1
|
Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arvizu-Rubio VJ, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Moonlighting proteins in medically relevant fungi. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14001. [PMID: 36117533 PMCID: PMC9480056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins represent an intriguing area of cell biology, due to their ability to perform two or more unrelated functions in one or many cellular compartments. These proteins have been described in all kingdoms of life and are usually constitutively expressed and conserved proteins with housekeeping functions. Although widely studied in pathogenic bacteria, the information about these proteins in pathogenic fungi is scarce, but there are some reports of their functions in the etiological agents of the main human mycoses, such as Candida spp., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Sporothrix schenckii. In these fungi, most of the described moonlighting proteins are metabolic enzymes, such as enolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; chaperones, transcription factors, and redox response proteins, such as peroxiredoxin and catalase, which moonlight at the cell surface and perform virulence-related processes, contributing to immune evasion, adhesions, invasion, and dissemination to host cells and tissues. All moonlighting proteins and their functions described in this review highlight the limited information about this biological aspect in pathogenic fungi, representing this a relevant opportunity area that will contribute to expanding our current knowledge of these organisms' pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdi E, Latifi-Navid S, Abedi Sarvestani F, Esmailnejad MH. Emerging therapeutic targets for gastric cancer from a host- Helicobacter pylori interaction perspective. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:685-699. [PMID: 34410200 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1971195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer (GC) has the higher genetic, cytologic, and architectural heterogeneity compared to other gastrointestinal cancers. By inducing gastric inflammation, Helicobacter pylori (HP) may lead to GC through combining bacterial factors with host factors. In this regard, identification of the major therapeutic targets against the host-HP interactions plays a critical role in GC prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. AREAS COVERED This study offers new insights into the promising therapeutic targets against the angiogenesis, invasion, or metastasis of GC from a host-HP interaction perspective. To this end, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, AIM, and IndMed databases were searched for relevant articles since 1992. EXPERT OPINION Wnt signaling and COX pathway have a well-documented history in the genesis of GC by HP and might be considered as the most promising targets for early GC treatment. Destroying HP may decrease the risk of GC, but it cannot fully hinder the GC development induced by HP infection. Therefore, targeting HP-activated pathways, especially COX-2/Wnt/beta-catenin/VEGF, TLR2/TLR9/COX-2, COX2-PGE2, and NF-κB/COX-2, as well as EPHA2, MMPs, and miR-543/SIRT1 axis, can be an effective measure in the early treatment of GC. However, different clinical trials and large, multi-center cohorts are required to validate these potentially effective targets for GC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Abdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Brito BB, Lemos FFB, Carneiro CDM, Viana AS, Barreto NMPV, Assis GADS, Braga BDC, Santos MLC, Silva FAFD, Marques HS, Silva NOE, de Melo FF. Immune response to Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer development. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:257-276. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is a global health concern, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main risk factor for its occurrence. Of note, the immune response against the pathogen seems to be a determining factor for gastric oncogenesis, and increasing evidence have emphasized several host and bacterium factors that probably influence in this setting. The development of an inflammatory process against H. pylori involves a wide range of mechanisms such as the activation of pattern recognition receptors and intracellular pathways resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines by gastric epithelial cells. This process culminates in the establishment of distinct immune response profiles that result from the cytokine-induced differentiation of T naïve cells into specific T helper cells. Cytokines released from each type of T helper cell orchestrate the immune system and interfere in the development of gastric cancer in idiosyncratic ways. Moreover, variants in genes such as single nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with variable predispositions for the occurrence of gastric malignancy because they influence both the intensity of gene expression and the affinity of the resultant molecule with its receptor. In addition, various repercussions related to some H. pylori virulence factors seem to substantially influence the host immune response against the infection, and many of them have been associated with gastric tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabian Fellipe Bueno Lemos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caroline da Mota Carneiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andressa Santos Viana
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Barbara Dicarlo Costa Braga
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Santos Marques
