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Li F, Chen X, Huang BQ, Xu HD, Zhu CF, Shen MH. Palladium-catalyzed ring-opening [5+2] annulation of vinylethylene carbonates (VECs) and C5-substituted Meldrum's acids: rapid synthesis of 7-membered lactones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1774-1777. [PMID: 38252322 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A novel approach for the synthesis of unsaturated 7-membered lactones by Pd-catalyzed [5+2] dipolar cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates (VECs) and C5-substituted Meldrum's acid derivatives has been developed. Various Meldrum's acid derivatives worked well in this reaction under mild reaction conditions. A variety of 7-membered lactones can be accessed in a facile manner in moderate to good yields by employing easily prepared Meldrum's acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Ben-Qing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Chi-Fan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Mei-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
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2
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Gilles P, Voets L, Van Lint J, De Borggraeve WM. Developments in the Discovery and Design of Protein Kinase D Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2158-2171. [PMID: 33829655 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine kinase family belonging to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase group. Since its discovery two decades ago, many efforts have been put in elucidating PKD's structure, cellular role and functioning. The PKD family consists of three highly homologous isoforms: PKD1, PKD2 and PKD3. Accumulating cell-signaling research has evidenced that dysregulated PKD plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and several cancer types. These findings led to a broad interest in the design of small-molecule protein kinase D inhibitors. In this review, we present an extensive overview on the past and recent advances in the discovery and development of PKD inhibitors. The focus extends from broad-spectrum kinase inhibitors used in PKD signaling experiments to intentionally developed, bioactive PKD inhibitors. Finally, attention is paid to PKD inhibitors that have been identified as an off-target through large kinome screening panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gilles
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F - Box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauren Voets
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F - Box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven O&N I, Herestraat 49 - Box 901, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F - Box 2404, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Sherikar MS, Devarajappa R, Prabhu KR. Dual Role of the Rhodium(III) Catalyst in C-H Activation: [4 + 3] Annulation of Amide with Allylic Alcohols to 7-Membered Lactams. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4625-4637. [PMID: 33689338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[4 + 3] annulation of primary and secondary benzamide and cinnamamide derivatives using allyl alcohol as a coupling partner catalyzed by Rh(III) is reported, where Rh(III) is playing a dual role of an oxidant and a catalyst for C-H activation. The Rh-catalyst oxidizes allyl alcohol to its carbonyl derivative, and the in situ-generated carbonyl compound reacts with benzamide in the presence of the Rh-catalyst, forming the corresponding alkylated products. Mechanistic studies show that AgSbF6 is also playing a dual role. Apart from being a halide scavenger, AgSbF6 catalyzes the cyclization of the alkylated product, forming the desired lactam. The current method has good synthetic application and is useful for synthesizing a few biologically active compounds that can act as the dopamine D3 receptor ligand, including berberine-like analogues. The deuteration study and control experiments helped us to propose the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravi Devarajappa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India
| | - Kandikere Ramaiah Prabhu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India
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4
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de la Cruz-Sánchez P, Pàmies O. Metal-π-allyl mediated asymmetric cycloaddition reactions. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Gao Y, Song X, Yan RJ, Du W, Chen YC. Asymmetric β,γ′-regioselective [4 + 3] and [4 + 2] annulations of α-vinylenals via cascade iminium ion-dienamine catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:151-155. [PMID: 33112340 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Vinylenal substrates have been designed and applied in β,γ′-regioselective asymmetric [4 + 3] and [4 + 2] annulation reactions via cascade aminocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xue Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Ru-Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Ying-Chun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology
- West China School of Pharmacy
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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6
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Gilles P, Kashyap RS, Freitas MJ, Ceusters S, Van Asch K, Janssens A, De Jonghe S, Persoons L, Cobbaut M, Daelemans D, Van Lint J, Voet AR, De Borggraeve WM. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based protein kinase D inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Leightner AC, Mello Guimaraes Meyers C, Evans MD, Mansky KC, Gopalakrishnan R, Jensen ED. Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation at Multiple Stages by Protein Kinase D Family Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031056. [PMID: 32033440 PMCID: PMC7036879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced osteoclast and osteoblast activity is necessary for skeletal health, whereas unbalanced osteoclast activity causes bone loss in many skeletal conditions. A better understanding of pathways that regulate osteoclast differentiation and activity is necessary for the development of new therapies to better manage bone resorption. The roles of Protein Kinase D (PKD) family of serine/threonine kinases in osteoclasts have not been well characterized. In this study we use immunofluorescence analysis to reveal that PKD2 and PKD3, the isoforms expressed in osteoclasts, are found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, the mitotic spindle and midbody, and in association with the actin belt. We show that PKD inhibitors CRT0066101 and CID755673 inhibit several distinct aspects of osteoclast formation. Treating bone marrow macrophages with lower doses of the PKD inhibitors had little effect on M-CSF + RANKL-dependent induction into committed osteoclast precursors, but inhibited their motility and subsequent differentiation into multinucleated mature osteoclasts, whereas higher doses of the PKD inhibitors induced apoptosis of the preosteoclasts. Treating post-fusion multinucleated osteoclasts with the inhibitors disrupted the osteoclast actin belts and impaired their resorptive activity. In conclusion, these data implicate PKD kinases as positive regulators of osteoclasts, which are essential for multiple distinct processes throughout their formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Leightner
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carina Mello Guimaraes Meyers
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael D. Evans
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kim C. Mansky
- Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rajaram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric D. Jensen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-4159
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8
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Dai Z, Zhu J, Wang J, Su W, Yang F, Zhou Q. Phosphine‐Catalyzed Chemoselective [4+3] Cycloaddition of Alminine Esters and β′‐acetoxy Allenoates for Divergent Synthesis of Azepines. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Fulai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfa Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Organic Chemistry China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 People's Republic of China
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9
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Trost BM, Zuo Z. Highly Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroazepines and Benzo[
b
]oxepines through Palladium‐Catalyzed [4+3] Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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10
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Trost BM, Zuo Z. Highly Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroazepines and Benzo[
b
]oxepines through Palladium‐Catalyzed [4+3] Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1243-1247. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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11
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Li X, Yan J, Qin J, Lin S, Chen W, Zhan R, Huang H. Enantioselective Synthesis of Benzofuran-Fused N-Heterocycles via Chiral Squaramide Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cyclization of Azadienes with Azlactones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8035-8045. [PMID: 31188599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric cyclization reaction of azadienes and azlactones was investigated by employing a Cinchona squaramide catalyst, which could afford a series of benzofuran-fused six-membered heterocycles containing a α,α-disubstituted amino acid unit in a highly diastereoselective (>20:1 dr) and enantioselective (up to 99% ee) manner with good to excellent yields (up to 92%). A plausible pathway was proposed to explain the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Juzhang Yan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Jialiang Qin
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Shilin Lin
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Weiwen Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
| | - Huicai Huang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , 510006 , China
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12
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Liang L, Niu HY, Wang DC, Yang XH, Qu GR, Guo HM. Facile synthesis of chiral [2,3]-fused hydrobenzofuran via asymmetric Cu(i)-catalyzed dearomative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:553-556. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An intermolecular catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reaction has been developed for the synthesis of chiral [2,3]-fused hydrobenzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- School of Environment
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Dong-Chao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Xin-He Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- School of Environment
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
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13
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Yang XH, Li JP, Wang DC, Xie MS, Qu GR, Guo HM. Enantioselective dearomative [3+2] cycloaddition of 2-nitrobenzofurans with aldehyde-derived Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9144-9147. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphine-catalyzed asymmetric dearomative [3+2] cycloaddition of 2-nitrobenzofurans with aldehyde-derived MBH carbonates or allenoates was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-He Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Jian-Ping Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Dong-Chao Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Ming-Sheng Xie
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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14
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Chen J, Jia P, Huang Y. Divergent Domino Reactions of Sulfur Ylides: Access to Functionalized Six- and Seven-Membered Nitrogen–Heterocycles. Org Lett 2018; 20:6715-6718. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Penghao Jia
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - You Huang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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15
