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Titanium dioxide nanotubes increase purinergic receptor P2Y6 expression and activate its downstream PKCα-ERK1/2 pathway in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under osteogenic induction. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:670-682. [PMID: 36442823 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes can improve the osseointegration of pure titanium implants, but this exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The purinergic receptor P2Y6 is expressed in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and participates in the regulation of bone metabolism. However, it is unclear as to whether P2Y6 is involved in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by TiO2 nanotubes. TiO2 nanotubes were prepared on the surface of titanium specimens using the anodizing method and characterized their features. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to detect the expression of P2Y6, markers of osteogenic differentiation, and PKCα-ERK1/2. A rat femoral defect model was established to evaluate the osseointegration effect of TiO2 nanotubes combined with P2Y6 agonists. The results showed that the average inner diameter of the TiO2 nanotubes increased with an increase in voltage (voltage range of 30-90V), and the expression of P2Y6 in BMSCs could be upregulated by TiO2 nanotubes in osteogenic culture. Inhibition of P2Y6 expression partially inhibited the osteogenic effect of TiO2 nanotubes and downregulated the activity of the PKCα-ERK1/2 pathway. When using in vitro and in vivo experiments, the osteogenic effect of TiO2 nanotubes when combined with P2Y6 agonists was more pronounced. TiO2 nanotubes promoted the P2Y6 expression of BMSCs during osteogenic differentiation and promoted osteogenesis by activating the PKCα-ERK1/2 pathway. The combined application of TiO2 nanotubes and P2Y6 agonists may be an effective new strategy to improve the osseointegration of titanium implants. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes can improve the osseointegration of pure titanium implants, but this exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The purinergic receptor P2Y6 is expressed in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and participates in the regulation of bone metabolism. However, it is unclear as to whether P2Y6 is involved in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs induced by TiO2 nanotubes. For the first time, this study revealed the relationship between TiO2 nanotubes and purine receptor P2Y6, and further explored its mode of action, which may provide clues as to the regulatory role of TiO2 nanotubes on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. These findings will help to develop novel methods for guiding material design and biosafety evaluation of nano implants.
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Alberto AVP, Ferreira NCDS, Bonavita AGC, Nihei OK, de Farias FP, Bisaggio RDC, de Albuquerque C, Savino W, Coutinho‐Silva R, Persechini PM, Alves LA. Physiologic roles of P2 receptors in leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:983-1012. [PMID: 35837975 PMCID: PMC9796137 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0421-226rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1970s, purinergic receptors have been shown to play key roles in a wide variety of biologic systems and cell types. In the immune system, purinergic receptors participate in innate immunity and in the modulation of the adaptive immune response. In particular, P2 receptors, which respond to extracellular nucleotides, are widely expressed on leukocytes, causing the release of cytokines and chemokines and the formation of inflammatory mediators, and inducing phagocytosis, degranulation, and cell death. The activity of these receptors is regulated by ectonucleotidases-expressed in these same cell types-which regulate the availability of nucleotides in the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the characteristics of the main purinergic receptor subtypes present in the immune system, focusing on the P2 family. In addition, we describe the physiologic roles of the P2 receptors already identified in leukocytes and how they can positively or negatively modulate the development of infectious diseases, inflammation, and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anael Viana Pinto Alberto
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | | | - Oscar Kenji Nihei
- Center of Education and LetterState University of the West of ParanáFoz do IguaçuPRBrazil
| | | | - Rodrigo da Cunha Bisaggio
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | | | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil,Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on NeuroimmunomodulationRio de Janeiro Research Network on NeuroinflammationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Robson Coutinho‐Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Pedro Muanis Persechini
- Laboratory of Immunobiophysics, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
| | - Luiz Anastacio Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Oswaldo Cruz InstituteOswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de JaneiroRJBrazil
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Brock VJ, Wolf IMA, Er-Lukowiak M, Lory N, Stähler T, Woelk LM, Mittrücker HW, Müller CE, Koch-Nolte F, Rissiek B, Werner R, Guse AH, Diercks BP. P2X4 and P2X7 are essential players in basal T cell activity and Ca 2+ signaling milliseconds after T cell activation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9770. [PMID: 35119925 PMCID: PMC8816335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Initial T cell activation is triggered by the formation of highly dynamic, spatiotemporally restricted Ca2+ microdomains. Purinergic signaling is known to be involved in Ca2+ influx in T cells at later stages compared to the initial microdomain formation. Using a high-resolution Ca2+ live-cell imaging system, we show that the two purinergic cation channels P2X4 and P2X7 not only are involved in the global Ca2+ signals but also promote initial Ca2+ microdomains tens of milliseconds after T cell stimulation. These Ca2+ microdomains were significantly decreased in T cells from P2rx4-/- and P2rx7-/- mice or by pharmacological inhibition or blocking. Furthermore, we show a pannexin-1-dependent activation of P2X4 in the absence of T cell receptor/CD3 stimulation. Subsequently, upon T cell receptor/CD3 stimulation, ATP release is increased and autocrine activation of both P2X4 and P2X7 then amplifies initial Ca2+ microdomains already in the first second of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J. Brock
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Insa M. A. Wolf
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Er-Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lory
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stähler
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena-Marie Woelk
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Werner
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Guse
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- The Ca Signalling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Reinmuth L, Hsiao CC, Hamann J, Rosenkilde M, Mackrill J. Multiple Targets for Oxysterols in Their Regulation of the Immune System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082078. [PMID: 34440846 PMCID: PMC8391951 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, or cholesterol oxidation products, are naturally occurring lipids which regulate the physiology of cells, including those of the immune system. In contrast to effects that are mediated through nuclear receptors or by epigenetic mechanism, which take tens of minutes to occur, changes in the activities of cell-surface receptors caused by oxysterols can be extremely rapid, often taking place within subsecond timescales. Such cell-surface receptor effects of oxysterols allow for the regulation of fast cellular processes, such as motility, secretion and endocytosis. These cellular processes play critical roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review will survey the two broad classes of cell-surface receptors for oxysterols (G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels), the mechanisms by which cholesterol oxidation products act on them, and their presence and functions in the different cell types of the immune system. Overall, this review will highlight the potential of oxysterols, synthetic derivatives and their receptors for physiological and therapeutic modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reinmuth
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.-C.H.); (J.H.)
