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Daneshmand A, Kumar A, Kheravii SK, Pasquali GAM, Wu SB. Xylanase and beta-glucanase improve performance parameters and footpad dermatitis and modulate intestinal microbiota in broilers under an Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103055. [PMID: 37734358 PMCID: PMC10514458 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an enteric disease of poultry worldwide that compromises gut health and growth performance. The current research investigated the effects of 2 doses of a multienzyme preparation on broilers' performance, gut health, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) under an Eimeria challenge. A total of 512 mixed-sex day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments of 8 replicates. Treatments were: 1) nonchallenged control (NC); 2) NC + Eimeria challenge (CC); 3) CC + recommended level of xylanase and glucanase (XG, 100 g/t feed [on top]); 4) CC + double XG (2XG, 200 g/t feed). Eimeria spp. vaccine strains were gavaged on d 9 to induce coccidiosis in chickens. Performance parameters were evaluated during starter, grower, and finisher phases, and 4 birds per pen were euthanized on d 16 for sampling, FPD was scored on d 35, and litter moisture was analyzed on d 17 and 35. The data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with Tukey's test to separate means, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally distributed parameters. The results showed that the Eimeria challenge was successful based on reduced weight gain and feed intake during grower phase, and higher FITC-d concentration, lesion score (female), and oocyst counts (d 14) in CC group compared to N.C. group, while XG and 2XG increased (P < 0.001) weight gain and improved FCR compared to CC and NC groups during finisher phase. The addition of X.G. and 2XG decreased litter moisture (P = 0.003) and FPD (P < 0.001) in challenged broilers compared to the N.C. group (d 35). Supplementing XG and 2XG reestablished the population of Lactobacillus in the cecum of challenged birds to an intermediate level between the NC and CC groups (P > 0.05). The inclusion of XG tended to increase the expression of Junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2), which was not different from CC and NC groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the combination of xylanase and glucanase (Natugrain TS) improved the performance and modulated jejunal microbiota of broilers under mild Eimeria challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daneshmand
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Daneshmand A, Sharma NK, Kheravii SK, Hall L, Wu SB. Buffered formic acid and a monoglyceride blend improve performance and modulate gut bacteria and immunity gene expression in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102978. [PMID: 37598553 PMCID: PMC10458320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the removal of antibiotics from animal feed, alternatives have been sought to control necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers. The current study investigated the effects of buffered formic acid (Amasil NA) and monoglycerides of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (Balangut LS P) on the performance and gut health of broilers challenged with NE. A total of 816 as-hatched 1-d-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 8 replicates. Treatments were: T1) nonchallenged control; T2) NE challenged control; T3) Amasil NA (challenge plus Amasil NA, 0.3% throughout all phases); T4) Balangut LS P (challenge plus Balangut LS P, 0.5%, 0.3%, and 0.2% in the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively; T5) Combined (challenge plus combination of T3 and T4); T6) Antibiotic (challenge plus Zn bacitracin, 0.05 % throughout all phases). Birds were orally gavaged with live Eimeria vaccine species (d 9) and with Clostridium perfringens (d 14 and 15). On d 16, birds were sampled to evaluate gut permeability, microbiota, and mRNA abundance in the jejunum. The data were analyzed in JMP software using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's test to separate means, and Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally-distributed parameters. Results showed that Balangut LS P decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to nonchallenged ones at the end of the study. Balangut LS P reduced (P < 0.05) the level of cecal Bacteriods compared to nonchallenged group, whereas Amasil NA shifted the levels of ileal Bifidobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillus towards nonchallenged control (P > 0.05). NE challenge upregulated (P < 0.001) the expression of IL-21R, zeta chain of T cell receptor (ZAP70), and dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) compared to nonchallenged birds, whereas Balangut LS P showed an intermediate (P > 0.05) expression pattern of these genes towards nonchallenged and antibiotic groups. In conclusion, combination of Balangut LS P and Amasil NA has the potential to be used as an additive to improve the performance and gut health of broiler chickens, especially under challenging conditions such as NE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daneshmand
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Nishchal K Sharma
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Leon Hall
- BASF Australia Ltd, 12/28 Freshwater Place, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia.
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Wu J, Yu S, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang Z. New insights into the role of ribonuclease P protein subunit p30 from tumor to internal reference. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1018279. [PMID: 36313673 PMCID: PMC9606464 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1018279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonuclease P protein subunit p30 (RPP30) is a highly conserved housekeeping gene that exists in many species and tissues throughout the three life kingdoms (archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes). RPP30 is closely related to a few types of tumors in human diseases but has a very stable transcription level in most cases. Based on this feature, increasing number of studies have used RPP30 as an internal reference gene. Here, the structure and basic functions of RPP30 are summarized and the likely relationship between RPP30 and various diseases in plants and human is outlined. Finally, the current application of RPP30 as an internal reference gene and its advantages over traditional internal reference genes are reviewed. RPP30 characteristics suggest that it has a good prospect of being selected as an internal reference; more work is needed to develop this research avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Wu
- Institute of Clinical Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sijie Yu
- Institute of Clinical Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,*Correspondence: Zhenhua Zhang,
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Musigwa S, Morgan N, Swick RA, Cozannet P, Kheravii SK, Wu SB. Multi-carbohydrase enzymes improve feed energy in broiler diets containing standard or low crude protein. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:496-505. [PMID: 34258438 PMCID: PMC8245800 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of multi-carbohydrase (MC) on energy and nitrogen (N) balance and gene expression in broilers fed diets with different crude protein (CP) contents. The study employed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were presence or absence of MC, and standard (SCP) or low (LCP) dietary CP concentration. A 3-phase feeding program was used, including starter (0 to 7 d), grower (8 to 17 d) and finisher (18 to 28 d) phases. The study was undertaken in closed calorimetry chambers. Each of the 4 dietary treatments was replicated 8 times in total across 2 runs, with 2 birds per replicate (n = 64). Data for energy partitioning and N balance were collected from d 25 to 28. On d 28, birds were euthanized to collect muscle and intestinal tissue samples for gene expression. The results showed that the MC increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME, P < 0.01) and net energy (NE, P < 0.05), and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.01) in all diets. The proportion of energy retained as fat per total energy retention (REf/RE) was positively correlated with feed AME and NE (r = 0.541, P < 0.01 and r = 0.665, P < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that feed energy augmented with increased fat gain. Muscle ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A1W) gene expression had a positive correlation with REf/RE and feed NE (r = 0.587, P < 0.001 and r = 0.430, P < 0.05, respectively). Similarly, muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1A) expression was negatively correlated with weight gain and positively correlated with FCR (r = −0.451, P < 0.05 and r = 0.359, P < 0.05, respectively). These correlations show that over-expressions of muscle genes related to energy production reduce bird performance. This study demonstrated that MC increase dietary energy utilization, regardless of dietary CP concentration. However, the energy released by the enzymes increases feed energy-to-CP ratio, meaning there is excess energy that is then deposited as body fat. This suggests that supplemental MC in broiler feeds is beneficial if diets are formulated to contain marginal energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosthene Musigwa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Natalie Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Rodríguez-Hernández R, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Rondón-Barragán IS. Identification of reliable reference genes for expression studies in the magnum of laying hens housed in cage and cage-free systems. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1890-1898. [PMID: 34015187 PMCID: PMC8464264 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress factors during poultry production can evoke changes in gene transcription and protein synthesis in the hen oviduct and could affect the internal and external egg quality. Studies of relative gene expression require the identification of the most stable reference genes for the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to investigate the reproductive tissues' response in laying hens kept in different production systems. The objective of this study was to determine the most stable reference genes of the magnum tissues of laying hens housed in two different production systems. Hy-Line Brown hens were reared under the same sanitary conditions until 15 weeks of age. Later on, they were transferred into two different production systems, conventional cage (CC) and cage free (CF), up to 82 weeks of age. At 50 and 60 weeks, a total of six hens from each production system were euthanized, and magnum samples were collected. The qPCR was used to determine the RNA transcription level of five reference genes, ACTB, 18S, GAPDH, MSX2 and HMBS. These genes were evaluated for transcript expression in magnum tissues by NormFinder, BestKeeper, geNorm and RefFinder software. The results indicated that the most stable gene in the CF housing system was HMBS in three of the algorithms and in the CC housing system was the 18S, and the best combination of reference genes was HMBS/GAPDH in CF and 18S/HMBS in CC. In conclusion, HMBS, 18S and GAPDH genes could be used together as reference genes for the normalization of the magnum tissues transcript expression of hens in CF and CC housing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Rodríguez-Hernández
- Poultry Research Group, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Edgar O Oviedo-Rondón
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Iang S Rondón-Barragán
- Poultry Research Group, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.,Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Research Group, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
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Musigwa S, Cozannet P, Morgan N, Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Wu SB. Efficacy of supplemental multi-carbohydrases in broiler diets depends on soluble arabinoxylan-to-total arabinoxylan content. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:528-538. [PMID: 33563046 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1884652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of multi-carbohydrase enzymes (MC) on net energy (NE), performance and gene expression in Cobb 500 broilers fed diets containing different levels of soluble and total arabinoxylan (sAX/tAX) ratios.2. The study employed a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, with factors including with or without MC and three ratios of sAX/tAX: high (HS, 27.3%), intermediate (IS, 21.3%) and low (LS, 15.7%).3. Six dietary treatments were formulated, with each diet replicated five times in the calorimetric study (Experiment 1) and eight times for a floor pen feeding trial (Experiment 2).4. Experiment 1 showed significant (P < 0.01) MC × sAX/tAX interactions for apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and NE. These interactions indicated that the supplemental MC increased AME only in the HS diet, and NE in the HS and LS diets.5. Experiment 2 results showed MC × sAX/tAX interactions for feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.01) and ileal digesta viscosity (P < 0.05), demonstrating that MC lowered FCR only in the LS-fed birds, and reduced digesta viscosity only in the HS-fed birds. Apparent ileal digestible crude protein (AID CP) was negatively correlated with ileal digesta viscosity (r = -0.735, P < 0.001), which suggested that increasing ileal digesta viscosity reduced AID CP.6. A significant (P < 0.05) MC × sAX/tAX interaction was observed for duodenal COX III mRNA gene expression, which indicated that this gene was upregulated in the IS-fed birds relative to the HS-fed birds, but only when MC was added. This gene was downregulated (P < 0.05) in the muscle in the presence of MC application in all diets.7. The results from this study showed that supplemental MC can improve NE and FCR in birds fed diets containing the low sAX/tAX ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Musigwa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - P Cozannet
- Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition (CERN), Adisseo France SAS, Antony, France
| | - N Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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7
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Barzegar S, Swick RA, Kheravii SK, Choct M, Wu SB. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma upregulation and dietary fat levels in laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101049. [PMID: 33744616 PMCID: PMC8005814 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding the different levels of the dietary fat on the expression of genes encoding proteins involving energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid synthesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) of laying hens in the intestine. Birds fed diets with 3 levels of fat, that is, low (LF), medium (MF), and high fat (HF) were reared from 22 to 42 wk of age. Jejunum tissue was collected at week 42 for gene expression analysis. Dietary fat content as ether extract, net energy to AME ratio, and CP content of 3 treatment groups were as follows: LF: 25, 0.735, 187 (g/kg, DM); MF: 61, 0.739, 185 (g/kg, DM); HF: 73, 0.752, 181 (g/kg, DM). The BW, fat pad weight (g), fat pad–to–BW ratio (%) was the same for all the treatments (P > 0·05). Birds fed a diet containing HF increased the AME daily intake per metabolic BW (BW0.75) (P < 0.05). The expression of jejunal PPARγ was increased in the birds fed MF than that fed LF (P < 0.05). Dietary fat level did not affect the expression of other genes: protein kinase AMP-activated noncatalytic subunit gamma 2, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1, cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, ATP synthase subunit alpha, avian adenine nucleotide translocator, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (P > 0·05). The mitochondrial count per cell showed no difference among the 3 groups with different dietary treatments (P > 0·05). The results suggest that PPARγ may be important to the energy expenditure during nutrient absorption, digestion, and metabolism, and respiratory chain complexes, and other genes involving mitochondrial energy metabolism and lipogenesis may be less responsive to dietary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Barzegar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
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Differential expression of intestinal genes in necrotic enteritis challenged broiler chickens with 2 different Clostridium perfringens strains. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100886. [PMID: 33516477 PMCID: PMC7936145 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cause of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease in chickens is the NetB-positive Clostridium perfringens bacterium. Many factors are known to affect the severity of NE in the challenge models of broiler chickens, and one of these factors is the virulence of C. perfringens strain. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 2 pathogenic C. perfringens strains in a NE challenge model on gut health and mRNA expression of genes encoding apoptosis, tight junction, immunity, and nutrient transporters in broilers. Day-old Ross-308 male broilers (n = 468) were allocated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with in-feed antibiotics (no or yes) and challenge (Non, C. perfringens strain NE18, and C. perfringens strain NE36) as the factors. The birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria species on day 9 and with a fresh suspension of C. perfringens NE18 or NE36 on day 14 and 15. Sample collection was performed on 2 birds of each pen on day 16. Necrotic enteritis challenge, impaired feed conversion ratio during day 0 to 16 compared with the control group where the effect of the NE36 challenge was more severe than that with NE18 (P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of mucin-2, immunoglobulin-G, occludin (P < 0.001), and tight junction protein-1 (P < 0.05) genes were downregulated in both challenged groups compared with the nonchallenged counterparts. Antibiotic supplementation, on the other hand, increased weight gain, and feed intake in all challenged birds (P < 0.01), but upregulated mucin-5ac and alanine, serine, cysteine, and threonine transporter-1 (P < 0.05) only in the NE18 challenged birds. The challenge with NE36 significantly upregulated caspase-8 and claudin-1 (P < 0.001), but downregulated glucose transporter-2 (P < 0.001) compared with the NE18 challenge. These results suggest that NE challenge is detrimental to the performance of broilers through compromised intestinal health, and different C. perfringens strains can affect the severity of the disease through modulating the expression of intestinal genes encoding proteins responsible for apoptosis, gut integrity, immunity, mucus production, and nutrient transporters.