- Campus Vitória da Conquista, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45031900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália Oliveira e Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Background: Various microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi can infect humans and cause not just a simple infection but septic conditions, organ dysfunction, and precancerous conditions or cancer involving various organ systems. After the discovery of the microscope, it was easier to discover and study such microorganisms, as in the case of Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen that was seen in the distant era of the nineteenth century but without being recognized as such. It took 100 years to later discover the pathogenesis and the cancer that this bacterium can cause. Since it was discovered, until today, there has been a continuous search for the understanding of its pathogenetic mechanisms, and the therapeutic approach is continuously updated. Methods: We investigated how diagnosis and therapy were dealt with in the past and how researchers sought to understand, exactly, the pathogenetic biomolecular mechanisms of H. pylori, from the genesis of the infection to the current knowledge, with an analysis of carcinogenic mechanisms in the stomach. We have examined the scientific evolution of the knowledge of the disease over these 40 years in the gastroenterological and pharmacological fields. This was possible through a search in the databases of Medline, the WHO website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, PubMed, and Web of Science to analyze the earlier and the latest data regarding H. pylori. Results: With the scientific discoveries over time, thanks to an increasing number of progressions in scientific research in the analysis of the gastric mucosa, the role of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer, carcinogenesis, and in some forms of gastric lymphoma was revealed. Furthermore, over the years, the biomolecular mechanism involvement in some diseases has also been noted (such as cardiovascular ones), which could affect patients positive for H. pylori. Conclusions: Thanks to scientific and technological advances, the role of the bacterium H. pylori in carcinogenesis has been discovered and demonstrated, and new prospective research is currently attempting to investigate the role of other factors in the stomach and other organs. Cancer from H. pylori infection had a high incidence rate compared to various types of cancer, but in recent years, it is improving thanks to the techniques developed in the detection of the bacterium and the evolution of therapies. Thus, although it has become an increasingly treatable disease, there is still continuous ongoing research in the field of treatment for resistance and pharma compliance. Furthermore, in this field, probiotic therapy is considered a valid adjuvant.
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo S, Liu W, Zeng Z, Ye F, Hu C, Xu N, Huang A, Xi T, Xing Y. Toxic adjuvants alter the function and phenotype of dendritic cells to initiate adaptive immune responses induced by oral Helicobacter pylori vaccines. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12536. [PMID: 30247802 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic adjuvant is considered as an indispensable constituent for oral Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) vaccines. However, the elaborate role of toxic adjuvant in the initiation of adaptive immune response is largely undescribed. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed an acid-resistant HP55/PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) delivery system encapsulating three antigens (Hsp, Nap, and Lpp20) from H. pylori and accompanied with three adjuvants (LPS, CpG, and chimeric flagellum (CF)) to explore the underlying mechanism of the adjuvant constituent. H. pylori-specific antibody responses were detected by ELISA. Gastric inflammatory and Th1/Th17 responses were analyzed by flow cytometry. Expressions of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS In bone marrow-derived dendritic cells' (BMDCs) model, the addition of toxic adjuvants is responsible for the proinflammatory function, but not the mature phenotype of BMDCs. In vivo, intestinal loop injection with NPs + LPS, rather than NPs alone, altered the dendritic cell (DC) phenotypes in mesenteric lymph nodes and drove a local proinflammatory microenvironment. In a prophylactic vaccination model, mice immunized with NPs + adjuvants significantly reduced the gastric colonization of H. pylori, induced antigen-specific antibody responses and Th1/Th17 cell responses. After H. pylori challenge, these mice showed potent recall responses involving both neutrophil and inflammatory monocyte infiltration. Additionally, TLR4 knockout mice were immunized with NPs + LPS and NPs + CF, respectively; only the recipients of NPs + CF orchestrated a protective response to control bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that toxic adjuvants within oral H.pylori vaccines altered the function and phenotype of dendritic cells and facilitated the establishment of proinflammatory microenvironment to initiate adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghui Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chupeng Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningyin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - An Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsu WT, Ho SY, Jian TY, Huang HN, Lin YL, Chen CH, Lin TH, Wu MS, Wu CJ, Chan YL, Liao KW. Helicobacter pylori-derived heat shock protein 60 increases the induction of regulatory T-cells associated with persistent infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:152-161. [PMID: 29660522 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Local Treg responses are involved in Helicobacter pylori-related inflammation and clinical outcomes after infection, and H. pylori-derived HSP60 (HpHSP60) is an important virulence factor associated with gastric carcinogenesis. This study to investigate the role of HpHSP60 in immunosuppression, particularly with regard to whether it could induce the production of Treg cells. For this purpose, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with or without HpHSP60 in the presence of an anti-CD3 mAb to determine the effect of HpHSP60 on cell proliferation. In this report, HpHSP60 decreased the expression of CDK4 to significantly arrest the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated T-cells, which correlated with the induction of Treg cells. Moreover, monocytic cells were essential for the induction of HpHSP60-induced Treg cells via the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β after treatment with HpHSP60. Blockage of HpHSP60 with specific monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced the colonization of H. pylori and the expression of Treg cells in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that HpHSP60 could act on macrophages to trigger the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β, thereby leading to an increase in Treg cells and inhibition of T-cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tung Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yi Ho