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.-C.H.); (J.H.)
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.M.); Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-1400 (J.M.)
| | - John Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.M.); Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-1400 (J.M.)
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5
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Lara R, Adinolfi E, Harwood CA, Philpott M, Barden JA, Di Virgilio F, McNulty S. P2X7 in Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32581786 PMCID: PMC7287489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is a transmembrane receptor expressed in multiple cell types including neurons, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, B and T cells where it can drive a wide range of physiological responses from pain transduction to immune response. Upon activation by its main ligand, extracellular ATP, P2X7 can form a nonselective channel for cations to enter the cell. Prolonged activation of P2X7, via high levels of extracellular ATP over an extended time period can lead to the formation of a macropore, leading to depolarization of the plasma membrane and ultimately to cell death. Thus, dependent on its activation state, P2X7 can either drive cell survival and proliferation, or induce cell death. In cancer, P2X7 has been shown to have a broad range of functions, including playing key roles in the development and spread of tumor cells. It is therefore unsurprising that P2X7 has been reported to be upregulated in several malignancies. Critically, ATP is present at high extracellular concentrations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) compared to levels observed in normal tissues. These high levels of ATP should present a survival challenge for cancer cells, potentially leading to constitutive receptor activation, prolonged macropore formation and ultimately to cell death. Therefore, to deliver the proven advantages for P2X7 in driving tumor survival and metastatic potential, the P2X7 macropore must be tightly controlled while retaining other functions. Studies have shown that commonly expressed P2X7 splice variants, distinct SNPs and post-translational receptor modifications can impair the capacity of P2X7 to open the macropore. These receptor modifications and potentially others may ultimately protect cancer cells from the negative consequences associated with constitutive activation of P2X7. Significantly, the effects of both P2X7 agonists and antagonists in preclinical tumor models of cancer demonstrate the potential for agents modifying P2X7 function, to provide innovative cancer therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding of the structure and functions of P2X7 and how these impact P2X7 roles in cancer progression. We also review potential therapeutic approaches directed against P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lara
- Biosceptre (UK) Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Philpott
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Bart's & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Mellouk A, Bobé P. CD8 +, but not CD4 + effector/memory T cells, express the CD44 highCD45RB high phenotype with aging, which displays reduced expression levels of P2X 7 receptor and ATP-induced cellular responses. FASEB J 2018; 33:3225-3236. [PMID: 30383448 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800867r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that the sensitivity of CD4+ T cells to ATP does not depend on P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) expression levels but on their activation and differentiation stages. Therefore, here we have investigated a potential relationship between the sensitivity of CD8+ T cells to ATP and their stages of differentiation. Thus, the CD8+ subpopulation exhibits a drastically reduced sensitivity to ATP with aging, which parallels the strong increase of an effector/memory CD8+ subset expressing high levels of CD44 cell adhesion molecule and CD45RB transmembrane phosphatase (CD44hiCD45RBhi). Using l-selectin/CD62L, CC-chemokine receptor 7, and CD127/IL-7 receptor-α markers, we showed that effector/memory CD8+ T cells belong to a central or effector memory subset. In contrast, the CD44hiCD45RBhi effector/memory subset is absent or poorly expressed in the CD4+ T subpopulation regardless of age. While ATP treatment can trigger channel and pore formation, CD62L shedding, phosphatidylserine exposure, and cell death in the CD44loCD45RBhi-naive CD8+ subset, it is unable to induce these cellular activities in the CD44hiCD45RBhi effector/memory CD8+ subset. Importantly, both CD44loCD45RBhi-naive and CD44hiCD45RBhi effector/memory subsets express similar low levels of P2X7R, demonstrating that the sensitivity of CD8+ T cells to ATP depends on the stage of differentiation instead of P2X7R expression levels.-Mellouk, A., Bobé, P. CD8+, but not CD4+ effector/memory T cells, express the CD44highCD45RBhigh phenotype with aging, which displays reduced expression levels of P2X7 receptor and ATP-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mellouk
- INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1174, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Bobé
- INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1174, Orsay, France
