Proteomic analysis of cancer stem cells in human prostate cancer cells

Annexin A5 is a novel prognostic biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

ANXA5, a notable tumor marker, displays irregular expression in diverse solid cancers, and links to local recurrence and metastasis rates. We aimed study the expression of ANXA5 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its diagnostic and prognostic values.

METHODS

520 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients in TCGA database and 124 OSCC patients in Nanjing stomatology hospital were enrolled in our study. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using ANXA5 antibodies. Chi-square test was used to analyze the clinicopathological features. Survival rates were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

RESULTS

Our results showed significantly elevated ANXA5 at the gene and protein levels in HNSCC and OSCC compared to non-tumor tissues. Histopathologically, ANXA5 was broadly present in OSCC tumor cells and fibroblast-like cells but absent in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, particularly at the invasive tumor front. Patients exhibiting high ANXA5 expression in these cells demonstrated poor differentiation, aggressive invasion patterns, and heightened lymph node metastasis risk, contributing to poorer postoperative outcomes. Remarkably, ANXA5 in fibroblast-like cells emerged as an independent risk factor impacting survival in OSCC patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) highlighted ANXA5's involvement in key pathways like epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), TGF-beta signaling, and hypoxia, which correlated with adverse clinical outcomes in OSCC.

CONCLUSION

ANXA5 emerges as a significant prognostic biomarker for OSCC, potentially influencing its metastasis via the EMT pathway.

Clinical Value of TXNDC12 Combined With IDH and 1p19q as Biomarkers for Prognosis of Glioma

Background: Glioma is the primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system and presents high mortality and disability rates under existing treatment measures. Thioredoxin domain-containing 12 (TXNDC12) has been shown to play an important role in various malignant tumors. Therefore, we explored the clinicopathological characteristics of TXNDC12 in glioma to bring to light new ideas in its treatment.

Methods: We obtained data packages related to TXNDC12 expression status in gliomas from public databases. We analyzed glioma TXNDC12 expression and patient survival status and validated the above results using glioma specimens from our institution. Next, we analyzed the value of TXNDC12 in combination with 1p19q and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) on the prognosis of glioma by regression model and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Finally, we explored the function of related genes by GO analysis and KEGG analysis.

Results: Compared with normal brain tissue, the expression of TXNDC12 in glioma cells, regarding both mRNA and protein levels, was significantly upregulated. The survival time of patients with high-expression of TXNDC12 in glioma cells was shortened. In the World Health Organization pathological classification, IDH status, 1p19q status, and IDH combined with 1p19q subgroups, the expression of TXNDC12 increased with the deterioration of the above indicators. Tumor local immune analysis showed that the immune cell infiltration in TXNDC12 high-expressing glioma tissue increased, the tumor purity was reduced. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that TXNDC12 may be involved in the malignant prognosis of glioma through glycosylation and antigen processing and presentation.

Conclusion: We showed that TXNDC12 is significantly highly expressed in gliomas. This high expression predicts the poor prognosis of glioma patients and is related to the gliomas’ local immune microenvironment. As a tumor-related gene, TXNDC12 may be used as a new prognostic judgment molecule.

Unraveling the Molecular Tumor-Promoting Regulation of Cofilin-1 in Pancreatic Cancer

Simple Summary

Unraveling the mechanistic regulations that influence tumor behavior is an important step towards treatment. However, in vitro studies capture only small parts of the complex signaling cascades leading to tumor development. Mechanistic modeling, instead, allows a more holistic view of complex signaling pathways and their crosstalk. These models are able to suggest mechanistic regulations that can be validated by targeted and thus more cost-effective experiments. This article presents a logical model of pancreatic cancer cells with high cofilin-1 expression. The model includes migratory, proliferative, and apoptotic pathways as well as their crosstalk. Based on this model, mechanistic regulations affecting tumor promotion could be unraveled. Moreover, it was applied to screen for new therapeutic targets. The development of resistance mechanisms is a common limitation of cancer therapies. Therefore, new approaches are needed to identify optimal treatments. One is suggested in this article, indicating the surface protein CD44 as a promising target.