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Yan Jian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Ning Huang
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ling Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC; Center for Bioinformatics Research, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Han Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Lin Chan
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Wen Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC; College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang C, Cui MH. Virulence factors and pathogenic mechanism of Helicobacter pylori. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:857-864. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i10.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is closely related with some diseases such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. The pathogenicity of H. pylori mainly relies on its flagellum, spiral structure, lipopolysaccharide, cytotoxin associated protein A, and vacuolating cytotoxin A. Through complex pathogenic mechanisms, H. pylori causes various kinds of diseases. In this paper, we discuss the latest research progress in the understanding of the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kao CY, Sheu BS, Wu JJ. Helicobacter pylori infection: An overview of bacterial virulence factors and pathogenesis. Biomed J 2016; 39:14-23. [PMID: 27105595 PMCID: PMC6138426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis and disease outcomes are mediated by a complex interplay between bacterial virulence factors, host, and environmental factors. After H. pylori enters the host stomach, four steps are critical for bacteria to establish successful colonization, persistent infection, and disease pathogenesis: (1) Survival in the acidic stomach; (2) movement toward epithelium cells by flagella-mediated motility; (3) attachment to host cells by adhesins/receptors interaction; (4) causing tissue damage by toxin release. Over the past 20 years, the understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis has been improved by studies focusing on the host and bacterial factors through epidemiology researches and molecular mechanism investigations. These include studies identifying the roles of novel virulence factors and their association with different disease outcomes, especially the bacterial adhesins, cag pathogenicity island, and vacuolating cytotoxin. Recently, the development of large-scale screening methods, including proteomic, and transcriptomic tools, has been used to determine the complex gene regulatory networks in H. pylori. In addition, a more available complete genomic database of H. pylori strains isolated from patients with different gastrointestinal diseases worldwide is helpful to characterize this bacterium. This review highlights the key findings of H. pylori virulence factors reported over the past 20 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yen Kao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maleki F, Khosravi A, Nasser A, Taghinejad H, Azizian M. Bacterial Heat Shock Protein Activity. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:BE01-3. [PMID: 27134861 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/14568.7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are exposed to different types of stress in their growth conditions. They have developed appropriate responses, modulated by the re-modeling of protein complexes and by phosphorylation dependent signal transduction systems, to adapt and to survive in a variety range of nature. Proteins are essential components for biologic activity in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) have been identified from various organisms and have critical role in cell hemostasis. Chaperone can sense environment and have different potential role in the organism evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farajollah Maleki
- Lecturer, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science , Ilam, Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Professor, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nasser
- Lecturer, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science , Ilam, Iran
| | - Hamid Taghinejad
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam, Iran
| | - Mitra Azizian
- Lecturer, Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Science , Ilam, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li XS, Xu Q, Fu XY, Luo WS. Heat shock protein 60 overexpression is associated with the progression and prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107507. [PMID: 25207654 PMCID: PMC4160299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a chaperonin with essential functions for cell physiology and survival, and its expression correlates with prognosis in a number of malignancies. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of HSP60 status with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in gastric cancer. Methods The levels of HSP60 and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) antigen was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 223 gastric carcinoma samples. The association between HSP60 and MMP-9, clinicopathological parameters, and prognosis of gastric cancer was examined. Results The level of HSP60 protein was significantly associated with depth invasion, lymph node metastasis and stage of disease (all P<0.05). Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that HSP60 was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (both P<0.05). Furthermore, HSP60 overexpression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer in different risk groups. Moreover, HSP60 was significantly correlated with MMP-9 among 223 gastric cancer tissues (P<0.001). Patients who had HSP60 overexpression, in which tumor cells displayed high invasiveness, had poor OS and shorter RFS. Conclusion HSP60 plays an important role on tumor aggressiveness and prognosis, and may act as a promising target for prognostic prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-shan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiang-yang Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei-sheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Putty K, Marcus SA, Mittl PRE, Bogadi LE, Hunter AM, Arur S, Berg DE, Sethu P, Kalia A. Robustness of Helicobacter pylori infection conferred by context-variable redundancy among cysteine-rich paralogs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59560. [PMID: 23555707 PMCID: PMC3608669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of single genes from expanded gene families in bacterial genomes often does not elicit a phenotype thus implying redundancy or functional non-essentiality of paralogous genes. The molecular mechanisms that facilitate evolutionary maintenance of such paralogs despite selective pressures against redundancy remain mostly unexplored. Here, we investigate the evolutionary, genetic, and functional interaction between the Helicobacter pylori cysteine-rich paralogs hcpG and hcpC in the context of H. pylori infection of cultured mammalian cells. We find that in natural H. pylori populations both hcpG and hcpC are maintained by positive selection in a dual genetic relationship that switches from complete redundancy during early infection, whereby ΔhcpC or ΔhcpG mutants themselves show no growth defect but a significant growth defect is seen in the ΔhcpC,ΔhcpG double mutant, to quantitative redundancy during late infection wherein the growth defect of the ΔhcpC mutant is exacerbated in the ΔhcpC,ΔhcpG double mutant although the ΔhcpG mutant itself shows no defect. Moreover, during early infection both hcpG and hcpC are essential for optimal translocation of the H. pylori HspB/GroEL chaperone, but during middle-to-late infection hcpC alone is necessary and sufficient for HspB/GroEL translocation thereby revealing the lack of functional compensation among paralogs. We propose that evolution of context-dependent differences in the nature of genetic redundancy, and function, between hcpG and hcpC may facilitate their maintenance in H. pylori genomes, and confer robustness to H. pylori growth during infection of cultured mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Putty
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Marcus
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peer R. E. Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lindsey E. Bogadi
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Allison M. Hunter
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Swathi Arur
- Department of Genetics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. Berg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Awdhesh Kalia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Molecular Genetic Technology Program, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang G, Gao F, Zhang W, Chen J, Wang T, Zhang G, Shen L. Involvement of Aquaporin 3 in Helicobacter pylori-related gastric diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49104. [PMID: 23152856 PMCID: PMC3494660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is one of the most common and lethal malignant cancers worldwide, and numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection plays a key role in the development of gastric carcinomas. Our previous studies showed that aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is overexpressed in gastric carcinoma and promotes the migration and proliferation of human gastric carcinoma cells, suggesting that AQP3 may be a potentially important determinant of gastric carcinoma. However, the role of AQP3 in H. pylori carcinogenesis is unknown. Methods The AQP3 protein and H. pylori were detected in human gastric tissues by immunohistochemistry and modified Giemsa staining respectively. AQP3 knockdown was obtained by small interfering (si) RNA. Western blot assays and RT-PCR were used to evaluate the change of AQP3 in the human gastric cancer AGS and SGC7901 cell lines after co-culture with H. pylori. Sprague Dawley rats were orally inoculated with H. pylori to establish a rat model colonized by H. pylori. Results The present study found that AQP3 expression correlated with H. pylori infection status in gastric cancer tissues and corresponding normal mucosa, and H. pylori co-culture upregulated AQP3 expression in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells in vitro via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. H. pylori infection also increased AQP3 expression in gastric mucosa colonized by H. pylori in a Sprague Dawley rat model. Conclusions These findings provide further information to understand the mechanism of H. pylori carcinogenesis and a potential strategy for the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastric carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lizong Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peng YC, Ho SP, Shyu CL, Chang CS, Huang LR. Clarithromycin modulates Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB through classical and alternative pathways in gastric epithelial cells. Clin Exp Med 2012; 14:53-9. [PMID: 23129507 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection of gastric epithelial cells by Helicobacter pylori stimulates the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the upregulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. Activation of NF-κB can occur through classical (p50/p65) and alternative (p52/RelB) pathways. The role of the bacterial cag pathogenicity island (PAI) in these events is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that