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Thorstenberg ML, Rangel Ferreira MV, Amorim N, Canetti C, Morrone FB, Alves Filho JC, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic Cooperation Between P2Y 2 and P2X7 Receptors Promote Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Control: Involvement of Pannexin-1 and Leukotrienes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1531. [PMID: 30038612 PMCID: PMC6046465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of damage-associated molecular patterns, including uridine triphosphate (UTP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the extracellular milieu is a key component of innate immune response to infection. Previously, we showed that macrophage infection by the protozoan parasite Leishmania amazonensis—the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis—can be controlled by ATP- and UTP-mediated activation of P2Y and P2X7 receptors (activated by UTP/ATP and ATP, respectively), which provided comparable immune responses against the parasite. Interestingly, in context of Leishmania amazonensis infection, UTP/P2Y triggered apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and oxide nitric (NO) production, which are characteristic of P2X7 receptor activation. Here, we examined a possible “cross-talk” between P2Y2 and P2X7 receptors, and the requirement for pannexin-1 (PANX-1) in the control of L. amazonensis infection in mouse peritoneal macrophages and in vivo. UTP treatment reduced L. amazonensis parasite load, induced extracellular ATP release [which was pannexin-1 (PANX-1) dependent], and triggered leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production in macrophages. UTP-induced parasite control was blocked by pharmacological antagonism of P2Y2 or P2X7 receptors and was absent in macrophages lacking P2X7 or PANX-1. In addition, ATP release induced by UTP was also inhibited by PANX-1 blocker carbenoxolone, and partially reversed by inhibitors of vesicle traffic and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. In vivo, UTP treatment reduced footpad and popliteal lymph node parasite load, and the lesion in wild-type (WT) mice; fact not observed in P2X7−/− mice. Our data reveal that P2Y2 and P2X7 receptors cooperate to trigger potent innate immune responses against L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Thorstenberg
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Rangel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Amorim
- Laboratório de inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Laboratório de inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Morrone
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Aplicada, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves Filho
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Takeda A, Yamada H, Hasegawa E, Arima M, Notomi S, Myojin S, Yoshimura T, Hisatomi T, Enaida H, Yanai R, Kimura K, Ishibashi T, Sonoda KH. Crucial role of P2X 7 receptor for effector T cell activation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 62:398-406. [PMID: 29572578 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the roles of P2X7 receptors (P2RX7) in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). STUDY DESIGN Experimental. METHODS Either wild-type (P2rx7 +/+ ) or P2rx7-deficient (P2rx7 -∕- ) mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) peptide 1-20. Severity of EAU was evaluated clinically and histopathologically. The induction of IRBP-specific proliferation and cytokines in draining lymph nodes was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The frequency of activation markers was examined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, inhibitory roles of systemic administration of Brilliant Blue G (BBG), an antagonist for P2RX7, in EAU were also assessed in the wild-type mice. RESULTS The severity of EAU in P2rx7 -∕- mice was reduced as compared with that in P2rx7 +/+ mice, both clinically and histopathologically. IRBP-specific proliferation in P2rx7 -∕- on day 16 was slightly decreased compared to that in P2rx7 +/+ mice. The induction of IRBP-specific interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 in P2rx7 -∕- mice on day 16 was lower than that in P2rx7 +/+ mice. The up-regulation of surface expression of activation markers such as CD25, CD44, and CD69 in response to TCR stimulation in P2rx7 -∕- mice was decreased as compared with that in P2rx7 +/+ mice. Furthermore, neutralization of P2RX7 in vivo by BBG suppressed EAU clinically and histopathologically. IRBP-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 induction in BBG-treated mice was significantly lower than that in vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSION The results suggest that P2RX7 is a novel preventative therapeutic target for uveitis as it suppresses the effector functions of both Th1 and Th17 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Notomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Myojin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeru Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Enaida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shinohara Y, Tsukimoto M. Guanine and inosine nucleotides/nucleosides suppress murine T cell activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Damaged tissues and cells release intracellular purine nucleotides, which serve as intercellular signaling factors. We previously showed that exogenously added adenine nucleotide (250 μM ATP) suppressed the activation of murine splenic T lymphocytes. Here, we examined the effects of other purine nucleotides/nucleosides on mouse T cell activation. First, we found that pretreatment of mouse spleen T cells with 250 μM GTP, GDP, GMP, guanosine, ITP, IDP, IMP or inosine significantly reduced the release of stimulus-inducible cytokine IL-2. This suppression of IL-2 release was not caused by induction of cell death. Further studies with GTP, ITP, guanosine and inosine showed that pretreatment with these nucleotides/nucleosides also suppressed release of IL-6. However, these nucleotides/nucleosides did not suppress stimulus-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, suggesting that the suppression of the release of inflammatory cytokines does not involve inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling. In contrast to ATP pretreatment at the same concentration, guanine or inosine nucleotides/nucleosides did not attenuate the expression of CD25. Our findings indicate that exogenous guanine or inosine nucleotides/nucleosides can suppress inflammatory cytokine release from T cells, and may be promising candidates for use as supplementary agents in the treatment of T cell-mediated immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan.