Abstract

Cofilin-1 (CFL1) overexpression in pancreatic cancer correlates with high invasiveness and shorter survival. Besides a well-documented role in actin remodeling, additional cellular functions of CFL1 remain poorly understood. Here, we unraveled molecular tumor-promoting functions of CFL1 in pancreatic cancer. For this purpose, we first show that a knockdown of CFL1 results in reduced growth and proliferation rates in vitro and in vivo, while apoptosis is not induced. By mechanistic modeling we were able to predict the underlying regulation. Model simulations indicate that an imbalance in actin remodeling induces overexpression and activation of CFL1 by acting on transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) and aurora kinase A (AURKA). Moreover, we could predict that CFL1 impacts proliferation and apoptosis via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). These initial model-based regulations could be substantiated by studying protein levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines and human datasets. Finally, we identified the surface protein CD44 as a promising therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer patients with high CFL1 expression.

Overexpression of annexin A5 might guide the gemtuzumab ozogamicin treatment choice in patients with pediatric acute myeloid leukemia

Background:

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common hematological malignancy. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO), a humanized anti-CD33 antibody conjugated with the potent anti-tumor antibiotic calicheamicin, represents a promising targeted therapy for AML. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a proposed marker for the clinical prognosis of AML to guide treatment choice.

Methods:

In total, 253 patients with pediatric AML were enrolled and divided into two treatment groups: conventional chemotherapy alone and conventional chemotherapy in combination with GO. Univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were conducted to assess risk factors and clinical outcomes, and to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence interval. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results:

In the GO treatment group, high ANXA5 expression was considered a favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). Multivariate analysis showed that high ANXA5 expression was an independent favorable factor for OS (HR = 0.629, p = 0.084) and EFS (HR = 0.544, p = 0.024) distinct from the curative effect of GO treatment. When all patients were again divided into two groups, this time based on the median expression of ANXA5, patients undergoing chemotherapy combined with GO had significantly better OS (p = 0.0012) and EFS (p = 0.0003) in the ANXA5 high-expression group. Gene set enrichment analysis identified a relevant series of pathways associated with glutathione metabolism, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and hematopoietic cell lineage.

Conclusion:

The expression level of ANXA5 can help optimize the treatment regimen for individual patients, and patients with overexpression of ANXA5 may circumvent poor outcomes from chemotherapy combined with GO.

Identification of β-catenin target genes in colorectal cancer by interrogating gene fitness screening data

β-catenin regulates its target genes which are associated with proliferation, differentiation, migration and angiogenesis, and the dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling facilitates hallmarks of colorectal cancer (CRC). Identification of β-catenin targets and their potential roles in tumorigenesis has gained increased interest. However, the number of identified targets remains limited. The present study implemented a novel strategy, interrogating gene fitness profiles derived from large-scale RNA interference and CRISPR-CRISPR associated protein 9 screening data to identify β-catenin target genes in CRC cell lines. Using these data sets, pair wise gene fitness similarities were determined which highlighted a total of 13 genes whose functions were highly correlated with β-catenin. It was further demonstrated that the expression of these genes were altered in CRC, illustrating their potential roles in the progression of CRC. The present study further demonstrated that these targets could be used to predict disease-free survival in CRC. In conclusion, the findings provided novel approaches for the identification of β-catenin targets, which may become prognostic biomarkers or drug targets for the management of CRC.

AnnexinA5 promote glioma cell invasion and migration via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway

As an important member of the Annexins, AnnexinA5 has been attributed important functions in trophoblast membrane repair, anticoagulation and cellular signal transduction. Accumulated studies show that AnnexinA5 is closely associated with various types of carcinomas. However, the potential contribution of AnnexinA5 to glioma cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, we report that AnnexinA5 is significantly upregulated in both high-grade glioma samples and glioma cell lines. Moreover, overexpression of AnnexinA5 promotes cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumorigenicity of glioma cells in nude mice, while knockdown of AnnexinA5 manifests a repressive function during these cellular processes. Importantly, mechanistic studies further reveal that AnnexinA5 is an essential transcriptional target of Snail via activating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that AnnexinA5 or the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway may be promising therapeutic molecules to eradicate glioma metastases.