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Chen J, Huang Y. Phosphine-Catalyzed Sequential [4 + 3] Domino Annulation/Allylic Alkylation Reaction of MBH Carbonates: Efficient Construction of Seven-Membered Heterocycles. Org Lett 2017; 19:5609-5612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - You Huang
- State
Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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16
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Ay M, Luo J, Langley M, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Molecular mechanisms underlying protective effects of quercetin against mitochondrial dysfunction and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in cell culture and MitoPark transgenic mouse models of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurochem 2017; 141:766-782. [PMID: 28376279 PMCID: PMC5643047 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, one of the major flavonoids in plants, has been recently reported to have neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative processes. However, since the molecular signaling mechanisms governing these effects are not well clarified, we evaluated quercetin's effect on the neuroprotective signaling events in dopaminergic neuronal models and further tested its efficacy in the MitoPark transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Western blot analysis revealed that quercetin significantly induced the activation of two major cell survival kinases, protein kinase D1 (PKD1) and Akt in MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of PKD1 blocked the activation of Akt, suggesting that PKD1 acts as an upstream regulator of Akt in quercetin-mediated neuroprotective signaling. Quercetin also enhanced cAMP response-element binding protein phosphorylation and expression of the cAMP response-element binding protein target gene brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Results from qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, mtDNA content analysis, and MitoTracker assay experiments revealed that quercetin augmented mitochondrial biogenesis. Quercetin also increased mitochondrial bioenergetics capacity and protected MN9D cells against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity. To further evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of quercetin against the mitochondrial dysfunction underlying PD, we used the progressive dopaminergic neurodegenerative MitoPark transgenic mouse model of PD. Oral administration of quercetin significantly reversed behavioral deficits, striatal dopamine depletion, and TH neuronal cell loss in MitoPark mice. Together, our findings demonstrate that quercetin activates the PKD1-Akt cell survival signaling axis and suggest that further exploration of quercetin as a promising neuroprotective agent for treating PD may offer clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Ay
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Monica Langley
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson’s Disorder Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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17
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Chu E, Saini S, Liu T, Yoo J. Bradykinin stimulates protein kinase D-mediated colonic myofibroblast migration via cyclooxygenase-2 and heat shock protein 27. J Surg Res 2016; 209:191-198. [PMID: 28032559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by episodic intestinal injury and repair. Myofibroblasts are gastrointestinal tract stromal cells that regulate the reparative process and are known targets of inflammatory mediators including bradykinin (BK). However, the mechanisms through which inflammation regulates myofibroblast-induced wound healing remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that BK stimulates myofibroblast migration through protein kinase D (PKD)-mediated activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCD-18Co is a human colonic myofibroblast cell line used from passages 8 to 14. An in vitro scratch assay assessed the effect of BK (100 nM) on myofibroblast migration over 24 h in the presence or absence of several inhibitors (CID755673 [10 μM] and NS398 [10 μM]). Hsp27 small interfering RNA evaluated the effect of Hsp27 on colonic myofibroblast migration. Antibodies to pPKD, pHsp27, and COX-2 evaluated expression levels by Western blot. RESULTS BK stimulated myofibroblast migration over 24 h. BK also led to rapid and sustained phosphorylation of PKD at Ser-916, rapid phosphorylation of Hsp27 at Ser-82, and increased COX-2 expression over 4 h. BK-mediated COX-2 expression and Hsp27 phosphorylation were both inhibited by the PKD inhibitor CID755673. Similarly, BK-induced myofibroblast migration was significantly inhibited by CID755673 (P < 0.05), by the direct COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (P < 0.05), and by Hsp27 small interfering RNA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BK stimulates myofibroblast migration through PKD-mediated activation of COX-2 and Hsp27. PKD, COX-2, and Hsp27 all appear to regulate myofibroblast cell migration, a stromal population that may play an important role in mucosal healing in the setting of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chu
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shyla Saini
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Goudedranche S, Pierrot D, Constantieux T, Bonne D, Rodriguez J. A temporary-bridge strategy for enantioselective organocatalyzed synthesis of aza-seven-membered rings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15605-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) belongs to a family of serine/threonine kinases that play an important role in basic cellular processes and are implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Progress in our understanding of the biological functions of PKD has been limited due to the lack of a PKD-specific inhibitor. The benzoxoloazepinolone CID755673 was recently reported as the first potent and kinase-selective inhibitor for this enzyme. For structure-activity analysis purposes, a series of analogs was prepared and their in vitro inhibitory potency evaluated.