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Modulations of genes related to gut integrity, apoptosis, and immunity underlie the beneficial effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 in broilers fed diets with different protein levels in a necrotic enteritis challenge model. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:104. [PMID: 33088501 PMCID: PMC7566066 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ban of in-feed antimicrobial additives has negatively affected the poultry industry by causing necrotic enteritis (NE) to emerge in the flocks. Alternatives such as Bacillus probiotics have shown to be effective on eliminating the negative effects of this disease. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 (BA) in broiler chickens under NE challenge and/or fed diets with different protein levels. Methods In both experiments, 480 day-old mix-sexed Ross-308 broilers were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. In experiment 1, the factors were NE challenge (yes or no) and probiotic (yes or no). In experiment 2, the factors were dietary crude protein levels (standard or reduced) and probiotic (yes or no) and were used under NE challenge condition. Oral administration of Eimeria oocysts (day 9) followed by inoculation with Clostridium perfringens (day 14 and 15) was used to induce NE challenge. On day 16, two birds from each treatment were gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) and blood samples were collected for gut integrity evaluation, and jejunal samples were collected for gene expression assay. Results In experiment 1, BA supplementation decreased caspase-3 (CASP3) (P < 0.001) and caspase-8 (CASP8) (P < 0.05) and increased occludin (OCLD) (P < 0.05) expression regardless of the challenge. Additionally, BA supplementation downregulated interfron-γ (IFN-γ) expression (P < 0.01) and upregulated immunoglobulin-G (IgG) (P < 0.01) and immunoglobulin-M (IgM) (P < 0.05) only in challenged birds. In experiment 2, the expression of genes encoding mucin-2 (MUC2) (P < 0.001), tight junction protein-1 (TJP1) (P < 0.05) and OCLD (P < 0.05) were upregulated by the addition of BA in the diet, regardless of the crude protein level. Further, BA supplementation downregulated INF-γ (P < 0.01) and upregulated immunoglobulin-A (IgA) (P < 0.05), IgM (P < 0.05) and IgG (P < 0.01) regardless of the crude protein level. Conclusion These findings suggest that supplementation of BA in broiler diets can improve gut health by modulation of genes related to the mucosal barrier, tight junction, and immunity in broilers challenged by unfavourable conditions such as NE challenge.
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Identification of Reference Genes in Chicken Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Natural Killer Cells Infected with Very-virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8561. [PMID: 32444639 PMCID: PMC7244580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations in the range of antibodies recognising avian viruses, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is still the most widely used method to evaluate the expression of immunologically related genes in avian viruses. The objective of this study was to identify suitable reference genes for mRNA expression analysis in chicken intraepithelial lymphocyte natural killer (IEL-NK) cells after infection with very-virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). Fifteen potential reference genes were selected based on the references available. The coefficient of variation percentage (CV%) and average count of these 15 genes were determined by NanoString technology for control and infected samples. The M and V values for shortlisted reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, HMBS, HPRT1, SDHA, TUBB1 and YWHAZ) were calculated using geNorm and NormFinder. GAPDH, YWHAZ and HMBS were the most stably expressed genes. The expression levels of three innate immune response related target genes, CASP8, IL22 and TLR3, agreed in the NanoString and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) results using one or two reference genes for normalisation (not HMBS). In conclusion, GAPDH and YWHAZ could be used as reference genes for the normalisation of chicken IEL-NK cell gene responses to infection with vvIBDV.