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Safya H, Mellouk A, Legrand J, Le Gall SM, Benbijja M, Kanellopoulos-Langevin C, Kanellopoulos JM, Bobé P. Variations in Cellular Responses of Mouse T Cells to Adenosine-5'-Triphosphate Stimulation Do Not Depend on P2X7 Receptor Expression Levels but on Their Activation and Differentiation Stage. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29535730 PMCID: PMC5835135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous report has shown that regulatory T cells (Treg) were markedly more sensitive to adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) than conventional T cells (Tconv). Another one has shown that Tregs and CD45RBlow Tconvs, but not CD45RBhigh Tconvs, displayed similar high sensitivity to ATP. We have previously reported that CD45RBlow Tconvs expressing B220/CD45RABC molecules in a pre-apoptotic stage are resistant to ATP stimulation due to the loss of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) membrane expression. To gain a clearer picture on T-cell sensitivity to ATP, we have quantified four different cellular activities triggered by ATP in mouse T cells at different stages of activation/differentiation, in correlation with levels of P2X7R membrane expression. P2X7R expression significantly increases on Tconvs during differentiation from naive CD45RBhighCD44low to effector/memory CD45RBlowCD44high stage. Maximum levels of upregulation are reached on recently activated CD69+ naive and memory Tconvs. Ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 expression levels increase in parallel with those of P2X7R. Recently activated CD69+ CD45RBhighCD44low Tconvs, although expressing high levels of P2X7R, fail to cleave homing receptor CD62L after ATP treatment, but efficiently form pores and externalize phosphatidylserine (PS). In contrast, naive CD45RBhighCD44low Tconvs cleave CD62L with high efficiency although they express a lower level of P2X7, thus suggesting that P2X7R levels are not a limiting factor for signaling ATP-induced cellular responses. Contrary to common assumption, P2X7R-mediated cellular activities in mouse Tconvs are not triggered in an all-or-none manner, but depend on their stage of activation/differentiation. Compared to CD45RBlow Tconvs, CD45RBlowFoxp3+ Tregs show significantly higher levels of P2X7R membrane expression and of sensitivity to ATP as evidenced by their high levels of CD62L shedding, pore formation and PS externalization observed after ATP treatment. In summary, the different abilities of ATP-treated Tconvs to form pore or cleave CD62L depending on their activation and differentiation state suggests that P2X7R signaling varies according to the physiological role of T convs during antigen activation in secondary lymphoid organs or trafficking to inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Safya
- UMR1174, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Amine Mellouk
- UMR1174, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Julie Legrand
- Institut André Lwoff, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvain M Le Gall
- Institut André Lwoff, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,UMR 970, INSERM, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mohcine Benbijja
- Institut André Lwoff, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1012, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Bobé
- UMR1174, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.,Institut André Lwoff, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
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11
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Wang D. The essential role of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in regulating T cell immunity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:187-192. [PMID: 29433403 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1434792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this paper is to clarify the critical role of GPCR signaling in T cell immunity. METHODS The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets in current pharmaceutical industry, and represent the largest and most versatile family of cell surface communicating molecules. GPCRs can be activated by a diverse array of ligands including neurotransmitters, chemokines as well as sensory stimuli. Therefore, GPCRs are involved in many key cellular and physiological processes, such as sense of light, taste and smell, neurotransmission, metabolism, endocrine and exocrine secretion. In recent years, GPCRs have been found to play an important role in immune system. T cell is an important type of immune cell, which plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. A variety of GPCRs and their signaling mediators (RGS proteins, GRKs and β-arrestin) have been found to express in T cells and involved T cell-mediated immunity. We will summarize the role of GPCR signaling and their regulatory molecules in T cell activation, homeostasis and function in this article. RESULTS GPCR signaling plays an important role in T cell activation, homeostasis and function. CONCLUSION GPCR signaling is critical in regulating T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashan Wang
- a Molecular Biology Research Center, Key Medical Health Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Shandong Medical College , Linyi , Shandong , China
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12
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Shinohara Y, Tsukimoto M. Adenine Nucleotides Attenuate Murine T Cell Activation Induced by Concanavalin A or T Cell Receptor Stimulation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:986. [PMID: 29375385 PMCID: PMC5767601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and its metabolites affect various cellular immune responses, including T cell function, but there are apparently conflicting reports concerning the effects of adenine nucleotides on T cells. For example, it has been reported that ATP-mediated activation of P2 receptor is involved in T cell activation; activation of adenosine receptors suppresses T cell function; and 1 mM ATP induces T cell death via activation of P2X7 receptor. Therefore, in this work we investigated in detail the effects of 100–250 μM ATP, ADP, or AMP on murine T cell activation. First, an in vitro study showed that pretreatment of murine splenic T cells with 100–250 μM ATP, ADP, or AMP significantly suppressed the concanavalin A (ConA)-induced release of cytokines, including IL-2. This suppression was not due to induction of cell death via the P2X7 receptor or to an immunosuppressive effect of adenosine. ATP attenuated the expression of CD25, and decreased the cell proliferation ability of activated T cells. The release of IL-2 by ConA-stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed by post-treatment with ATP, as well as by pretreatment. These results suggest that exogenous ATP suppresses the activation of T cells. Secondly, we evaluated the effect of ATP in a ConA-treated mice. Treatment with ATP attenuated the increase of IL-2 concentration in the blood. Overall, these results suggest that adenine nucleotides might have potential as supplemental therapeutic agents for T cell-mediated immune diseases, by suppressing T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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13