the CagA protein is required for H. pylori-induced activation of NF-κB and upregulation of IL-8 expression, and for clarithromycin (CAM) to exert its molecular effects. Cultured KATO-III human gastric cancer cells were treated with extracts of H. pylori strains ATCC43504 (cag PAI(+)) and ATCC51932 (cag PAI(-)) for 24 h. NF-κB and phospho-IκB protein expression was then evaluated using western blotting. IL-8 mRNA expression was evaluated using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Following the separation of the proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteomes of the two bacterial extracts were compared using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS) analysis. Although the protein profiles of the two extracts differed, both extracts induced IκBα phosphorylation, upregulation of IL-8 expression, and NF-κB activation through classical and alternative pathways. In cells treated with either of the bacterial extracts, CAM inhibited H. pylori-induced activation of NF-κB and upregulation of IL-8 expression. These results suggested that CagA is not required for H. pylori-induced activation of NF-κB and upregulation of IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial cells. H. pylori-induced NF-κB signaling can occur through classical and alternative activation pathways, and that CAM inhibits these two pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
YANG JIE, XIE YANFEI, WANG HUAQIAN, YAO YI, HOU JING, MA YANJUN, ZHANG QING, XING YUN, WU JIE, LI TAIMING, ZHENG JUNNIAN, LIU JINGJING, CAO RONGYUE. Administration of heat shock protein 65 inhibits murine melanoma growth in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:171-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
17
|
Bacterial virulence in the moonlight: multitasking bacterial moonlighting proteins are virulence determinants in infectious disease. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3476-91. [PMID: 21646455 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00179-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Men may not be able to multitask, but it is emerging that proteins can. This capacity of proteins to exhibit more than one function is termed protein moonlighting, and, surprisingly, many highly conserved proteins involved in metabolic regulation or the cell stress response have a range of additional biological actions which are involved in bacterial virulence. This review highlights the multiple roles exhibited by a range of bacterial proteins, such as glycolytic and other metabolic enzymes and molecular chaperones, and the role that such moonlighting activity plays in the virulence characteristics of a number of important human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao KW, Lin CS, Chen WL, Yang CT, Lin CM, Hsu WT, Lin YY, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Wu HY, Wu MS, Wu CJ, Mao SJT, Tsai NM. Antibodies against Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 aggravate HSP60-mediated proinflammatory responses. Cytokine 2011; 55:174-80. [PMID: 21565524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 (HpHSP60) antibodies are usually found in H. pylori-infected patients and are known to be associated with the progression of gastric diseases. However, the effects of these antibodies on the functions of HpHSP60 have not been identified. This study aims to investigate the effects of the interaction between anti-HSP60 antibodies and HpHSP60 on inflammatory responses. Anti-HpHSP60 polyclonal sera and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced to evaluate their effects on HpHSP60-induced IL-8 and TNF-α activity. The results indicated that anti-HpHSP60 polyclonal sera collected from patients infected with H. pylori or from rabbit and mice immunized with HpHSP60 could significantly enhance HpHSP60-mediated IL-8 and TNF-α secretion from monocytic THP-1 cells. Similar effects were also found with anti-HpHSP60 mAbs. Further analysis revealed that this phenomenon was only carried out by anti-HpHSP60 antibody but not by other non-specific mAbs. Moreover, the non-specific mAbs decreased the synergism of HpHSP60 and anti-HpHSP60 mAbs in proinflammatory cytokine induction. Herein, we have examined the role of anti-HpHSP60 antibody in host immune responses for the first time. This study demonstrated that H. pylori HSP60/mAbs could modulate helicobacterial pathogenesis by increasing IL-8 and TNF-α production. The pathogen-specific antibodies may execute potential immune functions rather than recognize or neutralize microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vitoriano I, Rocha-Gonçalves A, Carvalho T, Oleastro M, Calado CRC, Roxo-Rosa M. Antigenic diversity among Portuguese clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2011; 16:153-68. [PMID: 21435094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human gastroduodenal pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, is characterized by an unusual extent of genetic heterogeneity. This dictates differences in the antigenic pattern of strains resulting in heterogeneous human humoral immune responses. Here, we examined the antigenic variability among a group of 10 strains isolated from Portuguese patients differing in age, gender, and H. pylori-associated gastric diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunoassays were performed on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels obtained for the proteome of each strain, using a commercial pool of antibodies produced in rabbit, against the whole cell lysate of an Australian H. pylori strain. Relevant proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Immunoproteomes of the Portuguese strains showed no correlation between the number of antigenic proteins or the antigenic profile, and the disease to which each strain was associated. The Heat shock protein B was the unique immunoreactive protein common to all of them. Additionally, seven proteins were found to be antigenic in at least 80% of strains: enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADH); Catalase; Flagellin A; 2 isoforms of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; succinyl-CoA transferase subunit B; and an unidentified protein. These proteins were present in the proteome of all tested strains, suggesting that differences in their antigenicity are related to antigenic variance. CONCLUSIONS This study showed evidence of the variability of antigenic pattern among H. pylori strains. We believe that this fact contributes to the failure of anti-H. pylori vaccines and the low accuracy of serological tests based on a low number of proteins or antigens of only one strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vitoriano