Annexin A5 overexpression might suppress proliferation and metastasis of human uterine cervical carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND

Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a kind of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding protein which is involved in cell membrane dynamics and organization. Recent data showed that ANXA5 might involve in tumorigenesis.

OBJECTIVE

To explore what role ANXA5 play in human uterine cervical carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, a recombined ANXA5 plasmid was constructed and uterine cervical carcinoma cell lines HeLa and SiHa were transfected with it. After ANXA5 overexpression was determined by Western Blot, cell proliferation test was detected by MTT assay and colony formation assay respectively. FACS assay and Hochest33258 staining methods were employed to detect cell apoptosis. To further investigate whether ANXA5 influence cell migration and invasion, wound healing assay and transwell assay were applied. At the same time, the relative mechanism was investigated.

RESULTS

When ANXA5 expression increased, cell proliferation was inhibited by regulating the expression of bcl-2 and bax while cell metastasis was suppressed by regulating E-cadherin and MMP-9 expression.

CONCLUSION

ANXA5 overexpression in the uterine cervical carcinoma might play important roles in cell proliferation and metastasis of uterine cervical cancer cells and act as an anti-cancer gene in uterine cervical cancer.

Anxa5 mediates the in vitro malignant behaviours of murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-F cells with high lymph node metastasis potential preferentially via ERK2/p-ERK2/c-Jun/p-c-Jun(Ser73) and E-cadherin

OBJECTIVE

Annexin A5 (Anxa5) is associated with the progression of some cancers, while its role and regulation mechanism in tumor lymphatic metastasis is rarely reported. This study aims to investigate the influence of Anxa5 knockdown on the malignant behaviours of murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-F cell line with high lymph node metastatic (LNM) potential and the underlying regulation mechanism.

METHODS

RNA interfering was performed to silence Anxa5 in Hca-F. Monoclonal shRNA-Anxa5- Hca-F cells were obtained via G418 screening by limited dilution method. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) were applied to measure Anxa5 expression levels. CCK-8, Boyden transwell-chamber and in situ LN adhesion assays were performed to explore the effects of Anxa5 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and adhesion capacities of Hca-F. WB and qRT-PCR were used to detect the level changes of key molecules in corresponding signal pathways.

RESULTS

We obtained two monoclonal shRNA-Anxa5-transfected Hca-F cell lines with stable knockdowns of Anxa5. Anxa5 knockdown resulted in significantly reduced proliferation, migration, invasion and in situ LN adhesion potentials of Hca-F in proportion to its knockdown extent. Anxa5 downregulation enhanced E-cadherin levels in Hca-F. Moreover, Anxa5 affected Hca-F behaviours specifically via ERK2/p-ERK2/c-Jun/p-c-Jun(Ser73) instead of p38MAPK/c-Jun, Jnk/c-Jun and AKT/c-Jun pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

Anxa5 mediates the in vitro malignant behaviours of murine hepatocarcinoma Hca-F cells via ERK2/c-Jun/p-c-Jun(Ser73) and ERK2/E-cadherin pathways. It is an important molecule in metastasis (especially LNM) and a potential therapeutic target for hepatocarcinoma.

ERp19 contributes to tumorigenicity in human gastric cancer by promoting cell growth, migration and invasion