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de Andrade Mello P, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. Multifaceted Effects of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine in the Tumor-Host Interaction and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1526. [PMID: 29184552 PMCID: PMC5694450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the world's most pressing health-care challenges, leading to a high number of deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new developing therapy that boosts patient's immune system to fight cancer by modifying tumor-immune cells interaction in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) and adenosine (Ado) are signaling molecules released in the TME that act as modulators of both immune and tumor cell responses. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate and Ado activate purinergic type 2 (P2) and type 1 (P1) receptors, respectively, triggering the so-called purinergic signaling. The concentration of eATP and Ado within the TME is tightly controlled by several cell-surface ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, the major ecto-enzymes expressed in cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and vasculature, being CD73 also expressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts. Once accumulated in the TME, eATP boosts antitumor immune response, while Ado attenuates or suppresses immunity against the tumor. In addition, both molecules can mediate growth stimulation or inhibition of the tumor, depending on the specific receptor activated. Therefore, purinergic signaling is able to modulate both tumor and immune cells behavior and, consequently, the tumor-host interaction and disease progression. In this review, we discuss the role of purinergic signaling in the host-tumor interaction detailing the multifaceted effects of eATP and Ado in the inflammatory TME. Moreover, we present recent findings into the application of purinergic-targeting therapy as a potential novel option to boost antitumor immune responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola de Andrade Mello
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Qin C, Zhou J, Gao Y, Lai W, Yang C, Cai Y, Chen S, Du C. Critical Role of P2Y12 Receptor in Regulation of Th17 Differentiation and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:72-81. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Taylor BD, Zheng X, Darville T, Zhong W, Konganti K, Abiodun-Ojo O, Ness RB, O'Connell CM, Haggerty CL. Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Novel Biological Pathways Associated With Infertility After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44:35-41. [PMID: 27898568 PMCID: PMC5145761 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideal management of sexually transmitted infections (STI) may require risk markers for pathology or vaccine development. Previously, we identified common genetic variants associated with chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and reduced fecundity. As this explains only a proportion of the long-term morbidity risk, we used whole-exome sequencing to identify biological pathways that may be associated with STI-related infertility. METHODS We obtained stored DNA from 43 non-Hispanic black women with PID from the PID Evaluation and Clinical Health Study. Infertility was assessed at a mean of 84 months. Principal component analysis revealed no population stratification. Potential covariates did not significantly differ between groups. Sequencing kernel association test was used to examine associations between aggregates of variants on a single gene and infertility. The results from the sequencing kernel association test were used to choose "focus genes" (P < 0.01; n = 150) for subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify "gene sets" that are enriched in biologically relevant pathways. RESULTS Pathway analysis revealed that focus genes were enriched in canonical pathways including, IL-1 signaling, P2Y purinergic receptor signaling, and bone morphogenic protein signaling. CONCLUSIONS Focus genes were enriched in pathways that impact innate and adaptive immunity, protein kinase A activity, cellular growth, and DNA repair. These may alter host resistance or immunopathology after infection. Targeted sequencing of biological pathways identified in this study may provide insight into STI-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie D Taylor
- From the *Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; †Department of Pediatrics, ‡Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; §Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; ¶University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX; and ∥Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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19
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Abstract
Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling molecules by activating cell-surface P2 purinergic receptors that elicit pro-inflammatory immune responses. Over time, extracellular nucleotides are metabolized to adenosine, leading to reduced P2 signalling and increased signalling through anti-inflammatory adenosine (P1 purinergic) receptors. Here, we review how local purinergic signalling changes over time during tissue responses to injury or disease, and we discuss the potential of targeting purinergic signalling pathways for the immunotherapeutic treatment of ischaemia, organ transplantation, autoimmunity or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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20
