1
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Dhapola R, Beura SK, Sharma P, Singh SK, HariKrishnaReddy D. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: current knowledge of signaling pathways and therapeutics. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:48. [PMID: 38165499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease's pathophysiology is still a conundrum. Growing number of evidences have elucidated the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathology of AD rendering it a major target for therapeutic development. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by altered mitochondrial function, dysregulated electron transport chain and other sources elevate aggregated Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles which further stimulating the production of ROS. Oxidative stress induced damage to lipids, proteins and DNA result in neuronal death which leads to AD. In addition, oxidative stress induces apoptosis that is triggered by the modulation of ERK1/2 and Nrf2 pathway followed by increased GSK-3β expression and decreased PP2A activity. Oxidative stress exaggerates disease condition by interfering with various signaling pathways like RCAN1, CREB/ERK, Nrf2, PP2A, NFκB and PI3K/Akt. Studies have reported the role of TNF-α in oxidative stress stimulation that has been regulated by drugs like etanercept increasing the level of anti-oxidants. Other drugs like pramipexole, memantine, carvedilol, and melatonin have been reported to activate CREB/RCAN1 and Nrf2 pathways. In line with this, epigallocatechin gallate and genistein also target Nrf2 and CREB pathway leading to activation of downstream pathways like ARE and Keap1 which ameliorate oxidative stress condition. Donepezil and resveratrol reduce oxidative stress and activate AMPK pathway along with PP2A activation thus promoting tau dephosphorylation and neuronal survival. This study describes in detail the role of oxidative stress in AD, major signaling pathways involving oxidative stress induced AD and drugs under development targeting these pathways which may aid in therapeutic advances for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Dhapola
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratoty, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Science, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Prajjwal Sharma
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratoty, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Science, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
| | - Dibbanti HariKrishnaReddy
- Advanced Pharmacology and Neuroscience Laboratoty, Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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2
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Lan H, Sun Y. Tumor Suppressor FBXW7 and Its Regulation of DNA Damage Response and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:751574. [PMID: 34760892 PMCID: PMC8573206 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.751574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper DNA damage response (DDR) and repair are the central molecular mechanisms for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and genomic integrity. The abnormality in this process is frequently observed in human cancers, and is an important contributing factor to cancer development. FBXW7 is an F-box protein serving as the substrate recognition component of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase. By selectively targeting many oncoproteins for proteasome-mediated degradation, FBXW7 acts as a typical tumor suppressor. Recent studies have demonstrated that FBXW7 also plays critical roles in the process of DDR and repair. In this review, we first briefly introduce the processes of protein ubiquitylation by SCFFBXW7 and DDR/repair, then provide an overview of the molecular characteristics of FBXW7. We next discuss how FBXW7 regulates the process of DDR and repair, and its translational implication. Finally, we propose few future perspectives to further elucidate the role of FBXW7 in regulation of a variety of biological processes and tumorigenesis, and to design a number of approaches for FBXW7 reactivation in a subset of human cancers for potential anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyin Lan
- Department of Thoracic Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Ahmed MM, Johnson NR, Boyd TD, Coughlan C, Chial HJ, Potter H. Innate Immune System Activation and Neuroinflammation in Down Syndrome and Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Targets or Partners? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:718426. [PMID: 34603007 PMCID: PMC8481947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.718426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system activation and inflammation are associated with and may contribute to clinical outcomes in people with Down syndrome (DS), neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and normal aging. In addition to serving as potential diagnostic biomarkers, innate immune system activation and inflammation may play a contributing or causal role in these conditions, leading to the hypothesis that effective therapies should seek to dampen their effects. However, recent intervention studies with the innate immune system activator granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in animal models of DS, AD, and normal aging, and in an AD clinical trial suggest that activating the innate immune system and inflammation may instead be therapeutic. We consider evidence that DS, AD, and normal aging are accompanied by innate immune system activation and inflammation and discuss whether and when during the disease process it may be therapeutically beneficial to suppress or promote such activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Noah R. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy D. Boyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Heidi J. Chial
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Alzheimer’s and Cognition Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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4
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Yang Y, Zhou X, Liu X, Song R, Gao Y, Wang S. Implications of FBXW7 in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:736008. [PMID: 34512273 PMCID: PMC8424092 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.736008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) mediated protein degradation is crucial to maintain quantitive and functional homeostasis of diverse proteins. Balanced cellular protein homeostasis controlled by UPS is fundamental to normal neurological functions while impairment of UPS can also lead to some neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Functioning as the substrate recognition component of the SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, FBXW7 is essential to multiple aspects of cellular processes via targeting a wide range of substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation. Accumulated evidence shows that FBXW7 is fundamental to neurological functions and especially implicated in neurodevelopment and the nosogenesis of neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe general features of FBXW7 gene and proteins, and mainly present recent findings that highlight the vital roles and molecular mechanisms of FBXW7 in neurodevelopment such as neurogenesis, myelination and cerebral vasculogenesis and in the pathogenesis of some typical neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Additionally, we also provide a prospect on focusing FBXW7 as a potential therapeutic target to rescue neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Research Center for Quality of Life and Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinpeng Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruying Song
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions of Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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5
