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Jindal AK, Ahluwalia J, Suku R, Suri D, Nuytemans K, Ortel TL, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM, Singh S. Successful Management of Catastrophic Thrombotic Storm in a Young Boy: A Case Report From Northern India. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2021; 43:e1132-e1135. [PMID: 33560088 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic storm is a rare clinical entity characterized by acute to subacute thrombosis developing at multiple sites over a few days to a few weeks. An 11-year-old boy presented with headache and facial nerve palsy. He was found to have cortical sinus venous thrombosis and was initiated on low molecular weight heparin, but rapidly progressed with thromboses involving the pulmonary arteries and deep veins of the legs. Thereafter managed on high-dose unfractionated heparin, he eventually stabilized after a hospital stay of 34 days. Genetic analysis showed potentially pathogenic variants in the factor V and stabilin-2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmina Ahluwalia
- Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajiv Suku
- Department of Paediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit
| | - Deepti Suri
- Department of Paediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit
| | - Karen Nuytemans
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Thomas L Ortel
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Durham, NC
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit
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2
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Aggrecan, the Primary Weight-Bearing Cartilage Proteoglycan, Has Context-Dependent, Cell-Directive Properties in Embryonic Development and Neurogenesis: Aggrecan Glycan Side Chain Modifications Convey Interactive Biodiversity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1244. [PMID: 32867198 PMCID: PMC7564073 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines aggrecan's roles in developmental embryonic tissues, in tissues undergoing morphogenetic transition and in mature weight-bearing tissues. Aggrecan is a remarkably versatile and capable proteoglycan (PG) with diverse tissue context-dependent functional attributes beyond its established role as a weight-bearing PG. The aggrecan core protein provides a template which can be variably decorated with a number of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains including keratan sulphate (KS), human natural killer trisaccharide (HNK-1) and chondroitin sulphate (CS). These convey unique tissue-specific functional properties in water imbibition, space-filling, matrix stabilisation or embryonic cellular regulation. Aggrecan also interacts with morphogens and growth factors directing tissue morphogenesis, remodelling and metaplasia. HNK-1 aggrecan glycoforms direct neural crest cell migration in embryonic development and is neuroprotective in perineuronal nets in the brain. The ability of the aggrecan core protein to assemble CS and KS chains at high density equips cartilage aggrecan with its well-known water-imbibing and weight-bearing properties. The importance of specific arrangements of GAG chains on aggrecan in all its forms is also a primary morphogenetic functional determinant providing aggrecan with unique tissue context dependent regulatory properties. The versatility displayed by aggrecan in biodiverse contexts is a function of its GAG side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
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3
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Sheikh MO, Venzke D, Anderson ME, Yoshida-Moriguchi T, Glushka JN, Nairn AV, Galizzi M, Moremen KW, Campbell KP, Wells L. HNK-1 sulfotransferase modulates α-dystroglycan glycosylation by 3-O-sulfation of glucuronic acid on matriglycan. Glycobiology 2020; 30:817-829. [PMID: 32149355 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in multiple genes required for proper O-mannosylation of α-dystroglycan are causal for congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies and abnormal brain development in mammals. Previously, we and others further elucidated the functional O-mannose glycan structure that is terminated by matriglycan, [(-GlcA-β3-Xyl-α3-)n]. This repeating disaccharide serves as a receptor for proteins in the extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate in vitro that HNK-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST/carbohydrate sulfotransferase) sulfates terminal glucuronyl residues of matriglycan at the 3-hydroxyl and prevents further matriglycan polymerization by the LARGE1 glycosyltransferase. While α-dystroglycan isolated from mouse heart and kidney is susceptible to exoglycosidase digestion of matriglycan, the functional, lower molecular weight α-dystroglycan detected in brain, where HNK-1ST expression is elevated, is resistant. Removal of the sulfate cap by a sulfatase facilitated dual-glycosidase digestion. Our data strongly support a tissue specific mechanism in which HNK-1ST regulates polymer length by competing with LARGE for the 3-position on the nonreducing GlcA of matriglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Venzke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Takako Yoshida-Moriguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John N Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Palhares LC, Brito AS, de Lima MA, Nader HB, London JA, Barsukov IL, Andrade GP, Yates EA, Chavante SF. A further unique chondroitin sulfate from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with antithrombin activity that modulates acute inflammation. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:115031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Persson A, Gomez Toledo A, Vorontsov E, Nasir W, Willén D, Noborn F, Ellervik U, Mani K, Nilsson J, Larson G. LC-MS/MS characterization of xyloside-primed glycosaminoglycans with cytotoxic properties reveals structural diversity and novel glycan modifications. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10202-10219. [PMID: 29739851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans remains a challenge but is essential for determining structure-function relationships between glycosaminoglycans and the biomolecules with which they interact and for gaining insight into the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. We have recently reported that xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast carcinoma cell line, HCC70, has cytotoxic effects and shown that it differs in disaccharide composition from nontoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate derived from a human breast fibroblast cell line, CCD-1095Sk. To further investigate the structural requirements for the cytotoxic effect, we developed a novel LC-MS/MS approach based on reversed-phase dibutylamine ion-pairing chromatography and negative-mode higher-energy collision dissociation and used it in combination with cell growth studies and disaccharide fingerprinting. This strategy enabled detailed structural characterization of linkage regions, internal oligosaccharides, and nonreducing ends, revealing not only differences between xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells and CCD-1095Sk cells, but also sialylation of the linkage region and previously undescribed methylation and sulfation of the nonreducing ends. Although the xyloside-primed chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells was less complex in terms of presence and distribution of iduronic acid than that from CCD-1095Sk cells, both glucuronic acid and iduronic acid appeared to be essential for the cytotoxic effect. Our data have moved us one step closer to understanding the structure of the cytotoxic chondroitin/dermatan sulfate from HCC70 cells primed on xylosides and demonstrate the suitability of the LC-MS/MS approach for structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Persson
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund.,the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Egor Vorontsov
- the Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, and
| | - Waqas Nasir
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Daniel Willén
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Noborn
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Ulf Ellervik
- the Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katrin Mani
- From the Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg
| | - Göran Larson
- the Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Gothenburg,
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2,3-Di-O-sulfo glucuronic acid: An unmodified and unusual residue in a highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate from Litopenaeus vannamei. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 183:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Nuytemans K, Ortel TL, Gomez L, Hofmann N, Alves N, Dueker N, Beecham A, Whitehead P, Hahn Estabrooks S, Kitchens CS, Erkan D, Brandão LR, James AH, Kulkarni R, Manco-Johnson MJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM. Variants in chondroitin sulfate metabolism genes in thrombotic storm. Thromb Res 2017; 161:43-51. [PMID: 29178990 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thrombotic storm (TS) presents as a severe, acute thrombotic phenotype, characterized by multiple clotting events and frequently affecting younger adults. Understanding the extensive hypercoagulation of an extreme phenotype as TS will also provide insight into the pathogenesis of a wider spectrum of thrombotic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS We completed whole exome sequencing on 26 TS patients, including 1 multiplex family, 13 trios and 12 isolated TS patients. We examined both dominant and recessive inheritance models for known thrombotic factors as well as performed a genome-wide screen. Identified genes of interest in the family and trios were screened in the remaining TS patients. Variants were filtered on frequency (<5% in 1000 genomes), conservation and function in gene and were annotated for effect on protein and overall functionality. RESULTS We observed an accumulation of variants in genes linked to chondroitin sulfate (CS), but not heparan sulfate metabolism. Sixteen conserved, rare missense and nonsense variants in genes involved in CS metabolism (CHPF, CHPF2, CHST3, CHST12, CHST15, SLC26A2, PAPSS2, STAB2) were identified in over one-third of the TS patients. In contrast, we identified only seven variants in known thrombosis genes (including FV Leiden). CONCLUSIONS As CS has multiple functions in the glycocalyx protecting the endothelial cells, reduced availability of CS could diminish the normal control mechanisms for blood coagulation, making these CS metabolism genes strong potential risk factors for TS. Overall, no single gene was identified with strong evidence for TS causality; however, our data suggest TS is mediated by an accumulation of rare pro-thrombotic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Nuytemans
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Thomas L Ortel
- Duke University Medical Center, Division of Hematology, Duke Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Lissette Gomez
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Natalia Hofmann
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Natalie Alves
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Nicole Dueker
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Ashley Beecham
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Patrice Whitehead
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Susan Hahn Estabrooks
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Craig S Kitchens
- University of Florida, Division of Hematology and Oncology, 2000 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th Stm, New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - Leonardo R Brandão
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Andra H James
- Duke University Medical Center, Division of Hematology, Duke Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Roshni Kulkarni
- Michigan State University Centers for Bleeding and Clotting Disorders, 788 Service Rd B-216, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Marilyn J Manco-Johnson