ERp19, a mammalian thioredoxin-like protein, plays a key role in defense against endoplasmic reticulum stress. It belongs to the protein disulfide isomerize (PDI) family, whose members have been implicated in development of breast, ovarian and gastrointestinal cancers. However, the role of ERp19 in gastric cancer (GC) remains undefined. Therefore, we sought to investigate the expression and prognostic value of ERp19 in GC patients, and to explore the role of ERp19 in tumorigenicity. Expression of ERp19 in gastric tissues was assessed by immunohistochemical staining and real-time PCR in clinical samples of GC patients. Statistical analysis of clinical cases revealed that the expression levels of ERp19 were higher in tumor tissues than non-tumor tissues. And the level of ERp19 expression was correlated with tumor size, lymph node involvement and poor clinical prognosis. Furthermore, ERp19 knockdown dramatically suppressed gastric cancer cell growth, inhibited cellular migration/invasion and down-regulated the phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, whereas ERp19 over-expression reversed these changes. We conclude that ERp19 contributes to tumorigenicity and metastasis of GC by activating the FAK signaling pathway, and may function as an oncogene in GC. ERp19 may represent a new diagnostic and prognostic marker and a novel target for the treatment of GC.

Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in prostate cancer based on proteomics data

We mined the literature for proteomics data to examine the occurrence and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) through a bioinformatics analysis. We divided the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) into two groups: the group consisting of PCa and benign tissues (P&b) and the group presenting both high and low PCa metastatic tendencies (H&L). In the P&b group, we found 320 DEPs, 20 of which were reported more than three times, and DES was the most commonly reported. Among these DEPs, the expression levels of FGG, GSN, SERPINC1, TPM1, and TUBB4B have not yet been correlated with PCa. In the H&L group, we identified 353 DEPs, 13 of which were reported more than three times. Among these DEPs, MDH2 and MYH9 have not yet been correlated with PCa metastasis. We further confirmed that DES was differentially expressed between 30 cancer and 30 benign tissues. In addition, DEPs associated with protein transport, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and the extracellular matrix (ECM)–receptor interaction pathway were prevalent in the H&L group and have not yet been studied in detail in this context. Proteins related to homeostasis, the wound-healing response, focal adhesions, and the complement and coagulation pathways were overrepresented in both groups. Our findings suggest that the repeatedly reported DEPs in the two groups may function as potential biomarkers for detecting PCa and predicting its aggressiveness. Furthermore, the implicated biological processes and signaling pathways may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of PCa carcinogenesis and metastasis and provide new targets for clinical treatment.

3D Cell-SELEX: Development of RNA aptamers as molecular probes for PC-3 tumor cell line

Human prostate cancer (PCa) is a highly heterogeneous and multifactorial disease. Current clinical biomarkers are not sufficiently accurate, thus being unable to predict the clinical outcome. Therefore, searching for new biomarkers aiming to improve diagnosis, prognosis and therapy is still required. In this study, we performed 3D Cell-SELEX against PC-3 prostate cancer cell line, a novel strategy to select specific nucleic acid ligands against spheroid cells in 3D cell culture. This original system combines Cell-SELEX, a process that exploits the cellular structure to generate specific ligands, and 3D cell culture, an approach that mimics the tissue microenvironment in vitro. In the first round of 3D Cell-SELEX, a negative selection against RWPE-1, non-tumor cell line, was performed to subtract non-tumor specific aptamers. The supernatant was used in eight additional rounds of selection, which were performed against PC-3 cell line. After nine selection cycles, eight PC-3 specific RNA aptamers were selected and sequenced. The aptamers presented sizes between 20 and 50 nucleotides-long, with low free energy (∆G<-13.6), which contributed for their spontaneous folding and high stability. Furthermore, our results showed the aptamer A4 as a specific ligand to prostate tumor cells, with dissociation constant in the nanomolar scale. Therefore, the novel 3D Cell-SELEX procedure improved the selection of PCa cell-surface ligands and the aptamer A4 has shown potential for the identification of prostate tumor cells, suggesting the application of this molecule in further screening assays for PCa.