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Qian S, Hoggatt A, Jones-Hall YL, Ware CF, Herring P, Seye CI. Deletion of P2Y2 receptor reveals a role for lymphotoxin-α in fatty streak formation. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 85:11-20. [PMID: 27355755 PMCID: PMC5453728 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and genetic variations in the LTα pathway have been linked to myocardial infarction. Activation of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) regulates the production of LTα. in vitro. We aimed to uncover a potential pathway linking purinergic receptor to LTα-mediated inflammatory processes pivotal to the early stages of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) deficient mice. Methods and results En face immunostaining revealed that P2Y2R and VCAM-1 are preferentially expressed in the atherosclerosis prone site of the mouse aortic sinus. Deletion of the P2Y2R gene suppresses VCAM-1 expression. Compared with ApoE−/−mice, ApoE−/−mice lacking the P2Y2R gene (ApoE−/−/P2Y2R−/−) did not develop fatty streak lesions when fed a standard chow diet for 15 weeks. Systemic and CD4+ T cell production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTα) were specifically inhibited in ApoE−/−/P2Y2R−/− mice. Anti-LTα preventive treatment was initiated in ApoE−/− mice with intraperitoneal administration of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 fusion protein (TNFR1-Fc) on 5 consecutive days before the disease onset. Remarkably, none of the TNFR1:Fc-treated ApoE−/− mice exhibited atherosclerotic lesions at any developmental stage. Significance ApoE−/− mice deficient in P2Y2R exhibit low endothelial cell VCAM-1 levels, decreased production of LTα and delayed onset of atherosclerosis. These data suggest that targeting this nucleotide receptor could be an effective therapeutic approach in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Qian
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - April Hoggatt
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Yava L Jones-Hall
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison Street VPTH 124, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027, United States
| | - Carl F Ware
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Paul Herring
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Cheikh I Seye
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS 332, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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21
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Burnstock G, Boeynaems JM. Purinergic signalling and immune cells. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:529-64. [PMID: 25352330 PMCID: PMC4272370 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current understanding. It is now recognised that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are released from cells following stress or injury. They can act on virtually all subsets of immune cells through a spectrum of P2X ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Furthermore, ATP is rapidly degraded into adenosine by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, and adenosine exerts additional regulatory effects through its own receptors. The resulting effect ranges from stimulation to tolerance depending on the amount and time courses of nucleotides released, and the balance between ATP and adenosine. This review identifies the various receptors involved in the different subsets of immune cells and their effects on the function of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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22
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Friebe D, Yang T, Schmidt T, Borg N, Steckel B, Ding Z, Schrader J. Purinergic signaling on leukocytes infiltrating the LPS-injured lung. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95382. [PMID: 24748324 PMCID: PMC3991673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides have been implicated as important signaling molecules in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). While adenosine is known to inhibit T cell activation, little information is available as to ATP and NAD degrading enzymes, the expression of ATP and adenosine receptors/transporters in different T cell subsets. ALI was induced by challenging mice with intra-tracheal instillation of 60 µl (3 µg/g) LPS. After 3 d and 7 d blood, lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage was collected and immune cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. The transcriptional phenotype of T helper cells, cytotoxic and regulatory T cells sorted by FACS was assessed by measuring the expression profile of 28 genes related to purinergic signaling using TaqMan Array Micro Fluidic Cards. Catabolism of ATP, NAD and cAMP by activated CD4+ T cells was evaluated by HPLC. CD73 was found to be highly abundant on lymphoid cells with little abundance on myeloid cells, while the opposite was true for CD39. After ALI, the abundance of CD39 and CD73 significantly increased on all T cell subsets derived from lung tissue and bronchoalveolar space. Expression analysis in T cell subsets of the lung revealed ATP (Cd39, Cd73) and NAD (Cd38, Cd157, Cd296, Pc-1) degrading enzymes. However, only transcription of Cd38, Cd39, Cd73, Ent1 and A2a receptor was significantly upregulated after ALI in T helper cells. CD4+ T cells from injured lung rapidly metabolized extracellular ATP to AMP and adenosine but not NAD or cAMP. These findings show that lung T cells – the dominant cell fraction in the later phase of ALI – exhibit a unique expression pattern of purinergic signaling molecules. Adenosine is formed by T cells at an enhanced rate from ATP but not from NAD and together with upregulated A2a receptor is likely to modulate the healing process after acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Friebe
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Timo Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Borg
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bodo Steckel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Ding
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sakaki H, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Moriyama Y, Kojima S. Autocrine regulation of macrophage activation via exocytosis of ATP and activation of P2Y11 receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59778. [PMID: 23577075 PMCID: PMC3618444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand the mechanisms that regulate macrophage activation to establish novel therapies for inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis; a systemic inflammatory response syndrome generally caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated the involvement of extracellular ATP-mediated autocrine signaling in LPS-induced macrophage activation. We show here that ATP release via exocytosis, followed by activation of P2Y11 receptor, is a major pathway of the macrophage activation, leading to release of cytokines. Treatment of human monocyte THP-1 cells with LPS induced rapid ATP release from cells, and this release was blocked by knockdown of SLC17A9 (vesicular nucleotide transporter, VNUT), which is responsible for exocytosis of ATP. ATP-enriched vesicles were found in cytosol of THP-1 cells. These data suggest the involvement of vesicular exocytosis in the release of ATP. Knockdown of SLC17A9, the P2Y11 antagonist NF157 or knockdown of P2Y11 receptor significantly suppressed both M1-type polarization and IL-6 production in THP-1 cells, indicating an important role of activation of P2Y11 receptor by released ATP in macrophage activation. Next, the effect of NF157 on LPS-induced immune activation was examined in vivo. Administration of LPS to mice caused increase of serum IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-alpha levels at 3–24 h after the administration. Pre-treatment of LPS-treated mice with NF157 suppressed both elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and M1 polarization of peritoneal/spleen macrophages. Moreover, post-treatment with NF157 at 30 min after administration of LPS also suppressed the elevation of serum cytokines levels. We conclude that vesicular exocytosis of ATP and autocrine, positive feedback through P2Y11 receptors is required for the effective activation of macrophages. Consequently, P2Y11 receptor antagonists may be drug candidates for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Sakaki