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Hassanpour H, Aghajani Z, Bahadoran S, Farhadi N, Nazari H, Kaewduangta W. Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in ovary and uterus of laying hens under heat stress. Stress 2019; 22:387-394. [PMID: 30806126 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1574294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The main stage in real-time quantitative PCR is a quantification of gene transcriptomes, in which suitable use of reliable reference genes is critical to normalize accurately. To determine the most stable reference genes in laying hens under heat stress, from a panel of nine typical candidate reference genes, the mRNA transcript of ACTB, HMBS, HPRT1, RPL13, RPL32, 18SrRNA, TBP, TFRC, and YWHAZ was evaluated in the ovary and uterus of both control and heat-stress groups of laying hens. Forty 23-week-old White Leghorn laying hens were housed in two rooms. The control (n = 20) and heat-stress (n = 20) groups were maintained at 21-23 °C and 36-38 °C for 8 weeks respectively. Analysis of this set of genes was done with BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder software programs to find the most stable ones. Candidate reference genes ranked in the uterus of heat-stress and control groups of hens included YWHAZ, HPRT1, HMBS, RPL13, TFRC, ACTB, TBP, RPL32, and 18SrRNA; those in the ovary were YWHAZ, HPRT1, TFRC, HMBS, RPL13, TBP, RPL32, ACTB, and 18SrRNA. The overall results indicated that the most stable genes are YWHAZ, HPRT1, HMBS, RPL13, TFRC, TBP, ACTB, RPL32, and 18SrRNA respectively. In addition, the combination of YWHAZ, HPRT1, and HMBS is suggested as the most stable reference group of genes for more accurate quantitative data normalization in the ovarian and uterine tissues of laying hens under control and heat stress conditions. Lay summary Heat stress influences the expression of many genes in the reproductive tissues of birds. Accurate evaluation of these changes via real-time quantitative PCR depends on the determination of reliable reference genes. In this study, nine candidate housekeeping genes were evaluated, and the most stable were YWHAZ, HPRT1, HMBS, RPL13, TFRC, TBP, ACTB, RPL32, and 18SrRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hassanpour
- a Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
- b Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Zahra Aghajani
- a Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Shahab Bahadoran
- c Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Navid Farhadi
- a Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Hasan Nazari
- b Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Waranyoo Kaewduangta
- d Department of Agricultural Technology Faculty of Technology , Mahasarakham University , Mahasarakham , Thailand
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12
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Cowieson AJ, Toghyani M, Kheravii SK, Wu SB, Romero LF, Choct M. A mono-component microbial protease improves performance, net energy, and digestibility of amino acids and starch, and upregulates jejunal expression of genes responsible for peptide transport in broilers fed corn/wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1321-1332. [PMID: 30289499 PMCID: PMC6377439 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 90 male Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a digestibility and performance bioassay to explore the effect of reduction in dietary protein and digestible amino acids and inclusion of an exogenous mono-component protease on amino acid digestibility, net energy, jejunal gene expression, and bird performance. Four dietary treatments were created by the supplementation, or not, of 2 control diets with a mono-component exogenous protease. The control diets were corn/wheat/soybean meal-based and were formulated to be either nutritionally adequate or reduced in protein and amino acids (around 3%). The 2 control diets were supplemented with xylanase and phytase (2000 FYT). Treatments were therefore arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial design. The reduction in diet nutrient density had no significant effect on various experimental outcomes (including bird performance, amino acid digestibility, and net energy [NE]) that were measured with the exception of a reduction in the expression of aminopeptidase N and glucose transporter 2. However, the addition of exogenous protease resulted in an increase in weight gain and a reduction in feed conversion ratio (around 4%; P < 0.05) and an increase in the digestibility of several amino acids (P < 0.05) and starch (P = 0.06). Protease addition also resulted in an increase in both apparent metabolizable energy (AME) (+73 kcal/kg; P < 0.05) and NE (+107 kcal/kg; P < 0.05). The addition of exogenous protease to the diet also increased the jejunal expression of genes responsible for peptide transport (PepT2; P < 0.01) and starch digestion (sucrase isomaltase; P = 0.06). These results confirm the efficacy of exogenous protease in broiler diets that contain both xylanase and phytase and suggest substantial beneficial effects that extend beyond protein and amino acid nutrition. The effect of exogenous protease on energy partitioning, starch digestibility and the efficiency of nitrogen cycling is an area for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - M Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - L F Romero
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - M Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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13
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Hassanpour H, Bahadoran S, Farhadfar F, Chamali ZF, Nazari H, Kaewduangta W. Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in lung and heart of pulmonary hypertensive chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4048-4056. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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14
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Selection and validation of suitable reference genes for qPCR gene expression analysis in goats and sheep under Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), lineage IV infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15969. [PMID: 30374051 PMCID: PMC6206032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of suitable candidate reference genes is an important prerequisite for validating the gene expression data obtained from downstream analysis of RNA sequencing using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Though existence of a universal reference gene is myth, commonly used reference genes can be assessed for expression stability to confer their suitability to be used as candidate reference genes in gene expression studies. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of ten most commonly used reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, HSP90, HMBS, 18S rRNA, B2M, POLR2A, HPRT1, ACAC, YWHAZ) in fourteen different Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infected tissues of goats and sheep. RefFinder and RankAggreg software were used to deduce comprehensive ranking of reference genes. Our results suggested HMBS and B2M in goats and HMBS and HPRT1 in sheep can be used as suitable endogenous controls in gene expression studies of PPRV infection irrespective of tissues and condition as a whole, thus eliminating the use of tissue specific/ condition specific endogenous controls. We report for the first time suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in PPRV infected tissues. The reference genes determined here can be useful for future studies on gene expression in sheep and goat infected with PPRV, thus saving extra efforts and time of repeating the reference gene determination and validation.
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15
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Co-expulsion of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum by chickens. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:1003-1016. [PMID: 30240707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Worm expulsion is known to occur in mammalian hosts exposed to mono-species helminth infections, whilst this phenomenon is poorly described in avian hosts. Mono-species infections, however, are rather rare under natural circumstances. Therefore, we quantified the extent and duration of worm expulsion by chickens experimentally infected with both Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum, and investigated the accompanying humoral and cell-mediated host immune responses in association with population dynamics of the worms. Results demonstrated the strong co-expulsion of the two ascarid species in three phases. The expulsion patterns were characterized by non-linear alterations separated by species-specific time thresholds. Ascaridia galli burden decreased at a daily expulsion rate (e) of 4.3 worms up to a threshold of 30.5 days p.i., followed by a much lower second expulsion rate (e = 0.46), which resulted in almost, but not entirely, complete expulsion. Heterakis gallinarum was able to induce reinfection within the experimental period (9 weeks). First generation H. gallinarum worms were expelled at a daily rate of e = 0.8 worms until 36.4 days p.i., and thereafter almost no expulsion occurred. Data on both humoral and tissue-specific cellular immune responses collectively indicated that antibody production in chickens with multispecies ascarid infections is triggered by Th2 polarisation. Local Th2 immune responses and mucin-regulating genes are associated with the regulation of worm expulsion. In conclusion, the chicken host is able to eliminate the vast majority of both A. galli and H. gallinarum in three distinct phases. Worm expulsion was strongly associated with the developmental stages of the worms, where the elimination of juvenile stages was specifically targeted. A very small percentage of worms was nevertheless able to survive, reach maturity and induce reinfection if given sufficient time to complete their life cycle. Both humoral and local immune responses were associated with worm expulsion.