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal Chymiotechnon, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Henderson B, Martin A. Bacterial Moonlighting Proteins and Bacterial Virulence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 358:155-213. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
21
|
Giusti L, Cetani F, Ciregia F, Da Valle Y, Donadio E, Giannaccini G, Banti C, Pardi E, Saponaro F, Basolo F, Berti P, Miccoli P, Pinchera A, Marcocci C, Lucacchini A. A proteomic approach to study parathyroid glands. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 7:687-99. [PMID: 21180715 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid tumours are heterogeneous and in some cases the diagnosis may be difficult using histological features. In this study we used a two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach to examine the global changes of parathyroid adenoma tissues protein profile compared to the parathyroid normal tissues. Validation of protein expression was performed by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Ingenuity software was used to identify the biological processes to which these proteins belong and to construct a potential network. A total of 30 proteins were found to be differentially expressed, of which 22 resulted in being over-expressed. Proteins identified by 2D/MS/MS proteomics were classified into functional categories and a major change (≥ 2-fold) in terms of expression was found in proteins involved in response to biotic stimuli, cell organization and signal transduction. After Ingenuity analysis, 14-3-3 ζ/δ appears to be a key protein in the network of parathyroid adenoma, where it is linked to other proteins such as annexin A2, B box and SPRY domain-containing protein (BSPRY), p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Our results suggest that the proteomic approach was able to differentiate the protein profiles of normal parathyroid and parathyroid adenoma and identify a panel of proteins which are differentially expressed. The functional role of these proteins in the network of intracellular pathways is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giusti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Via, Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heat shock protein: hard worker or bad offender for gastric diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2010; 2010:259163. [PMID: 22084675 PMCID: PMC3195352 DOI: 10.1155/2010/259163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have core housekeeping functions in the cells where they are built-in components of folding, signal transduction pathways, and quality control functions for which they proofread the structure of proteins and repair misfolded conformers. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection leads to significant inflammations in the gastric mucosa, which is closely associated with development of either precancerous lesion including chronic atrophic gastritis or gastric cancer in addition to, peptic ulcer disease, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Therefore, the association between H. pylori infection and role of HSP has been focused as an important issue because there had been rather conflicting publications showing that HSPs as a good worker for defense against H. pylori infection, whereas HSPs as a bad offender contributing to the progression of H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in addition to aggravation of gastric inflammation. In this paper regarding proteomic discovery of HSPs related to H. pylori-associated gastric diseases, we introduce several evidences obtained from proteomic analysis dealing with friend or foe role of HSP in H. pylori infection from a cellular level to human diseases. The implication of HSPs in alcoholic or NSAIDs-induced gastritis and the intervening of HSPs in biological changes exemplified with TGF-β signaling, key tumor suppressor growth factors regulating inflammation, immune function, and carcinogenesis were further introduced.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin CS, He PJ, Hsu WT, Wu MS, Wu CJ, Shen HW, Hwang CH, Lai YK, Tsai NM, Liao KW. Helicobacter pylori-derived Heat shock protein 60 enhances angiogenesis via a CXCR2-mediated signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:283-9. [PMID: 20580690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a potent carcinogen associated with gastric cancer malignancy. Recently, H. pylori Heat shock protein 60 (HpHSP60) has been reported to promote cancer development by inducing chronic inflammation and promoting tumor cell migration. This study demonstrates a role for HpHSP60 in angiogenesis, a necessary precursor to tumor growth. We showed that HpHSP60 enhanced cell migration and tube formation, but not cell proliferation, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HpHSP60 also indirectly promoted HUVEC proliferation when HUVECs were co-cultured with supernatants collected from HpHSP60-treated AGS or THP-1 cells. The angiogenic array showed that HpHSP60 dramatically induced THP-1 cells and HUVECs to produce the chemotactic factors IL-8 and GRO. Inhibition of CXCR2, the receptor for IL-8 and GRO, or downstream PLCbeta2/Ca2+-mediated signaling, significantly abolished HpHSP60-induced tube formation. In contrast, suppression of MAP K or PI3 K signaling did not affect HpHSP60-mediated tubulogenesis. These data suggest that HpHSP60 enhances angiogenesis via CXCR2/PLCbeta2/Ca2+ signal transduction in endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Si Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|