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Maghsoudi S, Shuaib R, Van Bastelaere B, Dakshinamurti S. Adenylyl cyclase isoforms 5 and 6 in the cardiovascular system: complex regulation and divergent roles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1370506. [PMID: 38633617 PMCID: PMC11021717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1370506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are crucial effector enzymes that transduce divergent signals from upstream receptor pathways and are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP. The ten AC isoforms are categorized into four main groups; the class III or calcium-inhibited family of ACs comprises AC5 and AC6. These enzymes are very closely related in structure and have a paucity of selective activators or inhibitors, making it difficult to distinguish them experimentally. AC5 and AC6 are highly expressed in the heart and vasculature, as well as the spinal cord and brain; AC6 is also abundant in the lungs, kidney, and liver. However, while AC5 and AC6 have similar expression patterns with some redundant functions, they have distinct physiological roles due to differing regulation and cAMP signaling compartmentation. AC5 is critical in cardiac and vascular function; AC6 is a key effector of vasodilatory pathways in vascular myocytes and is enriched in fetal/neonatal tissues. Expression of both AC5 and AC6 decreases in heart failure; however, AC5 disruption is cardio-protective, while overexpression of AC6 rescues cardiac function in cardiac injury. This is a comprehensive review of the complex regulation of AC5 and AC6 in the cardiovascular system, highlighting overexpression and knockout studies as well as transgenic models illuminating each enzyme and focusing on post-translational modifications that regulate their cellular localization and biological functions. We also describe pharmacological challenges in the design of isoform-selective activators or inhibitors for AC5 and AC6, which may be relevant to developing new therapeutic approaches for several cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Maghsoudi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rabia Shuaib
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ben Van Bastelaere
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Heinick A, Pluteanu F, Hermes C, Klemme A, Domnik M, Husser X, Gerke V, Schmitz W, Müller FU. Annexin A4 N-terminal peptide inhibits adenylyl cyclase 5 and limits β-adrenoceptor-mediated prolongation of cardiac action potential. FASEB J 2020; 34:10489-10504. [PMID: 32579290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902094rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (AC) are essential for the normal and pathophysiological response of many cells. In cardiomyocytes, the predominant AC isoforms are AC5 and AC6. Specific AC5 inhibition was suggested as an option for the treatment of heart failure potentially advantageous over β-blockers. We previously reported an interaction between the calcium-binding protein annexin A4 (ANXA4) and AC5 in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and an inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in cardiomyocytes. Here, we investigated whether ANXA4 is able to differentiate between AC5 and AC6. In transfected HEK293 cells, ANXA4 specifically co-immunoprecipitated with AC5 and not with AC6, via its N-terminal domain. Both ANXA4 and a peptide comprising the ANXA4 N-terminal sequence (A4N1-22 ) decreased the cAMP production in AC5 and not in AC6 expressing cells. In line with ACs inhibition, in myocytes from ANXA4-deficient mice, β-adrenoceptor (βAR) stimulation led to a higher increase of the L-type calcium current (ICaL ) and to an excessive action potential duration (APD) prolongation as compared to wild-type cardiomyocytes. This enhanced response was reversed in the presence of A4N1-22 peptide likely via specific AC5 inhibition. We conclude that via the N-terminal domain ANXA4 inhibits AC5 not AC6, and that A4N1-22 as a specific AC5 inhibitor could serve as a novel therapeutic tool for the treatment of AC5-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heinick
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florentina Pluteanu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christina Hermes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andre Klemme
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Domnik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Xenia Husser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schmitz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank U Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Cosson MV, Hiis HG, Moltzau LR, Levy FO, Krobert KA. Knockout of adenylyl cyclase isoform 5 or 6 differentially modifies the β 1-adrenoceptor-mediated inotropic response. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:132-145. [PMID: 31009605 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although only β2-adrenergic receptors (βAR) dually couple with stimulatory G protein (Gs) and inhibitory G protein (Gi), inactivation of Gi enhances both β1AR and β2AR responsiveness. We hypothesize that Gi restrains spontaneous adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity independent of receptor activation. Subcellular localization of the AC5/6 subtypes varies contributing to the compartmentation of βAR signaling. The primary objectives were to determine: (1) if β1AR-mediated inotropic responses were dependent upon either AC5 or AC6; (2) if intrinsic Gi inhibition is AC subtype selective and (3) the role of phosphodiesterases (PDE) 3/4 to regulate β1AR responsiveness. β1AR-mediated increases in contractile force and cAMP accumulation in cardiomyocytes were measured from wild type, AC5 and AC6 knockout (KO) mice, with or without pertussis toxin (PTX) pretreatment to inactivate Gi and/or after selective inhibition of PDEs 3/4. Noradrenaline potency at β1ARs was increased in AC6 KO. PDE4 inhibition increased noradrenaline potency in wild type and AC5 KO, but not AC6 KO. PTX increased noradrenaline potency only in wild type but increased the maximal β1AR response in all mouse strains. PDE3 inhibition increased noradrenaline potency only in AC5 KO that was treated prior with PTX. β1AR-evoked cAMP accumulation was increased more by PDE4 inhibition than PDE3 inhibition in wild type and AC5 KO that was amplified by Gi inhibition. These data indicate that β1AR-mediated inotropic responses are not dependent upon either AC5 or AC6 alone. Inactivation of Gi enhanced β1AR-mediated inotropic responses despite not coupling to Gi, consistent with Gi exerting a tonic receptor independent inhibition upon AC5/6. PDE4 seems the primary regulator of β1AR signaling through AC6 in wild type. AC6 KO results in a reorganization of β1AR compartmentation characterized by signaling through AC5 regulated by Gi, PDE3 and PDE4 that maintains normal contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Victoire Cosson