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Yumimoto K, Nakayama KI. Recent insight into the role of FBXW7 as a tumor suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:1-15. [PMID: 32113998 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FBXW7 (also known as Fbw7, Sel10, hCDC4, or hAgo) is a tumor suppressor and the most frequently mutated member of the F-box protein family in human cancers. FBXW7 functions as the substrate recognition component of an SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. It specifically controls the proteasome-mediated degradation of many oncoproteins such as c-MYC, NOTCH, KLF5, cyclin E, c-JUN, and MCL1. In this review, we summarize the molecular and biological features of FBXW7 and its substrates as well as the impact of mutations of FBXW7 on cancer development. We also address the clinical potential of anticancer therapy targeting FBXW7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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6
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Li H, Xing L, Zhao N, Wang J, Zheng N. Furosine Induced Apoptosis by the Regulation of STAT1/STAT2 and UBA7/UBE2L6 Genes in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061629. [PMID: 29857509 PMCID: PMC6032202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical product in the Miallard reaction, research on the quantitative detection of furosine is abundant, while its bioactivities and toxic effects are still unclear. Our own work recently demonstrated the induction of furosine on apoptosis in HepG2 cells, while the related mechanism remained elusive. In this study, the effects of furosine on cell viability and apoptosis were detected to select the proper dosage, and transcriptomics detection and data analysis were performed to screen out the special genes. Additionally, SiRNA fragments of the selected genes were designed and transfected into HepG2 cells to validate the role of these genes in inducing apoptosis. Results showed that furosine inhibited cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, as well as activated expressions of the selected genes STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1), STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 2), UBA7 (ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 7), and UBE2L6 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2L6), which significantly affected downstream apoptosis factors Caspase-3 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3), Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma gene-2), Bax (BCL2-Associated gene X), and Caspase-9 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-9). For the first time, we revealed furosine induced apoptosis through two transcriptional regulators (STAT1 and STAT2) and two ubiquitination-related enzymes (UBA7 and UBE2L6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lei Xing
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan Zheng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Fu Q, Wu Y. RCAN1 in the inverse association between Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:54-66. [PMID: 29416595 PMCID: PMC5787488 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inverse association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer has been reported in several population-based studies although both of them are age-related disorders. However, molecular mechanisms of the inverse association remain elusive. Increased expression of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) promotes the pathogenesis of AD, while it suppresses cancer growth and progression in many types of cancer. Moreover, aberrant RCAN1 expression is detected in both AD and various types of cancer. It suggests that RCAN1 may play a key role in the inverse association between AD and cancer. In this article, we aim to review the role of RCAN1 in the inverse association and discuss underlying mechanisms, providing an insight into developing a novel approach to treat AD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Jining, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Birth Defect Research and Transformation of Shandong Province, Jining, Shandong, China
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8
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Han KA, Yoo L, Sung JY, Chung SA, Um JW, Kim H, Seol W, Chung KC. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Stimulates IL-1β-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling through Phosphorylation of RCAN1. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:125. [PMID: 28553204 PMCID: PMC5425608 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a Ser/Thr kinase having mixed lineage kinase-like and GTPase domains, controlling neurite outgrowth and neuronal cell death. Evidence suggests that LRRK2 is involved in innate immune response signaling, but the underlying mechanism is yet unknown. A novel protein inhibitor of phosphatase 3B, RCAN1, is known to positively regulate inflammatory signaling through modulation of several intracellular targets of interleukins in immune cells. In the present study, we report that LRRK2 phosphorylates RCAN1 (RCAN1-1S) and is markedly up-regulated during interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment. During IL-1β treatment, LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of RCAN1 promoted the formation of protein complexes, including that between Tollip and RCAN1. LRRK2 decreased binding between Tollip and IRAK1, which was accompanied by increased formation of the IRAK1-TRAF6 complex. TAK1 activity was significantly enhanced by LRRK2. Furthermore, LRRK2 enhanced transcriptional activity of NF-κB and cytokine IL-8 production. These findings suggest that LRRK2 might be important in positively modulating IL-1β-mediated signaling through selective phosphorylation of RCAN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A Han
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Lang Yoo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Y Sung
- Center for Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer CenterGoyang-si, South Korea
| | - Sun A Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Ji W Um
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Wongi Seol
- InAm Neuroscience Research Center, Sanbon Medical Center, College of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityGunpo-si, South Korea
| | - Kwang C Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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9
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Hong A, Lee JE, Chung KWANGCHUL. Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) positively regulates RCAN1 protein levels through RCAN1 de-ubiquitination. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1651-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Hong
- Department of Systems Biology; College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Systems Biology; College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - KWANG CHUL Chung
- Department of Systems Biology; College of Life Science and Biotechnology; Yonsei University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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10
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Histone deacetylase 3 promotes RCAN1 stability and nuclear translocation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105416. [PMID: 25144594 PMCID: PMC4140772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1; also referred as DSCR1 or MCIP1) is located in close proximity to a Down syndrome critical region of human chromosome 21. Although RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin signaling that controls lymphocyte activation, apoptosis, heart development, skeletal muscle differentiation, and cardiac function, it is not yet clear whether RCAN1 might be involved in other cellular activities. In this study, we explored the extra-functional roles of RCAN1 by searching for novel RCAN1-binding partners. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that RCAN1 (RCAN1-1S) interacts with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in mammalian cells. We also demonstrate that HDAC3 deacetylates RCAN1. In addition, HDAC3 increases RCAN1 protein stability by inhibiting its poly-ubiquitination. Furthermore, HDAC3 promotes RCAN1 nuclear translocation. These data suggest that HDAC3, a new binding regulator of RCAN1, affects the protein stability and intracellular localization of RCAN1.