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Zhang P, Ding Z, Liu X, Chen Y, Li J, Tao Z, Fei Y, Xue C, Qian J, Wang X, Li Q, Stoeger T, Chen J, Bi Y, Yin R. Enhanced Replication of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken Macrophages Is due to Polarized Activation of Cells by Inhibition of TLR7. Front Immunol 2018; 9:366. [PMID: 29670609 PMCID: PMC5893744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by infections with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is one of the most important infectious disease affecting wild, peridomestic, and domestic birds worldwide. Vaccines constructed from live, low-virulence (lentogenic) viruses are the most accepted prevention and control strategies for combating ND in poultry across the globe. Avian macrophages are one of the first cell lines of defense against microbial infection, responding to signals in the microenvironment. Although macrophages are considered to be one of the main target cells for NDV infection in vivo, very little is known about the ability of NDV to infect chicken macrophages, and virulence mechanisms of NDV as well as the polarized activation patterns of macrophages and correlation with viral infection and replication. In the present study, a cell culture model (chicken bone marrow macrophage cell line HD11) and three different virulence and genotypes of NDV (including class II virulent NA-1, class II lentogenic LaSota, and class I lentogenic F55) were used to solve the above underlying questions. Our data indicated that all three NDV strains had similar replication rates during the early stages of infection. Virulent NDV titers were shown to increase compared to the other lentogenic strains, and this growth was associated with a strong upregulation of both pro-inflammatory M1-like markers/cytokines and anti-inflammatory M2-like markers/cytokines in chicken macrophages. Virulent NDV was found to block toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 expression, inducing higher expression of type I interferons in chicken macrophages at the late stage of viral infection. Only virulent NDV replication can be inhibited by pretreatment with TLR7 ligand. Overall, this study demonstrated that virulent NDV activates a M1-/M2-like mixed polarized activation of chicken macrophages by inhibition of TLR7, resulting in enhanced replication compared to lentogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingze Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junjiao Li
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi Tao
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidong Fei
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Xue
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renfu Yin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Katarzyńska-Banasik D, Grzesiak M, Sechman A. Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in chicken ovary following silver nanoparticle treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:186-190. [PMID: 28946009 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reliable results of quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) analysis require normalization of target gene expression level using reference genes (RGs). However housekeeping genes expression may vary under experimental conditions, so selection of the proper RGs is a crucial step in a qPCR analysis. Several algorithms have been developed to address this problem: geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. In this study, we have used these three tools to evaluate the stability of RGs in the ovarian tissues of hens treated with silver nanoparticles. Eight genes were selected for the validation: HPRT, HMBS, VIM, SDHA, TBP, RPL13, GAPDH and 18S rRNA. According to geNorm the best combination of reference genes is SDHA and TPP. NormFinder also selected SDHA as the most suitable gene, but in combination with RPL13. Analysis in BestKeeper showed that SDHA, RPL13 might be the best choice in gene expression studies using the chicken ovary. In conclusion, the results obtained depend on the algorithm used and it arises from the diverse calculation strategies used in these programs. The outcome from the NormFinder is considered to be the most trustworthy and used in further qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Grzesiak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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18
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Khan S, Roberts J, Wu SB. Reference gene selection for gene expression study in shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with infectious bronchitis virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14271. [PMID: 29079779 PMCID: PMC5660252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten reference genes were investigated for normalisation of candidate target gene expression data in the shell gland and spleen of laying hens challenged with two strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Data were analysed with geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, and a comprehensive ranking (geomean) was calculated. In the combined data set of IBV challenged shell gland samples, the comprehensive ranking showed TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) as the two most stable, and succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A (SDHA) and albumin (ALB) as the two least stable reference genes. In the spleen, and in the combined data set of the shell gland and spleen, the two most stable and the two least stable reference genes were TBP and YWHAZ, and ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) and ALB, respectively. Different ranking has been due to different algorithms. Validation studies showed that the use of the two most stable reference genes produced accurate and more robust gene expression data. The two most and least stable reference genes obtained in the study, were further used for candidate target gene expression data normalisation of the shell gland and spleen under an IBV infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Juliet Roberts
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia.
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Downregulation of ALAS1 by nicarbazin treatment underlies the reduced synthesis of protoporphyrin IX in shell gland of laying hens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6253. [PMID: 28740143 PMCID: PMC5524794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shell colour is an important trait for eggs and an understanding of pigment deposition will assist potential management of egg shell colour loss. We demonstrated that nicarbazin feeding down-regulated ALAS1 and reduced protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) in both shell gland and eggshell, indicating the role of nicarbazin in inhibiting the synthesis of PP IX. Additionally, the expression levels of the genes did not show sequential upregulation in the same order of diurnal time-points (TP) during egg formation. The gene SLC25A38, responsible for transporting glycine from cytoplasm to mitochondria, and the gene ALAS1, encoding rate-limiting enzyme (delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1), had higher expression at 15 hr, as compared with 2, 5 and 23.5 hrs postoviposition. Interestingly, ABCB6, a gene encoding an enzyme responsible for transporting coproporphyrinogen III, showed higher expression level at 2 and 5 hrs. However, the expression of CPOX that converts coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen III, and ABCG2 that transports PP IX out from mitochondria did not alter. Nevertheless, mitochondrial count per cell did not show consistent change in response to time-points postoviposition and nicarbazin feeding. The information obtained in the study sheds light on how nicarbazin disrupts the synthesis of PP IX.
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20
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Reference gene selection for the shell gland of laying hens in response to time-points of eggshell formation and nicarbazin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180432. [PMID: 28671969 PMCID: PMC5495395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten reference genes were investigated for normalization of gene expression data in the shell gland of laying hens. Analyses performed with geNorm revealed that hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) were the two most stable reference genes in response to post-oviposition time alone (POT) or with nicarbazin treatment (POT+N) of laying hens. NormFinder analyses showed that the two most stable reference genes in response to POT and POT+N were 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) and HMBS, RPL4, respectively. BestKeeper analyses showed that 18S rRNA, RPL4 and HPRT1, HMBS were the two most stable reference genes for POT, and POT+N, respectively. Of the ten reference genes, all except B2M showed geNorm M <0.5, suggesting that they were stably expressed in the shell gland tissue. Consensus from these three programs suggested HPRT1 and HMBS could be used as the two most stable reference genes in the present study. Expression analyses of four candidate target genes with the two most and the two least stable genes showed that a combination of stable reference genes leads to more discriminable quantification of expression levels of target genes, while the least stable genes failed to do so. Therefore, HMBS and HPRT1 are recommended as the two most stable reference genes for the normalization of gene expression data at different stages of eggshell formation in brown-egg laying hens. Available statistical programs for reference gene ranking should include more robust analysis capability to analyse the gene expression data generated from factorial design experiments.