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Heart Failure Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Halvard Gautefall Hiis
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Heart Failure Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Román Moltzau
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Heart Failure Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn Olav Levy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Heart Failure Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kurt Allen Krobert
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Heart Failure Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
More than any other organ, the heart is particularly sensitive to gene expression deregulation, often leading in the long run to impaired contractile performances and excessive fibrosis deposition progressing to heart failure. Recent investigations provide evidences that the protein phosphatases (PPs), as their counterpart protein kinases, are important regulators of cardiac physiology and development. Two main groups, the protein serine/threonine phosphatases and the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), constitute the PPs family. Here, we provide an overview of the role of PTP subfamily in the development of the heart and in cardiac pathophysiology. Based on recent in silico studies, we highlight the importance of PTPs as therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs to restore PTPs signaling in the early and late events of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallou Wade
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karim Belhaj
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coralie Poizat
- Cardiovascular Research Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia. .,Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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The E, Du P, Chang Y, Dai F, Wei C, Li J. Role of HSF1-upregulated AC6 in ameliorating heart failure in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:79-85. [PMID: 27643574 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous studies discovered that Heat shock factor 1(HSF1) can alleviate pressure overload induced heart failure in mice. However, its molecular mechanisms are yet to be further explained. Many studies have already verified that Adenylyl Cyclase 6 (AC6) can ameliorate heart failure, but it is still unknown whether or not the pathway HSF1 is involved in the process. Our preliminary experiment showed that the expression level of AC6 is positively associated with HSF1. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to explore whether HSF1 can play its role in ameliorating heart failure by regulating AC6, and how the potential internal mechanisms work. METHODS We applied the Transverse Aortic Constriction (TAC) for 4 weeks to develop the C57BL/6 mice pressure overload induced heart failure model. First, the mice were divided into TAC group and SHAM group. Changes in the cardiac function and morphology of the mice were observed by an ultrasonic device and Masson staining slices, expressions of AC6 mRNA were observed by RT-QPCR, expressions of HSF1 and proteinkinase A (PKA) were examined by Western Blotting, and the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from aortic blood were measured by ELISA. Second, the TAC group were further divided into subgroups of HSF1 transgene mice, HSF1 knockout mice and wild type mice, followed by the aforesaid observations. RESULTS In the SHAM group, no obvious variations of cardiac function, AC6 mRNAHSF1, PKA, cAMP and other test results were found among each of the subgroups. Compared to the SHAM group, the TAC group presented clearly weakened heart functions, while, expressions of AC6 mRNA, HSF1, PKA and cAMP all recorded obvious increases. In the TAC group, compared to the WT subgroup, the HSF1 KO subgroup presented decreases in expressions of AC6 mRNA, HSF1, PKA and cAMP, and at the same time, the heart functions were weaker, while, the HSF1 TG subgroup recorded the contrary results. CONCLUSION In the pressure overload heart failure model, HSF1 can ameliorate heart failure by positively regulating the pathway of AC6/cAMP/PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlinda The
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Peizhao Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yaowei Chang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fangjie Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Jiming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Bravo CA, Vatner DE, Vatner SF. Response to Letter to the Editor on "Does Vidarabine Mediate Cardioprotection via Inhibition of AC5?". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:244-5. [PMID: 27402380 PMCID: PMC6047221 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Bravo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Dorothy E Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephen F Vatner
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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miR-182 Modulates Myocardial Hypertrophic Response Induced by Angiogenesis in Heart. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21228. [PMID: 26888314 PMCID: PMC4758045 DOI: 10.1038/srep21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial hypertrophy is an adaptive response to hemodynamic demands. Although angiogenesis is critical to support the increase in heart mass with matching blood supply, it may also promote a hypertrophic response. Previously, we showed that cardiac angiogenesis induced by placental growth factor (PlGF), promotes myocardial hypertrophy through the paracrine action of endothelium-derived NO, which triggers the degradation of regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) to activate the Akt/mTORC1 pathways in cardiomyocytes. Here, we investigated whether miRNAs contribute to the development of hypertrophic response associated with myocardial angiogenesis. We show that miR-182 is upregulated concurrently with the development of hypertrophy in PlGF mice, but not when hypertrophy was blocked by concomitant expression of PlGF and RGS4, or by PlGF expression in eNOS−/− mice. Anti-miR-182 treatment inhibits the hypertrophic response and prevents the Akt/mTORC1 activation in PlGF mice and NO-treated cardiomyocytes. miR-182 reduces the expression of Bcat2, Foxo3 and Adcy6 to regulate the hypertrophic response in PlGF mice. Particularly, depletion of Bcat2, identified as a new miR-182 target, promotes AktSer473/p70-S6KThr389 phosphorylation and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. LV pressure overload did not upregulate miR-182. Thus, miR-182 is a novel target of endothelial-cardiomyocyte crosstalk and plays an important role in the angiogenesis induced-hypertrophic response.