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hitoshi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka-shi, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi Chiba, Japan
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24
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Grace PM, Hurley D, Barratt DT, Tsykin A, Watkins LR, Rolan PE, Hutchinson MR. Harnessing pain heterogeneity and RNA transcriptome to identify blood-based pain biomarkers: a novel correlational study design and bioinformatics approach in a graded chronic constriction injury model. J Neurochem 2012; 122:976-94. [PMID: 22697386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative, peripherally accessible biomarker for neuropathic pain has great potential to improve clinical outcomes. Based on the premise that peripheral and central immunity contribute to neuropathic pain mechanisms, we hypothesized that biomarkers could be identified from the whole blood of adult male rats, by integrating graded chronic constriction injury (CCI), ipsilateral lumbar dorsal quadrant (iLDQ) and whole blood transcriptomes, and pathway analysis with pain behavior. Correlational bioinformatics identified a range of putative biomarker genes for allodynia intensity, many encoding for proteins with a recognized role in immune/nociceptive mechanisms. A selection of these genes was validated in a separate replication study. Pathway analysis of the iLDQ transcriptome identified Fcγ and Fcε signaling pathways, among others. This study is the first to employ the whole blood transcriptome to identify pain biomarker panels. The novel correlational bioinformatics, developed here, selected such putative biomarkers based on a correlation with pain behavior and formation of signaling pathways with iLDQ genes. Future studies may demonstrate the predictive ability of these biomarker genes across other models and additional variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Grace
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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25
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Lazarowski ER. Vesicular and conductive mechanisms of nucleotide release. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:359-73. [PMID: 22528679 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9304-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides promote a vast range of physiological responses, via activation of cell surface purinergic receptors. Virtually all tissues and cell types exhibit regulated release of ATP, which, in many cases, is accompanied by the release of uridine nucleotides. Given the relevance of extracellular nucleotide/nucleoside-evoked responses, understanding how ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells is an important physiological question. By facilitating the entry of cytosolic nucleotides into the secretory pathway, recently identified vesicular nucleotide and nucleotide-sugar transporters contribute to the exocytotic release of ATP and UDP-sugars not only from endocrine/exocrine tissues, but also from cell types in which secretory granules have not been biochemically characterized. In addition, plasma membrane connexin hemichannels, pannexin channels, and less-well molecularly defined ATP conducting anion channels have been shown to contribute to the release of ATP (and UTP) under a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Lazarowski
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA.
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Lazarowski ER, Sesma JI, Seminario-Vidal L, Kreda SM. Molecular mechanisms of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide release. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 61:221-61. [PMID: 21586361 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread importance of purinergic receptor-evoked signaling, understanding how ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells in a regulated manner is an essential physiological question. Nonlytic release of ATP, UTP, UDP-glucose, and other nucleotides occurs in all cell types and tissues via both constitutive mechanisms, that is, in the absence of external stimuli, and to a greater extent in response to biochemical or mechanical/physical stimuli. However, a molecular understanding of the processes regulating nucleotide release has only recently begun to emerge. It is generally accepted that nucleotide release occurs in two different scenarios, exocytotic release from the secretory pathway or via conductive/transport mechanisms, and a critical review of our current understanding of these mechanisms is presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Lazarowski
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research & Treatment Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Lipid metabolism modulation by the P2X7 receptor in the immune system and during the course of infection: new insights into the old view. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:381-92. [PMID: 21845440 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, scientists have described numerous protein pathways and functions. Much of a protein's function depends on its interactions with different partners, and those partners can change depending on the cell type or system. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is one such multifunctional protein that is related to multiple partners and signaling pathways. The relationship between P2X7R and different enzymes involved in lipid metabolism represents a relatively new field in P2X7R research. This field of research began in epithelial cells and currently includes immune and nervous cells. The P2X7R-lipid metabolism pathway is related to many biological functions of P2X7R, such as cell death and pathogen clearance, and this signaling pathway may be involved in many functions that are dependent on bioactive lipids. In the present review, we will attempt to summarize data related to the P2X7R-lipid metabolism pathway, focusing on signaling pathways and their biological relevance to the immune system and infection.