Potential crosstalk between cofilin-1 and EGFR pathways in cisplatin resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer

Current challenge in oncology is to establish the concept of personalized medicine in clinical practice. In this context, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents clinical, histological and molecular heterogeneity, being one of the most genomically diverse of all cancers. Recent advances added Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) as a predictive biomarker for patients with advanced NSCLC. In tumors with activating EGFR mutations, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are indicated as first-line treatment, although restricted to a very small target population. In this context, cofilin-1 (a cytosolic protein involved with actin dynamics) has been widely studied as a biomarker of an aggressive phenotype in tumors, and overexpression of cofilin-1 is associated with cisplatin resistance and poor prognosis in NSCLC. Here, we gather information about the predictive potential of cofilin-1 and reviewed the crosstalk between cofilin-1/EGFR pathways. We aimed to highlight new perspectives of how these interactions might affect cisplatin resistance in NSCLC. We propose that cofilin-1 quantification in clinical samples in combination with presence/absence of EGFR mutation could be used to select patients that would benefit from TKI's treatment. This information is of paramount importance and could result in a possibility of guiding more effective treatments to NSCLC patients.

Coupling enrichment methods with proteomics for understanding and treating disease

Owing to recent advances in proteomics analytical methods and bioinformatics capabilities there is a growing trend toward using these capabilities for the development of drugs to treat human disease, including target and drug evaluation, understanding mechanisms of drug action, and biomarker discovery. Currently, the genetic sequences of many major organisms are available, which have helped greatly in characterizing proteomes in model animal systems and humans. Through proteomics, global profiles of different disease states can be characterized (e.g. changes in types and relative levels as well as changes in PTMs such as glycosylation or phosphorylation). Although intracellular proteomics can provide a broad overview of physiology of cells and tissues, it has been difficult to quantify the low abundance proteins which can be important for understanding the diseased states and treatment progression. For this reason, there is increasing interest in coupling comparative proteomics methods with subcellular fractionation and enrichment techniques for membranes, nucleus, phosphoproteome, glycoproteome as well as low abundance serum proteins. In this review, we will provide examples of where the utilization of different proteomics-coupled enrichment techniques has aided target and biomarker discovery, understanding the drug targeting mechanism, and mAb discovery. Taken together, these improvements will help to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of various diseases including cancer, autoimmunity, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and neurological conditions, and in the design and development of better medicines for treating these afflictions.

Annexin A5 as a potential marker in tumors

Annexin A5 (Anxa5) promotes pancreatic adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, tumorigenesis and progression of breast cancer and prostate cancer stem cells. It is involved with metastasis, invasion and development of squamous cell carcinoma, and facilitates nodal progression of bladder cancer and angiogenesis and progression of glioma. Anxa5 de-regulation is associated with drug resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer. Although Anxa5 protein up-regulation promotes cervical cancer progression, it is markedly suppressed in cervical carcinoma cells. Anxa5 is negatively correlated with thyroid cancer malignancy. In this review, we explore the mechanisms of Anxa5 action in tumors. Anxa5 could be a predictive biomarker for tumor development, metastasis and invasion, and be of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance in cancer.

Cell shape and cardiosphere differentiation: a revelation by proteomic profiling

Stem cells (embryonic stem cells, somatic stem cells such as neural stem cells, and cardiac stem cells) and cancer cells are known to aggregate and form spheroid structures. This behavior is common in undifferentiated cells and may be necessary for adapting to certain conditions such as low-oxygen levels or to maintain undifferentiated status in microenvironments including stem cell niches. In order to decipher the meaning of this spheroid structure, we established a cardiosphere clone (CSC-21E) derived from the rat heart which can switch its morphology between spheroid and nonspheroid. Two forms, floating cardiospheres and dish-attached flat cells, could be switched reversibly by changing the cell culture condition. We performed differential proteome analysis studies and obtained protein profiles distinct between spherical forms and flat cells. From protein profiling analysis, we found upregulation of glycolytic enzymes in spheroids with some stress proteins switched in expression levels between these two forms. Evidence has been accumulating that certain chaperone/stress proteins are upregulated in concert with cellular changes including proliferation and differentiation. We would like to discuss the possible mechanism of how these aggregates affect cell differentiation and/or other cellular functions.