- University of Colorado Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, 13199 E. Montview Blvd Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- University of Miami, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Building, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Morise J, Takematsu H, Oka S. The role of human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate in neuronal plasticity and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2455-2461. [PMID: 28709864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate, a unique trisaccharide possessing sulfated glucuronic acid in a non-reducing terminus (HSO3-3GlcAß1-3Galß1-4GlcNAc-), is highly expressed in the nervous system and its spatiotemporal expression is strictly regulated. Mice deficient in the gene encoding a key enzyme, GlcAT-P, of the HNK-1 biosynthetic pathway exhibit almost complete disappearance of the HNK-1 epitope in the brain, significant reduction of long-term potentiation, and aberration of spatial learning and memory formation. In addition to its physiological roles in higher brain function, the HNK-1 carbohydrate has attracted considerable attention as an autoantigen associated with peripheral demyelinative neuropathy, which relates to IgM paraproteinemia, because of high immunogenicity. It has been suggested, however, that serum autoantibodies in IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) antibody-associated neuropathy patients show heterogeneous reactivity to the HNK-1 epitope. SCOPE OF REVIEW We have found that structurally distinct HNK-1 epitopes are expressed in specific proteins in the nervous system. Here, we overview the current knowledge of the involvement of these HNK-1 epitopes in the regulation of neural plasticity and discuss the impact of different HNK-1 antigens of anti-MAG neuropathy patients. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We identified the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 and aggrecan as HNK-1 carrier proteins. The HNK-1 epitope on GluA2 and aggrecan regulates neural plasticity in different ways. Furthermore, we found the clinical relationship between reactivity of autoantibodies to the different HNK-1 epitopes and progression of anti-MAG neuropathy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The HNK-1 epitope is indispensable for the acquisition of normal neuronal function and can be a good target for the establishment of diagnostic criteria for anti-MAG neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoji Morise
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shogo Oka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Kizuka Y. Expression of Neural Glycans and Their Role in Disease. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2017. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1613.2j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Kizuka Y. Expression of Neural Glycans and Their Role in Disease. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2017. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1613.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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Yabuno K, Morise J, Kizuka Y, Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Takahashi S, Miyata S, Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H, Takematsu H, Oka S. A Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Linkage Region is a Novel Type of Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) Epitope Expressed on Aggrecan in Perineuronal Nets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144560. [PMID: 26659409 PMCID: PMC4686076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate (HSO3-3GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) is highly expressed in the brain and required for learning and neural plasticity. We previously demonstrated that expression of the HNK-1 epitope is mostly abolished in knockout mice for GlcAT-P (B3gat1), a major glucuronyltransferase required for HNK-1 biosynthesis, but remained in specific regions such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) in these mutant mice. Considering PNNs are mainly composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and regulate neural plasticity, GlcAT-P-independent expression of HNK-1 in PNNs is suggested to play a role in neural plasticity. However, the function, structure, carrier glycoprotein and biosynthetic pathway for GlcAT-P-irrelevant HNK-1 epitope remain unclear. In this study, we identified a unique HNK-1 structure on aggrecan in PNNs. To determine the biosynthetic pathway for the novel HNK-1, we generated knockout mice for GlcAT-S (B3gat2), the other glucuronyltransferase required for HNK-1 biosynthesis. However, GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S double-knockout mice did not exhibit reduced HNK-1 expression compared with single GlcAT-P-knockout mice, indicating an unusual biosynthetic pathway for the HNK-1 epitope in PNNs. Aggrecan was purified from cultured cells in which GlcAT-P and -S are not expressed and we determined the structure of the novel HNK-1 epitope using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) as a sulfated linkage region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), HSO3-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-R. Taken together, we propose a hypothetical model where GlcAT-I, the sole glucuronyltransferase required for synthesis of the GAG linkage, is also responsible for biosynthesis of the novel HNK-1 on aggrecan. These results could lead to discovery of new roles of the HNK-1 epitope in neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yabuno
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jyoji Morise
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shogo Oka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Prydz K. Determinants of Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Structure. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2003-22. [PMID: 26308067 PMCID: PMC4598785 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are glycosylated proteins of biological importance at cell surfaces, in the extracellular matrix, and in the circulation. PGs are produced and modified by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains in the secretory pathway of animal cells. The most common GAG attachment site is a serine residue followed by a glycine (-ser-gly-), from which a linker tetrasaccharide extends and may continue as a heparan sulfate, a heparin, a chondroitin sulfate, or a dermatan sulfate GAG chain. Which type of GAG chain becomes attached to the linker tetrasaccharide is influenced by the structure of the protein core, modifications occurring to the linker tetrasaccharide itself, and the biochemical environment of the Golgi apparatus, where GAG polymerization and modification by sulfation and epimerization take place. The same cell type may produce different GAG chains that vary, depending on the extent of epimerization and sulfation. However, it is not known to what extent these differences are caused by compartmental segregation of protein cores en route through the secretory pathway or by differential recruitment of modifying enzymes during synthesis of different PGs. The topic of this review is how different aspects of protein structure, cellular biochemistry, and compartmentalization may influence GAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1066, Blindern OSLO 0316, Norway.