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Giannattasio G, Ohta S, Boyce JR, Xing W, Balestrieri B, Boyce JA. The purinergic G protein-coupled receptor 6 inhibits effector T cell activation in allergic pulmonary inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1486-95. [PMID: 21724990 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We show that the P2Y(6) receptor, a purinergic G protein-coupled receptor with a high affinity for the nucleotide uridine diphosphate, is an important endogenous inhibitor of T cell function in allergic pulmonary inflammation. Mice conditionally deficient in P2Y(6) receptors [p2ry6 (flox/flox);cre/+ mice] exhibited severe airway and tissue pathology relative to P2Y(6)-sufficient [p2ry6 (flox/flox)] littermates (+/+ mice) when treated intranasally with an extract of the dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). P2Y(6) receptors were inducibly expressed by lung, lymph node, and splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of Df-treated +/+ mice. Df-restimulated P2Y(6)-deficient lymph node cells produced higher levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and polyclonally stimulated P2Y(6)-deficient CD4(+) T cells proliferated faster than comparably stimulated P2Y(6)-sufficient cells. The absence of P2Y(6) receptors on CD4(+) cells, but not APCs, was sufficient to amplify cytokine generation. Thus, P2Y(6) receptors protect the lung against exuberant allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation by inhibiting the activation of effector T cells.
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Nakatsukasa H, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Kojima S. Adenosine A2B receptor antagonist suppresses differentiation to regulatory T cells without suppressing activation of T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:114-9. [PMID: 21557932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine activates P1 receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), A(3)) on cellular membranes. Here, we investigated the involvement of P1 receptor-mediated signaling in differentiation to regulatory T cells (Treg). Treg were induced in vitro by incubating isolated CD4(+)CD62L(+) naïve murine T cells under Treg-skewing conditions. Antagonists of A(1) and A(2B) receptors suppressed the expression of Foxp3, a specific marker of Treg, and the production of IL-10, suggesting the involvement of A(1) and A(2B) receptors in differentiation to Treg. We also investigated the effect of these antagonists on T cell activation, which is essential for differentiation to Treg, and found that A(1) antagonist, but not A(2B) antagonist, suppressed T cell activation. We conclude that A(1) and A(2B) receptors are both involved in differentiation to Treg, but through different mechanisms. Since A(2B) antagonist blocked differentiation to Treg without suppressing T cell activation, it is possible that blockade of A(2B) receptor would facilitate tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Takai E, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Kojima S. Involvement of P2Y6 receptor in p38 MAPK-mediated COX-2 expression in response to UVB irradiation of human keratinocytes. Radiat Res 2010; 175:358-66. [PMID: 21388279 DOI: 10.1667/rr2375.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces inflammation in human skin. Extracellular nucleotides are released from cells in response to various stimuli and act as intercellular signaling molecules through activation of P2 receptors. In this study, we investigated the involvement of extracellular nucleotides and P2 receptors in UVB-radiation-induced inflammation using human keratinocyte-derived HaCaT cells. UVB radiation induced rapid ATP release from HaCaT cells; this was inhibited by pretreatment with anion transporter blockers or maxi-anion channel blockers. In addition, the radiation-induced activation of p38 MAPK was significantly blocked by pretreatment with ecto-nucleotidase (apyrase) or P2Y6 receptor antagonist (MRS2578). Expression of COX-2, mediated by activation of p38 MAPK, was also induced by UVB radiation. Both pretreatment with MRS2578 and knockdown of the P2Y6 receptor by siRNA transfection attenuated the induction of COX-2 in HaCaT cells exposed to UVB radiation. Our results indicate that UVB radiation evokes ATP release from human keratinocytes and also that activation of P2Y6 receptor mediates the UVB-radiation-induced activation of p38 MAPK and expression of COX-2. Thus P2Y6 receptor is a mediator of UVB-radiation-induced inflammatory responses in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Takai
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi Chiba, Japan
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Tokunaga A, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Moriyama Y, Kojima S. Involvement of SLC17A9-dependent vesicular exocytosis in the mechanism of ATP release during T cell activation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17406-16. [PMID: 20382737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent ATP release from T cells is involved in production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) through activation of P2 receptors. Stimulation of TCR induces ATP release from T cells through gap junction hemichannels and maxianion channels, at least in part. However, the mechanisms of ATP release from activated T cells are not fully understood. Here, we studied the mechanisms of ATP release during TCR-dependent T cell activation by investigating the effects of various inhibitors on TCR-dependent ATP release from murine T cells. We found that not only anion channel and gap junction hemichannel inhibitors, but also exocytosis inhibitors suppressed the ATP release. These results suggest that ATP release from murine T cells is regulated by various mechanisms, including exocytosis. An inhibitor of exocytosis, bafilomycin A, significantly blocked TCR signaling, such as Ca(2+) elevation and IL-2 production. Furthermore, bafilomycin A, ectonucleotidase, and P2Y(6) receptor antagonist significantly inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from external antigen-restimulated splenocytes, indicating that vesicular exocytosis-mediated purinergic signaling has a significant role in TCR-dependent cytokine production. We also detected vesicular ATP in murine T cells and human T lymphoma Jurkat cells, both of which also expressed mRNA of SLC17A9, a vesicular nucleotide transporter. Knockdown of SLC17A9 in Jurkat cells markedly reduced ATP release and cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation after TCR stimulation, suggesting involvement of SLC17A9-dependent vesicular exocytosis in ATP release and T cell activation. In conclusion, vesicular exocytosis of ATP appears to play a role in T cell activation and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tokunaga
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi Chiba, Japan
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