Differential proteomic analysis of cancer stem cell properties in hepatocellular carcinomas by isobaric tag labeling and mass spectrometry

Malignant tumors are relatively resistant to treatment due to their heterogeneous nature, drug resistance, and tendency for metastasis. Recent studies suggest that a subpopulation of cancer cells is responsible for the malignant outcomes. These cells are considered as cancer stem cells (CSC). Although a number of molecules have been identified in different cancer cells as markers for cancer stem cells, no promising markers are currently available for hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In this study, two clones of Hep3B cell lines were functionally characterized as control or CSC-like cells, based on properties including spheroid formation, drug resistance, and tumor initiation. Furthermore, their protein expression profiles were investigated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), and a total of 1,127 proteins were identified and quantified from the combined fractions; 50 proteins exhibited at least 2-fold differences between these two clones. These 50 proteins were analyzed by GeneGo and were found to be associated with liver neoplasms, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver diseases. They were also components of metabolic pathways, immune responses, and cytoskeleton remodeling. Among these proteins, the expressions of S100P, S100A14, and vimentin were verified in several HCC cell lines, and their expressions were correlated with tumorigenicity in HCC cell lines. The functional significance of vimentin and S100A14 were also investigated and verified.

Medullospheres from DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76 cells: increased stem cell population and proteomic modifications

Background

Medulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive pediatric tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS) usually treated according to a refined risk stratification. The study of cancer stem cells (CSC) in MB is a promising approach aimed at finding new treatment strategies.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The CSC compartment was studied in three characterized MB cell lines (DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76) grown in standard adhesion as well as being grown as spheres, which enables expansion of the CSC population. MB cell lines, grown in adherence and as spheres, were subjected to morphologic analysis at the light and electron microscopic level, as well as cytofluorimetric determinations. Medullospheres (MBS) were shown to express increasingly immature features, along with the stem cells markers: CD133, Nestin and β-catenin. Proteomic analysis highlighted the differences between MB cell lines, demonstrating a unique protein profile for each cell line, and minor differences when grown as spheres. In MBS, MALDI-TOF also identified some proteins, that have been linked to tumor progression and resistance, such as Nucleophosmin (NPM). In addition, immunocytochemistry detected Sox-2 as a stemness marker of MBS, as well as confirming high NPM expression.

Conclusions/Significance

Culture conditioning based on low attachment flasks and specialized medium may provide new data on the staminal compartment of CNS tumors, although a proteomic profile of CSC is still elusive for MB.

Variable metastatic potentials correlate with differential plectin and vimentin expression in syngeneic androgen independent prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease, ranging from indolent asymptomatic disease to very aggressive metastatic and life threatening forms of the disease. Distant metastasis represents the major lethal cause of prostate cancer. The most critical clinical challenge in the management of the patients is identifying those individuals at risk of developing metastatic disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer metastasis and identify markers with metastatic potential, we have analyzed protein expression in two syngeneic prostate cancer cells lines PC3-N2 and PC3-ML2 using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation labeling and multi-dimensional protein identification technology liquid chromatography matrix assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry. PC3-N2 is lowly metastatic while PC3-ML2 highly metastatic. A total of 1,756 proteins were identified in the analyses with 130 proteins showing different expression levels (p<0.01) in the two cell lines. Out of these, 68 proteins were found to be significantly up-regulated while 62 are significantly down-regulated in PC3-ML2 cells compared with PC3-N2 cells. The upregulation of plectin and vimentin which were the most significantly differentially expressed were validated by Western blot and their functional relevance with respect to invasion and migration was determined by siRNA gene silencing. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that up-regulation of vimentin and plectin expression positively correlates with the invasion and metastasis of androgen-independent PCA.

Proteomic profiling of tumor-initiating cells in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells

Recent reports have suggested that tumors are organized in heterogeneous populations. Within these populations, a small subpopulation of cells is more capable of initiating malignancy; these are called cancer stem cells. In this study, HT-29 cells were sorted according to the presence or absence of the cancer stem cell marker CD133. We confirmed that CD133+ cells possessed higher clonogenicity compared to CD133- cells. Furthermore, proteomic analysis identified 10 proteins, including actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5-like and profilin 2. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the expression of specific proteins associated with metastasis and invasion in CD133+ cells contributed to the stemness and tumorigenic properties of these cells.