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Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H. Amino acid sequence surrounding the chondroitin sulfate attachment site of thrombomodulin regulates chondroitin polymerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:233-7. [PMID: 25772620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) is a cell-surface glycoprotein and a critical mediator of endothelial anticoagulant function. TM exists as both a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (PG) form and a non-PG form lacking a CS chain (α-TM); therefore, TM can be described as a part-time PG. Previously, we reported that α-TM bears an immature, truncated linkage tetrasaccharide structure (GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl). However, the biosynthetic mechanism to generate part-time PGs remains unclear. In this study, we used several mutants to demonstrate that the amino acid sequence surrounding the CS attachment site influences the efficiency of chondroitin polymerization. In particular, the presence of acidic residues surrounding the CS attachment site was indispensable for the elongation of CS. In addition, mutants defective in CS elongation did not exhibit anti-coagulant activity, as in the case with α-TM. Together, these data support a model for CS chain assembly in which specific core protein determinants are recognized by a key biosynthetic enzyme involved in chondroitin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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16
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Sedzik J, Jastrzebski JP, Grandis M. Glycans of myelin proteins. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:1-18. [PMID: 25213400 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human P0 is the main myelin glycoprotein of the peripheral nervous system. It can bind six different glycans, all linked to Asn(93) , the unique glycosylation site. Other myelin glycoproteins, also with a single glycosylation site (PMP22 at Asn(36) , MOG at Asn(31) ), bind only one glycan. The MAG has 10 glycosylation sites; the glycoprotein OMgp has 11 glycosylation sites. Aside from P0, no comprehensive data are available on other myelin glycoproteins. Here we review and analyze all published data on the physicochemical structure of the glycans linked to P0, PMP22, MOG, and MAG. Most data concern bovine P0, whose glycan moieties have an MW ranging from 1,294.56 Da (GP3) to 2,279.94 Da (GP5). The pI of glycosylated P0 protein varies from pH 9.32 to 9.46. The most charged glycan is MS2 containing three sulfate groups and one glucuronic acid; whereas the least charged one is the BA2 residue. All glycans contain one fucose and one galactose. The most mannose rich are the glycans MS2 and GP4, each of them has four mannoses; OPPE1 contains five N-acetylglucosamines and one sulfated glucuronic acid; GP4 contains one sialic acid. Furthermore, human P0 variants causing both gain and loss of glycosylation have been described and cause peripheral neuropathies with variable clinical severity. In particular, the substitution T(95) →M is a very common in Europe and is associated with a late-onset axonal neuropathy. Although peripheral myelin is made up largely of glycoproteins, mutations altering glycosylation have been described only in P0. This attractive avenue of research requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sedzik
- Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Protein Crystallization Facility, Stockholm, Sweden; National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Department of Neuroscience and Bioinformatics, Okazaki, Japan
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17
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Praissman JL, Wells L. Mammalian O-mannosylation pathway: glycan structures, enzymes, and protein substrates. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3066-78. [PMID: 24786756 PMCID: PMC4033628 DOI: 10.1021/bi500153y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
mammalian O-mannosylation pathway for protein post-translational
modification is intricately involved in modulating cell–matrix
interactions in the musculature and nervous system. Defects in enzymes
of this biosynthetic pathway are causative for multiple forms of congenital
muscular dystophy. The application of advanced genetic and biochemical
technologies has resulted in remarkable progress in this field over
the past few years, culminating with the publication of three landmark
papers in 2013 alone. In this review, we will highlight recent progress
focusing on the dramatic expansion of the set of genes known to be
involved in O-mannosylation and disease processes, the concurrent
acceleration of the rate of O-mannosylation pathway protein functional
assignments, the tremendous increase in the number of proteins now
known to be modified by O-mannosylation, and the recent progress in
protein O-mannose glycan quantification and site assignment. Also,
we attempt to highlight key outstanding questions raised by this abundance
of new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Praissman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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18