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11
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Interlocked loops trigger lineage specification and stable fates in the Drosophila nervous system. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4484. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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12
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Wu Y, Ly PTT, Song W. Aberrant expression of RCAN1 in Alzheimer's pathogenesis: a new molecular mechanism and a novel drug target. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1085-97. [PMID: 24752590 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AD, a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Patients with AD are characterized by three hallmarks of neuropathology including neuritic plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and neuronal loss. Growing evidences indicate that dysregulation of regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Aberrant RCAN1 expression facilitates neuronal apoptosis and Tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to neuronal loss and neurofibrillary tangle formation. This review aims to describe the recent advances of the regulation of RCAN1 expression and its physiological functions. Moreover, the AD risk factors-induced RCAN1 dysregulation and its role in promoting neuronal loss, synaptic impairments and neurofibrillary tangle formation are summarized. Furthermore, we provide an outlook into the effects of RCAN1 dysregulation on APP processing, Aβ generation and neuritic plaque formation, and the possible underlying mechanisms, as well as the potential of targeting RCAN1 as a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Wu
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
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13
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Wang N, Wang XL, Yang CG, Chen SL. Molecular cloning, subcelluar location and expression profile of signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) from turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1200-1208. [PMID: 23933433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is an important molecule involved in the type I interferon signalling pathway. To date, little STAT2 homologue is available in fish except Atlantic salmon and goldfish. In this paper, STAT2 was firstly cloned and characterized from turbot, a marine flatfish with high economic value. Briefly, turbot STAT2 cDNA is 3206 bp in length encoding a predicted protein of 793 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree shows that turbot STAT2 protein shared the closest relationship with Atlantic salmon. Analysis of subcellular distribution indicates that STAT2 is mainly present in the cytoplasm of TK cells. Stat2 mRNA is constitutively expressed in widespread tissues and induced by several folds in turbot tissues and TK cells after stimulation with Vibrio anguillarum and lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV). Unlike the higher vertebrate STAT2, turbot STAT2 nuclear export signal (NES) exists not in the C-terminal 79 amino acids but in N-terminal 137-312 amino acids (STAT_alpha domain). The nuclear translocation of turbot STAT2 after Poly(I:C) treatment proved its transcription activity in TK cells. All these results suggested that STAT2 may be involved in the immune response in turbot as a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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14
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Covalent NEDD8 conjugation increases RCAN1 protein stability and potentiates its inhibitory action on calcineurin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48315. [PMID: 23118980 PMCID: PMC3485183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to ubiquitin, regulatory roles for NEDD8 (neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8) are being clarified during cell growth, signal transduction, immune response, and development. However, NEDD8 targets and their functional alterations are not well known. Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1/DSCR1P1) is located near the Down syndrome critical region on the distal part of chromosome 21, and its gene product is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin signaling. RCAN1 is modified by ubiquitin and consequently undergoes proteasomal degradation. Here we report that NEDD8 is conjugated to RCAN1 (RCAN1-1S) via three lysine residues, K96, K104, and K107. Neddylation enhances RCAN1 protein stability without affecting its cellular location. In addition, we found that neddylation significantly inhibits proteasomal degradation of RCAN1, which may underlie the ability of NEDD8 to enhance RCAN1 stability. Furthermore, neddylation increases RCAN1 binding to calcineurin, which potentiates its inhibitory activity toward downstream NFAT signaling. The present study provides a new regulatory mechanism of RCAN1 function and highlights an important role for diverse RCAN1-involved cellular physiology.
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