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Zhou MB, Song RJ, Wang CY, Li JH. Synthesis of Azepine Derivatives by Silver-Catalyzed [5+2] Cycloaddition ofγ-Amino Ketones with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10805-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhou MB, Song RJ, Wang CY, Li JH. Synthesis of Azepine Derivatives by Silver-Catalyzed [5+2] Cycloaddition ofγ-Amino Ketones with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Shi Z, Grohmann C, Glorius F. Mild rhodium(III)-catalyzed cyclization of amides with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to azepinones: application to the synthesis of the homoprotoberberine framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5393-7. [PMID: 23592552 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhi Shi
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Shi Z, Grohmann C, Glorius F. Milde Rhodium(III)-katalysierte Cyclisierung von Amiden mit α,β-ungesättigten Aldehyden und Ketonen zu Azepinonen: Anwendung in der Synthese des Homoprotoberberin-Gerüsts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cui S, Zhang Y, Wu Q. Rh(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation/cycloaddition of benzamides and methylenecyclopropanes: divergence in ring formation. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51424b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Protein kinase C mediates platelet secretion and thrombus formation through protein kinase D2. Blood 2011; 118:416-24. [PMID: 21527521 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-312199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are highly specialized blood cells critically involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family have established roles in regulating platelet function and thrombosis, but the molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. In particular, the conventional PKC isoform, PKCα, is a major regulator of platelet granule secretion, but the molecular pathway from PKCα to secretion is not defined. Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of 3 kinases activated by PKC, which may represent a step in the PKC signaling pathway to secretion. In the present study, we show that PKD2 is the sole PKD member regulated downstream of PKC in platelets, and that the conventional, but not novel, PKC isoforms provide the upstream signal. Platelets from a gene knock-in mouse in which 2 key phosphorylation sites in PKD2 have been mutated (Ser707Ala/Ser711Ala) show a significant reduction in agonist-induced dense granule secretion, but not in α-granule secretion. This deficiency in dense granule release was responsible for a reduced platelet aggregation and a marked reduction in thrombus formation. Our results show that in the molecular pathway to secretion, PKD2 is a key component of the PKC-mediated pathway to platelet activation and thrombus formation through its selective regulation of dense granule secretion.
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Meredith EL, Beattie K, Burgis R, Capparelli M, Chapo J, Dipietro L, Gamber G, Enyedy I, Hood DB, Hosagrahara V, Jewell C, Koch KA, Lee W, Lemon DD, McKinsey TA, Miranda K, Pagratis N, Phan D, Plato C, Rao C, Rozhitskaya O, Soldermann N, Springer C, van Eis M, Vega RB, Yan W, Zhu Q, Monovich LG. Identification of potent and selective amidobipyridyl inhibitors of protein kinase D. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5422-38. [PMID: 20684592 DOI: 10.1021/jm100076w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and selective PKD inhibitors are described herein. The compounds described in the present study selectively inhibit PKD among other putative HDAC kinases. The PKD inhibitors of the present study blunt phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear export of HDAC4/5 in response to diverse agonists. These compounds further establish the central role of PKD as an HDAC4/5 kinase and enhance the current understanding of cardiac myocyte signal transduction. The in vivo efficacy of a representative example compound on heart morphology is reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Meredith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Arun SN, Xie D, Dodd ME, Zhong X, Bollag WB. The potential use of protein kinase D inhibitors for prevention/treatment of epidermal tumors. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 60:29-39. [PMID: 20832999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D (PKD) has been proposed to be a pro-proliferative, anti-differentiative signal in epidermal keratinocytes. Indeed, the phorbol ester tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induces biphasic PKD activation, which mirrors the biphasic response of initial differentiation followed by proliferation and tumor promotion seen in TPA-treated keratinocytes in vitro and epidermis in vivo. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the idea that PKD's pro-proliferative and/or anti-differentiative effects in keratinocytes contribute to TPA-induced tumorigenesis. METHODS Using western analysis and assays of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, we investigated the effect of inhibitors of PKD on keratinocyte function. RESULTS We found that overexpression of a constitutively active PKD mutant increased, and of a dominant-negative PKD mutant decreased, keratinocyte proliferation. A recently described selective PKD inhibitor showed low potency to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation or PKD activation. Therefore, we tested the ability of known only relatively selective PKD inhibitors on keratinocyte function and protein kinase activation. H89 {N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino) ethyl]-5-isoquinoline-sulfonamide}, a reported inhibitor of PKD and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, enhanced the effect of a differentiating agent on a marker of keratinocyte differentiation. Another reported non-selective PKD inhibitor, resveratrol stimulated differentiation and inhibited proliferation. The protein kinase C/PKD inhibitor Gö6976 blocked the increase in proliferation (as measured by DNA specific activity) induced by chronic TPA without affecting the initial TPA-elicited differentiation. CONCLUSION Our results support the idea that relatively selective PKD inhibitors, such as Gö6976, H89 and resveratrol, might be useful for preventing/treating epidermal tumorigenesis without affecting keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Nathan Arun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Characterization of the biological effects of a novel protein kinase D inhibitor in endothelial cells. Biochem J 2010; 429:565-72. [PMID: 20497126 PMCID: PMC2907712 DOI: 10.1042/bj20100578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) plays an essential role in angiogenesis during development and in disease largely mediated by signalling events initiated by binding of VEGF to its receptor, VEGFR2 (VEGF receptor 2)/KDR (kinase insert domain receptor). Recent studies indicate that VEGF activates PKD (protein kinase D) in endothelial cells to regulate a variety of cellular functions, including signalling events, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. To better understand the role of PKD in VEGF-mediated endothelial function, we characterized the effects of a novel pyrazine benzamide PKD inhibitor CRT5 in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). The activity of the isoforms PKD1 and PKD2 were blocked by this inhibitor as indicated by reduced phosphorylation, at Ser916 and Ser876 respectively, after VEGF stimulation. The VEGF-induced phosphorylation of three PKD substrates, histone deacetylase 5, CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) and HSP27 (heat-shock protein 27) at Ser82, was also inhibited by CRT5. In contrast, CRT6, an inactive analogue of CRT5, had no effect on PKD or HSP27 Ser82 phosphorylation. Furthermore, phosphorylation of HSP27 at Ser78, which occurs solely via the p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway, was also unaffected by CRT5. In vitro kinase assays show that CRT5 did not significantly inhibit several PKC isoforms expressed in endothelial cells. CRT5 also decreased VEGF-induced endothelial migration, proliferation and tubulogenesis, similar to effects seen when the cells were transfected with PKD siRNA (small interfering RNA). CRT5, a novel specific PKD inhibitor, will greatly facilitate the study of the role of PKD signalling mechanisms in angiogenesis.
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Role of protein kinase D signaling in pancreatic cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1946-54. [PMID: 20621068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers with dismal survival rates. Its intransigence to conventional therapy renders PDAC an aggressive disease with early metastatic potential. Thus, novel targets for PDAC therapy are urgently needed. Multiple signal transduction pathways are implicated in progression of PDAC. These pathways stimulate production of intracellular messengers in their target cells to modify their behavior, including the lipid-derived diacylglycerol (DAG). One of the prominent intracellular targets of DAG is the protein kinase C (PKC) family. However, the mechanisms by which PKC-mediated signals are decoded by the cell remain incompletely understood. Protein kinase D1 (PKD or PKD1, initially called atypical PKCμ), is the founding member of a novel protein kinase family that includes two additional protein kinases that share extensive overall homology with PKD, termed PKD2, and PKD3. The PKD family occupies a unique position in the signal transduction pathways initiated by DAG and PKC. PKD lies downstream of PKCs in a novel signal transduction pathway implicated in the regulation of multiple fundamental biological processes. We and others have shown that PKD-mediated signaling pathways promote mitogenesis and angiogenesis in PDAC. Our recent observations demonstrate that PKD also potentiates chemoresistance and invasive potential of PDAC cells. This review will briefly highlight diverse biological roles of PKD family in multiple neoplasias including PDAC. Further, this review will underscore our latest advancement with the development of a potent PKD family inhibitor and its effect both in vitro and in vivo in PDAC.