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Cyclic AMP synthesis and hydrolysis in the normal and failing heart. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1163-75. [PMID: 24756197 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP regulates a multitude of cellular responses and orchestrates a network of intracellular events. In the heart, cAMP is the main second messenger of the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) pathway producing positive chronotropic, inotropic, and lusitropic effects during sympathetic stimulation. Whereas short-term stimulation of β-AR/cAMP is beneficial for the heart, chronic activation of this pathway triggers pathological cardiac remodeling, which may ultimately lead to heart failure (HF). Cyclic AMP is controlled by two families of enzymes with opposite actions: adenylyl cyclases, which control cAMP production and phosphodiesterases, which control its degradation. The large number of families and isoforms of these enzymes, their different localization within the cell, and their organization in macromolecular complexes leads to a high level of compartmentation, both in space and time, of cAMP signaling in cardiac myocytes. Here, we review the expression level, molecular characteristics, functional properties, and roles of the different adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase families expressed in heart muscle and the changes that occur in cardiac hypertrophy and failure.
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Yokoyama U, Iwatsubo K, Umemura M, Fujita T, Ishikawa Y. The Prostanoid EP4 Receptor and Its Signaling Pathway. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1010-52. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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10
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Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), generated by adenylyl cyclase (AC), serves as a second messenger in signaling pathways regulating many aspects of cardiac physiology, including contraction rate and action potential duration, and in the pathophysiology of hypertrophy and heart failure. A kinase-anchoring proteins localize the effect of cAMP in space and time by organizing receptors, AC, protein kinase A, and other components of the cAMP cascade into multiprotein complexes. In this review, we discuss how the interaction of A kinase-anchoring proteins with distinct AC isoforms affects cardiovascular physiology.
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Abstract
Congestive heart failure is an inexorable disease associated with unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Preclinical results indicate that gene transfer using various proteins is a safe and effective approach for increasing function of the failing heart. In the current review, we provide a summary of cardiac gene transfer in general and summarize findings using adenylyl cyclase 6 as therapeutic gene in the failing heart. We also discuss the potential usefulness of a new treatment for congestive heart failure, paracrine-based gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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Zhang Y, Golowasch J. Recovery of rhythmic activity in a central pattern generator: analysis of the role of neuromodulator and activity-dependent mechanisms. J Comput Neurosci 2011; 31:685-99. [PMID: 21573963 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-011-0338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pyloric network of decapods crustaceans can undergo dramatic rhythmic activity changes. Under normal conditions the network generates low frequency rhythmic activity that depends obligatorily on the presence of neuromodulatory input from the central nervous system. When this input is removed (decentralization) the rhythmic activity ceases. In the continued absence of this input, periodic activity resumes after a few hours in the form of episodic bursting across the entire network that later turns into stable rhythmic activity that is nearly indistinguishable from control (recovery). It has been proposed that an activity-dependent modification of ionic conductance levels in the pyloric pacemaker neuron drives the process of recovery of activity. Previous modeling attempts have captured some aspects of the temporal changes observed experimentally, but key features could not be reproduced. Here we examined a model in which slow activity-dependent regulation of ionic conductances and slower neuromodulator-dependent regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration reproduce all the temporal features of this recovery. Key aspects of these two regulatory mechanisms are their independence and their different kinetics. We also examined the role of variability (noise) in the activity-dependent regulation pathway and observe that it can help to reduce unrealistic constraints that were otherwise required on the neuromodulator-dependent pathway. We conclude that small variations in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, a Ca(2+) uptake regulation mechanism that is directly targeted by neuromodulator-activated signaling pathways, and variability in the Ca(2+) concentration sensing signaling pathway can account for the observed changes in neuronal activity. Our conclusions are all amenable to experimental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Zhang
- Federated Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology & Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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