexagonal phase observed for pure POPE at high temperatures. Instead either cubic or lamellar phases were stabilized to different degrees. GS was most effective in inducing a cubic phase, whereas Mel fully stabilized the lamellar phase. The behavior of POPE in the presence of PG-1 and PGLa was intermediate to GS and Mel. In addition to the known role of membrane elasticity we propose two mechanisms, which cause stabilization of the lamellar phase: electrostatic repulsion and lipid/peptide pore formation. Both mechanisms prevent transmembrane contact required to form either an inverted hexagonal phase or fusion pores, as precursors of the cubic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hickel
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A 8042 Graz, Austria
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