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Mikami T, Kitagawa H. Biosynthesis and function of chondroitin sulfate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4719-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nakagawa N, Takematsu H, Oka S. HNK-1 sulfotransferase-dependent sulfation regulating laminin-binding glycans occurs in the post-phosphoryl moiety on α-dystroglycan. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1066-74. [PMID: 23723439 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystroglycan (DG) is a cell surface glycoprotein that connects extracellular matrix molecules to the intracellular cytoskeleton, functioning as mechanical and signaling axes in various physiological events. Since the ligand-binding activity of DG strictly depends on O-mannosyl glycans attached to its extracellular α-DG subunit, aberrant glycosylation causes dystroglycanopathy, a subclass of congenital muscular dystrophy. Accumulating evidence shows that like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (LARGE), a glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of a phosphodiester-linked modification on O-mannose, is essential for α-DG to gain the ligand-binding activity. We previously reported that human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST), which was originally reported as one of the enzymes responsible for HNK-1 glycoepitope, had an ability to suppress the glycosylation and the function of α-DG. In this study, we investigated how HNK-1ST regulates the glycosylation of α-DG using deletion and mutation analyses. We generated an α-DG mutant which has only one threonine residue capable of being modified by LARGE. Focusing on the single post-phosphoryl modification site, we found that HNK-1ST showed an almost complete inhibition of the LARGE-dependent modification and transferred a sulfate group to the phosphodiester-linked moiety on O-mannose. Furthermore, using an in vitro enzymatic assay system, we demonstrated that the sulfated α-DG by HNK-1ST is no longer glycosylated by LARGE. These results illustrate one possible glycosylation pathway where α-DG function is regulated by opposing actions of HNK-1ST and LARGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Kizuka Y, Oka S. Regulated expression and neural functions of human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:4135-47. [PMID: 22669261 PMCID: PMC11114532 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate, comprising a unique trisaccharide HSO(3)-3GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, shows well-regulated expression and unique functions in the nervous system. Recent studies have revealed sophisticated and complicated expression mechanisms for HNK-1 glycan. Activities of biosynthetic enzymes are controlled through the formation of enzyme-complexes and regulation of subcellular localization. Functional aspects of HNK-1 carbohydrate were examined by overexpression, knockdown, and knockout studies of these enzymes. HNK-1 is involved in several neural functions such as synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been illustrated upon identification of the target carrier glycoproteins of HNK-1 such as the glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 or tenascin-R. In this review, we describe recent findings about HNK-1 carbohydrate that provide further insights into the mechanism of its expression and function in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Disease Glycomics Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Nakagawa N, Manya H, Toda T, Endo T, Oka S. Human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST)-induced sulfate transfer regulates laminin-binding glycans on α-dystroglycan. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30823-32. [PMID: 22801424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.363036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a well established anti-tumor agent inducing differentiation in various cancer cells. Recently, a robust up-regulation of human natural killer-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1ST) was found in several subsets of melanoma cells during RA-mediated differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor suppression mediated by HNK-1ST remains unclear. Here, we show that HNK-1ST changed the glycosylation state and reduced the ligand binding activity of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) in RA-treated S91 melanoma cells, which contributed to an attenuation of cell migration. Knockdown of HNK-1ST restored the glycosylation of α-DG and the migration of RA-treated S91 cells, indicating that HNK-1ST functions through glycans on α-DG. Using CHO-K1 cells, we provide direct evidence that HNK-1ST but not other homologous sulfotransferases (C4ST1 and GalNAc4ST1) suppresses the glycosylation of α-DG. The activity-abolished mutant of HNK-1ST did not show the α-DG-modulating function, indicating that the sulfotransferase activity of HNK-1ST is essential. Finally, the HNK-1ST-dependent incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate groups was detected on α-DG. These findings suggest a novel role for HNK-1ST as a tumor suppressor controlling the functional glycans on α-DG and the importance of sulfate transfer in the glycosylation of α-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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