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Zhang S, Chen C, Xie T, Ye S. Identification and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR studies of the obligate aphid pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis during different developmental stages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179930. [PMID: 28672012 PMCID: PMC5495205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of stable reference genes is a critical step for the accurate quantification of gene expression. To identify and validate the reference genes in Pandora neoaphidis–an obligate aphid pathogenic fungus—the expression of 13classical candidate reference genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) at four developmental stages (conidia, conidia with germ tubes, short hyphae and elongated hyphae). Four statistical algorithms, including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Delta Ct method were used to rank putative reference genes according to their expression stability and indicate the best reference gene or combination of reference genes for accurate normalization. The analysis of comprehensive ranking revealed that ACT1and 18Swas the most stably expressed genes throughout the developmental stages. To further validate the suitability of the reference genes identified in this study, the expression of cell division control protein 25 (CDC25) and Chitinase 1(CHI1) genes were used to further confirm the validated candidate reference genes. Our study presented the first systematic study of reference gene(s) selection for P. neoaphidis study and provided guidelines to obtain more accurate qPCR results for future developmental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Zhang
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Chen
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tingna Xie
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sudan Ye
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Batra A, Maier HJ, Fife MS. Selection of reference genes for gene expression analysis by real-time qPCR in avian cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:173-180. [PMID: 27624876 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1235258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis in poultry, a respiratory disease that is a source of major economic loss to the poultry industry. Detection and the study of the molecular pathogenesis of the virus often involve the use of real-time quantitative PCR assays (qPCR). To account for error within the experiments, the levels of target gene transcription are normalized to that of suitable reference genes. Despite publication of the MIQE (Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments) guidelines in 2009, single un-tested reference genes are often used for normalization of qPCR assays in avian research studies. Here, we use the geNorm algorithm to identify suitable reference genes in different avian cell types during infection with apathogenic and pathogenic strains of IBV. We discuss the importance of selecting an appropriate experimental sample subset for geNorm analysis, and show the effect that this selection can have on resultant reference gene selection. The effects of inappropriate normalization on the transcription pattern of a cellular signalling gene, AKT1, and the interferon-inducible, MX1, were studied. We identify the possibility of the misinterpretation of qPCR data when an inappropriate normalization strategy is employed. This is most notable when measuring the transcription of AKT1, where changes are minimal during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambalika Batra
- a Avian Viral Diseases , The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright , UK
- b Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Helena J Maier
- a Avian Viral Diseases , The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright , UK
| | - Mark S Fife
- a Avian Viral Diseases , The Pirbright Institute , Pirbright , UK
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Simon Á, Jávor A, Bai P, Oláh J, Czeglédi L. Reference gene selection for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in chicken hypothalamus under different feeding status. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:286-296. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Á. Simon
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - A. Jávor
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - P. Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism Research Group; Debrecen Hungary
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - J. Oláh
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - L. Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science; Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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Gentile AM, Lhamyani S, Coín-Aragüez L, Oliva-Olivera W, Zayed H, Vega-Rioja A, Monteseirin J, Romero-Zerbo SY, Tinahones FJ, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, El Bekay R. RPL13A and EEF1A1 Are Suitable Reference Genes for qPCR during Adipocyte Differentiation of Vascular Stromal Cells from Patients with Different BMI and HOMA-IR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157002. [PMID: 27304673 PMCID: PMC4909211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time or quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a useful technique that requires reliable reference genes for data normalization in gene expression analysis. Adipogenesis is among the biological processes suitable for this technique. The selection of adequate reference genes is essential for qPCR gene expression analysis of human Vascular Stromal Cells (hVSCs) during their differentiation into adipocytes. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies validating reference genes for the analyses of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue hVSCs from subjects with different Body Mass Index (BMI) and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. The present study was undertaken to analyze this question. We first analyzed the stability of expression of five potential reference genes: CYC, GAPDH, RPL13A, EEF1A1, and 18S ribosomal RNA, during in vitro adipogenic differentiation, in samples from these types of patients. The expression of RPL13A and EEF1A1 was not affected by differentiation, thus being these genes the most stable candidates, while CYC, GAPDH, and 18S were not suitable for this sort of analysis. This work highlights that RPL13A and EEF1A1 are good candidates as reference genes for qPCR analysis of hVSCs differentiation into adipocytes from subjects with different BMI and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Said Lhamyani
- IBIMA, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29010, Málaga, España
| | - Leticia Coín-Aragüez
- CIBER Pathophysiology of obesity and nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, 29010, Spain, Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Wilfredo Oliva-Olivera
- CIBER Pathophysiology of obesity and nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, 29010, Spain, Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail: (AVR); (FJBS); (REB)
| | - Javier Monteseirin
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Silvana-Yanina Romero-Zerbo
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco-José Tinahones
- CIBER Pathophysiology of obesity and nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, 29010, Spain, Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Malaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Bermúdez-Silva
- Unidad de Gestion Clínica Intercentros de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga/Universidad de Málaga, 29009, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail: (AVR); (FJBS); (REB)
| | - Rajaa El Bekay
- CIBER Pathophysiology of obesity and nutrition CB06/03, Carlos III Health Institute, Malaga, 29010, Spain, Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Virgen de la Victoria Clinical University Hospital, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- * E-mail: (AVR); (FJBS); (REB)
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Rao YS, Li J, Zhang R, Lin XR, Xu JG, Xie L, Xu ZQ, Wang L, Gan JK, Xie XJ, He J, Zhang XQ. Copy number variation identification and analysis of the chicken genome using a 60K SNP BeadChip. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1750-6. [PMID: 27118864 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is an important source of genetic variation in organisms and a main factor that affects phenotypic variation. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and facilitate future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. In the present study, an F2 full-sib chicken population (554 individuals), established from a cross between Xinghua and White Recessive Rock chickens, was used to explore CNV in the chicken genome. Genotyping was performed using a chicken 60K SNP BeadChip. A total of 1,875 CNV were detected with the PennCNV algorithm, and the average number of CNV was 3.42 per individual. The CNV were distributed across 383 independent CNV regions (CNVR) and covered 41 megabases (3.97%) of the chicken genome. Seven CNVR in 108 individuals were validated by quantitative real-time PCR, and 81 of these individuals (75%) also were detected with the PennCNV algorithm. In total, 274 CNVR (71.54%) identified in the current study were previously reported. Of these, 147 (38.38%) were reported in at least 2 studies. Additionally, 109 of the CNVR (28.46%) discovered here are novel. A total of 709 genes within or overlapping with the CNVR was retrieved. Out of the 2,742 quantitative trait loci (QTL) collected in the chicken QTL database, 43 QTL had confidence intervals overlapping with the CNVR, and 32 CNVR encompassed one or more functional genes. The functional genes located in the CNVR are likely to be the QTG that are associated with underlying economic traits. This study considerably expands our insight into the structural variation in the genome of chickens and provides an important resource for genomic variation, especially for genomic structural variation related to economic traits in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - J Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - R Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - X R Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - J G Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Biological Technology, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - L Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Q Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - L Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - J K Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - X J Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - J He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - X Q Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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Chen C, Xie T, Ye S, Jensen AB, Eilenberg J. Selection of reference genes for expression analysis in the entomophthoralean fungus Pandora neoaphidis. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:259-65. [PMID: 26887253 PMCID: PMC4822748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of suitable reference genes is crucial for accurate quantification of gene expression and can add to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. To identify suitable reference genes in Pandora neoaphidis, an obligate aphid pathogenic fungus, the expression of three traditional candidate genes including 18S rRNA(18S), 28S rRNA(28S) and elongation factor 1 alpha-like protein (EF1), were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction at different developmental stages (conidia, conidia with germ tubes, short hyphae and elongated hyphae), and under different nutritional conditions. We calculated the expression stability of candidate reference genes using four algorithms including geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and Delta Ct. The analysis results revealed that the comprehensive ranking of candidate reference genes from the most stable to the least stable was 18S (1.189), 28S (1.414) and EF1 (3). The 18S was, therefore, the most suitable reference gene for real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression under all conditions. These results will support further studies on gene expression in P. neoaphidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Tingna Xie
- China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sudan Ye
- Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Borowska D, Rothwell L, Bailey RA, Watson K, Kaiser P. Identification of stable reference genes for quantitative PCR in cells derived from chicken lymphoid organs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 170:20-4. [PMID: 26872627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a powerful technique for quantification of gene expression, especially genes involved in immune responses. Although qPCR is a very efficient and sensitive tool, variations in the enzymatic efficiency, quality of RNA and the presence of inhibitors can lead to errors. Therefore, qPCR needs to be normalised to obtain reliable results and allow comparison. The most common approach is to use reference genes as internal controls in qPCR analyses. In this study, expression of seven genes, including β-actin (ACTB), β-2-microglobulin (B2M), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-glucuronidase (GUSB), TATA box binding protein (TBP), α-tubulin (TUBAT) and 28S ribosomal RNA (r28S), was determined in cells isolated from chicken lymphoid tissues and stimulated with three different mitogens. The stability of the genes was measured using geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. The results from both geNorm and NormFinder were that the three most stably expressed genes in this panel were TBP, GAPDH and r28S. BestKeeper did not generate clear answers because of the highly heterogeneous sample set. Based on these data we will include TBP in future qPCR normalisation. The study shows the importance of appropriate reference gene normalisation in other tissues before qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Borowska
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - L Rothwell
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - R A Bailey
- Aviagen Ltd., Edinburgh EH28 8SZ, United Kingdom
| | - K Watson
- Aviagen Ltd., Edinburgh EH28 8SZ, United Kingdom
| | - P Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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Construction and immunological evaluation of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing HN of Newcastle disease virus and DC- targeting peptide fusion protein. J Biotechnol 2015; 216:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Identification of suitable reference gene in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Yin R, Liu X, Bi Y, Xie G, Zhang P, Meng X, Ai L, Xu R, Sun Y, Stoeger T, Ding Z. Expression of Raf kinase inhibitor protein is downregulated in response to Newcastle disease virus infection to promote viral replication. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2579-2586. [PMID: 26297355 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a severe and economically significant disease affecting almost the entire poultry industry worldwide. However, factors that affect NDV replication in host cells are poorly understood. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a physiological inhibitor of c-RAF kinase and NF-κB signalling, known for their functions in the control of immune response as well as tumour invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of overexpression of host RKIP during viral infection. We demonstrate that NDV infection represses RKIP expression thereby promoting virus replication. Experimental upregulation of RKIP in turn acts as a potential antiviral defence mechanism in host cells that restricts NDV replication by repressing the activation of Raf/MEK/ERK and IκBα/NF-κB signalling pathways. Our results not only extend the concept of linking NDV-host interactions, but also reveal RKIP as a new class of protein-kinase-inhibitor protein that affects NDV replication with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfu Yin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- College of Quartermaster Technology Science, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guangyao Xie
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Pingze Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Lili Ai
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Rongyi Xu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Yuzhang Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Nanjing Road 369, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, PR China
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Road 5333, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
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31
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Olias P, Adam I, Meyer A, Scharff C, Gruber AD. Reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in multiple avian species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99678. [PMID: 24926893 PMCID: PMC4057121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) rapidly and reliably quantifies gene expression levels across different experimental conditions. Selection of suitable reference genes is essential for meaningful normalization and thus correct interpretation of data. In recent years, an increasing number of avian species other than the chicken has been investigated molecularly, highlighting the need for an experimentally validated pan-avian primer set for reference genes. Here we report testing a set for 14 candidate reference genes (18S, ABL, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT, PGK1, RPL13, RPL19, RPS7, SDHA, TFRC, VIM, YWHAZ) on different tissues of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), common crane (Grus grus), white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo f. domestica), cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), Humboldt penguin (Sphenicus humboldti), ostrich (Struthio camelus) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), spanning a broad range of the phylogenetic tree of birds. Primer pairs for six to 11 genes were successfully established for each of the nine species. As a proof of principle, we analyzed expression levels of 10 candidate reference genes as well as FOXP2 and the immediate early genes, EGR1 and CFOS, known to be rapidly induced by singing in the avian basal ganglia. We extracted RNA from microbiopsies of the striatal song nucleus Area X of adult male zebra finches after they had sang or remained silent. Using three different statistical algorithms, we identified five genes (18S, PGK1, RPS7, TFRC, YWHAZ) that were stably expressed within each group and also between the singing and silent conditions, establishing them as suitable reference genes. In conclusion, the newly developed pan-avian primer set allows accurate normalization and quantification of gene expression levels in multiple avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Olias
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Adam
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Behavior, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Meyer
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constance Scharff
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Behavior, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Analysis of early dengue virus infection in mice as modulated by Aedes aegypti probing. J Virol 2013; 88:1881-9. [PMID: 24198426 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01218-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), the etiologic agent of dengue fever, is transmitted during probing of human skin by infected-mosquito bite. The expectorated viral inoculum also contains an assortment of mosquito salivary proteins that have been shown to modulate host hemostasis and innate immune responses. To examine the potential role of mosquito probing in DENV establishment within the vertebrate host, we inoculated mice intradermally with DENV serotype 2 strain 1232 at sites where Aedes aegypti had or had not probed immediately prior. We assayed these sites 3 h postinoculation with transcript arrays for the Toll-like receptor (TLR), RIG-I-like receptor, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways of the innate immune system. We then chose TLR7, transcription factor p65 (RelA), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) from the arrays for further investigation and assayed these transcripts at 10 min, 3 h, and 6 h postinoculation. The transcripts for TLR7, RelA, IFN-γ, and IP-10 were significantly downregulated between 2- and 3-fold in the group subjected to mosquito probing relative to the virus-only inoculation group at 3 h postinoculation. A reduction in these transcripts could indicate reduced DENV recognition and antigen presentation and diminished inhibition of viral replication and spread. Further, mosquito probing resulted in viremia titers significantly higher than those in mice that did not receive probing. A. aegypti probing has a significant effect on the innate immune response to DENV infection and generates an early immune environment more permissive to the establishment of infection.