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LaValle CR, George KM, Sharlow ER, Lazo JS, Wipf P, Wang QJ. Protein kinase D as a potential new target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:183-92. [PMID: 20580776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D is a novel family of serine/threonine kinases and diacylglycerol receptors that belongs to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase superfamily. Evidence has established that specific PKD isoforms are dysregulated in several cancer types, and PKD involvement has been documented in a variety of cellular processes important to cancer development, including cell growth, apoptosis, motility, and angiogenesis. In light of this, there has been a recent surge in the development of novel chemical inhibitors of PKD. This review focuses on the potential of PKD as a chemotherapeutic target in cancer treatment and highlights important recent advances in the development of PKD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R LaValle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Lavalle CR, Bravo-Altamirano K, Giridhar KV, Chen J, Sharlow E, Lazo JS, Wipf P, Wang QJ. Novel protein kinase D inhibitors cause potent arrest in prostate cancer cell growth and motility. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:5. [PMID: 20444281 PMCID: PMC2873968 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein kinase D (PKD) has been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes and pathological conditions including cancer. However, targeting PKD therapeutically and dissecting PKD-mediated cellular responses remains difficult due to lack of a potent and selective inhibitor. Previously, we identified a novel pan-PKD inhibitor, CID755673, with potency in the upper nanomolar range and high selectivity for PKD. In an effort to further enhance its selectivity and potency for potential in vivo application, small molecule analogs of CID755673 were generated by modifying both the core structure and side-chains. Results After initial activity screening, five analogs with equal or greater potencies as CID755673 were chosen for further analysis: kb-NB142-70, kb-NB165-09, kb-NB165-31, kb-NB165-92, and kb-NB184-02. Our data showed that modifications to the aromatic core structure in particular significantly increased potency while retaining high specificity for PKD. When tested in prostate cancer cells, all compounds inhibited PMA-induced autophosphorylation of PKD1, with kb-NB142-70 being most active. Importantly, these analogs caused a dramatic arrest in cell proliferation accompanying elevated cytotoxicity when applied to prostate cancer cells. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited by these analogs with varying potencies that correlated to their cellular activity. Conclusions Throughout the battery of experiments, the compounds kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 emerged as the most potent and specific analogs in vitro and in cells. These compounds are undergoing further testing for their effectiveness as pharmacological tools for dissecting PKD function and as potential anti-cancer agents in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Lavalle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Harikumar KB, Kunnumakkara AB, Ochi N, Tong Z, Deorukhkar A, Sung B, Kelland L, Jamieson S, Sutherland R, Raynham T, Charles M, Bagherzadeh A, Bagherazadeh A, Foxton C, Boakes A, Farooq M, Maru D, Diagaradjane P, Matsuo Y, Sinnett-Smith J, Gelovani J, Krishnan S, Aggarwal BB, Rozengurt E, Ireson CR, Guha S. A novel small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase D blocks pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1136-46. [PMID: 20442301 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) family members are increasingly implicated in multiple normal and abnormal biological functions, including signaling pathways that promote mitogenesis in pancreatic cancer. However, nothing is known about the effects of targeting PKD in pancreatic cancer. Our PKD inhibitor discovery program identified CRT0066101 as a specific inhibitor of all PKD isoforms. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of CRT0066101 in pancreatic cancer. Initially, we showed that autophosphorylated PKD1 and PKD2 (activated PKD1/2) are significantly upregulated in pancreatic cancer and that PKD1/2 are expressed in multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines. Using Panc-1 as a model system, we showed that CRT0066101 reduced bromodeoxyuridine incorporation; increased apoptosis; blocked neurotensin-induced PKD1/2 activation; reduced neurotensin-induced, PKD-mediated Hsp27 phosphorylation; attenuated PKD1-mediated NF-kappaB activation; and abrogated the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent proliferative and prosurvival proteins. We showed that CRT0066101 given orally (80 mg/kg/d) for 24 days significantly abrogated pancreatic cancer growth in Panc-1 subcutaneous xenograft model. Activated PKD1/2 expression in the treated tumor explants was significantly inhibited with peak tumor concentration (12 micromol/L) of CRT0066101 achieved within 2 hours after oral administration. Further, we showed that CRT0066101 given orally (80 mg/kg/d) for 21 days in Panc-1 orthotopic model potently blocked tumor growth in vivo. CRT0066101 significantly reduced Ki-67-positive proliferation index (P < 0.01), increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positive apoptotic cells (P < 0.05), and abrogated the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent proteins including cyclin D1, survivin, and cIAP-1. Our results show for the first time that a PKD-specific small-molecule inhibitor CRT0066101 blocks pancreatic cancer growth in vivo and show that PKD is a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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