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33
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Yang F, Lei X, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Tang C, Yue H. Selection of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:402. [PMID: 24099561 PMCID: PMC3851545 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The selection of stably expressed reference genes is a prerequisite when evaluating gene expression, via real-time PCR, in cells in response to viral infections. The objective of our study was to identify suitable reference genes for mRNA expression analysis in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) after infection with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J). Findings The expression levels of 11 potential reference genes in CEF infected with ALV-J were determined by real-time PCR. The expression stability of these genes were analyzed and ranked using the geNorm tool. Analysis indicated that the genes RPL30 (ribosomal protein L30) and SDHA (succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A) were the most stably expressed genes in the ALV-J infected CEF. Conclusions The RPL30 and SDHA were deemed suitable for use as reference genes for real-time PCR analysis of mRNA gene expression during ALV-J infection, whereas commonly used ACTB and GAPDH are unsuitable to be reference genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falong Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Kianianmomeni A, Hallmann A. Validation of reference genes for quantitative gene expression studies in Volvox carteri using real-time RT-PCR. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6691-9. [PMID: 24057254 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a sensitive technique for analysis of gene expression under a wide diversity of biological conditions. However, the identification of suitable reference genes is a critical factor for analysis of gene expression data. To determine potential reference genes for normalization of qRT-PCR data in the green alga Volvox carteri, the transcript levels of ten candidate reference genes were measured by qRT-PCR in three experimental sample pools containing different developmental stages, cell types and stress treatments. The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was then calculated using the algorithms geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. The genes for 18S ribosomal RNA (18S) and eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1α2 (eef1) turned out to have the most stable expression levels among the samples both from different developmental stages and different stress treatments. The genes for the ribosomal protein L23 (rpl23) and the TATA-box binding protein (tbpA) showed equivalent transcript levels in the comparison of different cell types, and therefore, can be used as reference genes for cell-type specific gene expression analysis. Our results indicate that more than one reference gene is required for accurate normalization of qRT-PCRs in V. carteri. The reference genes in our study show a much better performance than the housekeeping genes used as a reference in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kianianmomeni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany,
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35
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Prokopec SD, Buchner NB, Fox NS, Chong LC, Mak DY, Watson JD, Petronis A, Pohjanvirta R, Boutros PC. Validating reference genes within a mouse model system of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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36
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Lin J, Redies C. Histological evidence: housekeeping genes beta-actin and GAPDH are of limited value for normalization of gene expression. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 222:369-76. [PMID: 23099774 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Housekeeping genes are widely used as internal controls for gene expression normalization for western blotting, northern blotting, RT-PCR, etc. They are generally thought to be expressed in all cells of the organism at similar levels because it is assumed that these genes are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function as constitutive genes. However, real-time RT-PCR experiments revealed that their expression may vary depending on the developmental stage, type of tissue examined, experimental condition, and so on. To date, no histological data on their expression are available for embryonic development. In the present study, we compared the histological expression profile of two commonly used housekeeping genes, GAPDH and beta-actin, in the developing chicken embryo by using section and whole mount in situ hybridization supplemented by RT-PCR. Our results show that neither GAPDH mRNA nor beta-actin mRNA is expressed in all cell types or tissues at high levels. Strikingly, expression levels are very low in some organs. Moreover, the two genes show partially complementary expression patterns in the liver, the vascular system and the digestive tract. For example, GAPDH is more strongly expressed in the liver than beta-actin, but at lower levels in the arteries. Vice versa, beta-actin is more strongly expressed in the gizzard than GAPDH, but it is almost absent from cardiac muscle cells. Researchers should consider these histological results when using GAPGD and beta-actin for gene expression normalization in their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Xing F, Matsumiya T, Onomoto K, Hayakari R, Imaizumi T, Yoshida H, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Satoh K. Foreign RNA induces the degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS): the role of intracellular antiviral factors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45136. [PMID: 23028806 PMCID: PMC3444469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is an essential adaptor molecule that is responsible for antiviral signaling triggered by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), leading to the induction of type I interferon in innate immunity. Previous studies have shown that certain viruses evade the innate immune response by cleaving the MAVS protein. However, little is known about how MAVS is regulated in response to foreign RNA, including both single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) RNA, because most previous reports have shown that the cleavage of MAVS is executed by proteases that are induced or activated by the invading RNA viruses. Here, we report that MAVS mRNA is degraded in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), a synthetic dsRNA, in A549 cells. RNA interference (RNAi) experiments revealed that both ssRNA- and dsRNA-associated pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) were not involved in the degradation of MAVS mRNA. Foreign RNA also induced the transient degradation of the MAVS protein. In the resting state, the MAVS protein was protected from degradation by interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3); moreover, the dimerization of IRF3 appeared to be correlated with the rescue of protein degradation in response to polyI:C. The overexpression of MAVS enhanced interferon-β (IFN-β) expression in response to polyI:C, suggesting that the degradation of MAVS contributes to the suppression of the hyper-immune reaction in late-phase antiviral signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that the comprehensive regulation of MAVS in response to foreign RNA may be essential to antiviral host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Koji Onomoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yoneyama
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Satoh
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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